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The Booksofthe Apocrypha 10042549
The Booksofthe Apocrypha 10042549
TH E I R O R IG I N T E ACHI N G
, AN D C O N TE N T S
L B RAR Y
I OF H I STO R I C T HE O L O G Y
E D ITE D BY TH E R Ev . Wu . C . P E RC I Y , MA . .
V UM OW R A Y OL ES N E D
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1914 .
C O NTE NTS
P AR T I
I H ll i m i i S ul r A p t
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I I H ll i m i i R li g i u A p t
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S um m ry
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CHAP TE R I I
I H ll i m d J d m
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I Th D i p r i e s e s on
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III Th S p tu gi t
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CHA P T E R I V
TRA E O F G REE I N F U EN E T H E O T E T A M EN T
C S K L C IN LD S AN D IN
T H E A PO R Y P H A C
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e e e n c es o t e ee s n t e es a en
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t h e p re f th -
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m tt r a e
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O RI G IN O F T H E O TE T A M EN T C ANON LD S
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ca e o e a e to
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THE W I D O M L I T ERA T U RE
S T H E J EWI H C ON EP T ION O F ; S C
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BOO K O F TO B I T
I T h S t ry f A h i k t h W i
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C H A P T E R VIII
G REE K E RA ( [ 3 ] E dr )
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CO NTE N TS
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e es on O o os e o s
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CHAP TE R X
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THE BOO K O F BAR U H T H E E PI T E O F J ERE M IA H
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CHAPT E R X I I
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V T h Vi i R i i g fr m h
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I n t ro d uc t o ry
t h e first whi c h is so m e wh a t l o ng e r t h a n t h e se co n d
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s t udie s h a ve n ot be e n co n ce rn e d wit h e a r ly J e wi sh un c an on i
c al lit e r at ure it m a y a p p e a r th a t m a ny o f t h e subj e c t s
of t h e A p oc r y p h a it m
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y be we ll t o j ust ify a t t h e out se t
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it s origin an d it s mi son d é tre
,
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Th e Hi st or y o f Sus a nn ah an d B el an d t h e Dr a g on w e h a ve
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e x a m p l e s o f fi ct i o n whi c h a re n ot a lw a ys e difying Of .
a n e nt i r e ly diffe r e nt c h a r a ct e r is t h e f a s c i n at ing st o ry o f
a br a ve an d p at r i ot i c w o m a n t ol d in t h e B oo k of Judi t h
, ,
a nge l ol o gy a n d qu a int d e m o n ol o gy Bu t wh at is in m a ny
.
r e sp e c t s t h e m ost im p or t a nt b oo k in t h e wh ol e coll e ct i o n
is t h at fine e x a m p l e o f t h e P a l e st ini a n Wisd om Lit e r at u r e ,
t h e Wisd o m o f B e n Si r a ( Ec cl e si a st i c us ) whi ch
-
ap ar t , ,
on e of t h e fin e st b ooks be l o nging t o t h e A oc al y t i c Li t e r a
p p
t ure ii ( iv ) Esdr a s re ve aling as it d oe s in a wo n de rful
. .
,
w a y t h e m or al an d r eligi ou s s p e c ul at i on s of a n e arn e st mi n d
see ki n g aft e r t h e t ruth an d cl aiming t o h ave rece ive d rev el
,
TH E BOOK S .
O E T HE APO CRYPHA
S o me co n side r at i o n o f t h e w ay in whi c h t he G r ee k S p i r it
influe n ce d t he wor ld in ge ne r al f r o m t h e t hird ce ntu r y B C , . .
of Al e x a nd e r t h e G r e at an d e x te nd e d w ell in t o t h e t im e s
,
Wi sd o m of B e n Sir a a b ou t B C 1 70 an d Th e Ap ocalyp se
-
, . .
,
of Ezr a a b ou t A D
,
100 Th e H ell e n ist i c M o vem e nt w as
. . .
O f t h e w or ld du r ing t h e wh ol e of t h e p e ri o d in whi c h t h e
c onside r a t i o n of t h e H e ll e ni st i c M o ve m e nt .
t w o C h ap t e r s t o H e ll e ni st i c influ e n ce u p o n t h e J e w s Th e .
s o me of it s el e m e nt s be ca me in c orp or at e d in t o or t h od o x
Jud a ism As will be see n l at e r t he se f ac t s hel p t o e xp l a i n
.
,
Hell e nism l e ft u p o n t h e J e ws of P a l e st i ne a n d u p o n s o m e
of th e i r lit e r a t ure t h a t influ e n ce w a s f ar l e ss u p o n t h e m t h a n
,
influe n ce h e re i s t o be see n in t h e f a c t t h a t it w as t h e b i rt h
p l a ce o f t h e S e t u a gint
p t h e G r ee k Old Te st a m e nt ; sin c e
,
I t w a s p o i nt e d out a b o ve t h at He ll e ni st i c i n flu e n ce w as
t o be dis ce rn e d in th e s ac r e d l it e r a ture of t h e J e ws . This
i s a subj e c t u p on whi c h differe n ce s of Op i ni o n e xist e sp e ci
,
t h e qu e s t i on of t r a ce s of Gr ee k influ e n ce i n t h e Old Te s t a me nt
an d i n t h e A ocry h a
p p .
THE BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYPHA
Furth e r w e h a ve r e fe r r e d t o t h e f ac t t h at in t h e A p oc
,
w e h a ve in Th e A p o c alyp se o f Ez r a a r e m ar k abl e p ro
du c t of t h e Ap ocalyp t i c M o ve m e nt whi c h w o uld of it se lf
,
be su ffi c ie nt t o d e m a nd s o m e a c cou n t of t his m o ve m e nt
h ere t he re i s t h e furthe r f a c t t h at s om e i n sigh t int o t h e
,
m e n t an d t o a b r i ef surve y of t h e d oc t r in al t e ac hing of
t h e Ap ocalyp t i c Lit e r a tu r e it will be f ound t o be of re al
int e re st if t h e g e n er al re sult s of t h e d o ct r in a l t e a c hing of
t hi s lit e r ature be c omp are d wit h t h a t of t h e b ooks of t h e
A p oc r yp h a whi c h is m ore fully d e al t wit h i n t h e l as t
,
c h a p t e r ( X I I ) of t h e Pr ol e g om e n a .
Th e th ought t e nd e n c i e s t o whi c h r e fe re n ce h as be e n
-
t h e t im e of Ezr a h ow t he s e d e ve l op e d i n P a l e s t in e during
t h e f our c e nt u r i e s whi c h p r e ce d e d t h e a dve n t of Ch r ist i s
a difi i cult an d int r i ca t e but n o ne t h e l e ss f a s c in a t ing
, ,
st a n ding of t h e Ap oc r yp h a a n d of t h e N ew Te s t a m e n t .
, , ,
Th e l a st c h ap t e r ( X I I ) on t h e d oc t r in al t e a c hing of t h e
,
u n n ece ss ar y .
PA RT I
P R O LE GO M E N A T O THE
AP O C R Y P H A
TH E BOOKS OF TH E APOC RY PHA
in t e gr al p r t o f t h e G re e k Old Te st a m e n t whi c h is it s e lf
a ,
on e o f t h e m os t s t riking p r o du ct s o f t h e H e ll e nist i c M o v e
“
me n t in t he d om a i n of lit er at ure .
e l e m e nt s in t h e d om a i n b ot h of t h ought a n d r eligi o n fr o m
n on Gr ee k s ou r ce s a ft e r t h e c o ming of Al e x a nd e r t h e Gr e a t
-
.
e l e m e nt s i t w as a bl e t o b e co m e a w orld c ul t u r e Th e t e rms -
.
an d in clusive s e n s e as so us e d i t is e quiv al e n t t o t h e t e rm
I . H E LLE N I S M IN I TS S E C U LAR A S PE CT
By t h e H ell e nis t i c M ove me n t is m e a n t t h e p r oce ss whe r e
by t h e su p re m ac y of t he Gree k l a ngu a ge an d o f Gr ee k cul “
era t h a t is t o say fr o m t h e t im e wh e n Al e x a nd e r t h e Gr e a t
, ,
1
fir t vi t ry w i
His s 3 34 th riv r Gr ni u wh r
c o as n B C on e e a c s, e e
v r m t h g n r l f D riu I 3 3 3 m t h d
. .
h e o e ca e e e e a s o a s n ca e e e c i sI v e
vi t ry t I u wh n D riu h im l f w d f t d I 3 3 A l x
.
c o a ss s, e a s se as e ea e n 2 e
n d r m r h d Vi t ri u ly d wn t h t f S yri
.
a e a c e I
c o
33 h o s o e coa s o a n 1 e
b m m t r f E gyp t ; d l t r i n t h m y r h in fli t d
.
e ca e as e o an a e e sa e ea e c e
on t he H adri a n an d t h e An t o n ine s s a ys for e x am p l e
ag e o f , ,
nt i n u d h i vi t i i n P r i During t h n x t fi
.
33 0 h e co e s c or e s e s a e e ve
ea s e as oc c e n e e e as a a e
u H di d u d d n ly i 3 3
,
s c c e ss e e s e n 2
R m S i ty f mN t M
. .
1
o an oc e A li ro
p p 4 if er o o a rcus ure us,
g W n dl n d Op i t p p d t h w rk f W il
. .
S ee , e e a c 2 — 1 1 , an e o s o a
m i t r f rr d t by him
. .
, , . .
, .
ov z e e e o .
Th e H ouse o f S eleucus, I , p . 17 .
1 4 THE BOOK S OF THE APO CR Y PHA
to At he n s for t h e re al be ginnings o f t h e M o ve me n t t h e ,
so mu c h t o f o rw a rd I t w a s t h e A t t i c se a p owe r whi c h
.
-
an y c o ns p i c u ous p ar t in t h e gre a t d r a m a o f t h e w or ld s
’
o f t h e n e we r c ultur e S o t h at t h e H e ll e nis t i c M o ve me nt
.
a
y l e gi t im at e ly ,
an d t he w r it i n gs Ari st ot l e m ar k t he O pe ning o f a n e w
of
in t h e hi t or y o f t h e G r ee k l a ngu a g e The di sc o ve r y
” 1
e ra s .
(p o t sh e rds ) h a s sh o w n t h e f a ll a c y univ e rs a ll y p r e v a l e nt a ,
G ree k o f t h e S e p t u a gint an d o f t h e N ew Te st a me nt as ,
be se p ar at e d off f r om e S e p t u a gin t
“
p r o f a ne Gr ee k Th .
a n d t h e N e w T e st a m e nt w e r e wr i t t e n in a l at e form o f
is in t h e word s o f De i ssm
,
,
an n ne i t he r g ood n or b ad ; ,
t he p r e se n t da y L at e Gree k h as s t ri p p e d off mu c h th at
.
w as c us t o m a r y i n t h e e ar li e r p e r i od a n d it co n t a ins g e rms ,
of fu t u r e d e vel op me n t s d e st in e d t o be c o m p l et e d i n m ode rn
Gree k We m . a
y t h e n s p e a k of a ce rt ai n p e culi arity an d
, ,
as Op p o se d t o p r o f a ne Gr e e k ” 2
.
1
S w t
e e, I n troducti on to th e Old Testa m ti en n Gr eek ( 1 st p . 294
i f th G k Bi bl p 6 int r ti n g
.
The P h l ol ogy o e r ee e, 1 S ee a l so a n e es
rt i l by M F J n T h L n gu g T tm
. .
a c e . o e s, e a a e of t h e N ew es a ent ,
rt ly R i w O t b r
.
in th C hu h Q
e rc ua er ev e , c o e , 1 9 13 , pp . 1 1 3 — 1 33 .
TH E BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
ing e
p po el we re e st a bli she d t e ac h e rs s oo n c a m e an d t oo k
,
up t h e ir ab od e in t h e n e w s e t tl em e n t s N e w Gree k c it ie s .
u il o f his gr e at t e a c h e r Ar is t ot l e
p p ,
.
Al e x a n dri a w as h owe ve r bu t t he gr e at e s t e x am p le of
2
, ,
1
Cp . W e n dl an d Op ci t p 54
ity fo u n d e d i n
.
, .
, . .
2
Th e c w as B C . .
33 1 .
THE BOOK S OF TH E AP OCRYPHA
s a vage s al so h ad the i r forms o f c ulture whi ch likewi se
,
be li e fs o f t he se b arb ar i a ns wi t h t h e r esul t t h at c o nt em p t
”
,
w as t urn e d t o a d m ir at i on an d t h e Gree ks ca me t o re g ar d
,
t he .
a n a n ew
an d w on d e rful ,
t o j us t n ow m e a n t t h at t h e se at t a in e d t o a s t at e o f s e mi
,
-
the y h ad a re al in t e re s t an d a de fini t e p ar t t o p l ay i n t he
a dmi n ist r at i o n o f a ffa i r s . I t is e a sy t o unders t a nd h ow
t h e re s ul t of t his w as t h e e m p h a sizing o f t h e im p ort a n c e o f
e ac h individu al Wh e r e t h e individu al whil e cl a iming
.
,
II . H E LLE N I S M IN I TS R E L IGI O U S A S PE CT
It h aslre ady be e n p o in t e d out th at t h e H ell e nist i c M ove
a
o f t h e fac t t h at th e r e a rr ive ce r t a i n
p e r i ods i n which for one ,
Bv
e a n , The H ouse o f Se l eucus, pp .
9, Io .
THE HELLE N ISTI C MOVEME N T
this con ne xi on is tha t t h e p hil os op hy of t h e He ll e nist ic
p e r i od in S p it e o f its c rit i cal a tt i t ude t o w a rds r eligi ous beli e fs
, ,
, an w a s n ot g o dl e ss be c a use h e d e st r oye d
1 Cp We n d l a n d Op ci t p 10 7
lif ti m t hu in i d lm x t ly wi t h
.
, . . . .
,
2 B C
34 1 —2 0
7 h is e e s co c ed a os t e ac
t ha t Zn
.
.
,
of e o .
THE BOOK S OF TH E APO CRYP HA
n e w m ea n ing t o t h e a n c i e nt myt hs a n d t h er e by m a de
1
, ,
t h e wide c i r cl e o f H ell e n iz e d c it ie s a n d s t a t e s a va ri e t y o f
n at i o n al it ie s e a s t ern a s w ell as we s t ern were rep r e s e nt e d ;
, ,
n ot o nl y wi t h t ol e r a n ce but al s o wi t h f a vour by m
, en t o
wh om t h e y h ad hi t he rt o be e n unk nown .
1
Thi h d i t i t ru t m xt nt t
s a , s e, o so e e e n p l ace i n e arli er t im es
ak e
as w ll bu t t i t h w y i whi h i t w
e no n e a n c a s d on e d uri n g t h e H el le n i s
t ic p ri d
e f whi h i t w
o , o h t i ti c a s c ara c er s c.
TH E HEL LE N I S TI C M O VE ME N T
i n g de gree be l onge d 1
, While und oub t e dly p olit i c s h ad .
, ,
a g oo d de a l t o d o wi t h t h e fu r th e r a n ce o f r e ligi ous sy n
c re t i sm
2
it s m a in m ot ive p owe r w as t he p ie t y o f individu al s
,
-
.
b r i n g d own u p o n himsel f t h e wr at h of s o me d e it i e s o f wh os e
e xi st e n ce h e w a s u n a w a re
3
.
t o t h e m o n o the i sm o f t h e J e ws it sh o we d n e ve rthe l e ss , , ,
3
S ee K a e rst Op ci t II p 2 79 ; a n d on t h e ge s ec t
F ri dl nd er i ty h p I Im i
. . . .
, , , ,
R ev G e a H ellen i s and C hr st i a n c a
8 wh r r f r n rigin l t h
. . . .
, ,
3 W en dl and Op c it p t
12 e e e e e ces o o a au o
ri t i e s e o W e a re e e o c s 2 e e
P ul p l t r whi h h h d n wi t h t h i n ri p t i n
. . .
,
a k f s ea s o an a a c e a se e e sc o
T unk n wn g
o an o o d O t h wh l
”
ubj t f l t r d d i t d
n e o e s ec o a a s e ca e
u n k n wn g d imm n d l f v lu bl m tt r wi ll b
.
to o o s an e se ea o a a e a e e
f un d i N rd n A g
o n o e
’
s n ostos Th eos, p p .
3 1 — 12
4
24 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCR YPHA
c ul t ur e c on st itu t e d a n
,
imme nse st r ide f or w ard in t h e
e n l arge n ing an d d e ve l op m e nt of r e ligi ous t h ought a n d be li e f .
S U MMA R Y
Th e r oot s of t h e H ell e nist i c M ove ment must be s ought
in t h e condit i o ns br ought ab ou t by t h e ri se of t h e Att i c
se a p owe r
-
The w a y w as t hus p re p ar e d for t h e vi c t ori e s
.
of Al e x a nd e r t h e Gr e a t wit h wh ose n am e t h e sp re a d o f
,
e xe r c is e d by m ea ns o f t h e s p r e a d o f t h e Gr ee k l a ngu a ge
d ay i nt e r course an d w as de ve l op e d fr o m t h e o ld er f orm
,
T HE HELLE N I STI C MOVEME N T 25
Th e H e ll e niz at i o n o f th e se c i t ie s m e a n t t h a t t he ir c ivi c
g ove r n me nt w as fr a me d u p on t he Gree k m o del ; b ar
b arian s an d Gr ee ks t hu s f ound t h e ms e lve s
p oli t i c ally
e x a gge r a t e .
28 THE BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYPHA
n a t i o n h a d b ec o m e m or e a n d m or e t h e p e op l e o f t h e La w .
s ee k t h e L aw of t h e L ord a n d t o do it a n d t o t e ac h i n , ,
t h e y b e l on g e d t o t h e J e wish r a ce w e r e n ot f a ithful t o t h e
ordi n n ce s of t h e L aw This s ep a r a t i o n w a s su cces sful
3
a .
p r o b a bl e t h a t n ot m e r e ly t h e Gree k l a n gu ag e bu t a ls o ,
Gr ee k p hil os op hy e x e rt e d a c h arm on s om e of t h e c l e ar e s t
,
” 4
influ e n ce s .
Of f a r r chi n g im p or t an ce t o t h e J e ws of P a l es t in e
— ea
,
1
Ez r vii
a x 10 11 1
S ee E z r ixa 1, 2
E r x hy m
. .
, . . .
3 Cp .
7z a . 1 .
4 C e ne , job and S ol o on , p . 18 1 .
IC I N FL U E N CE U PO N THE JEWS 29
t he tt le m e n t a gr ee d u p o n aft e r t h e b a tt le w as P a l e st in e
se
‘
y ,
a hundr e d y e a rs
1
I t w a s i n t h e m a in du r ing t his ce nt ury
.
, ,
p r o ce ss T h e J e ws w e r e p l a c e d u o n t h e sa m e f oo t ing a s
.
p
t h e Egyp t i a n subj ec t s t h e y w e r e p e r mit t e d a bs o lut e fr e e
do min t h e e x e r c is e o f t h e ir r e ligi o n a n d r e ligi o us c ust o ms ;
i n p olit i c a l m a t t e rs a l so t h e J e ws f ound t h e ms e lve s in a
p osit i on of p e r f ec t e qu alit y wit h th e ir f e ll ow subj ec t s
-
indee d so mu c h w er e t h e y t ru st e d t h a t t h e y n ot i n fre
,
qu e nt ly f orm e d g a r r is o ns i n t h e r o ya l f o r tr e sse s ; o f t h e
e xist e n ce t o o of J e wi sh s oldi e rs in t h e Pt o l e m a i c a rmi e s
, ,
w e h a ve co nt e m p o r a r y e vid e n ce 2
F a v ou r abl e t rea t m e nt .
p a rt s o f Sy r i a ; th e y w e r e f or e x a m le
p h e r e t o o gr a nt e d , ,
1
It my
w ll t r l l h r t h f ll wing f t t t h d t h
a be e o ec a e e e o o ac s a e ea
of Al x nd r i e 3 3 hi
a m p ir w d ivi d d t hu m ng h i
e n B C 2 s e e as e s a o s
e e a s : o s o a e e o c es o ea e r a,
Ly im hu H ll p nt ; d C nd r M d ni ( p J
,
s thac s, e e es o an a ssa e a ce o a C o
p hu A t i q X I I i ) In nt w r h w v r w nt m ng
.
,
se s, n . I c e ssa a s, o e e e on a o
th rul r Bu t i n lli n g in t A nt ig n u w
. . .
, ,
ese 3 e s B C 0 2 an a a ce a a s o s as
md r t h r r n w d by t h f ur t h r k in g
. . .
a e, or a e d i th f l e e e e o o e s an n e o
l win g y r r ul t f t h b tt l f I p u t h k in gd m f A nt i
,
o ea as a es o e a e o s s, e o o
mm n wi t h t h t h r rul r h d um d t h t i t l
,
g o n us(h i e, n co o e o e e s, a a ss e e e
o f k in g) m t fin l d T h vi t ri u lli d ivi d d h i
ca e o a a en e c o o s a es e s
k in g d m m n g t h m lv t hu S l u u g t S yri p r p r ;
.
o a o e se es s : e e c s o a o e
L y im hu
s ac l rg p t i n f A i Mi n r C n d r M d ni
s, a a e or o o s a o a ssa e a ce o a
an e ec e e o e a o o o e as a e
C l S yri
ce e -
( t h w v r wi t h u t p r t t fr m S l u u ) whi h
a no o e e o a o es o e e c s c
r m in d i t h p i n f t h P t l my f nt ury ; i t w
, , ,
e a e n e o ssess o o e o e s or a ce as
fin lly nq u r d by A nt i hu I I I (t h Gr t ) t hr ugh hi
a co e e oc s e ea o s
vi t ry t P n i ( d i t t hu r v rt d t t h S y i n
,
c o a a as B C an s e e e o e r a
k in g d m
.
Cp S h h t r S t di jud i m (S n d S ri ) p 7
.
1
.
i c ec e ,
u es n a s ec o e es , . 2 .
30 THE BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYP HA
are R a hi a
p G a z a A sca l o n Az ot u s C aes a r e a Pt ol e m a is
, , , , , ,
a n d o th e r s N or w a s t his c o nfin e d t o W e st e rn P a l e st i n e
.
m a ny c iti e s in E a st e rn P a l e st in e as w ell b e ca m e ce n t r e s of
Gr ee k influ e n ce I nva r i ably in c a se s of t his kind t h e l o cal
.
g o ve r nm e n t of t h e c it y w as f r a m e d on t h e Gr ee k m od el ;
t his m e a nt t h e ind ep e nd e n t o rg a niz a t i o n of l arg e muni c i p al
c ommunit i e s whi c h a s S ch ii rer o int s o ut w a s of fund a
p, ,
a ls o . F or on t h e on e h a nd it e ss e nt i ally t r a n sf o rm e d t h e
, ,
n um e r o us n e w o n e s a n d m a d e t h e muni c i a l c o mmuni t i e s in
p
g e n e r a l the ba si s of the poli ti ca l orga n i za ti on of the coun try
in a f ar m or e th or ough m an n e r t h an b e f or e Wh er ever .
1
H e h a d for x mp l e a e , se tt l e d M n i a ns i n S a m a ri a
ac e d o
furt h r Gr t i
, .
1
S ee e , o e, Th e H story of Greece X p p 20 8
, , . ff .
T IC I N FL U E N CE U PO N THE J EWS 31
su p r e m ac y t h e p a ym e nt o f t a xe s a n d ce rt a in othe r p e r
, ,
u nit y w a s a d em oc r at i c se n at e of se ve r al hu n dre d
m embe rs ” 1
I t c a nn ot be d oubt e d th at t h e or g a niz a t i on
.
on Gr ee k m od e ls o f t h e l oc al g o ve r nm e n t o f J e wish c it ie s
e ve r t o h a ve e x p e r i e n c e d be f ore I n t h e p a st hi st o r y o f
t he J e wi sh St a t e a reg i m
.
sibili t
y h a d it is tr u e bee n insi st e d u p o n i n t h e d o m a in o f
, ,
n e u
t h J wi h S t t xi t d t h p rin i p l f li d ri t y
. .
, , , . .
, , . .
2
S l ng o o as e e s a e e s e e c e o so a
r m in d i f r
e a e Bu t
n n t h n ti n i d
o ce d wh n a s soo as e a o s ea e
t h b nd th t uni t m i rg ni m f n t i n l li f
.
,
e o s th a di e en n e o a s o a o a e a re s
di t p r ti n (E p i t Bi bl p 4 3 d by W R b rt n ’
a e o e a o x os or s e, 1 e o e so
N i ll )
. . .
co .
32 THE BOOK S OF THE APOC RYPHA
ide a s h e w ould feel t h a t h e h ad a re al p ar t t o p l ay an d s ome
c o nt ribut i o n t o offe r f or t h e g e n e r a l w e lf a r e ; h e w oul d
kn ow t h a t his d ec isi o n w ould g o t ow ards a ff e ct ing for g oo d
or i ll t h e c o ndit i o ns und e r whi c h h e a n d his fell ows live d .
Su c h a n ew e x p e r ien ce c oul d n ot f a il t o g e n e r a t e in t h e J ew
a n ew s e n se o f p e rs o n a l r e s p o nsibility a r eal iz a t i o n of duty
,
surr oundings .
m or e u p o n s om e c o nside r a bl e se c t i on of t h e p e op l e is
,
t o whi c h w e sh all h a ve t o re fe r a g a in l a t e r is 1 M a c ca be e s
,
i 11 f
. . I n t h o se d ays [ i e in t h e d ays of Ant i oc hus E p i
.
t h e s a ying w as g oo d in t h e ir e ye s . And ce r t a i n of t h e
e o l e w e r f o rw a rd h r e in a n d w e n t t o t h e king a n d h e
p p e e , ,
g a ve th e m li ce n ce t o do a f t e r t h e ordin a n ce s of t h e G e nt il e s .
pp e l s p e i al ly t a y u t h d if
a t h J e
e wish c o o an e
b w n v r t o p g n p r c t i c s t h n t h e futu r
e o o e a a a e , e e
Th gymn sium w
’
1
i n t ruth e of t h a a s, , on e e
m ost p ot nt me a ns whe r by t h Gr k s p i r it w f st re d
e e e ee as o e ,
es pe i lly m ong t h s
c a nt r ing u p n m nh d Mr
a o e e e o a oo . .
a n d es r i t de cor s
comm o n a mbit i o n s p p ,
Fr o m t h e d a ys .
of Al e x a nd e r a n d his su c ce ss o rs w e fi n d a s a r e gul a r i n st i t u
contr ol A y ou n g m
. a n might r e m a in in t h e r a nks o f t h e
y s b r
,
o o c h e d a b o ut t h e sh o uld e r s a n d ,
high l a ce d b oot s
-
I n st at e p rocessi On s t h e b ody of
.
influ e n ce d t h e J e ws o f P al e st i ne .
art y t h s o ns f Z d k — t t h t a l l t h m mb e rs of
p ,e o a o n o a e e
1 F irw t h r
a ea e an d Bl ack T he F i r st B ook f M a cca bees
o p . 60
mbri dg Bibl
, ,
(Ca e e )
jr lm
.
2
e usa e un der the H gh p i -
ri ests, p .
35 .
34 TH E BOOK S O F TH E APOCRYPHA
t his p ar ty were n ece ss ar ily p r i e s t s wh o were t h e p olit i ca l —
l e a de r s o f t h e p e op l e an d at t h e s a me t im e i n f a v our of Gr ee k
c ultur e Th e ac t ive an d a ggr e ssive c h a m p i o n shi p o f
.
in iv 7 — 1 7 it is s a id
.
,
But wh e n S e l e u c us die d an d Ant i o ,
t h e p e t a sus 3
And t o su c h a he igh t did t h e p a ssi on for
.
1 S ee J osep hu Bu hl r D i T bi
Ant qs, i .
, XII ,
v . 1 se e a so l e e
’
s e o a
den d diun p p 8 ff
e On i a den
J p hu A ti q X I I iii y t h t i A nt i h t h J w
. .
2 s
ose s, n 1, sa s a n oc e e
h d p rivil g u l h M i r
. .
, ,
a q t te f t
es h d n en d G a k o ose o e ac e o a s an ee s .
A br
3
d brimm d h t whi h
oa -
th m rk f H rm w t h
e a c as e a o e e s, as e
b dg f t h p l t (wr t ling h l )
,
a e o e a e s ra es -
sc oo .
36 TH E BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
indi cat e t h e di ffe r e nt de p a r t me nt s of life i n re fere n ce t o
whi ch t he se fore ign G ree k w ord s be ca m e c u r re n t ; t he y
in clude c ivil g o ve r nme nt t h e a r my j u r isp rude n ce p ubli c
, , ,
a rr a ng e m e nt s ar t an d s c i e n ce
, tr a de a n d indu st ry and
, ,
an d thus im p r e s se d u p o n e ve ry d e p a rt m e nt o f life wh e r e ve r ,
” 1
it s influ e n ce re ac he d t h e st am p of t h e Gree k mind
,
.
by Helle ni sm Th at a l ar ge numbe r of J e ws p ri or t o t h e
.
e vi de n ce o f t h e b oo ks o f t h e M a cca be e s ; bu t t h e p oin t i s
r a the r a s t o wh e t he r Jud a ism as a fa it h w as in a n y w ay
p e r m a n e ntly a ffec t e d by t h e H e ll e nist i c s i r it
p Re stri c t ing .
ou r s e lve s a t
p r e se n t t o P a l e st ini a n Jud a ism w e m a
y say
with out h e sit at i o n t h at it s fu n d am e nt a l t e n e t s r e m a ine d
unt ouche d but a s re g ar ds va r i ous be li e fs whi c h in p r oce ss ,
p ci t II i p 3 0 G e rm an e d I I p 5 7
1 0 . .
, , . .
, .
, . .
THE J EWS 37
m a de p re se ntly do wit ne ss t o t h e ac t i o n o f e xt ra n e o us i n
,
be re me mbe re d t h a t t he se c o ndit i o n s we r e on e o f t h e c o n se
q ue n ces o f t h e H e ll e nis t i c M o ve m e nt Fu r the r t h e qu e s
?
,
1
I sra e t li i sch e
'
un d 7i i di sc h e Gesc h i c h te , pp 29 7 f
wh i d i t h p r di ng h p t r b u t r ligi u
. .
3 Cp . a t w as sa n e e ce c a e a o e o s
t h e subj e c t s of J e w ish a ng e l ol o gy a n d d e m on ol o gy ; it
may be re ga r de d a s ce rt a i n t h at t h e l a t e r J e wish ide a of
a nge l s t h e n a m e s o f whi c h t h e J e ws t h e mse lve s d e s c r ib e
,
a w o r d t h e wh ol e be li e f in t h e e xis t e n ce o f g oo d a n d e vil
,
I t is e s pe c i ally t h e me r it o f P r o f B ousset w h o in ge ne r al .
,
cl e a r ly t h a t t h e e x p e c t a t i o n o f a t r a n sce nd e nt a on whi c h ,
I sr ae l al on e an d o n t h e wh ol e wi ll o nl y be e n act e d on t h e
, ,
p e ri o ds o f t h e wo r ld r e su rr e c t i o n ge n e r al j udge me nt u n ive r
, , ,
ideas .
1
B ousse t h owe ve r be li e ve s t h a t in t h e
, ,
R eli gi ons, I ,
pp . 2
76 f , 1 Op
. cit .
, pp .
4 8 f
8 .
J EWS 39
d o ubt t h at for t hi s t h e
be no
thought on t h e religi o n o f t h e J e ws c a nn ot be re st r i c t e d t o
th ose p o in t s o f doct r in e on whi c h as in t h e c ase of t h e o n e s
,
d oc t r in e s are so int e r re l a t e d t h a t t h e de ve l op m e nt or
-
nw
[ll eo hc
ih in P al e st ini a n Jud a i sm a ffe c t e d by b ot h Gree k a n d o r ie nt a l
,
Wh at h as be e n s a id is a l so t r u e o f t h e d o c t r in e o f t h e
resu rre c t i o n for whi c h Jud a i sm w a s inde bt e d t o Hell e ni sm
he re it will su ffi ce t o p ut t h e que st i o n : How co uld t h e
d oct r ine o f God n ot be a ffe c t e d by be li e f in imm or t alit y ?
1
F o r de ta i l s se e Oe st e rl e y an d B ox , ii
The R el g on and Worsh ip
of the S y n ag ogue , p p . 195 — 2 2 1
40 THE BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYPHA
I n c o n c lu si o n it is n e ce ssa r y t o m a ke a b r ie f re fe r e n ce
,
t oo i s a m at t e r o f s o m e im p o r t a n ce
,
Att e nt i o n h as al re a dy
.
a d e g e n e r at e f orm o f H e ll e nism p re v a i l e d we h a ve r e a s o n
t o be li e ve s a ys B e v a n
, ,t h a t it w as j us t in Syri a t h a t
Hell e nism t oo k a b ase r form Th e a s ce t i c e le m e nt whi ch
.
sa ve d i t s l ibe r t y f r om r a nk ne ss t e nd e d h e r e m or e th a n an
y
whe r e e l se t o be for g ott e n Th e g a me s t h e sh ows t h e
.
, ,
a b a nd o nm e nt o f a life whi c h r a n ri ot in a gr a t ifi c a t i o n of
t h e s e n se s g r o ss e r or m or e r e fin e d t h e s e m a d e up t oo mu c h
, ,
l a st c e nturi e s b e f or e Ch r is t . Th e p e op l e of th e s e c i t i e s
‘
,
’
a hist o r i a n wr ot e ,
a b o u t a hund r e d y e a rs be f or e Ch r ist ,
t h e gra m
ea t ing h all s
-
be ar s wi t ne s s o f h ow m a ny J e ws we re influe n ce d by f ore ig n
ways He s a ys
. U nde r t h e d omin a t i ons whic h we re
e st a blish e d in l at e r t im e s [h e h a s be e n w r it ing a b ou t M osa i c
O r i e nt a l an d He lle ni st i c influ e n ce s we r e t hu s b ot h at
wor k in influ e n c ing t h e J e ws of P al e st in e in m a ny direc t i o n s
t h e fu si o n o f t he se t w o influ e n ce s t oo k p l a ce a n d t h e re sul t ,
w a s t h a t a d e b a s e d f o r m o f H ell e ni sm w a s p r o du c e d On .
t h e o n e h a nd t h e n H e ll e nism wit h t h e m a ny g oo d qu al it i e s
, , ,
t o be a r u p o n t h e J e w s o f P a l e st in e but on t h e o the r h a nd , ,
g re a t re a c t i on a g a in st He ll e ni sm t o o k p l ace it w as fost e re d ,
II . T HE ES S E NE S
[L I T ERA T U RE L u iu —
c s, D er E ssen i s mu s in se i n e mV erh dltn i ss cu m
j d th m ightf i
.
u en u L oo t C ol oss p p 3 49 4 1 9
a n s, —
M Fri dl and r m m
.
,
ii p p rm n d
.
,
pp 9 8 —1 2
4 S c h ii re r II 18 8—218 Ge a e
M Fri d l nd r D i
. . . .
, , ,
II pp 65 80 ;
1— 6 e a e e r el i g i é sen B w g
e g e un en
rt i l H t ing
. .
, ,
E ssen e s
’
pp . 1 14 1 6 8 -
( 9 5 ) th
1 0 e a c es in as s
1
j erusa le mu
r th H ig h pri t n de e -
es s, p p 4 1 f a n d se e L e c t ur e I II
m wri t r b k S t i i
.
8 5 — 1 18
’
In th e sa e e s oo o cs a n d S c ep t cs p p
Q u t d by R in h T t d r mi if
. .
, ,
2
rela t
’
o e e ac ex es a uteurs g recs et o a ns s
j uda i sm
,
au e , pp . 20 f .
THE
”
TH E BOOK S OF APOCRYPHA
Di ct o f Bi bl d i t h
th e e an n e j ew i sh E n cycl .
, by F . C C on y b e a r e
.
K hl r r p t iv ly ]
.
an d o e es ec e .
J e ws by r a ce 3
Phil o w h o i s our e a r lie s t aut h or it y r e g ar d
.
,
L igh tf t C l i
,
oo p p 3 4 9 ff
, o oss a n s, . .
Z ll r y
2
e e Th y xhibi t im p rt nt r l t i n hi p t
sa s e e so o a a e a o s o
th eN P yt h g r n t h t w
eo -
a nly um t h t t h y r
o ea s a e c an o ass e a e a ose
und r t h i nfl u n f O rp hi P yt h g r n
e e e ti i m
ce d
o b c a o ea a sc e c s an su se
q u nt ly ft r t h f rm t i n f P yt h g r n p hi l hy
,
e a e N e o
p a o o a eo -
a o ea o so
d p t d m ny d t ri n (O tl i
,
f G k P h i l p hy p
,
a o e f it a o s oc es u n es o ree oso
) d i gr wi t h t hi ; h
.
,
W n dl n d ( 0 p i t p 9 n t
e a c 1 1, o e 2 sa e es s e
b li v i t im p r b bl b in g hyp t h i i n u ffi i nt ly up p rt d
. . .
,
e e es o a e as e a o es s s c e s o e
by t h f t e ac s
B ll j d I I viii
.
e u 2
Q d m p b ii 4 5 7 J
. .
, , . .
p hu (B ll jud I I viii 4 ) y
4
ua o n ro ose s e sa s,
rt i n i t y bu t mn y
. .
th r h nd t h t th y h v
. .
, . .
, , .
on th e o e a , a e a e n o o n e Ce a c a
f t h m d w ll i n v y i t y bu t v n i f t h y di d liv i n i ti
,
"
o e e e er c e e e e c es
in th ti m f J p hu t h y k p t nti r ly t t h m lv f h
e e o o se s, e e e e o e se es, or e
sa y l wh r f t h m t h t
s e se e e t h y liv by t h m lv t h y
o e a as e e e se es e
mini t r s et n t h r (A t i q X VIII i
on e o a o e n .
, , .
44 THE BO OK S or THE A POC R Y PHA
,
e n b ut
wh a t is according t o i t s de t e r min at i o n 1
O n t his p o int
t h e E sse n e s an d t h e S a ddu cee s we re a t opp osit e e xt r e m e s ,
, ,
A n ti q XIII v 9
1
.
,
B viii
. .
,
1
ell .
j ud .
,
II , . 11 .
WS 45
in Esse nism w as um J e wi sh in c h ar a c -
t er w as t h a t in s om e r e s p e c t s it w as a m y s t e ryT r e l i i
g n o
we re p ut o ff a g a in wh e n t he we a re r s re tu r n e d t o w o r k ;
a
p r i e st o f f e r e d u p p r a y e r b e f ore a n d a ft e r t h e m e a l Wh en .
h ad fi ss a t h r e e y e a r s n o vi c i a t e
’
r st t o a t h en o n be ing
p ,
a dmitt e d h e u nd e r we nt a f o r m o f b a p t ism a n d h a d t o t a k e
, ,
L aw o f M o se s e s p e c i ally i n t h e m at t e r o f S a bb a t h ob se r v
,
a n ce an d in t h e ir f r e que nt u r i fic a t i o n s t h e y w e r e t h or
, p ,
oughly J e w i sh .
bl e ndi n g o f t h e M o s a i c a n d He lle ni c sp i r it ” 1
p e r h a s
p
1
A n ti q XIII xi 2 XV x 5 X VII xiii 3
B
.
, , .
, , .
, , . .
46 A POCRY PHA
this d oe s n ot t a ke suffi c ie n t a c cou nt o f t h e o r ie nt al i n flu
e n ce s wh e r e by Esse nism w a s und o ubt e dl y a ffe c t e d ; at
t o it s m ore p r o n o un ce d e xt e n si o n in P al e st in e in whi c h ,
S U MM A R Y
Th e sep a r at i on of t he J e ws fr o m t h e out side w or ld whi c h
w as br ough t a b out t h r ough t h e e x e rt i on s o f Ez r a an d t h o s e
w h o f oll owe d him an d whi c h h ad t h e e ffe c t o f p r e se rving
,
of t h e a nnu al ce l e b r a t i o ns o f t h e Gr ee k fe st iv a ls t he
gymn asium a n d all th a t t his involve d be ca me a st ill gre at e r
m e a ns for t h e sp re ading a b r oad o f this influe n ce .
HELLE N I STI C I N FL U E N CE U PO N TH E J EWS 47
t o t h e Ezr a ide a l .
some r e s ec ts
p . A ng e l o l o gy a n d d e m o n ol o gy whi c h Jud a i sm
,
a bs o r be d f r o m t h e e a st we r e e l e me nt s t h e in cor p o r a t i o n
o f whi c h m
,
m e nt i o n e d be cause t h e int e r r el a t i o n of d oc t r in al t e ne t s
-
Th e E sse n e M o ve m e n t w a s t h e o ut c om e o f m a i n ly H e ll e n
i st i c but a ls o o f E a s t e r n influe n c e s
, , .
CHAPTER I I I
H e ll en i st i c I n fl uen c e up on t he Je w s o f t he
D i sp e rsi o n
[L I T ERA T U RE — S ta d e 0p ci t v ol II S c h ii re r II ii p p
rm
. . . . .
, , ,
2 1 9 —3 2 7 , Ge a n ed III pp 1— 1 8 8 ; B e rt h ole t D ie S t ll g e un
j m R in h
. .
, ,
T mi j uda i sm
,
Grecs Ro a n s rel a ti s a u
f e (18 95 )
’
extes d a uteur s cl
jd
\Vil l ri c h d G i h u en d mk k bdi h E h b g
un r ec en v or er a a sc en r e un
8 9 5 ) S w t I t d ti t th Ol d T t m t i G
,
1 e e, n ro k ( 9 )uc on o e es a en n ree 1 00
M Fri dl an d r D i lig i é B w g g
e e pp e 35 64 re sen e e un en 2 —2
( 9 5 ) by t h m u t h r G hi ht d j di h A p l g ti k
. .
,
1 0 e sa e a o esc c e er u sc en o o e
Ch i t t m ( 9 3 ) B t D i R l igi
,
l V g
a s hi ht dor esc c e es r s en u s 1 0 o usse e e on
j d t m i m t t m tli h Z i t lt ( 9 3 ) H r k
,
d es u en u s n eu es a en c en e a er 1 0 a n ac
Th M i i i f C h i ti i ty I p p 3 6 ( 9 8 )
,
e d E p ss on a n x a n s on o r s an 1— 1 0
li g i h i h tli h P bl md S p i tj d th m
.
, ,
B th l t D
'
er o e g a s re on s esc c c e ro e es c u en u s
Th R l ig i h i p f th
,
O t l y d B es er e d W an ox , e e on an o rs o e
Sy g g napp o ue ,
4 W nd l nd Op i t p p 9
11 — 1 20 e a c 1 2
f ll wi n g rt i l R m y J w i th
. . . .
, ,
211 d th an e Tho o a c e s, a sa e e s n e
Cr A i ti Ci ti E p it ( J n u ry
,
”
asc o -
is a th c e s,9 ) n e x os or a a 1 0 2
Di p r i t h j wi h E Di p r i n i H t ing
,
as o a y l n e e s nc c s e s o n as s
f t h B i bl ( x t r v lum ) d t h E y l B i bl
.
Di t e . o e e e a o e an e nc c . .
I THE D I S P E R S I O N .
p e i f th J w
rs o n its r igin
o d x t nt ; e ft r e s, o an e e a e
whi h we
c tu r n u tt nt i n t t h s p i l h r t r ist i
c an o r a e o o e ec a c a ac e cs
t he i n h abit a n t s o f S a m a r i a by S arg on in B C 7 2 2 I n . . .
49
THE BOOKS OF TH E APOCRY PHA
xvii 6 xviii
. Th e g e n e r al re fe r e n ce t o t his o cc u rr e n ce
.
t ure d S a m e r i n a ( S a m a r i a ): p e op l e dwelling in t h e
mids t o f it I c arri e d off Fift y c h a r i ot s I coll ect e d a m on g .
xxiv 1 4 — 1 6 ; x xv 1 1 2 1 J er lii 1 5 2 8
. .
,
S om e fiv e . .
,
or S i x t h ou sa nd e xil e s r e t urn e d t o P a l e s t in e in B C 4 3 0 ; . .
( O h ) t he re w as a n ot he r de p ort at i o n a numbe r of J e ws
2
c u s , ,
be ing t r a n sp o rt e d t o Hyr ca ni a on t h e C a s p i a n S e a an d , ,
B abyl o ni a 3
The gr e a t m a j orit y o f t h e s e e xil e s an d th e ir
.
de s ce nd a n t s were c on t e n t t o r e m a in in t he ir n ewh om e s ,
fr om t h ese ce n tre s t he y e m
,
o f t h e E a s t e r n Dis e r si o n ; i
p
grat e d i n all dire ct i ons a n d i n cou r se o f t ime t h e c hi e f ce ntr e
,
se ttl e me n t s Al e x a nd r i a b e ca m e t h e m os t im p o rt a n t Th e .
1
H r ign d fr m
e e
35 8 3 3 8
e o B C —
Sy llu i 4 8 6 ( d D i d f )
. . .
1
n ce s, . e . n or .
4Th n i nt J eb i t u t d t t h
e a c e u t h rn xtr mi t y f m ll
, s a e a e so e e e o a s a
i l nd i t h N il b t w n t w d th mile l ng t f b l w
s a n e e, e ee o an r ee s o no ar e o
p p i t e A ou n t h n i nt S y é
,
th fi t t
“
e rs ct a d ~
c a ara n o os ss a , e a ce en .
52 TH E BOOK S OF THE APOC RYPHA
we re a ss oc i at e d t h e p ri e s t s w h o re p re se n t e d t he col ony i n ,
a n d s e t tl e d d own i n t h e ce n t r e s o f Gr e e k c iviliz a t i on ; n or
comm e r ce e s p e c i ally by se a r ou t e s
,
a t tr a c t e d m a n y fr o m-
ar t a n d c ivil iz a t i o n be ca m e f a vo uri t e r e s or t s
, H e n ce for th .
,
c o nsid e r a t i o ns a n d ( w e m a w e ll su o s e )a c e rt a i n co n s c i o us
y pp
or u n c o ns c i ous c r a ving f or c ul t u r e b ec am e op e r at ive in ,
1
i
unt f t h x v t i n t E l p h nt ine d uring
A de t a l e d acco o e e ca a o s a e a
l xlix T h m t l b r t w rk ubj t i S h u ’
vo th e os e a o a e o on e s ec s ac a s
A m
. .
ra d i h P py sc d O t k
e i i ndi h M i li td k l i
a r us un s ra a a us e n er sc en r o on e
E l ph ti A x ll nt m ll r w rk i E d M y r ’
eu e an ne n e ce e s a e o s e e s
ti whi h h b n t r n l t d
.
D er P py a
f d E l ph
rus un e on e an ne c as ee a s a e
i nt E ngli h A v lu bl t x t b k f t u d nt i U g d
o s a a e e oo or s e s s n na
'
s
A m
-
.
ra di h P pyrusc eE l ph ti a s a us e an ne
I N FL U E N CE U PO N T HE J EWS 53
1
Ab ou t middl e o f t h e se co nd ce nt ury B C
t he . .
e rS Ion o f t h e J e ws i n s a ying t h a t e ve r y l a nd a n d e ve ry
p
se a is full of t h ee t h e l a ngua g e is hy p e r b oli c but t e st ifi e s , ,
S omewh a t l at e r St r a b o ( c i rca B C 6 0 — A D 2 0 ) g i ve s t he . . . .
en an d is n ot ,
” 1
p o sse sse d by it .
Th e m o st im p ort a n t ce nt r e fr om e ve r y p oint o f vi e w ,
wa s Al e x a nd r i a AS w e h a ve see n t h e nu cl e us o f a J ew ish
.
,
e arli e s t t im e s wit h t h e Al e x a nd r i a n s a n d h a ve o bt a i ne d ,
t h e e di c t s t he m se lve s a n d t h a t a ft e r Al e x a nd r i a h a d be e n
t he r e fo re t h a t t h e n at i o n o f t he J e ws be n ot de p r ive d o f
,
1
G ut h e Bi bl I
in t h e E n cy cl 1 1 10
Q u t d i J p hu A ti q X I V vii M xv 6 4
.
, .
, , .
1 —2
o e n ose
p s, n 2 C 1 a cc 1
fr m whi h i t n t h t J wi h tt l m nt xi t d t n ly
. . . .
, , , ,
o c b c an e se e a e s se e e s e s e no o
i
n E gyp t bu t l i S yri A i M in r
a so l ng t h M dit rr n n
n a, s a o a o e e e a ea
d l wh r
, ,
t
c oas , an e se e e .
54 TH E BOOK S OF THE APOCRY PHA
ll
J e ws l ive d in a p rt s a o f t e ity in his d y ; t h e e a r li e r
h c a
3
su r r oundings e s p e c i ally i n su c h a ce nt r e as Al e x a nd r i a
, ,
c ivil iz e d w o r ld o f t h o s e d a ys th e r e we r e m a ny ot h e r sm al l e r ,
s e t t le me nt s o f J e ws in t h a t countr y ; Phil o s a ys t h at t h e
o n e milli o n J e ws w h o dw e lt in Egy t w e r e t o b e f ound i n
p
e ve ry a r t o f it f r o m Liby a t o t h e Ethi o i a n f r o nt i e r 4
p p .
H E LLE N I S T I C I N FL U E N C E O N R E L IGI O N
II .
I t h as be e n p oint e d out a b o ve t h a t a m o ng t h e G re e ks
th e mse lve s t h e e ffe c t o f t h e n ew sp i r it due t o t he H ell e nist i c
M o ve me nt w a s ve r y g rea t u p o n t h e m en a n d wome n o f t h e
1
Q u oted in J o se p hu s, Ant q i XI X v 2
B ll xviii
. .
, , .
1
e j ud II 7
m
. .
M ng y
, , . .
3
I n F la ccu 8 (e d a e II p
um
,
M ng y
. .
, ,
4 I n F l a cc , 6 (e d a e II p
ful l il ii
.
, , .
5 F or de ta s see S ch ii re r I I , , .
pp . 2 1 9—3 2 7, Ge rm n
a cd .
,
I I I, p 1— 1 8 8,
p .
E NISTI C I N FL UE N CE U PO N THE JE WS 55
othe r C l a ss e s we r e t o a g r e at e r or l e ss e xt e nt a ls o a ffe c t e d ,
t h e m a in t ru e t o t h e tr a dit i o ns o f t he ir f at he r s i n S p it e o f
,
ot he r re sp e c ts th e y we re e nt i r e ly u nde r t h e sw a y of t h e
a n d t h e g r e a t fe st iv als we r e re gul a r ly ce l e b r a t e d Va st .
p hil os op he r t h a n a J e wi sh R a bbi in si st s on t h e n ee d o f ,
t he J e w s o f t h e Dis p e r si o n a n d e s p e c i ally t h o se o f Al e x a n
,
h a p p e n e d in m a ny c a se s but as c o m p a r e d wit h t h e m a ny
,
th a t re m a in e d J e ws in re ligi o n t he se we r e t h e e x cep t i on s , .
t h e l ar g e r wo r ld of t h e i r su rr ou n ding s w it h int e re st a n d
sym p athy ; th e ir re ligi ous i nt e r e st s we re n ot so e ntirely
1
Cp J p hu B ll J ud VI ix
ose s, e 3
f urt h r IV f t hi h p t r
. . . .
, ,
1
S ee e o s c a e .
56 THE BOOK S O F TH E APOCRYPHA
Th e Dis p e r si o n J e w w a s a J e w at h e a rt t h ough n ot ac c or d ,
ing t o t h e Ph a r is a i c st a nd a r d an d c onvin ce d of t he p re ,
e min e n ce o i h i s ow n f a ith bu t h e w a s n o n e t h e l e ss r ea d y
,
of t h e l e tt e r an d w e r e m o d e st with r e g a r d t o t h e ir o w n
,
Thi d um nt b l ng r ughly t b u t t h y r
1
s oc e e o s o o a o e ea B C I oo ;
th ugh S h ii w ul d p l i t nt ury rli r ; m ny m rn
. .
o c re r o ac e a ce ea e a ode
sch l r h w v r d i gr wi t h him i t hi
o a s, o e e , sa ee n s .
U PO N TH E J EWS 5 7
as a t tr ac t ive as p o o ssibl e t t he Ge nt il s h p r s nt e d it
e e e e ,
re a ct i o n o f t hi s u p on t h o se w h o thus p r e se nt e d a f orm of
Jud a ism whic h w a s t o s ome e xt e nt s p u r i o us c a nn o t well ,
)
122 is w
oth
r h a ve be e n with o ut it s con se qu e n ce s sin ce t he ir ac t i o n ,
t he n a tu r e o f m a n w a s g r e a tly influ e n ce d by G r ee k
p h i loso
p h i c al t e a c hing Ag a in t h e Dis p e r si o n J e ws comm e nde d
.
,
me th od o f int e r p re t a t io n w as b o rrowe d f r o m t h e St o i c s
wh o h a d be e n i n t h e h a bit o f all e g or izing t h e Gree k myt hs .
1
Cp . B o usse t , ii
D i e R el g on des j uden thu s p p m 40 5 ff
Wh e n h i fir u hri t i ni t y v n
. .
,
1
we fin d t a t n t h e st c ent ri es O f C s a e e
C ir um i i n u ffi d f
c c s o
pr lyt w my w ll k wh t h r t h
s ce or ose es e a e as e e e
r ul t f t h H ll ni t i p iri t w
es o e t nt ribu t ry u
e e s cf s as no a co o ca se o
su h l p fr m t r di t i n l J u d i m
c a a se o a o a a s .
TH E BOOK S O F THE APOCRYPH A
Fin ally it is wo rt h p o inting out t h a t e ve n in P al e st ine
, ,
as indi c a t i o ns in s om e l a t e r Old Te st a m e nt a n d o t h e r b oo ks
N o on e as B e rt h olet h as t ru ly r e m a r ke d c an u n de rs t a n d
, ,
by a n Egyp t i a n g odde ss .
III . THE S E P TU A OI N T
On e of r e sul t s of t h e H elle nist i c M ove me n t t h e
the ,
t o d e al h e re wit h t h e wh ol e m a ss of t h at li t e r at ur e ? e ve n
, ,
1
T
ra n sa ct on s o i f i
the T h rd I n tern a t on a i lC g on ress for the H i story
of ii
R el g on s I , , p . 2 77
l t wi t h i n hur r iii p p 5 6 3
.
1 I
t i s d ea Sc e , II , . . 1 — 20 ; Ge r m a n ed .
,
I II , pp .
4 2 0 —
6 33 .
TH E BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYPHA
be s a fe ly st a t e d t h a t m os t Of t h e m if n ot all we r e tr a n sl a t e d , ,
S ongs an d D a ni el 1
.
F or s o m e t im e n o d o ub t t h ough a p p a re ntly n ot f or ve ry
, ,
o f t h e Gr ee k Old Te st a m e n t li e s i n t h e f a c t t h a t it h as give n
sa y a n y t hing a b ou t t h e m n ow fur t he r t h a n t h a t t h e g e n e r a l
1
P h lo i and l
H o y S cr p ture i , p .
32 see l
a so S w e e,t Op .
ci t .
, pp . 25 f .
1
M y r D P py f u d
Cp . e e , er a rus n von E lep ha n ti n e, p 1 9
t h f ur t h r hi t ry u gi b ur
. .
F 1
or f th S e e s o o e ep t a nt a n d f or t h e la o s
f Aq uil S ymm hu Th d t i bv rig wt
,
a n d a o e all o f O en S
’
o a, ac s, eo o on , e e s
b k lr dy m nt i n d h u ld b n u lt
,
oo , a ea e o e , s o e co s ed .
an d t he Wisd o m are a ddit i on s t o t h e Wisd om
B oo k of
Lit e r at ure of t h e J e ws .
t h e S e p tu a gint w e c a nn ot do be tt e r t h a n qu ot e t h e w or ds
,
you h a ve b e f o r e y ou t h e b oo k t h a t w a s t h e Bibl e o f t h e J e ws
o f t h e Di sp e r si o n a n d o f t h e p r os e lyt e s f r o m t h e h e a t h e n
” 1
me nt .
IV . P H I LO OF A LE X A N DR IA
[L I T ERA T U R E — S i gfri
e ed , i
P h l o von A lexa n d i a r a ls A usleg er des A ll en
Testa m en tes ( 1 8 75 ) i ht d O H lt m
o z a nn in S ta d e
’
s Gesch c e es
I r l II p p 5 I I iii p p 3
.
V lk o es 55
s ae( 8 8 8 ) S h ii 2 1— 1 1 c re r , 21
G rm n d I I I p p 6 3 3 7 6 K r ug r P h i l d j
. . .
, , ,
38 ph o un us
—
1, e a e 1 e ose
j d t m ( 9 6 ) VVi d i h D i F é mmig
. .
, , ,
l Ap l g t
a s d o o e en es u en u s 1 0 n sc e r
h it P h il l H rt
,
e pp 4 9
’
o s
5 S J A H — ee a so a
'
s
ri f rt i l nt i t l d P hil f A l x nd ri i t h j wi h
. . . .
”
se es o a c es e e o o e a a n e e s
Q t rly R i w v l
ua r e x x t h d l wi t h t h
ev e o s xv u xvnI 1 e se ea e
wri t ing f P hi l L u t rb h rt i l P hi l i t h j wi h
. . .
,
’
s o o a e ac s a c e on o n e e s
E n cycl .
,
X , pp . 6
wh o m this M o ve me nt b r o ught f or th N o J e w w as so .
1
Th e P h lo ogy i l f
o the Gr eek Bi bl e, p . 8 .
THE BOOK S OF THE APOCR Y P HA
Th e l arge numbe r o f his w or k s whi c h h a ve c ome d own
t o us owe th e i r p r e se rv a t i o n t o t h e p op ul a r ity t he y e nj oye d
a m o ng t h e e a r ly Chur c h F a th e r s f or by t h e J e wish l e a d e r s
,
f or h e t oo k p a rt in a n e mb a ssy t o C a li g ul a in A D 4 0 wh e n . .
,
alr e a dy s om e wh a t a dv a n ce d i n y e a rs ; h e r e fe rs t o t his i n
1
, ,
all a ccount s b r ot h e r t o Al e x a n de r t h e Al ab a r ch a n d on e
, ,
”
n ot unskilful in p hil o s op hy This is p r act i cally all t h at
.
t h i s t o h a ve b e e n t h e c a s e wit h t he m i n t h e ir G r ee k f orm
. .
His ve ne r at i o n f or t h e J ewish S c r ip tu re s on t he on e h a nd , ,
a n d his l o ve f or t h e
p hil o s op hy o f t h e Gr e e ks on t h e o th e r ,
1
Co h n an d iti n
W e n d la n d s ed
’
o
1
Ant q i viii ft
X VII I . 1 .
p hi l p hy whi h P h i l x u i lly t h
. .
, ,
p o n d s i s essent
3 “
Th e oso c o e a e
po p u l r Gr k p hil
a p hy
ee bl n d o so , a e o f P l t n i m P yt h g r n i m
a o s ,
a o ea s ,
63
sin ce He is t h e C re a t o r a n d U p h olde r of t h e w or ld t h e ,
r
ev l i the
ea o it and t h e t h ought t h a t He i s a c t ive in t h e w or ld a re cl e a r ly
,
—
o eoh
nth er,t he nde d in o ne n a mely t h e L og os or Wo r d o f God t h e
,
”
, ,
L og o s is a ls o s p o ke n o f as t h e wisd o m an d r e a s o n of God ,
a n d t h e m e a ns wh e r e by t h e w o r ld w a s c re a t e d Bu t b o t h
1
.
I n re sp e c t of t he p owe rs j ust me nt i o ne d a n d o f t h e ,
Lo g o s it se lf t he re i s un ce r t a int y a s t o t h e p e rs o n a lity
,
an d i i m ligh t ly m d ifi d by t h H br w b li f i n G d
S to c s S o e e e e e e o
( E dwy B v n S t i
,
n e d S p ti
a p o cs an ce cs ,
f im p rt n C h ri t i n t h l gy t n t i th t i
.
,
1
It i s o f o a ce or s a eo o o o ce a n
se v r l p g ( L ightf t C l i
e a assa es d P h il m
se e p 6) oo o oss a n s an e on , . 21
P h il i nt rp r t t h im g f G d t m n t h L g
,
o e e s e a e o o o ea e o os so
th t a wh n i eG ,i 7nm i i d t h v b n r t d in
en . . 2 th an s sa o a e ee c ea e e
im g i t m a t h t h w r at d i t h li k n f t h
,
”
a e o f G d o , e ns a e as c e e n e e ess o e
64 THE BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYPHA
’
at t a c h e d to t he m ; t his
b ou nd t o be t h e c ase for if
w as ,
th e r e w as t o be e ve n t h e se mbl a n ce o f a s olut i o n o f t h e
op p osing co n ce t i o ns c o n ce rning God r e f e rr e d t o a b o ve
p ,
Phil o h ad t o c on ce ive o f t h e L o g o s a s l e ss t h a n a p e r s o n a l
be ing dis t i n c t f r o m God an d m ore t h a n a n im p e r s on al ,
a n d t h e e x i at or o f si n s ; h s a ks o f it t h high
p e p e a s e
p r i e s t i n su c h ca s e s i t is di ffi c ul t t o g e t a w a y fr o m t h e
id e a ” 1
. M ost st riking of all is t h e f act t h at i n a n umbe r
of
p a ss a g e s Phil o give s t h e L o g o s t h e t itl e o f firs t
b orn son an d onl y b e g ot t e n
”
, bu t t h e signifi ca n ce o f
-
t h e y occur ?
p o ,
1
De M i gra ti on e A bra ha mi , 18 , q u
by L u t rb h
t
o ed a e ac .
1 On t h e wh l ubj t o e s ec of th er l t i n b tw n t h P hil ni n
e a o e ee e o a
an d th e J h nnin L g
o a e o os do c t ri n es R evill
see L d t i d e, a oc r n e a
m
L og os da n s l e q ua tr i e e eva ng i le et da n s l es oeuvres de P h i lon
’
( 1 8 72 )
B ald e n sp erg e r D er P rol og des Vi erten E va ngel i u s
, m
PH ILO 65
is ac c or de d t o m an whil e in a st a t e of un c o ns c i o u sn e ss ;
so th a t whil e h e l a ys mu c h str e ss on t h e fr ee d o m o f t h e
a tt r ibut a bl e t o divin e gr ac e .
ina
cc t
ou
nof t h e m or e im p o rt ant are t o a gr ea t e xt e nt due t o Gree k i n
,
S U MMA R Y
In de alin g with He ll e nisti c in flue n ce u p on t h e J e ws o f
t h e Dis p e rsi o n i t w as n ece ssa ry t o m a ke so m e r e fe re n ce
fi r st t o t h e Di sp e r si o n it se l f an d its e x t e nt du r ing t h e p e r i o d
unde r c onside r a ti on I t b e ga n as ea r ly a s t h e e n d o f t h e
.
a n d t h e d e or t a ti o n t o A ssy r i a o f m a ny th ous a n d s o f
p
Israe lit e s whi c h foll owe d Th e f a ll of t h e s outh e r n kingd o m
.
m any J e ws e mig r a t e d f r o m t h e e a st t o we st e r n ce nt r e s of
1
F or t h e i n fl u enc e o f P hi lo u p on S t P a ul see Th a c k e ra y Th e
i mp r
.
im
,
R ela t f
on o S t P a ul to C on te
. o ar
y jewi sh Th ought p ass
,
66 TH E BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYP HA
G r ee k c iviliz a ti on an d va r i ous w r it e r s t e s t ify t o t h e ubiquit y
,
of t h e J e w s Al e x a nd r i a w as t h e m ost im p or t an t ce nt r e
.
of t h e Dis p e r si o n f r o m e v e r y p oint of vi ew .
a n ce,
t r a diti on al Jud a ism b ec a m e l ar ge ly t r ansfo r m e d .
Th e t ol e r a nt a ttitud e of t h e Dis p e r si on J e ws t ow a r ds t h e
’
G e ntil e s w a s in m a r ke d c ont r a st t o th a t of t h e J e ws o f
P al e stin e U nlik e th e s e l a t t e r ag a in a vig or ous missi on ary
.
, ,
a ll e g or iz a ti o n of S c ri tu r e w as a n o th e r m a rk o f H ell e nisti c
p
i n flue n ce Th e r ece n t ly f ound Ass ou a n p apy ri o ffe r a
.
t h e J e ws of t h e Dis p e r si on Th e o r igin of t h e n a m e of
.
t his Gr ee k Ve r si o n of t h e H e b r e w S c ri p tu r e s is t o be f ound
in a l e ge nd c ont ain e d in t h e L etter of A ri stea s In all .
a s w e a re h e r e c on ce rn e d is th a t it h as give n us t h e b ooks
,
o f t h e A oc ry h a
p p .
T rac e s o f G re e k I n fluen c e i n t he O ld
T e st am en t an d in t he A p o c r y ph a
[LI T ERA T U RE S t h b k i t d i n t h f tn t ]
.
—
ee e oo s c e e oo o es
Th e H e b r e w f or m for t h e l a nd o f t h e I o ni a ns or Gr ee ks , ,
ce ntu r y B C t h e G r ee ks p r e ss e d f or w ard t o t h e e a st Ag a in
1
. . .
,
n oun ce d a g a in st Ty r e a n d Zi d o n a n d t h e Philis t i n e s Th e ,
c ol o ni e s in t h e f ar w e s t F r om t h e fifth ce nt ury B C on
. . .
1
Cp . Ed . Myr
e e , Gesch i ch te des A lterthu ms, I , pp .
4 9 0 ff .
68
K I N FL U E N C E IN BOOK S 69
were mu ch s ough t a ft e r by t h e G r ee ks ?
I n Is a i a h xxiv .
Asi a Mi nor i n B C 1
M e nt i o n is m a de of J ava n in
. .
signifi ca n ce I n I s a i ah ix 1 2 ( 1 1 ) i t is s a id t h at Syr i a fr o m
. .
t he e ast a n d t h e H e ll e n e s fr om t h e we s t are t h e de s t r o ye rs
of I sr ae l ; i n t he He bre w t e xt Phil ist ine s st a n ds for
Hell e nes whi c h is d oubtle ss t he r ight re a ding but t he
,
reeks
ionsorG
t h e tr a n sl a t i o n w a s m a de t h e re a l d a n ge r f or t h e J e ws w a s
, ,
,
He b re w )1 6 Le t us aris e a n d le t us r e tu rn t o our p e op l e
t o our f a th e r l a nd f r om t h e f a ce o f t h e H e ll e ni c sw ord
,
1
Cp . Ro b t n
e r so S mi t h i n t h e E n y cl c B itr x 111 p .
70 5 .
B
.
, ,
i
,
1
B ox ,
T he ook o
f I sa a h,
p 1 13 . .
70 THE BOOK S O F TH E APO CRYPHA
t his oc urs nl y in t h B ook f D ni l wh r
c o e o a e , e e a fe w Gree k
wor ds f mu i l inst r um n t s ap p r i n
or s ca e ea an ar a mi a ze d
f r m viz p
o ,
té i ymphb i in D ni l iii 5
sa n r n, s n a, a e .
,
an d k a i thros
in iii 7 ( cp als o iii 1 0 1 5 ) t h e form of t h e word psa n tér i n
. . .
,
sa lté r i on p r o ve s t h e influ e n ce o f t h e M a ce d o ni a n di al e ct
p
whi ch subst it ut e d n for l ” 1
.
II .T RA CE S O F G R E E K I N F LU E N CE I N THE OL D T E S TAM E N T
Th e que st i o n a s t o t h e e xis t e n ce or o t h erwise o f H e ll e n
i st i c influ e n ce in ce r t a i n o t h e r b oo ks o f t h e Old Te s t a me n t
is a di ffi c ul t on e u p o n whi ch mu ch diversity of O p ini on
e xist s a m o ng s c h ol a rs .
giv bu t t w
x mp l R b t n S mi t h ( Th Ol d T t
. .
, , .
1
To e o e a es : o e r so e es a
m t i th j w i h C h h p
en n e ft r h vi n g x min d t h
e s urc a e a e a e e
s ec ca e W sa fs e a re s e a co c e ce o
rgum nt t ign t h ll t i n f P lm m
,
a e s o ass l d th e co ec o O sa s x c —C an e co
wh l P l t r t t h rly y r f t h M b
. .
p l ti
e f th
on o e o e sa e o e ea ea s o e ac ca ee
a a e e o e sa s o e ee e o .
BOO KS 71
a re f a it hful
t ho se w h o are r e ne g a de s an d wh o are
an d ,
obt a in e d it will be g r a nt e d t h a t t h e r e is a m p l e j u st ifi c a t i o n
,
, ,
the se c h a p t e r s fo r m t h e l a t e st p or t i o n o f t h e b oo k Th e .
.
, ,
U nt o yo u 0 m en , I ca ll
my v i i t t h n f m
, ,
An d o ce s o e so s o en .
Ag in i n ix 4 6 h e r i
a .
— s c es
:
A f him t h t i v i d f u nd r t n d in g h
s or a s o o e s a s e sa ith to him ,
C m f my br d
,
o t y e, ea e o ea
n f th o e e c a e e
L v im p l n d liv
.
ff y
ea e o e s e o e s, an e,
A d w lk i f u nd r t nd ing
,
n th w y a n e a O e s a .
1
Cp i ht d V lk I l ii p 5
S t a de Gesc h c e es o es sra e 21
Gri h i h P h i l i m m
. . .
, , ,
1
ec p
sch i A l t T
e t t p p 5 f
oso e en es a en 2
Fri d l an d r i hi b k ju t r f rr d t m ny t h r ign
. .
,
1
e e n s oo s e e e o , see s a o e s s
Gr k i n fl u n i n t h P lm (p p 5 5 8 ) i t i p r b bl t h t
,
Of —
‘
ee e ce e sa s 1 s o a e a
m i righ t ; i t h r t hi i d ub tf ul
.
In so e h c a se s e s n o e s s s o .
72 TH E BOO KS OF THE A POCRYPHA
H e re in o t he r S imi l ar p a ss a ge s it is t h e i n dividu al
,
an d ,
w h o is of im p o r t a n ce n ot t h e n a t i o n a s in e a r li e r d ays , , .
By m k i g r ign e n s e
A d p ri n d r ju t i
,
n ces ec e e s ce
By m rul r rul
.
e e s e,
A d n bl n v n ll t h ju d g o e s, e e a e es of th e ea rt h .
A t hi r d m r k f H ll nist i c influ n a is t h
o ll g i l
e e e ce e a e or ca
for m whi h p p rs
c in t hisa b k ea d s p i lly i n t h e first oo ,
an e ec a
n in h p t rs ; t h m s t striking x mp l f t his is t h
e c a e
1
e o e a e o e
W hi h f r k t h t h fri n d f h
c y uth
o sa e e e o er o
A d f rg tt t h t h v n nt f G d ;
,
n o e e e co e a o o
F h h u i n lin t h u nt d t h
or er o se c e o ea
p t h u nt t h ( ii 7
,
A d h n d d er a s o e ea . 1
p rs
e o n ; h is p r
s es n ifi t i n f t h
a n w H ll nist i
e o ca o o e e e e c
a nd l d w y f r om God
e a a w h v s e n b o ve t h t t h r 1
e a e e a a e e
w as d b s d f rm f H ll n ism whi h w
a e a e o sp i lly
o e e c as e ec a
p r s
e en t i n Sy r i This int e r p r taa t.i n o f wh t w s m nt e o a a ea
by t h st r ng w m n w s t h t f s m of t h e
e a e o a rly a a o o e ea
an d w rn his r d r s g i n st t h m
a s ea e a a e .
C p 0 H l t m nn i
1
A l lg mi h i ht i Ei
’
. . O k o z a G n l n en s e e ne esc c e n n ee
d t ll
a rs e g un II p en ,
95 . 2
C p F ri d l an d r Op
.
,
2 . e it p 7 e c 2
S t mt i
.
g C l m nt f A l x nd ri v 9 q u t d by
, .
,
. .
1
e . . e e o I e a a, ro a e s, 2 o e
Fri dland r Op i t p 7 3
.
,
e e ,
. c .
, . .
I N FL U E N CE
‘
OF GR E E K I N o T B 0 0 KS 73
. .
a b e qu ot e d
y
T h e Lo r d p o ssesse d m e i n t h e be gi nn i n g o f H i s w a y ,
I w as se t up fr om e v e rl ast i n g fro m t h e b e gi nn i n g , ,
O r e v e r t h e e a rt h w as
W h e n H e se t a c ir c l e u p on t h e fa ce of t h e d ee p
,
A n d I w a s d a ily H i s d e ligh t
, ,
of J ob h a s as i t s b ac kg r o u n d t h e f or m o f a n o ve l whi c h ,
p re d o mi n at e d at t his p e r i od M oreove r t h e f or m ,
de u r an d be a uty o f t h e wor ld ” 1
Th e a uth or o f t h e b oo k .
o f J ob t a ke s u
p a p osit i o n o f a nt a g on ism t owa rds t h e old
ort h o d o xy re p re se nt e d by t h e t hree f r ie nds a s well as
, ,
, p e n
p e, , .
C p S t a d e Op c i t
1
I I p 2 1 6 ; O H o l t z m ann Op c i t II p
F ri e dl ande r Op ci t p p 79 if
.
29 7 ; M
. . .
, , , .
,
. .
, , .
. . . .
, , .
1
Op . c it .
, II , p .
35 1 .
74 THE B OO KS OF THE A POCRYPHA
f r i e nds t h e p i o u s o n e s o f t h e Ps alms
?
Fur t h e r w e ,
s
e p e c i ally v e r s e s 2 0 —
27 bu t u nl ike t h e t e ac hing of Pro verbs
on t h e subj e c t t h e r e is n ot t h e int im a t e r e l at i o nshi p e xis t i n g
be twee n Wisd o m a n d m
,
en ; th e re is on ly a b r ie f allusi o n
t o t his i n ve rse 2 8 .
a ca t al ogue o f t im e s an d se a s o ns is an e c h o o f t h e t e ac hing ,
whi c h be f all e t h t h e s o ns o f m e n b e f a ll e t h be a s t s ; e ve n
on e t hing b e f a ll e t h t h e m : a s t h e on e di e t h so di et h t h e
m
,
ot h e r ; y e a th e y h a v e,
a ll o n e br e a t h ; an d an h a t h n o
p r e e-
min e n ce a b o ve t h e be a st s ; f or a l l is v ani ty
is ce r t a i n ly i n acco rd a n ce wit h t h e E p i cure a n t e aching
r e g arding t h e m or t ality o f t h e s o ul B ar t o n argu e s s t r o ngly
?
,
19 :
1
Op ci t p 10 7 Fri e d la n d er s ’
co nt ent i ons mb t d by
a re co a e
im m tl i h Z i t lt
. . .
mi m
.
K rug r j
,
e ,
H ell en s us un d uden tu n eutesta en c en e a er ,
pp . 22 ff .
1 E ccl esi a st es ,
p p 1 1 ff . h e is foll owe d by P l mp t i u re n h i s E cclesi
a stes ; S i gfri
e i
ed d H
P red g er un o esh li d e d H up t an a K oh eleth
d Fri d l an d r h l d t h m vi w
, , ,
K r ii g e r an e e o e sa e e
f urt h r H u p t Op i t p 6
.
1
S ee e a c
B k f E l i t p p 34 43
. .
, , .
, .
1
The
‘
oo o cc es a s es, .
— .
76 THE BOOKS OF THE APO CRYPHA
in R abbini c H e b r e w for infide l or e ve n a the i st Che yne .
” 1
d oe s n ot h owe ve r be li e ve i n an y tr a ce s of G r ee k influ e n ce
, ,
h e s ays ,
t h at w e must a dmit e ve n a va gu e G r ee k influ e n ce .
Th e inqui r in g sp i r it w as p r e s e nt in t h e c l a ss o f wise m en
e ve n b e f o r e t h e Exil e a n d t h e c i r c umst a n ce s o f t h e l at e r
,
I t is l a r ge ly a qu e st i o n of t h e p r ob a bilit i e s of t he ca se for ,
o f t r a c e s o f H e ll e ni st i c influ e n c e in s o m e o f t h e l a t e r b oo ks
o f t h e Old Te st a m e nt
3
w e mu st k ee p be fo r e our minds t h e
,
f a c t o f t h e sp r e a d of t h e H ell e n i st i c S p i r it f r o m t h e de at h
o f Al e x a nd e r t h e Gr e a t o nw a rds a n d t h e w a y in whi c h ( a s ,
w e h a ve se e n in a p r e vi o us c h ap t e r ) it a ffe c t e d t h e J e ws in
m a nifold di r e ct i o ns Th e im p ort a n t e vide n ce o f 1 M acca
.
be e s i 1 1 is w or t h r eca ll i ng h e r e :
. I n t h o s e d a ys c a m e
t he re f or th out o f Is r ael t r a nsg re ss or s o f t he L aw a n d p er ,
o f t h e L aw t h e p a ss a g e als o
sh ows t h a t s o m e t ime p r e vi ously r el at i ons h ad e xis t e d
b e twee n t he s e H elle nist i c J e ws an d t h e G e n t il e s a s t he ,
Th e M a cca .
, ,
o ve
m gin w u ld l i rl i r t h
. . .
, . .
, .
1
F ew we I a e, o d a te E cc es as es t ea e a n the
m i dd l t hird nt ury i
,
‘
e of the ce B C
. . at the ea r l est .
OF G REEK I N FL U E N CE I N OT . . BOOK S 77
h i s p l a n ; t hi s se e ms cl e a r fr o m 1 M acc a bee s i 1 3 wh e r e .
,
we r e a d fu r t h e r And ce rt a in o f t h e p e op l e we re fo rward
he re i n an d we nt t o t h e ki n g Ant i oc hus E p i p h an es) ,
a n d h e g a ve t h e m li ce n c e t o d o a ft e r t h e o rdin a n ce s o f t h e
G e n t il e s I f t h e J e ws o f P al e st in e we r e t hus surrounde d
.
by Ge nt il e s an d we re as we h a ve a lre a dy see n t o be t h e
, ,
ca se ,
st r ongly influ e n ce d by t h e H e lle nist i c s p irit whe t he r ,
la r ca s e o f E c c l e si a st e s it is g r a nt e d t h a t a n a l ogie s be t wee n
G r ee k p hil os op hy an d it s ide a s e xi st ; it ap p e a r s t o us
1
,
I I I T R A CE S O F G R E E K I N FL U E N CE I N THE A P O CR P HA
. Y
Th e r e are onl y t wo b ooks of t h e Ap oc r yp h a whi c h come
i n t o co nside r at i o n he re but t he y are t h e t w o m o st im p or t a nt
, .
B e n Si r a w a s a n o r t h o d o x J e w ; but i n s p it e o f t his h e
-
e n un c on
be fo und in ge ne r a l co n ce p t i o n r at he r t h a n in de finit e fo rm
for e x a m p l e t h e id e nt ifi ca t i o n o f vi rtu e wit h kn owl e dge
,
h a d be e n t h e c a se in d a ys g o n e by B e n Sir a t e a c h e s a n d -
J e ws a s a b ody we r e fa i t hful t o t h e T o r ah or L aw wh o se , ,
t h e fe a r o f t h e L ord t h e O bs e rva n ce o f t h e T o r ah ]
is t he be ginning t he highe st f or m ] o f Wisd o m This .
If thou
ir wi d m k p t h mm n dm nt
d es e s o ee e co a e s,
A d th
n L r d will giv h
e fr ly u nt t h (i
o e er ee o ee .
1
S ee th p r
e nt wri t r E l i t i u i t h C m
e se e b i dg Bi bl
’
s cc es a s c s n e a r e e,
p . xxv .
GREEK I N FL U E N CE I N APOCRYPHA 7 9
hil o s o hy o f t h e S t o i c s se e f or e x a m p l e su c h a p a ssa ge
p p , ,
a s t h e fo ll owing :
S ay Fr m G d i m y t r n gr i n
n ot , o o s a s e ss o
F t h t whi h H h t t h m d H
or a t c e a e a e e no
It i H t h t m d m t
.
S y t a no t umbl s e a a e e o s e,
th r i n d f vil m ( xv
,
F or e e s no ee o e en . 1 1,
a n e c h o o f E p i c ure a n p hil os op hy
:
G iv e n ot ul t t hy rw so o so r o
t t hy l f b m u n t d i d wi t h r
,
A d l t
n e no se ec o e s ea e ca e
H rt j y i li f f m
.
ea -
o s e or a an ,
A d hum n gl dn
n p r l ng t h d y
a a e ss o o e a s
E nt i t hy l f t h t hi n h rt
.
ce d se an soo e e ea
A d b n i h v x t i n fr m t h
, ,
n a s ; e a o o ee
Fo r so rr w h t h l in m n y
o a s a a
A d th r i p r fit i v x ti n
,
n e e s no o n e a o
E n vy d n g r h rt n d y
.
an a e s o e a s,
A d n xi t y m k t h ld u nt im ly
n a e a e O e
l p f h rfu l h rt i li k d i nt i
.
Th e s ee o a c ee ea s e a es
A d hi f d i
n gr bl unt him (xxx
s oo s a 5 e ea e o . 2 1— 2 a c co r d in g
t t h H br w )
,
o e e e .
h e e ve n h a s t h e s a m e t a s t e f or ce r t a in co mm o n t op i cs su c h ,
ce rn e d t o a c e r t a in e xt e nt Pro f L e vi s ee s t h e r e sul t s o f . .
a re t a k e n f r o m Gr ee k r a t h e r th a n fr o m H e br e w s oci e ty ;
( ) a The doctri n e
f o the p re—exi stence o f the soul .
Th a t this is t a k e n f or g r a nt e d is cl ea r fr om th e words
in viii 1 9 2 0 :
.
,
1
j wi h E y l X I 3g
e s nc c oa
Thi i x gg r t i n wh t B S ir y i
. .
, ,
1
s s an e a e a o a en -
a sa s s
S p k O ld r f
ea i t i t hy p rivil g ;
e e or s e e
Bu t b di r t i n un d r t nd ing d hi nd r ng
, ,
e sc ee e s a an e n ot so
S p k 0 y ung m
.
i f th u m p ll d
,
ea o t an , o ar co e e
S umup t hy p h y mu h i li tt l (xxxii 3 i n H br w )
,
s eec , sa c n e .
— 8, e e
A nd g ai n I n xv
a , . (5 , t h oug h ne e r p re e
-
xi st e n ce IS n ot
w hi ch w as l e nt hi m h l l g in b
s a a a e de m a nde d .
An d n ce m ore i n r e fe re n ce t o t h e f oolish
, o , m an wh o m an u
f ac ture s id ols i t is s a id ( xv 1 1 ) , .
A d f H i mt h t i n p ir d i nt hi m t iv ul
,
n o a s e o an ac e so
A d br t h d i nt hi m vi t l p iri t
,
n ea e o a a S .
shi p , a t an y r a t e u p on t h e p oi nt
or f vi ew f t h e writ e r ; o o
fo it wi ll be n ot i c d th a t t h first f t h s qu t a ti on s om e s
r e e o e e o c
N ow I w s a hi ld g ood by n tur
a c d a g d s ul f ll t o a e , an oo o e
my l t o ,
well s by t h t w oth r qu t ti ns On
as a e o e o a o .
a
pp e ras in t h w rds : N y r
e th r b ing
o g d I m a , a e ,
e oo , ca e
i nt o b ody u d fil d
a I t is w ll t p oint ut fi r s t th t
n e e . e o o a
co nc p ti n of y di ff r n b e tw n s ul a d S p i it ; t h
e o an e e ce ee o n r e
H br w w r d f
e e s oul is ep he h but this w rd d s
o or n s
°
o oe
or r p ond p r p r ly t it m n s
’
n ot c es s oul o m ns
e o ea a a
u n d r st nd by b dy
e a d s oul is x p r ss d i n H b r w by
o an e e e e e
h e w as by n a tu r e a g oo d c hild an d b ec a m e a ls o a g ood m
,
an ,
by G od s m erc y is im p li e d
’
This t r a diti on al f a ith t h e
.
p r e e -
xis t e n c e o f t h e s oul ) p r e udi a t es a n o t h e r i n t h e s am e
of t h e u n iv e rs e f r om whi c h it S r ings
m
, p B e ing O f a S im p l e .
an d in corp or e a l n at u r e it is by its ow e r of s e lf o v e m e n t
p
-
1
Cp E c c
. l i
es a s e st xii 7 an d th e d u t r t urn t t h rt h
s e o e ea
it iri t r t urn t g v it
.
G d Wh
”
as w as , an d the sp ( rua ch ) e o o o a e .
1
Outli nes o f Gr k P h i l
ee osop hy ( E n gli h tr n s a s a l ti n o pp, 5 f . 1 2 .
,
84 THE BOO KS OF THE APO CRYPHA
h as al r
dy b ee n d ealt with in P a r t I c h ap ix (j)
ea , . .
N i t h r d w u p n y ur lv
e e ra d t ru t i n by t h w rk
o f y ur
o se es es c o e o s o o
h nd a s ;
B u G d m d t d th
e ca se o a e no ea
N i t h r d ligh t t h H wh n t h wi k d p ri h ( i
,
e e e e e e e c e e s . 12,
F righ t u n i imm r t l ( i
or eo s ess s o a .
t ru e life h re ft er Ag ai n : e a .
Bu t t h ul f t h righ t u e so i th h nd f G d
s o e eo s a re n
“
e a o o
t rm nt h ll t u h t h m (ii i )
,
A d n no o e s a o c e . I .
Th y t h t t u t Him h ll u n d r t nd t ru t h
e a r s on s a e s a
A d t h f i t h ful h ll bi d wi t h Him i
n e a lv s a a e n o e ;
B u gr
eca d m r y
se t Hi
a ce h n an e c a re o s c o se
A d H w ill gr i u ly vi i t H i h ly n ( iii 9 p xv
,
n e ac o s s s o o es .
, O . .
And , on c e m ore
In co rrup t i on brin g t h n r t G d (vi e ea o o .
,
bl a d P hae d p p 6 3 0 . . .
,
a ssimil at i on t o t h e divi n e n at ur e .
I n ix 1 5 1 6 i t is s aid :
.
, ,
1
M e nz el ,
0p . ci t .
, p .
58 .
1
Z ll r
e e ,
0p . ci t .
,
p . 15 5 .
ll f r o c a es .
l b ur
a o
F or Thin e a ll
po e
-
w rf ul h a nd
Th t r w rl d fo rml ess m tt er ( xi
,
a c eated t h e o o ut o f a .
In S p ea king of wh at Pl a t o m ea nt by t h e t e rm m a tt er
By Pl at o s m a tt e r w e h a ve t o unde r st a nd
’
Z ell er s ays :
n ot a m ass filling s ac e but s ace its elf H e n e ve r m e
p p , n .
1
Op ci t 15
. .
,
p .
5 .
86 THE BOO KS O F THE A POCRYPHA
id ea of t h e A n i m a M un di or W or l d S oul of St oi c p hil os op hy , ,
A d t h t whi h h l d t h l l t hi n g t g t h r h t h k n wl d g
n a c f o e a s o e e a o e e o
v ry v i (i
e e o ce .
Th e ll p rv ding h r t r
a -
e f Wisd m d s r ib d in vii
a c a ac e o o ,
e c e .
2 2 24 —
c nt ins ,
simil r th ught
o a a a o :
F or th r i i h e e p iri t q ui k s f u n d r t n d in g h ly
n er a s c o e s a o ,
Al n i k i nd m ni f l d
,
o e n a o
S ub t il fr ly m vi n g
, ,
ee o
Cl r i u tt r n u np llu t d
, ,
ea n e a ce , o e
Di ti n t t h t nn t b h rm d
,
s c a ca o e a e ;
L vi n g wh t i g d k n u n hi n d r d
,
o a s oo ee e e
t l vi n g t w r d m
, , ,
B fi en e c en o o a an ,
ur fr f m r
,
S t df t ea as s e, ee ro ca e ,
Al l p w r f ul ll urv yi n g
,
-
o e a -
s e
A d p n t r t i n g t hr ugh ll p iri t
, ,
n e e a o a s s
Th t aq ui k f u n d r t n d i n g p ur
a re ub t il c o e s a e, s
W i d m i m r m bil t h n y m ti n
.
,
F or s o s o e o e a an o o ;
ll t hi n g by r
.
Y ea , h p s d th e d p t t the rv a e n f an e n e ra e a s e a so o
p ur n ( p l vii 7 viii
e e ss c . a so . 2 ,
.
An t h r St oi c d o t in is t h t f t h m t b lism of
o e c r e a o e e a o
l m nts
e e e by t h e h l p f whi h t h w r it r f p rt ii
,
e o c e e o a .
Th m t b lism f t h
e e a l m nts t t h e o d f p rt o e e e e a en o a
s ys H lm s
a is t r d by E P fl i d
o e ,
3
t H r litus ace . e erer o e ac ,
Z ll r Op
. . .
,
1
Cp e e ci t pp 229 —
25 5 ; W en d l a n d D i e H el l i ti
en s sch
R em
.
i h K lt
, . .
, .
,
sc e u ur pp . 1 1 0 —1 1 5 .
3
Op . ci t .
, p .
5 32 .
88 THE B OO K S O F THE APOCRYPHA
I n t h e B ook of J ob t h e s am e i n flu e n ce m a
y b e dis c e r n e d
i n t h e p h il OS Op hi c cast of t h e s p eec h es in its imi t at i on ,
in f or m of Pl at o s di al ogu es an d i n t h e f ac t t h a t t h e b ac k
’
y it m
,
sci ousl a
y b e by
, t h e l a tt e r a l t h
, ough t h e Jud a i c e l e
c l ea r ly i n t h e tr ea tm ent of t h e d oc tr i n e s of t h e re exis t e n ce
p
-
CHAPTE R V
T he A p o c al y p t i c M o ve m e n t
[L I T ERA T U R E — T oy j uda s im and C h ri st i a n i ty , pp 2 —
37 4 14 (1 8 9 1)
S hl tt r
, .
I sra el Geschi ch te
’
c a e s von A lexa n der d Grossen bi s
j m im
, .
n eutesta m tl i
en ch en Z ei ta lter , pp . 195 — 290 B o usset
i l j di h gi
,
t i r ne o e as n s 1 0 c r er , I I i n p p 4 4— 1 5 1
G rm n d I I I p p
. .
, ,
5 8 4 07 ( 9 9 ) O t l y d B Th
e a 2 — 1 0
e . es e r e an ox , e
R li gi f th S y g gu p p
.
,
e d W hi p
on an 7 45
ors 54 o e na o e, 2 — 2 2 2 —2
C h rl E h t l gy H br w J w i h
.
,
a es, d C h i ti sc a o o e e , e s an r s an
( 9 3 ) Burk i tt y wi h d C h i t i
,
rt i l E h t l gy i n H ti n g E y l f
,
C ll h
’ ’
u oc s a c e on sc a o o as s nc c o
R l i gi v p p 3 73 3 9
.
,
e d E thi on an cs, . .
— 1
q ui t y M any of t h s e id s a e p r es ent in
. e f or m e ea r on or
th es e id s e m n t d h av i n ll p r b b i lity a mu h
ea a a e e, a o a ,
c
a d this m r ly in its br o d
n e e utlin s as i t ap p ar s i nwh at is a o e e
92
of th os e wh o S i n c e t h e t im e of Ezr a an d N e h e mi a h h ad
s aid us a n d
of t h e Ph a r is ee s t h e p a rty of r igid or t h od
, y l eg a lis t i c , ,
e x c lusiv e a n d n arr ow
,
O p p os e d th e n t o t h e ideas of t his
.
, ,
p a r t y. I t c a n n ot h ow e v e r b,
e t oo str ongly i n sis t e d u p on
,
1
The sa m e as t h e A ssi d aaa n s r f rr
e e ed to in I M ac c a b ee s ii .
42 .
in t e rest w as A p oc alyp ti c We feel c o nvi n ce d th at t h e .
a n d th eir
’
.
” 1
a n d t h e c r e a t ors of t h e a oca ly ti c lit e r a tur e Th ese
p p .
su p er abunda nt or al traditi on ; th ei r s w as a p i e ty on
’
p o i n ts t o a n o rigin a lly id e n ti ca l
p a r e nt a g e W e h a v e.l a id
s t ress on t h e f ac t th a t in p re M acc ab aea n tim es t h e J ewish
-
A p oc alyp t ists .
c o ntr a di c t o r y .
n ot in t h e s am e s e ns e as th es e t h e e x p r essi o n of t h e n ati o n a l
c ons c i e n c e ,
t h e A p oca lyp tis t s S p ok e t o t h e h e ar ts o f t h e
e
p p o l e in t h e n a m e o f G o d If. u p o
, n t h e wh ol e t h e ir w or ds ,
A n d m e r c y sh a ll b e u p on t h e m
,
A n d t h e y sh a ll a ll b e l on g t o G o d
A n d t h e y sh a ll b e p r o sp e r e d
,
A n d t h e y sh a ll a ll b e bl esse d
,
A n d H e wi ll h e l p t h e m a l l
An d ligh t sh a ll a p p e a r u nt o t h e m
,
An d H e will m a k e p e ac e wi t h t h e m ( 1 E n oc h i
,
n e ss an d t e rr o r w as p r e di c t e d by t h e A p oc a ly p tis t s
An d wh n i e d u n righ t u n
s n an d bl p h my eo s e ss a n as e
A d vi l n
n i n ll k i n d f d d in r
o e ce a s O ee s c e ase ,
A d p t y
n a d t r n gr
o s as i n d u n l nn in r
an a s ess o an c ea e ss c e a se ,
A gr t h ti m nt h ll
ea c as m fr m h v n u p n ll t h
se e s a co e o ea e o a e se ,
A d t h h ly L r d wi ll
n e o m f rt h wi t h wr t h d h t i m nt
o co e o a an c as se e
To ex u t ju d g m nt u p n t h rt h
ec e e e o e ea .
In th d y vi l n
o se a h ll b t ff fr m i t r t
s o e ce S a e cu o o s oo s,
A d th r t
n e f u nrigh t u n
oo s o t g t h r wi t h d i t eo s e ss o e e e ce
A d t h y h ll b d t r y d fr m u n d r h v n ( E n h x ii 7
,
n e s a e es o e o e ea e I oc c .
,
t h e Olam ha bd (t h e w or ld whi c h is t o c om e ) Th e ir
-
.
so th a t in t h e gr ea t d r a m a of t h e e n d t h e A p oc a lyp tists
d ep i c t m an as st a nd i ng in p a ssiv e aw e i n f ac e of t h e m ar
v ellous an d su p e r n a t u r a l oc c u rr e n ce s whi c h ar e t h e n t o t a k e
p l ace m a n s rOle a s an ac t iv e a g e nt c ea s e s
’
su p e rn a t ur a l
b eings are G o d s inst r um e nts in ful filling His wi ll t h e s ce n e i s
’
l aid in H ea ve n or in t h e S ki es n ot on ea rt h Th e future is
, , .
of e v e r y d e s c r i p ti on an d t h e v e r
y m om e nt of th e ir h ap p en
w or ld an d all th at is in it wh e th er r eg ard e d as g é (t h e
t h e H eb r e w eretz) or as oi k oum
,
p hysi cal ea r th z en é (t h e
inh abit e d w or ld t h e H eb r e w té bé l) w as in e ve ry r es p ec t
z
,
2 (4 ) Es d r a s iv 3 6 3 7 p r e s e n t a b eli ef c omm on t o t h e
.
,
A p ocalyp tists
h t h w igh d t h g i t h b l n
F or H e a e e e a e n e a a ce,
A d by n umb r h t h H n umb r d t h
n e a n e e e e se a so s ;
N i t h r will H m v
e e t ir t hi n g
e o e n or s s,
T ill t h m ur p p i nt d b fulfill d
e e as e a o e e e .
On th s w r ds B ox w ll r m arks
e e o e Th t im s a d p ri ods
e e e n e
of t h e w o r ld s hist or y h a ve b een p r e d e t r mi n d
’
of t h e c ours e e e
THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
Wi th y ur im p ur m u t h g in t
o e o s a a s Hi s gr ea tn ess
h d h rt d y h ll fi d
.
O ye ar -
ea e , e s a n no p ea c e .
And a g ai n in xc ix
,
. 2 of t he s am e a p oc a lyp s e
W oe to t h e m t h a t p erv er t t h e w o r d s o f u p righ tness
An d t ran sgr e ss t h e e t e rn a l l a w (cp a l so x c ix I 4 S i b O ra c iii
,
. .
, . . :
e sc ap e on ac c ou nt of hi s w o r ks or hi s f aith by whi c h h e
l ace of r e e nt a n c e w a s still Op e n t o t h e m g a v e h d
p p n o ee , ,
ay b e g at h ere d t h e A oc a
, , p ,
an d of th o se w h o h av e affli c t e d th e i r b odi e s ( 1 En oc h
c vi ii . Elsewh ere i t is s aid : Le t us f as t f or t h e s p ace
of thr ee d ays ,a n d on t h e f ou r th le t us g o i nt o a ca v e
r a c ti ce s a r e o ft e n s ok e n of see e g v i 3 2 v i i 1 2 5 ix 2 4
p p , , . .
, .
, .
, .
,
t o th e i r d es e r ts .
( S ee on this subj e c t t h e n e x t s ec ti o n) .
t h e p e r s on al c h a r ac t e r isti c s an d g e n er a l m e n t a l a ttitude of
t h e A p ocaly p tists But this will be fu r the r illustra t e d
.
by gl a n c ing a t t h e m ore im p or t a nt d oc t r in es in c ul ca t e d
in t h e A p ocalyp ti c Lit eratu r e ind eed on e c ann ot p rop e r ly ,
I I I THE
. D OC T R I N AL
T E A C HI N G O F THE A P OCA L PT I C Y
L I TE RA TU R E
We h ave alr eady p oi nte d out t h at con sis t e n c y of t eaching
1
Th ugh thi b
o s ook is l a e t it r fle t
e c s ea rli r th ugh t
e o an d p r ac ti ce .
THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA -
(a ) I n di vi duali sm .
a n c e of t h e in di vidu a l is o ft e n insist e d u p on n ot t h e n a ti o n
a s su c h bu t t h e r igh t eous an d e l ec t t h e
, p l a nt of right ,
e t e r n a l r ew a rd Thus it is s aid I n Ci v I
. I swea r t o you .
vi i. 1 0 2 1 05 —
wh er e t h e s eer a sks t h e a ng e l :
, If I h ave
f ound f av our in thy sight S h ow m
:
,
e t hy s erva n t this , ,
1
Cp a l so t h e v e rses whi c h fo ll o w a n d x l v uI I lv ii i 1 4 e t c
.
—
g
, . . .
, ,
1
Die rel . B ewegun en
p . 2
5 .
10 4 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
sh all offe r ad or a ti on an d sh al l p ra is e Me an d a ll S h a ll ,
A p oc of B a ru c h xiv 1 9
. . so t oo I n t h e T e s t a m e n t
, ,
of t h e Tw e lv e P a tri a r c hs L e vi ii And by t h ee an d
'
11 .
en s avin g every ,
r ace of m en .
an d t h e
p ri ests will r e t ur n t o th eir mi n istry an d als o t h e ,
G en t il es will c om e t o gl or ify i t ”
This t eaching was n ot .
of t h e ir li t er a r y ac t ivity f o rm e d t h e ex r essi on A c c o rd
p .
J ew an d G e ntil e we r e c onst antly b e ing b r ought int o p er
s on al t ouc h with on e an oth e r m a n with m an a n d m a ny
,
of s om e of t h e g r ea t e st r o h e ts w e r e th e r e f or e t h e gr e a t
p p ,
i n t h e Old T st m n t e d in t h e A p o ry p h ; it will b
a e an c a e
i t ic
s .Th e m os t im p ort ant p oin t u p n whi h t lay str ss o c o e
i s t h t r a ns e nd nt al c h a r ac t r f t h M e ssi h I n 1 En h
e c e e o e a . oc
t h e M ssi h e
pp ar s s O
a W h eais divin
a f o H e h
ne His o e, r as
p lace u p n t h t hron e f G d :
o e o o
106 THE BOOKS OF THE AP OCRYPHA
“
m
.
‘
He is Judge a n d S avi ou r ,
an d is e nd owe d wi t h all wisd o
F or i n t ho se
y t h E l t O h ll ri
da s e ec ne s a a se ,
A d H
n h ll h
e s th arigh t u d h ly fr m m n g t h m
C o o se e eo s an o o a o e
dr w n igh t h t t h y h ul d b v d
,
For th d y h
e a as a n a e s o e sa e
?
A d th
n El t O
e h ll i t h d y i t M y t h n
ec ne s a n o se a s S on ro e,
A d H i m u t h h ll p ur f r t h ll t h
n s o s r t f wi d m d u n l
a o o a e se c e s O s o an co se
For t h L r d f S p iri t h t h gi v n t h m t H i m
e o o d h t h gl rifi d
s a e e o an a o e
Him (11
,
. 2,
A d H
n t
e th t hr n f H i gl ry
sa on e o e o s o
m f ju d g m nt w giv n u nt t h S
,
A d th
n e su o f M
e e as e o e on o an ,
A d h
n u d t h inn r t p
e ca se w y d b d t r y d fr m ft
e s e s o a ss a a an e es o e o o
th f e f th ac ert h o e ea
A d th h v l d t h w rl d t r y
,
n wh ose o a e e e o as a
th t S pp r d
.
F or a f M hon o an as a ea e
t d hi m l f u p n t h t h n f H i gl ry
,
A d h
n a s se a e se o e ro e o s o
A d ll vi l h ll p w y b f r Hi f
,
n a e S a a ss a a e o e s a c e,
A d th
n w rd f th t S
e o f M oh ll g f rt h a on o an S a o o
A d b
n e s o e o e e o o s . 2 —2
, c . .
1
t h e t e hing f His p
ac xist n c b f or t h e w r ld b g n
o re —e e e e e o e a :
Y ea , b f r th
e o e d th ign w r r t d
e sun an e s s e e c ea e
B f r th t r f th h v n w r m d
,
e o e e s a s o e ea e e e a e,
Hi n m w
s a n m d b f r t h L r d f S p iri t ( xlviii 3 p v r 6 )
e as a e e o e e o o s .
, C . e se
En h in t h Sibyllin O r cl s v 4 1 4 ff f or x m p l i t is
oc e e a e . .
,
e a e,
s id in r f r n t t h e M ssi h th t th r h th m fr m t h
a e e e ce o e a a
“
e e a co e o e
p l ins of h e v n a Bl ss d M
a a with t h e S p t r in H is h nd
e e e an ce e a
of t h e Tw e lv e P a t r i a r c hs Jud ah xxiv 1 it is s a id : No , .
S in sh al l b e f ou n d in H im a n d i n L e vi xviii 10 1 1 are .
,
l th lm S o l o m on xvii xviii
.
1
S ee a so e P sa s of , .
,
.
10 8 THE BOOK S O F T HE APOCRYPHA
an d s aid by m any ; a n d t h e n orm a l t eac hing of t h e Old
Te s t am ent b or e out t h e t r uth of i t But if it w ere tru e h ow .
a m ort ality an d ,
N ow t h er e fore I sw ea r t o y ou t h e righ t eo u s by t h e gl o ry o f t h e
Gr e a t a n d H on o ur e d a n d M igh t y On e i n d omi n i on a n d by H i s
, , , ,
w my t ry
I k no a s e
A d h v r d t h h v n ly t bl t
,
n a e ea e ea e a e s,
A d h v n n t h h ly b k
a e se e e o oo s,
A d h v f u n d wri tt n t h r i n
n a e d in rib d r g r d in g t h m
o e e e an sc e e a e
Th t ll g d
a a d jy
oo n e ss and gl ry pr p r d f th m o an o a re e a e or e
A d w i tt n d wn f p iri t f th w h h v di d i righ t u
,
n r e th o or e s s o o se o a e e n eo s
n ess,
A d wh t m n i f l d g d h ll b giv n t y
n a a o i roo mp n f y ur
s a e e o ou n eco e se or o
l b ur a o s,
A d t h t y ur l t i
n a obu n d ntly b y n d t h l t f t h livin g
o s a a e o e o O e .
A d th
n p iri t
e s f y u w h h v di d i righ t u n
s o o h ll liv d
o a e e n eo s e ss s a e an
rj i e o ce,
A d th i
n p iri t
e r S h ll t p ri hs S t h ir m a m ri l f m
no b f r t h
e s n or e e o a ro e o e e
Gr t O
,
f f th
ace o e ea ne
U nt l l t h g n r ti n
o a e f the w rl d W h r f r
e a o sl ng r f r
o e o e e o e, n o o e ea
t h ir nt um ly
.
e co e .
W oe t y o inn r wh n y h v di d
ou s e s, e e a e e
w l t h f y ur in
,
If y di i
e the n e ea o o s s,
A d th
n wh ose lik y t h t y r g rdin g y u
o ar e e o u, a sa e a o :
Bl d e sse th inn r t h y h v
a re e n ll t h ir d y ;
s e s, e a e se e a e a s
A d
n w th y h v
no d i d i n p r p ri t y
e a d i
e w lth e os e an n ea
A d h v n t ribul t i n mur d r i t h ir li f ;
,
n a t e no se e a o or e n e e
A d th y h v
n e di d i h n ur
a e e n o o
A d j u d g m nt h t h t b n x ut d t h m d urin g t h ir l i f
,
n e e a no ee e ec e on e e e .
I t will be n oti ce d th a t i n t his p a ss ag e it is only t h e S p i rit
whic h is s p oke n of a s living i n t h e wor ld t o c om e so th a t ,
p a ss
a tibl e with p ur e ly sp i r itu a l co n c ep ti o n s ; S O th a t a re
p
fl ec tive mind must s oon e r or l at e r h ave b ee n led t o t h e
full e r d oc t rin e of t h e r e surrec ti o n of t h e b ody if his t eac hing
Wa s t o b e l ogi cal .
on e s f ound e x r essi on Th e r e s ee m th e r e f or e t o h a v e b ee n
p .
, ,
of t h e imm or t a li ty of t h e s irit 1
th e n wi th t h e e x p e c t a ti o n
p
of t h e M e ssi a ni c Kingd om of e t e r n a l du r a ti on on this e a r th
1
As ea d f th
as e en th o e o ce B C e e s o
P l t in b m q u i nt d wi t h t h P l t ni d t rin f i mm
. .
a es e eca e ac a e e a o c oc e o or
t li ty t h ugh i t w
a , o m t im b f r t hi t hi n g w
a s so ept d e e o e s ea c a s ac c e e ,
cp Fri d l an d r G i h i h P h il
. e e , ph i
r ec p sc e oso e . 12 .
THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
ca m e t h e b eli e f in t h e r e sur r e c ti on of t h e b ody an d l a s t ly , ,
th a t was t aught .
e t e r n al t orm e n t An in t e r m e di a t e p e r i od of wa iting b e
.
th er e is n o m enti o n of an i nt e r m e di at e s t at e t h e r esur ,
The D octr n ei f
o the L a st Th i n g s,
pp .
7 2 —12 1.
TH E BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
an d th e ir lot t h er e .
CHAPTE R VI
T h e S c ri be s
[L I T ERA T U R E — i t i n t th li t r t ur giv n t t h h d f t h
In a dd o o e e a e e a e ea o e
n xt h
e p tcr r
a f r en m y b
e e e m d t S
ceh ii I I 1 p pa 3 6 e a e o c r er 0
S ri b
. .
3 7 9 G rm n d I I p p 3 6 3 4 4 7 ; L i g h t l y L
,
e a e Et d — e es c es, u e
igi h l I eli t Al rt i l
. .
, , , ,
S rib c d P h ri
es an ( P ri n ) i t h E y l Bi bl
a se es d ce n e nc c . .
, an
S rib c ( E i n t i n) i t h j w i h E y l ]
es se s e n e e s nc c .
p r e s e n t t h e a v il bl e d t co n c
a rning a t h S rib s a a e e c e
in th ir hr on l gi c l or d r ; t h t w uld of c ou r s e b
e c o o a e a o , ,
e
d esirabl in e y s
an but i t is d ubly s wh n
ca e, h r o o e ,
as e e, a
clea r s t at m nt of t h d v l p m nt f t h s crib l l s
e e e e e o e o e a c a s
a d its
n c tiviti s my b
a e h el p in und r s t nding s m of
a e a e a o e
wi t h t h S ddu s e a d Ph ris s
c ee W S h l l th r f r
an a ee e a e e o e,
st t e t h vid n c hr on ol gi cally s f a my b m ki ng
.
,
a e e e e C o , a ar s a e, a
t h e son of Abi a t h ar wh o w er e p ri e s t s ; an d S e r a i a h wh o
m
, ,
”
was s crib e ( p
c 2 S a xx 2 5 ; 2. Kings xviii 1 8 . . .
,
11 3
1 14 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
[ p D
S a h é r a n d fin a lly ,
in Es t h e r iii 1 2 ,viii 9 h e oc en .
, .
,
e p l a ce of t h e P e r si a n king s s ec r e t a ry wh o writ e s
’
p i e s t h
out d ec r ee s .With on e ex cep ti on (P s xlv i n all t h e s e . .
a ss ag e s t h e S c r ib e is s p ok e n of as a r oy al Offi c i al ; th e y a re
p ,
t h e r oot .
th ey are p re exili c -
a n d t h e Law of t h e L o r d is wi th us ? Bu t b eh old t h e , ,
t h e w or d f r o m t h e p r op h e t .
c h amb er i n t h e u p p er court at t h e e n t ry of t h e n ew g a t e ,
of t h e L or d s h ous e ( ) r
’
v e rs e 1 0 furth e m e nti o n is a ls o ,
an d t h e S c r ib e s a n d t h e Cha k a m .
e l em e n t s t h e ri t u al a n d t h e m o r a l ; t h e f or m er of th e s e
,
w as m or e e s p ec i ally t h e c o n c e r n Of t h e p r i e s t s ; bu t t h e
l att er h ad a wider i nt er es t an d m any of t h e Cha k am , im
a s w ell a s t h e p ri e s t s oc c u p i e d t h e ms elve s with i t Wh en .
, ,
wisd om s c r ib e su ch a s w as B en S i r a in l a t e r t im es Bu t
-
,
-
.
t h e p owe r of t h e S c r ib es gr ea tly in c r ea s e d an d th ey b ec am e ,
t h e m os t i n flu e n t i al l ea d e rs a m o ng t h e p eop l e ; an d by
t h e t im e of t h e M acc ab aea n s t ruggl e t h eir ac t ivi t i es w e r e
wh olly an d ex c lusively abs or b e d in t h e s t udy an d t eaching
of t h e L aw b ot h ritu a l an d m or a l w r itt e n an d or al
, Bu t
,
.
of t h e p os t exili c b ooks -
.
v ii 2 5
.
,
A rt ax erx e s gives t h e f oll owing instru c ti ons t o Ezr a
And th ou Ez r a aft e r t h e wisd om of thy God t h at is i n
, ,
t hem n ot .
r e s e n c e of t h e m e n an d t h e w om en a n d of th os e th a t coul d
p ,
with t h e Le vit es ,
c a u se d t h e p eop l e t o und e r st and t h e
p p )
e o l e t o und e r s t a nd t h e r e a ding A n d N e h e mi ah whi c h
.
,
was t h e Tirsh a th a an d Ez r a t h e p r i e st t h e s c r ib e an d
1
, ,
t h e L ev it e s th at t a ugh t t h e p e op l e s a id unt o a ll t h e p e op l e
, ,
n or w e e
p . Furth e r in viii
, 1 3 5 1 it
. is s
—
a id A n d o
,
n
t h e s ec ond day we r e g a th e r e d t og e th e r t h e h ea ds of t h e
f ath er s h ous e s of all t h e p eop l e t h e p r i e sts an d t h e L e vit e s
’
, ,
ie 1
Go verno r
. . ,
1 18 THE BOO K S O F THE APOCRYPHA .
Th es e p ass ag es S h ow th a t wh a t ever m ay h av e b ee n t h e
a t i on of t h e S c r ib e s und e r t h e guid a n ce of Ez r a an d
p
N eh emi ah t h e f orm er of wh om is t h e s cr ib e p ar excellen ce
, .
On e or t w o p ass ag es of l at er d a t e mus t a ls o b e n ot ed ,
on our subj e c t :
1
Wehv a i nf rm t i n f wh t h p p n d d uri n g t h E xil
e no o a o o a a e e e e
i t l f r g rdi n g t h t hi n g f t h L w bu t i t i di ffi ul t t b li v
se e a e e ac o e a s c o e e e
th t u h
a s c l u rib d l g li t E r ul d h v b n
a z ea o s sc e an e a s as z a co a e ee
i n tiv h i k wl dg f t h L w w
ac e s no e t m r ly t h r ul t f hi
e o e a as n o e e e es o s
B byl n d h w
a o , an dy
le i b i n t h L w
a s a re a f M scr e e a o oses .
THE B OO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
t oo w e r e s om e w h o coul d n ot S h o w th e ir f a th e r s h ous e s
’
an d th e ir s ee d wh e th e r th e y w e r e of Is r a el
, (Ez r a: ii .
of th os e wh o r e tu r n e d with t h e exil e s h ad a g r i ev a n c e , .
.
—
ii 1 9 iv 1 ft )
.
, . .
n ea r u n t o m e s a ying Th e
, e
p po l e of Isr ael an d t h e
, p ri e sts ,
a n d t h e L e vi t es h av e n ot s ep ara t e d t h e ms elves f r om t h e
,
e o l e s of t h e l an ds F o r th e y h a v e t a k e n f th ir
p p . o e
1
S ee , f or d e t a il s, R yl e, E zra and N ehe mi h a , p . xxxv .
n on -
J ews g e n e r a lly is sh own furth e r by su c h p ass ag es as
,
N eh emi ah vi 1 7— 1 9
. M oreo ve r in th os e d ays t h e n obl e s
,
of Jud a h s e nt m a ny l e t t e r s u nt o T obi a h an d t h e l e tt e r s ,
t oo is t h e l ong p a ss ag e Ezr a x 1 8 44
,
this co nt a ins a list
.
—
of th os e w h o h a d m a rr i e d st r a ng e wiv e s fi r st a re m enti on ed
t h e s ons o f t h e p r i e sts am ong t h ese a few h a d p ut a w ay th ei r
,
Th e distinguishing n ot e s of th es e t w o t e nd e n c i e s can b e
dis ce rn e d with out di ffi c ulty ; on t h e on e h a nd th er e wer e ,
e g
. N eh xiii 1 5 ff ) th ough n ot n ec e ss ar ily a nt ag onis t i c t o
.
, . .
,
e x am l e
p S h ow th ,a t th e i r f o r e ig n m a rr i ag e s w e r e n ot con
an d n on J e ws a n d p a infully
-
,
s c r up ul ous r eg a rding t h e
minut e Obs e r v an c e of t h e L aw (see e g N eh x 2 8 ft ) , . .
,
. . .
H e r e th er e f or e w er e t h e t e nd en c i es alrea dy i n exist e n c e
, ,
by th ei r m e th ods of int er p r e t a ti on .
1 24 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
t hing to n t is th a t B en Sira r ecogniz es t w o s ou r ce s of t h e
o e -
t h e p r op h e ts of Ol d ; th a t is t o say t h e P e nt a t eu c h t h e , ,
Wisd om b o ks o a n d t h e
p r p h ti al b ooks
o e c
?
Th e s econd
is d es c rib e d in ve r s es 2 3 v i z dis cou r s es of m
,
, ,
en of r e n own.
, ,
p
-
.
t o b e l ong t o th os e of wh om we h a v e m a d e m en t i on ab ove
, ,
c it e d th e y a p p ea r as t h e p e a ce ful a r ty whil e in ii 4 3 44
p ,
.
,
th ey are d s ib d as w a r lik e
e c r e 1
I t is p r ob abl e h owe ver
.
‘
, ,
1
A ssi daaa n s a l so wri tt e n H a si d aean s i s m e re ly t h e G r ee c iz e d
fo rm o f t h e H e bre w C ha ssi di m i n t h e A u t ho ri e d Versi on t h e wor d
, ,
i s r e n de re d sa i nt s .
1
M a d e high p ri est by t h e S yri a n k i n g
— .
h er e.
C op i e s of t h e S c r i p tur e s t h e gu a rdi a ns of t h e t ex t of S c ri p
,
L aw th ey in t e rp r e t e d it t o t h e p e op l e .
n ot
p a tr i ot s in t h e s ens e th a t t h e t y p i ca l Maccab aean s w e r e .
T he Ph ari see s an d S ad d uc e e s
un d B oeth usd er 18 8 2 ) S ch ii re r I I Ge an
( pp 1— 4 3
r li
. .
, ,
M Fri dl an d r D i
,
B O H lt m
.
,
ewegun gen pp 2 2— 1 1 3 o z a nn N eu
m Z H ol h r
. .
,
ei t e schi ch te,
testa e n tli ch e
g pp 20 0—2 14
(19 0 6 ) sc e
m
.
mu
,
r it j
,
B i t ag E tw i h
,
pp 7 3 2 Ch w l
2— 20 o son , e r e z ur n c e
j d t m p p 5 4 ( 9 ) S h ht r
.
l un s esc
g g h i ht d c e es u en u s, 1— 1 10 c ec e
gm t f Z d k i t W k ( l I f D um nt f J wi h
.
,
F ra en s o a a o e or vo . o oc e s o e s
S t ie c a r es O t l y d B Th R ligi d
es e r e an ox , e e on an
W hi p f th S y g g
ors o pp e 39 na H rf rd o ue, 1 2 0 —1 e o
Ph i i m it im d i t mth d
.
,
a r sa s s a L y k y Di
an s e o s e sz ns e
h rl u t rb h
, ,
S dd u d
a ( 9e ) erC I
1 I p p 12
7 8 5 8 3 4 ( 9 3 ) La e s, — 1 1 a e ac
Th S dd u d P h ri A S t u d y f t h ir r p t iv
.
, ,
e a c ee s an a se es o e es ec e
atti t u d t w r d t h L w i S t d i i j wi h L i t t r
es o a s e a n u es n e s er a u e,
i u d i h n ur f P r f K u fm nn K hl r p p 7 6 9 8 ( 9 3 )
ss e n o o o o a a o e 1 —1 1 1
th i y i p r t f l rg r w rk S dd u
. .
,
s essa s a th
a o d a a e o on e a c ee s a n
P h ri a whi h t h w i t r h i p r p r t i n S
se es c e l r e as n e a a o ee a so
rti l S h ht r b k m nti n d b v i
.
B ii hl
’ ’
c er s a c e on c ec e s oo e o e a o e, n
rt rly R i w J n u y 9 3 p p 4 9 4 8 5 ]
,
T h J wi h Q
e e s ua e ev e ,
a ar ,
1 1 ,
. 2 —
S A D D U CE E S
(a) P hari sees .
13 0
THE B OOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
a re bl am ed as th os e wh o s ep ar a t e th ems elve s f r om t h e ”
r ob a bl e e x l a n a ti on is th a t a l r ea dy hint e d a t by J os e hus
p p p ,
”
us ed in t h e s e ns e of t o ex p l ain e x ound
p or int er , ,
p r et in r
,
e f e r e n c e t o S c r i p tu r e whi c h is e x p l a in e d in t h e
g oes t o S h ow th a t as us e d i n c on n ec t i on with t h e n am e
Ph ar is ee it h as t h e s en s e of t o in t erp ret or ex p ound ”
.
(b) S adducees .
is d r ive d from t h e H br w w or d
”
e e e za ddi k right us
e o
1
, .
1
Thi s is th e exp l n t i n giv n by m f t h Chur h F t h r
a a o e so e o e c a e s,
w ll by m m d rn h l r
. .
, ,
( S ch ii rer) as e , as so e o e sc o a s.
An int e r esting x p l a n a ti on offere d h oweve r
e with
, , ,
n o t b e li e ve in t h e r e su rr ec ti on or in t h e omni ot e n ce of
p
God . It h as b ee n a d op t e d i n A r abi c w ith t h e m eani n g of
infid el a n d a ls o in Arm e ni a n MasrI di ( t e nth ce ntu r y )
'
, .
s ays th a t t h e n am e a r os e in t h e tim e of M an e s t o d en ot e
his t eac hing a n d ex p l ains th a t it i s de r ive d f r om t h e Z e nd
, ,
or ex p l a n ati on of t h e Av e st a
,
Th e origin al Av e st a w a s .
, ,
, ,
a n d t h e p r op h e ts a ft e r M os es wh e n c e it h a s b e e n sugg e st e d
,
‘
Z or oast ri an an d if so it might be ap p li ed by Op p on e nts
,
’
a n d r ej ec t e d b e li e fs whi c h w e r e b eginning t o b e r e g a rd e d as
e r h ap s a s a m er e c oin c id e n c e th a t Z a n d di k ah is us e d f or
p ,
s ai c e x p l a n a ti ons an d t ra di t i on s ?
And furth e r as w e ,
1
E l B ibl iv 4 3 6 Th p r nt wri t r i nju n ti n wi t h
n cy c . . 2 . e e se e n co c o
Mr B w in lin d t p t t hi i nt rp r t t i n ( Th R ligi
.
, ,
ox , as c e o a cc e s e e a o e e on
d W r h i p f th S y gg p bu t fur t h r t u dy f t h
.
an o s o e na o ue , e s o e
ubj t h mp ll d t h m t r vi t h ir f rm r vi w
.
s ec as co e e e o e se e o e e
t h w rd f J p hu A t i q X III x 6 q u t d b l w
. .
1
S ee e o s o ose s, n o e e o .
Cp J p hu A ti q X I viii 7 ; X I I ii 5 iv
. .
, , ,
3 ose s, n 1, IO
hu m d M n l u w h w t f p ri t ly f mily high
. . . . . .
, , , ,
4
A nti oc s a e e e a s, o as n o o es a
es a e us e e O ce I acc o
p ri t h w n f Z d k ( J p hu A ti q X II ix
. .
,
a es t f th e as n o o e so s o a o ose s, n
O t h d t h f A l ki m ( M ix 5 4 5 7) t h H m w
. .
, ,
n e ea o us I ace — as on an
e
high p ri t h d b g n ( M c xi 3 3 5 4 ff ; p J p hu
. .
-
es oo e a I ac . v . 0 1 c ose s,
A ti q XIII ii
. .
, ,
n .
, .
136 THE B OO KS OF THE APO CR Y PHA
c urwan i s m
I n s om e wa ys J os ep hus w as we ll e qui p p e d
?
i
q ua n t ed with t h t ac hing o t f h S a ddu cee s an d Ess e n es ?
e e e
p hil s
o op h e r m a y n ot a ft e r a ll c o nt a in a R a bbi 1
, , .
1
Cp A n t q
. i X xi (7t o w a r d s t h e e n d ) XIII v 9 ; B e l l j ud ,
viii wh r h e sp e a k s o f t h e se t hr e e a s t h e p hi l oso p hi c se c t s
. . .
, , , , . .
II 1 4, e e
m ng Jw
.
,
a o the e s .
1
Vi ta ,
2 .
1 Op . ci t p 16
Thi fir int d by J t B li li i i
. . .
,
4
s w as s t po e os ck e i n di e R e g on sgesch ch te,
r f rr by L y k y p 5
,
p 93 .
, e e ed to e sz ns , . 2 .
t he Tosep hta 1
,
i
ll ti on of additi ons t o t h e Mishn a ;
. e a co e c
.
a n d Ph a r is ee s h a d c e a s e d t o e xi st a s p a r ti e s— th e y are
m
,
1
N ot t o b e wi t h t h T ph é th i t h
co nfu se d
d di t i n e osa e e a o s
m d t R hi C mm nt ry t h T lmu d by hi di i p l w h
.
, .
’
a e o as s o e a on e a s sc e s, o
f
or t hi r s n k n wn
e aso th T ph i t a re o as e osa s s
O t h r R bbi n i l ur f l im p rt n giv n by
.
1
e a ca so ce s, o e ss o a ce, a re e
L y k y Op
e sz ns it p p 3 6 ff c
f urt h r H Ol h Op i t p p 6 tf ; L y k y Op i t
. . .
, , .
1S ee e , sc e r, . c .
,
. 1 . e sz ns ,
. c .
,
pp .
3 6 ff .
138 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
( )
d The Z a dok i te F rag mt en s .
Te s t am en t o th e r s ac r e d b ooks ; i t h ad i t s s p ec i al l aws
,
1
Th e n am e
li d t r m dj i ni ng t h yn g gu i whi h
ap p e o a oo a o e s a o e n c
w r t r d di u d m n u ri p t f t h b k Of t h Bibl whi h
e e s o e s se a sc s o e oo s e e c
h d b n u d i n p ubli w r hi p
a ee se dh d b m w rn ut h r ti l
c o s an a e co e o o e e ca
H br w b k w r l p l d i t h G i h
e e oo s e e a so ac e n e en za
h l d t h t t hi t l iv d i n D m u i n t h v nt h
.
B ii h l
1
c er o s a s se c e a a sc s e se e
or ight h nt ury
e d th t t h
ce m n u ri p t nt i n
A D an a e a sc s co a a
p i t ur r tifi i lly dr wn t r fl t um d n di ti n h rt ly b f r
. .
,
c e a c a a o e ec ass e co o s s o e o e
d t ru t i n nd T m p l Int r ti n g d l rn d
”
th e es f th c o o e se co e e e es an ea e
’
as B ii hl c er s a c e s, e ese e s no co ce a
S h ht r m i n nt nti n h v b n w k n d by i t
’
c ec e s a co e o s a e ee ea e e .
140 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
binding A n d con ce r ning th es e things great qu e sti onings
.
a cc r e ti ons ; t h e Ph a r is e e s we r e b e nt on a t t ac hing t o t h e
Law ordin a n c es of whi c h t h e Law its elf kn ew n othing ,
Th e Z a dok i te F ra gm en ts corr ob or a t e wh a t h as b ee n s a id
1
S ee a sol A ti q XVIII i 3 4
n
x m p l f t h ir f n t i l l f t h L w i
. . .
, , ,
1
F or e a es O e a a ca zea or e a see A nt q .
, X IV ,
iv 2 f th f ll w r f A ri t bulu t h r m nti n
e o o e s o s o s e e e o ed wr e e of the
p rt y
.
S a dd uc aea n a .
r
i mp o t ance d et ail ed ex amin ati on of th em would requi re
a
Leszyn sk y 3
Th ough t h e e vid en ce is of a c om p li ca t ed C h ar
.
n olen s v e ol n s t h e e x a m p l e of t h e
,
Ph a r is ee s 4
but t r u e to ,
or din a n ce s w er e b as e d u on t h e wr itt e n L aw S O th a t th e y
p ,
1
S ee esp e c a i lly M a tt hw v e 1 7— 2 0 ; g in t t h P h ri an d a a s e a se e s
M tt h w xv xxiii rk vii 3 L u k xi 3 7 5 4 t
.
a e 1—2 0 4
—2 6 Ma I -
2 e — e c .
n lu i n di ff r fr m t h
.
.
, .
,
.
, ,
Op ci t H Olsc h e r o se O f
’
1
. .
, pp . 16 s co c s o s e o
L e sz yn sk y .
1
Op cit pp 3 6 —
141
J p hu A ti q X VIII i 4 wh r h y i r f r n t
. . . .
,
1
Cp . o se s, n e e e sa s n e e e ce o
S dd u t h t wh n t h y b m m gi t r t m tim
. .
, , ,
th e a c ees a e e eco e a s a e s, so e es
a g i n t t h ir will d by f r t h y f ll w t h i d
a s e f t h P h ri
an o ce e o o e e as o e a see s,
for o t h rwi t h p p l w ul d t p ut p wi t h t h m
e se e eo e o no u e .
1 42 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
o th er c aus e n ece ssit a t e d t h e p u t ti n g f orth of n ew l eg a l
,
m
wri tt n aw
e L ?
With t h e Ph aris ee s it w as di ffere nt ; th ey
h ad al wa ys i n a d diti on t o t h e Law ch am on ed t h e tr adi
, ,
1
u t rb h (0 p i t p 8 6 f ) w ul d xp l in t h m tt r
La e ac . c . . 1 o e a e a e a
li tt l di ff r nt ly t h ugh t h fin l r ul t i mu h t h m h y
, .
e e e o e a es s c e sa e e sa s
t h t t h S dd u l i d d wn t h ir w d i i n d rul i
,
a e a c ee s a o e o n ec s o s an es n a
b k ll d B k f D r
oo ca e oo D i i n t gui d t h m i
o e c ee s or ec s o s o e e n
d i d i n g q u ti n t whi h
ec es n w r ul d b f u n d i t h M i
o s o c no a s e co e o n e osa c
C d o e Th y di d t d m i t righ t n
. e no ry t i nv nt w rul
ee or e c essa o e ne es
o f h rm n u t i
e e e t d v l p m th d
cs, or f i nt rp r t t i n t
o e e o n bl e o s o e e a o o e a e
t h m t f r t h ir l w
e o o ce d d i i n i nt t h m
e a s anin g f t h w r d ec s o s o e e an O e o s
o f th T r h e o a t p ff t h i r w rul
so a s o dd i i n
ass o p rt e o n es a n ec s o s as a
d iv d f m M i l w t hu m k in g t h m f q u l
,
o f , or er e ro a osa c a s a e o e a au
t h i ty wi t h m bin di ng h r t r t h w i tt n L w
, ,
or d f th an o e sa e c a ac e a s, e r e a .
i t h ir O p i i n th r l w ul d v r q uir t h ut h i ty
,
F o r, n e n o no o e a s co e e ac e e a OI
f th L w f th T r h T h S dd u d i t i n gui h d t i t ly
,
o e a s o e o a e a c ee s s s e s r c
e ee e a so e e a s an e a o a
l w d d i i n Th l tt r
a s an ec s o sw r u t h i t tiv nly e a e e e a or a e o as
l ng th y w r n i d r d n ry f ibl by t h l d r
.
o as e e e co s e e e c e ssa or ea s e e ea e s
an d rul r f th
e s o mmu i ty F t h m r n t h y di d t
e co n . or e sa e ea so e no
n id r th d i i n d p r ti i n ti tu t d by t h ir p r d r
,
co s e e ec s o s an ac ces s e e e e c esso s,
th ep i t d
r e s s an t h r f f rm r g n
e ac r t i ne s w hi h no t i t u t d o e e e a o s, c co s e
th t d i ti
e ra l l w on a f b lu t u t h ri ty li k t h wri tt n L w
a s, o a so e a o e e e a .
H n th ir p uli r tti t u d t w rd t h t di ti n l L w d
e ce e ec a a e o a s e ra o a a ,
an
t h i r bj ti n t i t u t h ri ty Th y di d t d n y t h xi t n
e o ec o o s a o e no e e e s e ce
f th l d t r di t i n l l w f t h y t h m lv w r t h p r
.
an d t r n mi tt r
a s f th m N di d t h y r j t t h m p uri u
e s o e sa e . or e e ec e as s o s
o r as wi t h u t y u t h ri t y f t h y r gni d th righ t f f rm r
o an a o or e ec o ze e o o e
h r u h l w Th y ly r u
,
p i
r es st a d t n t n t
ea c e s o n f
e d
ac t s c a s . e o e se o
co n i d r th
s e t r di ti n l l w
e se f u t h i t y b lu t
a o a d qu la s as o a or a so e an e a
wi t h t h w i tt n L w nt i d i t h T r h Th r ul t t h r
e r e a co a ne n e o a
”
e es , e e
f r th ir nt r v r y wi t h t h P h i t hi p int
.
o e, f SO ar a s e co o e s e ar see s o n s o
w as n rn d w t h
co ce e m tr di ti n l l w by wh m v r
as e sa e : a o a a s, o soe e
r h wh h r b wri w r
,
p u t f t o t d t
e h tt
e n L w a se t on t p e e a or n o e e no er
m tl y b in di n g
,
f qu l u t h ri ty wi t h t h wri tt n L w ;
,
an en n or o e a a o e e a
th P h ri
e a th
see s, t h r i n t h y nt n d d t h t t h r l
on e o e s ce e co e e a e o a
b d u p n t h wri tt n L w r g r d d b t h f qu l
,
L w w
a as a se o e e a e a e o as O e a
u t h ri ty d p rm n ntl y bin di ng
,
a o an e a e .
1 44 THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA
See fu r th r e b el ow iv
, .
a re c on c e rn e d ; w e h ave s ee n th a t t h e writ t e n L aw or ,
ducaean t ea chi ng ; bu t i n t h e P en t a t e u c h t h e d oc t r in e o f
God is su ch a s t o m ak e it im p ossibl e t o b eli eve th a t wh a t
J os ep hus s ays r eally r efl ec ts S adducaean b eli ef h ere Wh a t .
h e s a id t o th e m : Ye off s p r ing of vi p e rs w h o wa rn e d ,
o fle e f r om t h e wr a th t o com e ?
” 1
ou t If f e a r fr om t h e
y
wr ath t o com e was wh a t indu c ed t h e S addu cees as well as ,
“
A n d t h e Ph aris ee s an d S addu c ee s cam e an d t em p ting ,
o th e r a p ostl e s w h o h a d b e e n p ut in t h e p ubli c w a rd by
,
t h e S a dduc e es a
G am a li el con c lud e s t h e dis c ussi o n with a
,
1
M tt h w iii
a e .
7 .
1 M a t th ew xvi . 1 .
3
Ac t s v . I if .
1 46 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
evidence of t h e N ew T es t am e n t is a ls o ag ains t J os ep hus .
(
c ) Th e D octri n e f t
ohe F u tu r e Li fe .
one r e s p ec t h e r e
, a s Le szyn sk y h as p oin t e d out w e are ,
1
A nt q i .
, XVIII ,
i .
3 .
1 48 THE BOO KS OF THE A POCRYPHA
an d his s ee d w e r e t h e c h os e n o n e s f r om wh om t h e M e ssi ah
t h e s ons of Z ad ok 3
we r e t o b e t h e r ul ers of t h e p e op l e ,
1 Cp L e sz yn sk yp l w rt h m nti nin g 0p ci t 91 . It i s a so o e o
h r t h t i E l i t i u whi h r t inly r p r nt t h S dd
. . .
.
, ,
uc aea n
‘
e e a n c c es a s c s, c ce a e ese s e a
t n d p i nt n g l
s a o r f rr d ta b l w Ch p t r X I I (g)
e s a re e e e o— se e e o a e , .
W i t h t hi m p r t h p p ul r b li f r fl t d i A t xii
, ,
1 e o a e e as e ec e n c s
s co a e .
15 wh r i t i i
e ed i r f r n t S t
s sa P t r I t i h i ng l n e e e ce o e e s s a e .
nt f Z d k i t r d fr m E l r th ld r
.
, ,
3
Th d e e sc e o f a o s ac e o e az a ,
e e e son o
A r n i
a o ,
C hr n i l
n vi 4 5
1 xxiv 6 o c es . 4 ,
. .
In t h e Z adok i te F ragm e n ts t h e t e ac hi ng con c e r n in g t h e
of t h e S ec t a n d his s ec on d ap p ear a n c e
, whi c h is t o be a t ,
wh om He m ade th e m t o kn ow His h o ly s p i r it an d in wh os e ,
com
,
was r e j ec t e d by t h e g r e a t bulk of t h e n a ti on wh o s p ok e ‘
Th r i
1
im p rt nt p g i n E l i t i u (xlv 3 5
e e s an o a assa e cc es as c s . 2 —2
H br ) whi h mu t b r f rr d t h r i n t hi p g P hi n h i
,
e . c s e e e e o e e s a ssa e e as s
se t b id M es d A r n
e t h t hir d
o se s a n d h m d t n a o as e an e a e a o e
m nt f t h hil dr n f I r l Th r f r f him t H [ i
e or e c e o s ae e e o e or oo , e e .
G d]o es a s e ant o a ce , a co e a o ea c e o a a
th en t u ry ; t h t t him d t h i
sa c a d h ul d p p r t i n t h
a o an o s se e s o a e a e
High p ri t h d f v r Th n r f r n i m d t D vi d d t
-
es oo or e e e e e e ce s a e o a an o
A r n ; t h m nt i n f t h h r i hr n l gi l li t f I r l g t
.
’
a o e e o o e se e e n a c o o o ca s o s ae s r ea
o n i q ui t
es t f pl
s d t h r f r t h r mu t b
e ou o m p il ac e, an e e o e e e s e so e s ec a
p urp i r f rri n g t t h m
ose n t h t p urp
e e i p l i n n ugh f in o e a ose s a e o or
p k in g f D vi d i t i i d t h t t h i nh ri t n f t h k in g
,
s ea o a s sa a e e a ce o e
i hi
s n l ns so whil i n p k i n g f A r n i t i i d t h t t h
'
s a o e,
"
e s ea o a o s sa a e
i nh ri t n f A r n b l ng t hi d A di ff r nt i t i n i t hu
e a ce o a o e o s o s see e e a o s s
m d b t w n t h r y l li n d t h p ri tly li n th r y l
.
a e e ee e d o a e an e es e an as e o a
li n h d e d a d n ly t h p ri tly
c e ase nt i n u d
an d t h High
o e es on e c o e an e
n d nt f t h h u f Z d k )w b t h l i ti l
, ,
p i t (t h d
r es e e sce a o e o se o a o as o e c c es as ca
an d p li ti l l d r i t w fr m t hi lin t h t t h M i h w ul d b
o ca ea e as o s e a e ess a o e
xp t d t m I E l i t i u ( p p 3 3 4 if )t h S d d
,
e ec e o co e . n c c es a s c s see e a ucaean
t d p i nt i r p r nt d S l M b ii 5 4 P hi n h
. .
s an o s e e se e . ee a so 1 ac c a ee s .
, e as
o u f th r
r a b t in d t h v n nt f
e v rl t in g p ri t h d
o a e e co e a o an e e as es oo
( p 4 M
C . xviii ac c . .
15 0 THE BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA
p e t o ,
Th er e is n othing whi c h so s t am p s
” 1
t h e s ons of Z a d ok .
t h e c h a r ac t e r of th es e fr agm en ts as j us t t his d oc t ri n e of
t h e M essi ah .
1
h ht r 0 p i t p p i i xiii
Sc ec e . c x -
.
ur i t i t t b u p p d t h t t h S dd u d P h ri
. . .
, ,
Of co se , s no o e s o se a e a c ee s a n a
sees ac t u lly k p t t h f t t d i ff r nt p ri d
a e t h q u rr l d i d
e ea s s a e e e o s e a e
not m rg e ute f t h d m i n f t h ry
e o ot u l di ff r n i u g
e o a o eo ac a e e ce n sa e
r g rdi n g u h m tt r w ul d h v b n q ui t ut f t h q u t i n
e a s c a e s o a e ee e o o e es o .
15 2 THE B OO K S OF THE A PO CR Y PH A
a ll qu e sti ons whi ch m e n ac ed Jud aism th ey did n ot wish t o
r ai se up ag ain t h e s p i r it of d oubt t o qu ell whi c h h ad cost
th em so mu ch t r ouble ” 1
.
e n c e of t h e qu a rr e l in s om e of t h e p s eud ep ig r a p hi c b ooks ,
on t h e wh ol e subj e c t of t h e Ph ar is ee s an d S a ddu c e e s ,
a tt e nti o n a s t h e Ph a ris a i c
2
.
IV S OM E S U B S I D I AR
. Y C O N S I D E R AT I ON S
I t isim p or t a n ce t o r ecogniz e th a t with on e e x cep ti on
of , ,
h e c l aim ed t o b e t h e N ew T e st a m e nt w r it e r s f or obvi ou s ,
Op ci t
1
p 51
fur t h er
il b u t t h P h ri t hi n g r f r n my
. . . .
,
d eta
’
2
Fo r s a o e a se e s ea c e e e ce a
b m d i
e d d i ti n t t h li t r t ur
a e, n a t th h d f t hi h pt r t
o o e e a e a e ea o s c a e o
S h h t r S m A p t f R bbi i T h l gy ( 9 9 ) d M
,
t fi
’ ’
c ec e s o e s ec s o a n c eo o 1 0 an on e ore s
art i l R bbi ni
c e on C n p ti n f R p nt n a i th j wi h c o ce o s o e e a ce n e e s
Q t l y R i w X VI ( J n u ry
uar e r ev e pp 9 57 , a a , . 20 —2 .
R abbi ni ca l wri tings gi ve t h e im p r essi on th a t t h e f orm er
were indi ffe re nt t o t h e Law N o d oubt t h e Ph a ris ee s
.
of th e ir a ttitud e t o t h e Law t o t h e Ph a r is ee s a ny on e w h o
r ep udi at ed t h e bi n ding ch ar ac t er of th ei r c on cep ti on of t h e
Law w ould c om e und e r c ond emn a ti on ; but w e h a ve n o
r ight t o b r a nd as i rre ligi ous th os e wh o i n th e ir l oy al ty t o
t h e w r itt e n Law d e n oun c e d Ph a r is a i c a c c r e ti ons t o t h e
s am e as of sub or d in a t e a uth or ity Th a t th e re we r e s om e
.
on t h e sid e of t h e suz e r a in
p ow e r t h e high p r i e stly p a r ty-
of t h e hi gh p ri e st ) an d w er e n ece ss a ri ly t o s om e e xt e nt
-
r efus e d f or ex am p l e as w e h a ve s ee n t o accep t t h e d oc t r in e
, , ,
1
S ee J osep hu s, A nt q i XIII x 5 6 ; h rr
Sc ue ci t . I i .
pp .
rm n
. .
, , , , , ,
28 6 —2 9 0 , Ge a ed I , pp . 2 7 0 —2 7 3 .
15 6 THE BOO K S OF THE A POCRYPHA
. a
y gr a nt th a t m a ny b e l onging t o
in t h e a br og a ti on of t h e L aw or r ath e r in t h e a tt em p t t o
,
ab r og a t e it th ey ac t e d c l ea n cont r a r y t o th e ir fund a m e nt a l
,
a c ti on th a t w e are p e r h ap s j ustifi e d in b e li e vi ng th a t t h e
su p p or t ac c or d e d t o An ti oc hus E p ip h an es in his at t em p t
t o st a m p out Jud a ism c am e onl y f r om an e xt r e m e s ec ti on
of t h e H ell e nisti cally in c lin ed p a r ty F or wh e n all is
.
e m a n a ting fr om th ei r c i r c l e s h a v e c om e d own t o us It is .
n ot t h e only c r it e r i on wh e r eby t h e c h a r ac t e r wh e th e r ,
S a ddu cees m
,
S U MMA R Y
Th e t erm Ph ar is ee m e ans n ot S e p ar atist but ,
D a vid .
c l a im e d t h e s a m e for t h e o r al L aw Th e S a ddu ce es c am e
.
t o e xist as a p a r ty th e ir p rin c i p l e w on t h e d ay
, .
an disb eli ef
T h e O ri g i n o f t he O ld T e stam e n t C an o n
o f S c ri p t ure
[ LI I
'
E RA r U R E — D vi d n Th C S f th B i bl ( 8 7 7) R i hm
a so e a n on o e e 1 e
E i l it g i d A lt T t m t ( 8 8 7 Buhl K
.
,
n e un n as e es a en 1 a n on
u d T A lt T t m t ( 8 9 ) W il d b r D i E t t
,
n t d ex es en es a en es 1 1 e oe e n s e
g d lt t t m tli h K yl
,
h un es a -
( 8
es a 9 ) R enT h C c en a n on s 1 1 e, e a n on
o / th Old T t m t ( 8 9 ) R b r t n S mi t h Th Old T t
e es a en 1 2 o e so e es a
m t i th j w i h C h h L t ur VI ( 8 9 5 ) B i gg G l
,
en n e e s ur c ec e 1 r s, en e ra
I t d ti t th S tudy f H ly S i pt ( 8 9 9 ) Duhm D i
,
n ro uc on o e o o cr ure 1 e
g d A lt T t m t ( 8 9 9 ) H ol h r A p k yph
,
E t t h
n s e un es en es a en es 1 sc e o r
d K r ti l Knn d
,
un i h ppa n on sc
4 Th . 1— 1 e a c es a o es
A l t n T t m nt by S t r k i t h R l yk l fu P t
,
e es a e e s, ac n e ea en c . r ro e s
tan ti h T h l gi
sc ed Ki h eo o d Bibl C n n by Bl u d
e un rc e an e a o a an
S hmi d t i t h J wi h E
,
c n y l ] e e s nc c .
16 0
t h e di rec ti on of l eg a l obs e rva n ce or of t h e p ursuit of wisd om
or of e s c h a t ol ogi ca l study ,
with out c om ing int o c onfli c t
with eac h o th er ; t h e M accabaea n st r uggl e wh i c h w as t h e
c ul min at i on of t h e d ee ly r oot e d t e nde n c i e s j us t r e fe rr e d
p
-
o
pp o s ed
p a rti e s ,
t h e Ph a ris e e s a n d t h e S a ddu cee s eac h with
,
living an d vig orous eac h i ll ogi cal eac h offe r ing t h e c uri ous
, ,
as well the
whi ch s om e b ooks were admitt e d
as reas on f or
i nt o t h e C an on an d ot h ers e x c lude d This w ill be our t ask
1
, .
i n t h e p r es ent c h ap t er Th e fur t h er qu e s t i on s c on ce rn in g .
t h e t w o ot h e r b odi e s of li t er a t ur e refe rr e d t o j us t n ow wi ll
occ u p y us i n subs e qu e nt c h ap t ers .
I . THE H E B R E W C AN O N IN ITS P RE S E N T F OR M
H ebrew Bibl e c on t ai n s t went y f our b ooks
Th e th e - 2
With w rd K r
( C n n) m p r t h H br w
‘
the G eek
1
o a n on a o co a e e e e
ga h ne r d whi h i l u d i n t h n f
a ee
”
m uri n g c s a so se e se se o a eas
( E k xlii 6 9 p J u di t h xiii 6 wh r t h Gr k w r d i
, ,
ro d ze . 1 — 1 c . . e e e ee o s
u d f t h r il f b d) O rigi n lly t h w r d i n Gr k m nt
.
,
se or e a o a e a e o ee ea
rp nt r rul d h d n t hi n g t d wi t h t h b k f S ri p
.
’
a ca e e s e an a o o o e oo s o c
t ur I it t h
e . nl n i t i C hri t i n b in g t hu u d f t h
s ec n i ca se se s s a e s se or e
s f e , so ar a s s o a o e e o e o ce
fifty i nt h un i l f L di ( b u t
,
A D th n n f th
e -
n ca o o e co c o ao c aea a o A D .
n ni l b k u n n ni l I t
. . .
36 ) p 0 k S f ea s o pp d t ca o ca oo s as o o se o ca o ca .
i
s a s t ill l t r u g f a e pr nt k wl d g g
sa whi he, so ar as o ur e se no e e o e s, c
a p p li t h t rm C n n t
es th
e wh l ll ti n f bibli l b k
e a o o e o e co ec o o ca oo s .
Wh t t h a rigi n l i d w i u in g t h xp r i n i n r f r n t
e o a ea as n s e e e ss o e e e ce o
th b k f t h Bibl i u n t i n bu t p r b bly i t w t h t f
e oo s o e e s cer a o a as a o
n rm rul ( p G l i 6 C x 3 ) j u t
,
o or e n n c a . v . 1 2 or . . 1 s as ca o
i l ti n ( E p f C l m nt i i )w r di n g t t h C hri ti n
.
ca ac o 1 o e e v . 2 a s acco o e s a
n rm b k ju d g d by t h ir nt nt u t h r hi p d hi t ry
.
o so oo s e e co e s, a o s an s o ,
e e ec a e o e acc o o e s a o an e e o e
n ni l xp r i n rul ( n n) f tru t h
,
”
ca o
p th ca c e e e ss o s e or ca o o
e or c a o o a se n e ea c . s o a e
th t t h dj tiv n ni l p r d d t h n un
,
a e a ec f th
e ca o ca ec e e e use o e o
C n n a i it t h i l
o n n s ec n ca se se
Th J w m tim r f r t t h wh l b dy f t h i n i l
.
1
e e s so e es e e o e o e o o e r ca on c a
S ri p t ur
c u n d r t h n m f T k i TN K
es e bbr vi ti n e a e o en a e an a e a o
(wi t h v w l in r t d i rd r t m k i t p r n un bl ) f rm d
. .
, ,
o e s se e n o e o a e o o c ea e o e
by t h i i ti l l tt r f t h n m gi v n t t h t hr m i n divi i n
e n a e e s o e a es e o e ee a s o s
o f t h H br w S i p t ur
e e i T r h N bii m K t h bi m
e cr es, v z o a e e u .
u t h ri t tiv li t f t h n n i l b k t h r d r v ri
.
, , ,
I th
3
n e a o a e s s o e ca o ca oo s e o e a es
so m wh t bu t t h rd r giv n b v i t h t f t h p ri nt d H br w
e a e o e e a o e s a o e e e e
Bibl es .
164 THE BOO K S OF THE APO CRYPHA
an d this is a ls o t h e c a s e with 1 2 Ch r on i c l e s Th e fiv e , .
S cr olls oc c u p y an im p or t an t an d s om ewh at s p ec i a l
o siti o n a m ong t h e J e ws f or t h e y are a ssign e d f or r e a ding
p , , ,
t o p ar ti c ul a r f ea st d a ys an d on e f ast d ay
-
v iz P a ss ov e r -
, .
e f a s t of t h e
” 1
W ks ( S h b é h) h ninth of Ab
(P esa c h ) ee e u t t , ,
(P ur i m
,
T ab e r n acl es a n d L ot s ) r e s p ec tive ly ,
.
Th es e b ooks th e n c onsti t ut e t h e H eb r ew C an on i n i t s
, ,
.
,
II . THE IDE A OF A CA N O N
In s eeking t o a nsw er t h e qu esti o n a s t o wh en t h e H e br ew
C a n on assum ed its p re s en t fin al f orm i t is we ll t o b egin by
, , ,
o book s al l v a lu e d m or e or l e ss an d t h e orm
f , f ati on o a C an on
f , .
o o s s ca e e ac as an d co e o
r t t h d tru t i n f t h fi t d nd t mp l
,
a es e es c o o e rs an se co e es .
ca m e und er the t g ory of o r din a ry b ooks (see h owe ve r be
ca e , ,
, , ,
a dmitt e d int o t h e C a n o n .
f am ous m
.
c e ss or of M os e s in p r op h e c i e s ( x lvi 1.
) t h e Judg e s n ot ,
S amu el a N a z a r it e of J e h o v a h in t h e p r op h e t i c a l offi c e
,
”
Is a i ah w h o by a s p irit of might saw t h e l ast things (xlviii
,
.
2 4 in t h e H ebr e w ) J e re mi a h w h o
, , was s an c tifi e d in t h e
1
S o accor di n g t o t h e H e bre w t h e G r e e k i s so m e wh a t di ff e r ent .
THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
w omb t o b e a p r op h e t (xli x
”
Ez e ki el
. wh o saw a ,
t o t h e h ar p .He gl or ifi e d t h e fe a s t d ays (-
xlvii 8 1 0 .
—
,
th a t t h e c hi e f p a r t of t h e p an egy r i c on D a vi d is t ak e n up wi t h
an ac c ount of his h e r oi c a c ts (see xlvii , 2 B en Sir a is
.
-
, ay b e
1
5 0 accor di ng t o S m r o b a bl e con j e ct ur e
’
en d s
p .
16 8 THE B OO K S OF THE A PO CR Y P HA
s am e must be s a id of t h e vid n
’
Th e s e e ce of B en —
Sir a
gra nds on wh o t r a nsl a t e d his gr a ndfa th er s w or k int o G r ee k
’
( a b o ut B C H. e s a.ys in his Pr o l o gu e Wh e r e a s m a ny
a n d t h e P r op h e ts an d by oth e r s th a t h a v e f oll ow e d in t h e ir
,
st ep s a n d l a t e r on h e ag a in s e a ks of t h e L a w an d
p ,
an d say th a t t h e P e nt a t e u c h t h e r o h e t i c a l b ooks an d s om e
p p ,
o t h e r s oc c u i e d a o siti o n o f s e c i a l h o n o ur a m ong m a ny
p p p
o th e r b ooks b e l onging t o H eb r e w lit er a tur e but th a t n ot
1
,
e v e n t h e L aw an d t h e Pr op h e ts c an h a ve b ee n r eg a r d e d a s
dra wn m lf t w i t mwh t p t i i g t i t u
on a lso hi se o r e so e a er a n n o ns r c
S 1
E l i t xii
ee c c e s a s es 12
R yl x m p l y t h t t h xp r i n by whi h B S ir
. .
’
1
f e, or e a e , sa s a e e ess o c en -
a s
t w rr nt m int i n t h t t h W ri t in g K t h bi m
.
d o es n o t a a us o a a a e s or e u
w r ll i t h ir m p l t d f rm k n wn t t h wri t r (Op i
e e a n e co e e o o o e e c t
A d g i n (p Th wri ti n g whi h w ll
. .
, , ,
p ) n a a 121 e se s, c a r e so e
o o us, e e o a o sa e s, o o ess e
c hi t n f
o c es bu n d nt li t r t ur t whi h v ry J w t t h
o es, o an a a e a e o c e e e a e
d f t h t hi r d nt ury t h r h n d R yl ”
en o e h d O th ce B C a a c c ess n e o e a e
b li v t h t by b u t th r w d fin i t ly r gn i d
. . .
,
e e es a a o B C . 20 0 e e as a e e eco ze
H br w C n n f S ri p t ur n i ti n g f t h L w d t h P
.
e e a o o c e co s s o e a an e ro
p h et s (Op . ci t .
, p .
of t h e L aw an d Pr op h e ts an d th a t h e reg ard ed his
the ,
reg a r d e d as c an on i c al in t h e or di n a ry s e ns e of t h e wor d .
, , ,
1 M accab e e s a n d o th e rs w e r e n ot r eg a r d e d a s
, ,
a p oc ry h a l
p ,
s om e of whi ch we re l at e r m ade c a n o n i c a l
, ,
.
e nj oy e d gr ea t e r f a v o u r th a n o th e r s I t i s in this f ac t th a t.
III . THE F O R M AT I O N O F T HE H E B R E W CA N ON
But whil e we h ave thus an a p p o r xi m at e d a t e f or t h e exi s
1 70 THE B OO K S OF THE APOCRYP HA
e t t o ask ou r se lv e s a t wh a t d a t e t h e d efinit e c l os e of t h e
y
C a n on t ook p l ac e i e wh e n t h e H ebre w C a n on a s w e n ow
,
. .
,
p u t e d . T h e influ e nti a l s ch oo l o f Sh a mm a i h e ld th a t th es e
( E cc l e si a st e s ) th e r e is a di ff e r e n ce of O p ini o n R a bbi J os e .
”
h ands .
Thi R bbi ni l p hr
1
s a ca a se f or d en o t in g ca n on i c i t y
x p l in d is e a e
b l w p 75
e o 1
Thi b k w d ni d pl n n by M li t f S r di i
.
,
1
s oo as e e a ac e i n t h e Ca o e o o a s n
t h mi dd l
e f th nd e o e se c o ce nt ury A D a c co rdin g t E u biu H i t
o se s, s .
E l iv
. .
,
co ,
6 . 2 .
1 72 THE B OO K S or THE APOCRY PHA
a l on e t h e A rt a x e r x e s of J os e hus (t h e Ah a su e rus of t h e
p
H eb r ew b ook of Esth e r ) figu r e s ” 1
Bu t in p ointing t o this .
th e m this p er i od w as fr om M os es t o Ezra ?
J os ep hus t hus
witn ess e s t o t h e p r in c i p l e a uth o r it a tive an d fully accep t e d
,
p r in c i p l e w as b a s e d w a s cont r a r y t o f a c t f or on t his vi ew ,
c oll ec t i on p r ec is e ly a s a n ew p ag e w ould b e a dd ed t o t h e
Vi ew is n ot i n a ccor d a n c e with f a c t s
’
J os ep hus account .
of t h e C a n o n is a th e o r y an d a th eory in c onsist e nt wi t h t h e
,
a c om p l e t e list if h e h a d b ee n in a p ositi on t o d o so
,
i n c on
sis t e nt a ls o with t h e f ac t th a t qu e sti ons as t o t h e ca n oni c ity
of c e r t a i n b ooks w e r e s t ill und e c id e d within t h e li f e tim e o f
2
F or de ta s see o sc e ,
. ci t .
, pp .
3 6 ff .
3
Op cit pp 6 5 ff 1
furt h r b l w C h p t r X
. . . .
,
4 S ee e e o ,
a e .
mp li by
b ut h e offic i a l i m rimatur b e ing
fa i t a cco o A D 1 0 0 t a p . .
,
s c h ol arshi p e ve n b e f or e t h e d e st r u c ti on of t h e T e m p l e .
A ft e r thi s e v e nt t h e S a nh e d r in re m ov e d t o J a bn e h a n d w as
p r e sid e d ov e r by J oc h an an b e n Z a kk a i t h e g r ea t e st of t h e ,
J e wish s c r ib e s du r in g t h e p er i od imm e di at e ly su cc ee di ng
t h e f all of J e r us a l em h e w a s f oll owe d by G am a li e l I I It .
t h e g r ea t e st J e wi sh s c h ol a r s w ould b e a ss embl ed Th a t su c h .
p r o v e d th a t t h e fin a l a n d a uth or it a tiv e f or m a ti on of t h e
1 T hi w s unt d f i l t r d y by yi n g t h t wh n
as a c co e or n a e a s sa a e
H gg i Z h ri h d M l h i di d t h H ly S p iri t l ft I r l
a a ec a a an a ac e e o e s ae
h ri h r r hi i r i ir b
,
( S an de n ) t f (
1 1at i t h nf n
e e o e ) n p d k s s e e e ce no s e oo
c an h v b n wri tt n i p t p r p h t i t im p Y m b
a e ee e n os — o e c e s, c o a 2 1 .
d t il vi d n S h ur r I I 1 p p 3 6 6 ff ( G rm n
.
1
F or f th e a s o e e e c e se e c e e a
u p p l m nt d) C h yn
. . .
d I I p p 4 3 ff wh r t h r f r n
,
e 2 e e e e e e c e s a re s e e e e e,
l m l h r j i
.
, ,
b S 8 ff H O i ff w h
j o d
an pp o o o
on , p 2t pp03 ; sc e c .
,
. 2 . e s
y l vii 8
.
. . ,
E nc c .
, . 1 .
1 74 THE B OO K S OF THE AP OC RY PH A
R abbis act ed on d in h ow f a e , an ar
on t h e o th e r h a nd w e c a nn o t b e li e v e th a t p o ul a r us ag e
, p
c oun t e d f or n othing M ost p r ob ably t h e W h ol e qu e sti o n
.
IV . To W HO M WA S F I N A L F I I N G OF THE H E B R E W
T HE X
CA N O N D U E
Th e qu e s t i on as t o W h om p re emin e ntly t h e fin a l fixing
,
-
t h e p r ob abiliti e s p oin t in t h e s am e di r ec ti on .
w e h av e as t o t h e e xist e n ce of a fin ally fix e d C a n o n ; n ow
J os ep hus a s h as b ee n p oint e d out in an ea r li e r c h ap t e r t e lls
, ,
1
F or d e t a il s se e R yl e, Op . ci t .
, pp . 1 9 2— 2 0 2 .
1 76 THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYP HA
abluti on a s if h e h a d t ou c h e d s om e t hing un cl e a n
” 1
.
.
,
Ph ar is ee It is t h er ef or e p r ob abl e th at t h e fi n al fixing of
.
, ,
t h e C an on w as due t o t h e Ph a r is e e s .
S U MM A R Y
To unde r st an d h ow i t cam e ab ou t th a t a di stin c t li n e of
d e m arc ati on w as dr aw n b e t ween can oni cal an d ap ocry p h al
b ooks a p r elimi n ary c on sidera t i on is n ece ss ary viz h ow
, , .
th es e b ooks I t w as fr om this f ac t th a t t h e id ea of a C a n on
.
of a C an on th e r e is c l ea rly a gr ea t di ffer en ce To sh ow th a t .
a dis t incti o n h as t o b e m ad e b e t w ee n t h e id ea of a C a n on an d
t h e fixing of t h e C a n on on e h a s t o p r o v e t h at a t one p er i od ,
1
Bu dd i t h E y l Bi bl i 6 49
e, n e nc c see fur t h er t h e A d di ti on a l
f t hi h pt r
. . .
,
No t t th
e a d e en o s c a e .
1
W ri tt n p r b bly b u t
e 5 o a a o B C 0
H ol h r Op i t p 6
. . .
, ,
3 sc e c
R m ns i Tim t hy iii 5
. . . .
, ,
4
‘
o a p . 2, c . 2 o . 1 .
e xist e d a t ab ou t B C 1 0 0 an d ye t we kn ow th a t a t th at tim e
. .
,
Th e de finit e f o rm a ti on of t h e H eb r e w C a n on is a n oth e r
qu e sti o n ; c on ce rning this w e h a ve t h e e vi de n c e of t h e
,
Mishn a t h a t it w as n ot c om p l e t e d a t t h e b eginning of t h e
Christi a n era On t h e oth e r h an d t h e e v id e n ce of J os e p hus
.
,
p e ri od
”
i,
e f.r om M os e s t o Ez r a
. This th e ory w a s n o t in
.
Th e fin a l fixing of t h e H e b r ew C a n o n w as in a ll p r ob ability
t h e w or k of t h e Ph a r is a i c p a r ty .
A D D I TI ONAL N OT E
The C on cep ti on s un derly i ng the I dea f
o Levi ti ca l Imp u i ty r .
c on c e ti ons l i e ultim a t e ly a t t h e b a s e o f a ll
p H ow f or .
,
e x a m l e is on e t o a cc ount f or t h e f a c t th a t b o th t h e t ou c hing
p ,
n o o th e r s )
1
w as h eld t o b r ing a b out a simil a r st a t e of
,
1
m n g t h r p g L vi t i u vi 7 3 xi 3 4 xiv
S ee a o o e a ssa es, e c s 2 -
0 2— 0,
xv ff 4 i 6 8 xviii 9 ; N umb r v 3 ;
, .
,
. .
1 if 1 2 xv 2 2 1 e s 1—
D u t r n my xxi
. . .
, , , , ,
.
e e o o 10 — 1
4
A bu n d nt m t ri l will b f u n d i Fr r Th G ld B gh
. .
’
2
a a e a e o n az e s e o en ou
T b a d th P il
oo a n f th S l e er s o e ou
f th S m i t p 4 4 9 ( 8 9 4) d Jvn
3 ’
Th R li gi e e on o e e es, 1 an see e o s
I tr du ti t th H i t y f R ligi
.
n on e s or —
o c
pp 5 9 95
o o e on
,
.
THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA
c e r t a i nl y c o nsid e r p o llut e d or un c l ea n o th e r s su c h as t h e ,
Old Te st am ent 1
This is bu t an ec h o of id eas whi c h ob
.
c on ce ti ons of h olin e ss an d
p p olluti o n are n ot yet di ffe r e n
t i at e d in his mi n d To him t h e c omm on f eat ur e of all t he s e.
d a ng er in whi c h th e y st a nd an d t o whi c h t h ey ex p os e o th e rs
is wh a t w e S h ould c all s p i r itu al or gh ostly To s e clud e .
t h e out e r w or ld To m an in a l ow st a t e of c ultu r e th e n
” 3
.
, ,
vi t i u xi 3 E k i l xliv 9 d p t h i d f
S e e Le c s 2, ze e . 1 an c . e ea o
h lin u h p g m ng m ny E x du xix
.
,
o i e ss n s c a ssa e s, a o a as o s . 22,
e e o o 1 e e e e e oo s e ca o
th id ith r d ir t ly p p i t
.
, ,
to us i e eas n e e c ase a re ec o os e
1
e s f e e o e es o ce e o a o se e
di vin k in g
e hi f d p ri t w ll by h mi i d murn r
s, c e s, a n e s s, a s e as o c es, o e s,
w m n i hi l db d girl t p ub rt y t
o e n c e , s a e , e c.
3
Op ci t
. .
,
p . 22
4 .
r g ar d ed as h oly i e s om e thing t o b e a vo id e d j us t b e
e ,
”
. .
,
’
c a us e th e y we r e t h e m e d i c in e m a n s ; b oth are un canny
things ins p iring myst e r i ous fear b oth im p art infe c ti on
,
u
p p r o s e s of o ur
p r e s e n t a r gum e nt t o t h e m e di c in e m a n s
'
Th at is h ow t h e s p ec i a l c as e b e f o re us is t o be exp l ain e d .
th e c a n oni c a l
x mp l i t h
1
For e f an n i l b k whi h d fil d
e, n e c a se o a ca o ca oo c e e
t h h n d t h T lmu d (S h bb t h 4 )
e a s e y i t w t ugh t t h t t h
a a a 1 a sa s as a a e
h nd b m un l n by nt t wi t h t h H ly S ri p t ur i r d r
a s e ca e c ea co ac e o c es n o e
t h t t h y h ul d t b t u h d b y u n v r d h n d I
a e s o no e o c e co e e a s
TH E BOO KS O F THE A POCRYPHA
so th a t a n y b ook d ec l a r e d t o b e s ac r e d (an d of c ou r s e t h e
, ,
h a nds an d th e r e f o r e a ny on e w h o t ou c h ed su c h a b ook w a s
de file d th e r eby Th e or e ti cally h e h ad t o p e r f orm an
.
d ay .
184 THE B OO KS OF THE A PO CR YPHA
initi at e d Th e qu e sti on as t o h ow t h e w ord is us e d in
.
p a rt i c ul a r c o p i e s of th e m an d this f or c e rt a
,
in S p e c ifi c
t h e T a lmud g dn az im p li e s a s HOlsch e r s a ys ,
dr as t i c ,
M r i t h j wi h E y l I I
1
oo e, n e e s nc c 2a
H ol h r m nt i n wi t h r f r n b ur
. .
, ,
1
sc e e o s, e e e c e s, a o ok of c e s,
th at g an az would n e ve r h ave b ee n ap p li e d t o t h e b oo ks of
our A p oc r yp h a or a t a ll e v e nts t o t h e m or e im p o r t a nt
,
of th e m f or n ot o nly w e r e th e y r e g a r de d a s c o nt a ining
,
t h e r e a ding of th e m w as p ermitt e d ?
S o th a t w h e n t h e
w or d g dn az is us e d in t h e T a lmud in r e fe re n c e t o b ooks it
m eans th a t t h e b ooks in qu e sti on are suc h as must b e w ith
d r awn f r om use b ec a us e th ey c ont a in h e r e ti c a l t e ac hing ; 3
1
H ol h r Op i t p 6 3
sc e c
ft n q u in T lmu d
. . . .
, ,
1
E l i ti
c c es a i c us s o e o edt the a
furt h r Bu h l K A lt m gl
.
3 Cp .
,
e , ,
a n on un d T ex td es T en esta e n ts (E n .
p 26
f urt he r bl w
. .
S ee e o .
5
J m
a es, in t he E n cyc l Bi bl i
. ca , i . 2 49 .
186 THE BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA
” 1
( p
a ok ry p h os)B ook ighth or t h eofh oly M os es , ca ll e d the e .
f r om t h e s ecre t b ooks of t h e Ph oe ni ci a ns ” 2
Cl e m ent of .
s ec re t b ooks of Z or oa st e r 3
I r e n a eus ( I xx 1 ) m e nti ons .
, .
of t h e B a si l idi a ns
1
M oreo ver w e h a ve r e f e r en ce s t o t h e
.
‘
a n d s ea l e d till t h e tim e of t h e en d
”
I n t h e Ethi op i c B ook .
J m Op i t y t h t t hi b k m y b
1
a es, c ld t h fir tsa s a s oo a e as o as e s
nt ury bu t r d in g t H ol h r d t h di t r f t h
. .
,
ce A D a cco o sc e an e e o s o e
p p y u (L m n d Di t ri h) i t b l n g t t h t hir d f ur t h
. .
a r s ee a an e e c e o s o e or o
cent ury A D
M r Op i t ii p H l h r Op it p 47
. .
1 3
oo e , c 1a o sc e c .
C h rl di ti n
. . . . . .
C h rl diti n
. .
, , ,
I bi d
’
1 5 ’
1
a es e o . a es e o .
B x di t i n
.
’
7
o s e o .
188 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
Ap ok ryp hos
pp o e
pp ,
h a d al s o b ee n s a n ct ifi e d by s e r vi c e ; it w as th e r e f or e , ,
p r of a n e h a n ds
1
H ere . th en w e h a v e a n oth e r r ea s on f or
, ,
1
ur f t im t h n umb r f t h
L est in co se o il d p i h ul d
e, e e o e se so e co es s o
u n d uly in r l t l i f p r u ti n ri in g t h y h ul d
,
c e ase , es a so , n c a se o e se c o a s e s o
t h ri k f b in g d r t d i t w t h ugh t w l l t h t ft r t h
,
ru n e s o e e se c a e as o e a a e e
l p f rt i n t im t h r ll h ul d b d n w y wi t h t h y
,
a se o a ce a e e se o s s o e o e a a e
w r t h r f r m t im burn d t hr w d wn w ll ; i
e e, e e o e, so e es e , or o n o a e ,
01 n
c op ei s of th e S c r i p tu r es whi c h we r e p l ace d in t h e Gen i zah
,
a s P r of S c h ec ht e r s a y s
. A n oth e r cl ass of w or ks c onsign e d
t o t h e Gen i za h we r e wh a t w e m ay c a ll disg r ac e d b ooks ,
w ell p ut se r ve d ,
t h e tw of o l d p u r p os e of p r e se r ving
g ood thi n gs from h ar m an d b ad things f r om h ar ming
”2
.
,
c o nn ec t i on is m o r eo v e r co nfi r m e d by t h e w itn e ss of O r ig e n
, , ,
( d . 2 5 4 A D ) w h o t og e th e,
r with A f r i ca nus ,
his c o nt e m
ora r w t h e fi r st t o a p ly t h e t e rm a p oc r y p h a l
p y as , p
t o b ooks us e d by t h e Chu r c h O r ig en ex p ressly s ays th a t
h e b orr owe d hi s t e r min ol ogy f r om t h e J e ws "; a n d a s ,
Th es e l a tt e r b ooks w er e c on de mn e d by t h e
” 1
e i g ra h a
‘
p p .
so m pl d i t h gr v
e ca se s f m r p t
a ce n e a e o so e es ec e d Ra bbi ; m r o e i re ~
q u nt ly h w v r t h y w r buri d i
e o e gr v e e e e e n a a e o f t h ir w i
e o n n the
m t ry
, ,
ce e e
j d i m (S n d S ri ) p
.
S t di
1
i
u es n u a s ec o e es 2
j wi h E y l V 6
. .
,
1
e s nc c 1 2a
rfrn H ol h r Op i t p p 4 8 l
. .
, ,
F
3 or e e e c es se e sc e c 49 see a so p . 64 .
b l w Ch p t r X
. . .
, , , ,
S
1
ee e o ,
a e .
1 90 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
th ough g ri n az an d ap ok ryphos are thus sh ow n t o ex p r ess
simil ar id eas a s t ec hni c al t er ms th ey are obvi ou sly n o t t o b e
,
of s ec r e t wisd om fr o m a ll but th os e w h o w e r e fi t t o r ec e iv e
it ; but th a t w as b ef ore t h e C an on w as fix e d an d wh e n
t h e lin e of d e m a r c a ti on b e tw ee n di ffe r e nt cat eg o r i e s of
b ooks w as n ot so rigid B o th t e r ms or igin a t e d i n dep en d
.
I V How
. THE T E R M A P OC R Y P HA CA ME To B E A P PL I E D
To S AC R E D B OO KS OF THE S E C O N D R AN K
But w e must r e turn t o t h e qu es t i on as t o why t h e te r m
A p oc r yp h a w a s ap p li e d t o t h e b ooks whi ch w e in c lud e und er
th a t titl e As w e h ave s ee n a oc r y h a l w a s fi r st a p li e d
.
p p , p
t o b ooks whi c h c on t a in e d hidd e n wisd om t h e n it w as us e d
by O r ig e n i n r efer e n ce t o p s eud ep igrap hi c b ooks In t h e .
h ead e d by St J e r om e ( d A D 4 2 0 ) wh o m ad e a distin c ti on
. . . .
m eani ng by t h e l at t e r t e r m t h e b ooks of t h e A p oc r yp h a .
1
S ee Zun z, D i e Gottesdi en stl i chen Vortrci ge d er
‘
jud en ,
pp . 16 5
—1
79
THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
V . THE R E AD I NG OF U N CA N O N I CAL B OOK S
We sh all de a l in d e t a il wi th b ooks of t h e A p oc ry p h a the
in P a r t I I an d s om e acc ount of t h e Ps eudep ig r ap h a will
,
b e giv e n in t h e n e xt c h a p t e r h er e w e p u rp os e t o say s om e
thing ab out t h e e a r ly use of un c a n oni cal b ooks ap a rt ,
A D . . 100 .
p o r ti o n in t h e w or ld t o c o m e th os e w h o r e a d outsid e
b ooks 1
,
l a tt e r w o r d b e i n g e quiva l e n t t o t h e Gree k o i 35 m wh i ch ,
S if re h a m i n i m t h e b ooks of t h e h e r e ti c s
” 4
,
Th e R abbis .
Bu t v n t h migh t nly b r d
1
e e e se r d l tt r t o e ea as on e ea s a e e no
t u d i d (H Ol h
,
s e Op it p sc er , c
S n h d ri n x d i ti n
. . .
,
(S t
’
1
a e k 1 rac s e o
C p M rk iv v 3 ; C 1 iv 5 ; Th iv
.
,
3
; C a 11 1 or 1 2, 1 0 1 e ss 12
Th M i i m
.
H ol h r Op h r ti v ry
. . . . . . . .
4
it sc p 46e c e n e e cs ar e e
ft n m nt i n d i J wi h wri t in g ; H r f r d y t h t t h t rm
. . .
, , .
o e e o e n e s s e o sa s a e e
i m
n so r t inly d n t Ch i t i n ( C hri ti i ty i T lm d
e c a ses c e a e o es r s a s s an n a u
an d M i dr h p as ,
.
n ext c h ap t e r It is o ft e n aske d wh a t da ta w e h ave for
.
son b e warn e d
,
O f m a king m any b ooks th e r e is n o e n d an d
.
,
h e re m ea ns i s th a t t h e w or d s o f t h e wi se stimul a t e t h e
rea de r t o g ood th oughts ; t h e wor d s m emb er s of c oll ee
ti ons refe r t o wise w or ds whi c h h a ve b ee n emb odi e d in
c oll ec ti ons of s a yings ; all th e s e c o m e f r o m God t h e one ,
h a ve b ee n a qu antity of un o r th od ox lit e r a tu r e a va il a bl e .
of a n oth e r c h a r a c t e r w e r e A r a m ai c T a r gums
”
B ook s
whi c h w r c rt a inly mu c h in s in p Ch r i sti an tim e s
e e e u e re 3 -
as we ll a s l a t e r ; th e se a re oft e n r e f rr e d t o in t e T a lmu d
h 1 ‘
e .
1
h bb t h
S a 6 ( J ru l m T lmu d ) q u t d by H l h r
a C 1 e sa e a o e o sc e
B rt n Th B k f E l i t (Th Int rn ti n l C ri ti l
. .
,
1
a o e oo o cc e s a s es e e a o a ca
C mm nt y ) p p C p E r iv 7
,
—1 3
o e 97 99 ar 1 z a
p 9 ; S tr k E i l i t g i d T lm d p 4
. . . . .
,
1
Z Op it
un z , . c .
, . ac ,
n e un n en a u ,
. 1
1
T h t rm M i dr h whi h ur i t h Bibl ( Ch n xiii
e e as c oc c s n e e 2 ro
xxiv 7) d n t x p i ti n xg i p i lly f
. .
,
22, 1 e o es e os o or e e e s s, es ec a o an
d i fyi n g d m r li i n g h r t r ; furt h r O t l y d B
.
e an o a z c a ac e se e e es e r e an ox ,
Op ci t
77
—
10 0
. .
,
pp . .
1 94 THE B OO K S OF TH E APOCRYPHA
Israelit e s w e r e in Egyp t the y p oss ess e d r olls in t h e r eading
of whi c h th e y d e light e d e v e ry S abb a th ; t h e st a t e m en t is ,
“
th a t r e fe rr e d t o Am ong b ooks m e nti on e d by n am e
.
a re t h e f oll owing
1
Meg illa t h T a an i t h whi c h e num er a t e s
”
,
Th e r oll of G e n e a l ogi e s
“ ”
Of ab out t h e s am e d a t e is ;
wh a t t h e p recis e cont e nts of this w ork were is n ot kn own as ,
J e b a ot h 4 9 b R a bbi J o c h a n an. b en N u r i a c o nt em p or a ry
of R abbi Akib a p oss e ss e d w e a re t old a , Meg il lat h S am , ,
n ee d n ot b e e num e r a t e d h er e .
1
St r ac k Op ci t pp . 1 3, 14 .
u h t pi t r n my d tr l gy m di in d m gi
. .
, ,
“
1
S c o cs a s a s o o an as o o e c e an a c,
e oso an s c s an s a s ec s, a os e
h din g f f l k l r p a rul l u nd r t h n m f
,
th e ea o o o e, ss as a e a so e e a e o
H gg d h (S h ht r )
a a a c ec e
3 e s e s e a ce a a e o s o e s c
l g l ri t u l l m nt i S ri p t ur t h t b d du d t h r fr m
e a or a e e e n c e , or a can e e ce e e o
in lu din g di u i n f u h p int Bu t S h ht r y
,
c sc ss o s o s c o s as c ec e sa s,
t rm x t n d l u g u t m r din n
.
,
th e e t th
e e s d
a so o e sa e s, c s o s, o a ce s a n
d r
ec e e s f whi h t h r i li tt l
or u t h ri ty i t h S ri p t ur
c e e s e or n o a o n e c es .
1
‘
In 190 4 ,
1 9 0 6 — 19 0 8 .
1 96 THE B OO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
with an d wer e influ en ce d by t h e cont ent s an d t eac hi n g of
b ooks a n d wh e n a disti n c ti on h ad c om e t o b e m a d e
S U MMA R Y
Th e H ebr ew r oot gan az an d t h e Gree k w ord ap ok ryp hos
mus t b e p r op e r ly under st ood if t h e subj ec t of c a n oni cal an d
un ca n on i ca l b ooks is t o b e discuss ed O r igi n ally ga n az
'
.
,
m eant t o st ore up an d t h en t o st or e up in s ec re t
” “ ”
, ,
t h e m a ss e s ; l at e r i t c am e t o h av e t h e t ech n i c al s en s e
, ,
g ood s e ns e ; t h e hidd e n c h a r ac t e r of a p oc ry p h a l
“
p h os a ls o corr e s p ond e d t o t h e l a t e r us ag e of g an az ; b ot h
A p oc ry p h a But e ve n th e n t h e t e rm
. a oc ry h a l
p p
c o ntinu ed t o b e us e d only in r e fe r e n ce t o h e r e t i c a l b ooks ,
a n d n ot t o th os e of our A p oc ry p h a .
a t on ce b ec o m e g e n e r a l it w a s by d eg r ee s a d op t e d a n d h as
,
c ontinu e d e v e r sin c e .
t h e A p oc r y p h a an d P se ud ep ig r a p h a the r eading o f
,
whi c h w as n ot f orbidd e n p r i or t o t h e f or m a ti on of t h e
C a n on ; but l a t e r all b o oks outsid e t h e C a n on with t h e
, ,
e x c e p ti on of s om e b e l onging t o our A p oc ry h a w e r e f or
p ,
[L I T ERA T U R h din g t t h v ri u
E — S ee th e ti n ] ea s o e a o s se c o s
P R E L IMI N A R Y R E M AR K S
N CA N O N I CAL b o ks of s acred ch ar act er c am e t o b
o a e
c t g ori s th ough t h
a e e ,e x ac t dividing lin e v ri e de ccor di ng a a
t o t h Op n on s of di ffer e n t t e h ers
'
e i i Th s t w o t eg ori s ac . e e ca e
d x t
o hing but whi ch f o on e reas on o an ot h r w ere n ot
e ac , ,
r r e ,
p e rmit t e d t o b e r ea d Th e l att e r c am e t o b e r eg a rd e d w i t h
.
to , ,
e x r ess e d by t h e t e rm w as in e xist e n ce b e f or e B C 1 00
p . . .
m
-
.
am on g s c h ol ars as t o t h e m ea ning of t hi s t er an d a s t o
19 8
THE BOO K S O F THE AP OC RYPH A
b abl e as this sounds a t fi r st i t will be see n wh e n w e c om e t o
, ,
c on sid e r th e s e b ook s in b r i e f d e t a i l th a t in s om e c as es t h e,
d ays m ,
ay t o a l a r g e e xt e nt b e e x p l a in e d if w e r e m e mb e r th a t
1
Oe st erl e y an d B ox , Op . cit .
, p .
36 .
co urs e n ot int e nd ed t o be oth e r th a n e x p l a n a t ory ; th en
, ,
a s t h es e w e r e r ep e a t e d a n d h a nd e d on th e y t e nd e d in p r oc e ss ,
l eg a l an d ritu al e l e m e nts in S c ri p tu re .
of En oc h an d t h e T e st a m e nts of t h e Tw e lv e P a t r i a r c hs h a v e
, ,
a s Ch a rl e s h as sh own e x e r c is e d m or e influ e n ce u o n t h e
1
, p
w rit er s of t h e N ew Te st a m e n t th a n an y of t h e b ooks of t h e
A p oc ry p h a .
e x p ec t e d on e c an n o t a lw ays b e ce rt a i n as t o t h e d at e of a
,
( a ) THE B OOK OF EN OC H
[L I T ERA T U R iii p p 5 4 7 3 ; G rm n d
E — S c h ii re r II -
e a e . I II , pp .
6 8— 9 ; S w t T h Old T t m t i Gr k I II
, ,
. . ,
2 2 0 e e, e es a en n ee pp 78 9
l
.
,
8 9 ( 8 99) B r i K ut h II p p 7 3 ( 9
,
0 1 ee n a z sc 21 — 10 1 00 ) Vo z,
l i M r i Li r
.
, , ,
J i l d i h E h tsc g e
pp sc t
a o o n e, . 1 2— 2 1 a ,
Le v e
S hi di ti n f th1
b kee s e o s o e se oo s .
THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
d H en och
(
’
h rl Th B k f E h ( 9 ) L y
’
190 6) C a e s, e oo o n oc 1 12 e sz n
k y D i S dd d
s pp 5 3 6 6 ( 9 ) e C h rl i T h Ap
a uz er, 2 —2 1 12 a es, n e oor
d f th Ol d T t m t I I p p 8 ( 9 3 ) C h rl
. .
,
dP an seu 63 o e es a en . 1 —2 1 1 1 a es,
,
E h t l gy ; H b w j wi h d C h i ti B k i tt
.
,
sc a o o e re e s an r s an ur
r i l
, ,
r
,
j wi h d C h ei t i A p lyp s p p 7 3
an 4 T h t s an oca ses 1 — e a c es
lyp ti L i t r t ur i H ti n g D i t f th B i bl
.
” ’
Ap
on oca c e a e n as s c . o e e,
th E y l B i bl e d th j wi h E y l I t h
nc c t b n an e e s nc c . as no ee
t h ugh t n ry t n um r t t h di ti n f t h v i u
. .
,
o e c e ssa o e e a e e e o s o e ar o s
an a es . s a es o a e a o ca se s o c e
h ll r f r ]
s a e e .
of th e
b ook Ch arl e s b eli e ves th a t th es e are p r ob ably
c orr e c t with out c ommitting hims elf t o t h e c e rt ai nt y of t his
,
i n eac h c as e :
hpC a s
xii xxxvi
.
x iii
.
Th
.
l d tp M e o es re -
ac ca
c
Th Ap
.
ly f W k b rti n
7 j
p e oca se o ee s aean o o s
xci 1 2— 1
p .
vi xi
.
liv 7 lv
.
F r gm B 2
-
nt f th k M
. .
P b t th a e s o e oo re c
a c ca aean a e
1 x
lxv lxix 5
.
f N
-
h 2
l t t o oa
1
a es .
vii
. .
cv i c
lxxxi i i Dr m Vi i n
. .
Th — xc .
65 6 e ea s o s, B C
. . 1 —1 1
Th .
— . e oo o e ea e a es . e o e
B C 1 10
.
— . e a a e s, or es
64 B C 10 —
8 5 —c1v
. . .
x c1 9 1— 1 1 , 1 1 .
T h l t t p r t i n bu t p Chri ti n
.
,
i .
—v . e a es o o ,
re — s a .
Ch ap t e r cv whi h c nsists on ly of t wo v r s es c nn ot be .
, c o e , a
t h en ti r e w ork
e
Whil th s e d t es m
.
S chur r o . e ,
1
P rt i n f t hi b k
o l f u n d i t h B k f J ubil
o s o s oo a r e a so o n e oo o ees ,
vii .
39 x
20 — 5 p xxi ,
. 1— 1 ,
c . . IO .
204 THE B O OK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
a b ou t h eav enly lum in a r i e s h e w as thus t h e m ost ap p r o
the
r i a t e a uth o r o f a b o o k whi c h w a s t o d ea l with a st r on omi ca l
p
qu e sti o ns Th e S adducae an c h a r ac t e r of t h e o rigin al
.
w or k s ays Lesz yn sk y
,
“
is s ee n m ost c l ea r ly in t h e dis
,
. .
wh o w a lk in t h e w a y of right eousn e ss an d si n n ot a s t h e ,
p o r t a ls f or thi rt y d a ys ( lxxxii .
4 H e r e i n on e .
mt h
.
righ t u pl y t h w rd Z
. .
2 Le the eo s a a on e o a dd i t h i
‘
, e so ns
Z S ddu
.
of a do k ,
i . e .th e a cee s .
of b eginn ing of Ch risti a nity t o be a bl e t o say t o wh a t c i r c le
t he
”
t h e a uth or of this writing b el ong e d .
the r ef ore m
.
a
y ,i n its p re,M acca b m a n p o r ti ons-
w e ll b e ,
t h e a ttitu de t o t h e L a w n ot b e ing t h e Ph a r is a i c on e ?
Th e
Ap ocaly p ti sts on t h e oth e r h a nd w e r e a ls o t h e d e s cend a nt s
, ,
1
S e e al so th a s sa a o e on e se c Th e B o o k of
i — xxxvi an d x c iii
. . xc i 1 2 17
. i n whi c h t h e a p oca ly p ti c
, .
—
,
e l em e nt is
p r o mi n e n t a s o f S a d d u c ae
,
a n origin f or n o t h ing ,
n o l e ss t h a n t h e Ess e n es w h o w er e f ar r em ove d fr om t h e
,
, . , , .
Quad om n p rob I I 4 5 7
. .
,
J os ep hus A n ti q XVI I I i
,
An d ,
.
, , .
, ,
a l t e rn at iv e s an d i n t h e r e s e nt c a s e i t s ee ms m o s t r ob abl e
p p
1
D ie rel . B eweg un
gen pp .
59 , 60 .
THE B OOKS O F THE APOCRYPHA
'
t h e fin a l Judg e m e nt Th e p unishm e nt of t h e wi ck e d t a k e s
.
t o t h e l a t e r G eh e nn a c on c e p ti on ; an oth e r p a rt of Sh eol i s
d es c rib ed as an int e rm edi a t e resti n g p l ac e of t h e right eous -
.
(b) THE S I B Y LL I N E O R AC LE S
[L I T ERA T U R S hur r I I iii p p 7 — 9 G rm n d I I I p p
E — c e 2 0 2 2, e a e .
5 5 5 5 9 ; Bl K ut h II p p 77 7 ; L n h t r
. .
, ,
.
, ,
— 2i a ss, n a z sc 1 —2 1 a c es e
i n C h rl I I p p 3 6 8 4 6 ; M 8 T rry h p ubli h d t hi
.
, , ,
a es, — 0
. . . e as s e s
b k i bl nk v r (N w Y k u n d t d) S l rti l
,
oo n a e se e or a e e e a so an a c e
~
t hi b k i t h E di b gh R i w J uly 8 7 7 p p 3
.
,
on s oo n e n ur ev e , ,
1 , . 1
C h rl
1
Th B a k f E h ( de s,
p ix e oo o n oc 2n . .
i n g t o l at e r tim es Th e Prooemium an d b ooks iii — v b e l on g
.
. .
,
Al e x a nd r i a p a r ts of b ook iv by a P a lestini an J ew a n d t h e
, .
,
“
Writt en r ec o r d s of su p p os e d Sibyllin e or ac le s s ays ,
S c h ii re r ,
we r e h e r e an d th e r e in c i rc ul a ti on ; but su c h
rem ains of the m as h ave c om e down t o us th r ough occ asi on al
qu ot ati on s in a uth or s su ch a s Plut a r ch P au sani as an d o th e r s ,
1
Op . ci t .
,
II ,
iii . 2
73 .
THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
adde d a rec it a l of th e signs whi ch sh a ll h erald the e n d of all
things
w rd u p n t h t r li t h v n
Wh en s o s o e s a -
ea e s
Ap p r t v n d t m rn ea a e e an a o
Th n will t h whirlwind m fr m h v n
,
e e co e o ea e
Up n th rt h ; t h u b v
o e ea e s n a o e
At m wi ll hi n
’
id d y t -
a e en c e a se o s e,
T h m n i n t d will gi v h e ligh t
oo s ea e er
m g i n u p n t h rt h
,
A d n co e a a o e ea
ign wil l b t h t dr p f bl d
.
O ne s e a o s o oo
W ill fl w d wn fr m t h v ry r k ; o o o e e oc s
A d i th l u d h ll y b h l d
n n e c o s s a e e o
A n fl i t f ugh t t wi x t w rri r fi r
co c o
’
a o s e c e,
L i k wi h u p n wil d b t
e se a c ase o e a s s,
All mi gly i n h y mi t se e n az s
Th n h ll t h L r d Wh d w ll i n h v n
.
e s a e o o e s ea e
I n b ok V s well as i n b ook
o I t h e p o alyp t i c e l em ent
a v .
, a c
u p n Is r l ( v 2 6 0
o ae Th su p r i rity f Jud aism ov r
. e e o o e
t h e h e th n r ligi ons is
a e s o e w ould ex p ec t i n p r op g andis t ,
a ne a
() cT H E T E S T A M E N T S OF T H E T W E L V E P A T R I A R C HS
[ L I T ERA T U R S i nk r T t m t E — ii P t i h e m es a en a x a r a rc a ru
y xxii p p 3 7 9 ( 8 7 ) S h ur r
.
,
A t Ni
n e -
C h i ti Li b
cen e r s an ra r 1 — 1 1 c e
I I iii p p 4 ; G rm n d I I I p p 3 3 9 3 5 6 ; S hn p p
. .
, ,
11 —12 e a e — c a
4
i n K u t h I I p p 4 5 8 —5 6 ; C h rl Th T t m t f th
. . . .
, , , , ,
a z sc 0 a e s, e es a en s o e
Tw l P t i h l i Th A p
.
, ,
e ve a r a rc d P ud p i g
s a so n e ocr an se e r
m
. .
o f the O ld Testa en t, II pp . 2 8 2— 3 6
7 L e sz yn sk y D i e S a dd uz der ,
Burk i tt j
, ,
pp 2 3 7— 2 5 2 e w i sh a n d C h r i sti a n A p oc a
r ti l i Th j wi h Q t ly
.
,
l yp p p 3 4 if
ses, Tw o a c es n e e s ua r er
R i w V p p 3 7 5 3 9 8 by C O t h J wi h A u t h r
. .
yb
ev e .
— on ea re , n e e s o
hi p f t h T t m nt f t h Tw lv P t i r h
, , ,
”
s o e d pp 4
es a e so e e e a r a c s, an . 00
4 6 by K hl r
0 Th P T lmu di H gg d
o e on e re a c a a a
-
xxiv 5 6 ; T N ap h iv 5
.
, .
1
An easi e r an d m ore
.
, .
by Leszyn sk y ?
On t h e oth er h and n othing c ould b e m ore ,
1
Op ci t pp x cv n f
Th r i i n d d n thing t p r hibi t fr m d tin g t h b k
. . . . .
,
1
e e s, ee o o o us o a e oo
ligh tly l t r t h n Ch rl d ( i ig in g i t
,
S a e 9 a d a es oes v z B C 10 an ass n
r ign f A l x n d r J m T t m nt f
. . .
th 3 76
— o
t o e e o e a e an n us, B C . . 10 . es a e
L vi viii
e 4 d t mili t t
. 1 g in t t hi o es n o a e a a s s .
1
Op . ci t .
, pp . 2 39 ff .
for m t he no rm accor d ing t o whi c h Israe l will b e j udg ed .
”1
Th e ea r li e st f o r m of t h e b ook as n ow in e xi st e n c e is
G r ee k ; but t h i s is a t r a nsl a ti o n from a H ebrew o rigin a l .
p a tri a r c h o ff e rs in eac h c a s e a n e xh o r t a ti o n t o h i s d e s c e n d
a nts this is b as e d on t h e p r ec e d ing aut obi og r a p hi ca l
ske t c h ; wa r nings a re utt e re d ag ainst f alling int o t h e sin s
of w hi c h t h e n a rr a t o r hims e lf h as b ee n guilty in t h e c as e of
his life h a ving b ee n a vi r tu ous on e it i s h e l d out as a n e x am p l e
for his d es c e nd a nts t o f oll ow A thi r d e l em e nt in eac h of t h e
.
1
Op . ci t .
, p . x vii
c .
21 4 THE BOO KS OF TH E APOCRYPHA
t h e b ook .
.
,
h eart ; an d i f a m
,
a n o th e r f r om t h e an sin a g a i n s t t h ee ,
p e nt f o
, rgiv e him But if h e d e ny it
. d o n o t g et i nt o a ,
c . . .
is n ot e x c lud ed .
t i c e l em e n t s i n t h e t e s t am e n t s of L e vi an d of N ap h t h ali .
( )
d THE P S A LM S or S OLOM O N
[ L I T ERA T U R R yl d J m
E — e an a es, Th e P sa l m s o f S lm
o o on
Ki tt l i K u t h I I p p
e n a z sc 1 2 7— 1 4 8 S c h ii rer I I iii p p 1 7— 2 3 ,
it u m m
. .
.
, ,
G rm n d I II p p
, , ,
e a 5e 20 — 2 12 V ea L es P sa u es d e S a lo on
( 9 ) R n d l H rri Th m m
.
.
, , ,
V 4 ix
.
, .
( e ) TH E B O OK OF J U B I LE E S
[L I T ERA T U R E — h r r I I iii p p 3 4
Sc ue 1 -
141, Ge rm a n ed III pp
L i tt m nn i K ut h
.
h rl
. . .
, , ,
— 8 a II 1 —1 1 9 C
37 1 3 4 ; a n pp 3 z sc ; a e s,
f j bi l
.
B
, , ,
C h rl
. . .
, ,
a e s, i n T he A pocr . a n d P seudep of th e O T . . .
,
II pp 1 ,
.
p r op e r s e ns e of t h e w o r d I t p ur p or ts h ow e v e r t o h a ve .
, ,
c a ll e d t h e ,
t h e y ea r of Jubil e e thus
’
”
m ea ns lit e r ally t h e y ear of r a m s h o rn ; t h e fift i e th ye ar
’
w as so c a ll e d b eca u se it w a s p r oc l a im e d by t h e bl owing of
r a ms h or ns ( see Lev A S t h e auth o r s ee ks t o “
’
.
( S ch ii rer Op ci t I I iii p
, . .
, , . .
1
Op ci t . I I p 6 30 .
, Bu t see b e l o w p p 2 18 2 2 3
,
. .
1
, .
,
.
of m ost s c h ol ars ; it is t ru e th a t i t is strongly l eg ali s ti c i n
c h ar ac t e r so mu c h so th a t t h e M e ssi a ni c Kingd om is c on
,
c e i v ed of as t h e out com e of a gr a du a l
p r oce ss whi c h is b o und
up with t h e study of t h e L a w Th e w r it e r m ore ov e r
.
, ,
of t h e b ook in t h e w o r d s of Ch a r l e s li e s in t h e fac t th a t it is
, ,
an d of t h e hist o r y of t h e Ph a r is a i c m ov e m e nt it i s likew is e
of fi rst c l a ss im o r t a n c e a s a wit n e ss t o t h e r ea d ings o f t h e
p
-
(f ) THE A S S U M PT I O N or M OS E S
[L I T ERA T U RE — S ch ii re r II iii p p 7 3 8 3 G rm .
— e a n ed III pp
lm i n K u t h II p p 3
. . .
h rl
.
, , , , ,
2 9 4— 3 0 5 ; C e e n a z sc , . 1 1— 33 1 ; C a e s,
mpti
, ,
o f the O T . .
, II pp
, .
40 7
—
42 4 L e sz yn sk y Op , . ci t .
, pp . 26 7
— 2 73 ]
a p oc ry p h al b ooks of M os e s m ak e s i t c l ear th a t s e ve r a l w e ll
of Jud e r e fe rs t o t h e
,
Assum p t i on of M os es an d m or e
A D
. . Th e first c h ap t e r is p r ob ably a n a dditi on by a Chris t i an
e dit or t h e d a t e of whi c h c a nn o t b e fix e d
, Th e wh ol e of t his .
d C h rl B
. . .
F rb
, , ,
C h rl
,
a i
e s, n T h e A p ocr a n d P seude
p of th e O T I I p p 4 2 5
. . . .
, , .
ol ogy an d c on c ep ti ons of t h e l a t t e r S om e s ec ti on s t h e ex ac t .
,
THE A POC A LYPTI C L ITERAT U RE
t h e middl e of t h e fi r st ce ntu ry A D a t a n y ra t e t o s om e pe r i od
. .
,
p r i or t o t h e y e a r A D 7 0
. f
. or in li x 2 t h e s ac r ifi c i a l syst e m
, .
thelu tury
st cen u p h olds t h e s ac rifi c i al syst e m as w e h a ve s een a n d b e li e ves
, ,
w ith t h e B ook of Wi sd om
df m
m
.
th
ae ro e Th e re is on e p oint of e s p ec i al int e r es t in thi s b ook to
whi c h a b r i e f r e fe r e n ce m ay b e m a d e We m ee t h e re for .
on ,
pp . xxx — xlvii .
()
i TH E S Y I R AC A P OCAL Y PS E OF B AR U C H
[L I T ERA T U RE .
— Sc hur r e II iii p p 8 3 9 3
. .
— Germ an e d I II pp
K ut h II p p
, , ,
h rl
. .
, ,
305 5
—
31 R y ssel in a z sc 40 4 446 ;
— C a e s,
B
.
, , ,
— 26
o f t he O T . .
, II , pp .
47 0 5 ]
This B aru c h ap oc alyp s e is call e d t h e Syri ac on e b ec aus e
t hi s is t h e l angu ag e in whi ch i t h as com e d own t o us it is
t o b e distinguish e d fr o m t h e Greek A p ocalyp s e of B ar uc h
( )
k whi c
, h is an e ntir e ly di ff e r e nt w or k In its p r e s e n t f o r m .
( xxvii xxx an
.
—
d t w o Visi o ns xxxvi
.
( x 1 an d liii — lxxiv
) .
—
. .
,
A D
.
7 0 in c lud e t h e r est of t h e b ook with t h e e x c ep ti on of
.
,
a few c h ap t e r s a dd e d by a fin al e di t or Th e p r es e nt Sy r i ac .
, , ,
t h e R e su rr ec ti on .
(7) THE A PO CA LY P S E or M OS E S
[L I T ERA T U R E — Sc e hur r Op ci t II iii p p 1 46 1 47, Ge rm a n ed
F
.
uh K ut h
,
. .
, , . .
, ,
III 2 9 4—3 0 5 ; F c s in a z sc 5 0 6 —5 28 ; C
, pp .
, pp . . .
CHAPTER XI
T he W i sd o m L i t e rat ure ; t he
J ew s i h
C o n c ep t i o n o f W i sd o m
[L I T ERA T U R E — C h yn
e e, j ob an d S ol o m on , or Th e Wi sdomof the
Ol d Te sta m en t S t a de Gesch i ch te de s Volk es I sra el ii
Driv r i
, , .
j uda i sma n d
.
—
0 / th e Old T esta en pp
,
.
3 3 7 4 49 (1 8 9 1) Toy
g
,
C hri sti a n i ty p p 5 2 — 6
7 Co rn ill E i n lei tun in da s
m
.
B
, ,
e e r ec sc e oso e n en es a
m t ( 9 4 ) Brigg Th B k f P lm ( 9 6 ) B rt n Th
,
en 1 0 s, e oo o sa s 1 0 a o e
B k f E l i t ( 9 8 ) M i h ld D i W i h i t I l i
,
oo o cc es a s e s 1 0 e n o e e s e sr a e s n
d Di h t g Gr gg Th Wi d m f
,
Sp u h S g r c a e un c un e e s o o
S l m O t l y T h Wi d m f j
, ,
o o on th f
e s er e ,
e s o o esus e son o
Si h E
rac l i ti ( 9 ) O t l y d B Th Wi
or cc es a s cus 1 12 es e r e an ox, e s
d m f B Si d H lm Wi d m f S l m i
,
o o en Th-
ra , an o e s, e s o o o o on , n
C h rl A p ryp h d P u d p igr p h f t h Ol d T t m nt
’ “ ”
a es oc a an se e a a o e es a e
G dri k Th B k f Wi d m
oo c ,
e oo o s o
I THE W I S D OM L I T E R ATU R E
.
b ks ; but t h dis t i n c t i n m
oo
1
ay b ign or d f
e ll t h o e e , or a e
arti c ul r c h ar c t r isti c s
a a l a r ly
a m mb rs
e f o re c e e e o ne
p ,
1
P r v rb
o e s, J ob so m e of the ltr a e P sa lm s, E cc l i
e s a s e s, t E cc l e
W i sdo m
,
si a st i c us, .
g a t e fi n al caus e s th ey s t art ed fr om a fun dam e nt al a xi om ,
‘
I n t h e b egi n ning w as God this p ostul a t e indi ca t e s
t h e c h a rac t e r of th e ir studi e s whi c h we r e n ot so mu c h
,
for su r p r is e ; th e s e m e n h a d e nt e r e d u p o n n ew w a ys of
c om on e nt
p p a rt s b e l o ng t o diff e r e n t p e r i ods so th a t wh a t
f or e x am p l e t h a t t h e God of t h e J e ws is d ec l ar e d t o b e t h e
God of a ll m
,
,
-
, ,
1 r
G i ech i sche P h losop h i i e p . 13 .
THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
this a mu c h wide r signifi cat i on f or i t is us e d of a p rop h e t i c
, ,
g en e r a l t r uth br ought h om e t o m
,
en by t h e obs e r v a n c e o f
of su c h r e fl ec t i on ap p ea r s in p op ul ar p r ov er bs a n d f abl es ,
AS a g en er al rul e h ow ev e r t h e few e x
” 1
obs erv a ti on .
, ,
th e y ap p ea r n ot infre qu e n t ly t o h a ve b ee n m ad e on t h e S p u r
of t h e m om e nt this is t h e cas e wi t h t h e p r ove r b in 1 S a mu el
x 12
.
°
1
T oy , in t h e E n cyc l Bi bl
. .
,
I V, 5 3 2 2 .
w ay . Th e p r ove b r ,
f or e x am p l e ,
IS S aul a m on g t h e p ro
”
a re se t on e dg e .
p pe o l es Bu t
. t h e c ont e nt of a
p r o v e r b e a sily l e n t i t s e lf i n ,
On e of t h e ea r li e s t f a bl e s t h e e x ac t a p p li ca ti o n of whi c h i n
—
u
Onc e p on a t im
e the tr w nt f rt h t n int v r t h m k in g e es e o o a o o e e a
hy i
A n d t e sa d t o t h e liv R ul t h u v r A d th
o live e o o e us .
”
n e o e
i d t th m
sa o e
S h ul d I giv
o p my f tn wh
e ur wi t h t h y h n ur g d a d m ess e e e o o o s an en ,
A d g n d w v o v r t h tr !
an a e o e e ee s
Th n i d t h t r t t h fig tr
e sa e C m t h u b k in g v r u
ees o e -
ee o e o , e o e s .
”
A d thn fig t r e id t th m -
ee sa o e :
S h ul d I giv
o p my w tn e d my g
u d frui t s ee ess a n oo ,
A d g n d w v o v r t h tr !
an a e o e e ee s
Th n i d t h tr t t h vi n
e sa e C m th u b k ing v r
ee s o e e o e o e o e us .
A d t h vi n i d u nt t h m
,
n e e sa o e
2 30 TH E BOO KS O F TH E APOCRYPHA
h ul d I giv p my wi n t h t h r t h g d d m
S o e u e a c ee e o s an en ,
A d g n d w vo v r t h tr !
an a e o e e ee s
Th n i d ll t h t r t t h t h rn bu h
e sa a C m
e th u b
ees o e o -
s o e o , e k in g
vro e us
t h rn bu h i d t t h t r
.
A d thn e o -
s sa o e ees
If t ruly y n i nt m k in g
e a vry o e as o e ou ,
Th n m tru t t my h d w bu t i f t t h n m y fi m
e co e, s o s a o no e a re c o e fo rt h
fr m t h t h rn bu h
,
o e o -
s
A d d v ur t h d r f L b n n !
,
n e o e ce a s o e a o
Th e b r a mbl e th a t w as i n L eb an on S en t t o t h e c e d a r th a t
w as in L eb a n on s aying Give thy d a ught e r t o my son t o
, ,
so f ar a s w e a re a bl e t o j udg e fr o m t h e s p ec im e ns p r e s erv e d ,
n ee d n ot b e qu ot e d Th e oth e r is Is ai ah s p ar abl e of t h e
’
.
t h e f o r m e r is i n p r o s e .
Thy ju dg m nt gr t d p e e s a re a ea ee ,
t h e origin l is m or e f r c ibl
a f lit r lly it r uns o e, or e a
Thy j u dg m nt T h mR bb h e e s a re e o a a ,
whi ch is t h an c i en t p r op r n m e f t h oc n
e e a or e ea . S o t oo, ,
in
E c c l esi a sti cus xxiv 5 Wisd om s ays .
, :
ir ui t f h v n
Al on e I co mp asse d th e c c o ea e
d p th by I w l k d
,
A d i th f th n n e e o e a ss a e .
1
with t h e L or d of Wisd om i e w as in c l os e t ou c h wi t h , . .
it i n a t ru er p ers p ec tive 1
Wh a t K ohl e r s ays in a s om ewh at
3
.
S o t h e G eek th e r H br w i t x t nt bu t t h S yri h e e s no e a e ac as
i r m t h t t h H br w i ll p r b bili t y
,
”
n t h e oo t s o f Te h o so a e e e n a o a
r m urt h r P r v rb viii 6 3
,
ea d Teh o S ee f e o e s 2 -
0
t hi furt h r i n t h n x t
. . .
,
1
On s see ti ne e e se c o
j wi h E y l X I I 5 3 7b
.
3 In th e e s nc c .
, , .
t raye d i n t h e Wisd om Lit e ra tu r e but it will b e well t o say
j ust a w ord as t o h ow Wisd om w as c on ce ive d of in t h e e a r li e r
lit e ra ture if only t o S h ow t h e imm ens e d e ve l op m ent of
,
im
, , ,
wh e th e r in r e fe re n ce t o a r tis a ns or g oldsmiths or s a il or s
, , ,
10 a m
, an is c a ll e d w is e w h o is f a r s ee ing in r e ligi ou s things
-
( c p a ls o D eut iv 6 Isa xi
. . .
,
. . Th a t t h e p r op h e ts r ar e ly
r e fer t o t h e subj ec t of Wisd om is n atu r al en ough ; i t w as
n ot th e ir fun c ti o n ; th ey we r e c a ll ed f or th t o r ebuk e an d
e xh or t i n t h e w or ds a n d a ft e r t h e m a nn e r of r eac h e r s
p
th ey a p p ea l ed ra th er t o t h e h e a r t t o t h e e m oti ons t o t h e
, ,
c ons c i e n ce th a n t o t h e int e ll ec t
,
.S om e tim es it is t r u e w e
, ,
with t h e p r i e st a n d t h e p r op h e t : F or t h e l aw S h a ll n ot
e r ish fr om t h e r i e st o o uns e l f r m t h e wis e n t h
p p ,
n r c o ,or e
w ord f r om t h e p r op h e t (J e r . xviii .
2 34
B eh ol d t h e f ea r of t h e L or d th a t is wisd om
, , In its .
i x 1 0 (cp xv
. . .E cc le si asti c us i 1 4 (C p 1 1 5 2 0
. . .
, ,
but r ath er t h e en d of it ; it is t r u e th a t t h e H eb r ew
w or d us ed rash (lit , . h as a ls o t h e s e ns e of b egin
n ing but h er e it is z enith th at is m ea nt t h e high est
a n d m ost p er f ec t f orm of Wisd om is t h e f ea r of t h e L or d
w hi c h b e l ong c l os e ly t og e th e r an d whi c h a re t h e c hi ef
,
oc c u p y an int e rm e di a t e
p ositi on b e t ween p e rs on aliti es an d
a bs tr ac t b eings Wh ile on t h e on e h a nd t h ey are rep re
.
, ,
th eol ogy ?
W i sdo m b f r th f is f him t h t h t h u n d r t n d i n g
e o e e ace o a a e s a
F irw t h r
.
, , .
1
a ea e , Op . ci t .
, p . 84 .
I w as fro m e v e rl a st in g fro m t h e b e gi nn in g
se t up
O r e v e r t h e e a rt h w a s
, ,
W h en t h ere w er e n o fo u nt a i n s a b o u n di n g wi t h w a t er
,
W h en h e e st a b l i sh e d t h e h ea v en s I w a s t h ere ;
.
Wh en h e se t a c ir c l e u p o n t h e fac e o f t h e d eep
Wh en h e m a d e firm t h e sk i e s a b o v e ;
Wh en t h e fou nt a in s o f t h e de e p b e ca m e stron g ;
W h en h e g a v e t o t h e se a i t s b o u n d
Tha t t h e wa t ers shoul d n ot t ran gr ess h i s comm an dm ent
,
;
W h en h e m ark e d o ut t h e fo u n da t i on s o f t h e e a rt h ;
Then w as I by him as a m a st e r work m an ,
.
t h e W or d of t h e L or d w ere t h e h ea ve ns m ad e 1
; th e s e
w or ds w ere a t an y ra t e int e r p r e t ed in l a t e r tim e s t o ea n
, , m
th a t t h e wh ol e of t h e C r ea ti on as d e s c r ib e d in G en e sis i ,
.
or M em ra h a ving b ec om e in t h e m ea ntim e a qu a si p er
, , ,
-
w or k i n t h e Wi sd om Lit e r a tu r e ; for e x am p l e in E cc le si ,
, . .
iv 1 w e h a ve t h e s am e th ought :
.
“
O God of my f ath er s ,
1
C p a l so v e rse 9 H e sp a k e a n d i t w a s don e an d P sa lm
xl viii
.
,
c .
5 .
23 8 THE B OO KS OF THE AP OCRYP HA
Bu t t h a t Go d w o ul d sp ea k
oh
A n d O p e n H i s li p s a g a i nst t h e e ;
,
A n d t h a t H e w o ul d S h o w t h e e t h e se c r e t s of W i sdo m
F or so u n d wi sd o m i s m a n i fo l d ( c p xv . .
c o n t inu e s ( v e r s e s 2 3 ft )
hr f
Go d un d e r st an d e t h t h e w a y t e eo
w h l th r f
,
A n d H e k no e t t h e p ace e eo
Wh n H m d
e ed r af th er ina ec ee or e a
ligh tnin g f t h t hu n d r
,
A d n w y f a th a or e o e e
Th n di d H
e it d d l r it ;
e se e an ec a e
t bli h d i t y r h d it t
,
H e es a s d e , ea, an se a c e ou .
i t is s aid :
W i sdo m is as g
i nh ri t n ; y m r x ll nt i i t
oo d a s a n e a ce ea, o e e ce e s
for th m t h t
e th a F see Wi d m i d f n vn mny
e sun . or s o s a e e ce, e e as o e
i
s a d f n e e bu t t h x ll n y f k n wl dg i t h t Wi d m p
ce e e ce e c o o e e s a s o re
se rv t h t h li f f him t h t h t h i t
e e e o a a .
Or ag ai n i n viii 1 : .
A m n wi d m m k t h hi f t hi n d t h h rd
’
a s s o a e f s ace o s e, an e a n e ss o
hi f s i
ace h ng d s c a e .
S th t in S p it of wh at h e s ays ls ewh re t h e Pr e h r h as
o a ,
e e e , ac e
th e b ook s ys h e a dmir e s it
a , d a t tim s f oll ows i t ,
an e
( i. 1 3 v i i
, 2 5 ix 1
. 6 ) bu t , t h ot h er h nd h ca nn ot
.
, on e a ,
e
hild b or n d d is in r lity h ap p i e r th an t h wi s e m
.
,
a c ea an ea e
(
v i .
3 I t is t r u e t h a t in n th r m oo d h d ecl r s t h a t a o e e a e
i t is b t t er t kn ow th at o will di th n t o kn w n ot hing
e o ne e a o
( ix .
5 ) bu t o t h e wh o l ,
his v e rdi
n c t is t h t Wisd o m lik e e, a
Th e wi s e m
,
a ll ot h r thi gs mund a n e i s y a i t y
e n an h s n o ,
n . a
r l a dv nt g ex cep t th t h e su ff rs wi t h his y s op e n ;
ea a a e, a e e e
(ix 1 .
e m an at i on fr om G od :
All W i sd o m c om e t h fro m t h e L o r d
A n d i s wi t h H i m f or e v er ( i .
1
B rta o n ,
E l
cc esi a stes, in t h e Int erna ti ona l Cri ti cal Co mm ent ary ,
P 37
r
c ea e d t ( i
r m fr m b ginnin g b f r t h w rl d ( x iv
.
He c ea e d t e o th e e , e o e e o x .
c o ea c a e -
g or i c a lly se t f or th B en Si r a in c ul ca t e s t h e t ru t h th a t t h e -
p a ss a g e s a s t h e f o ll owing :
F or h e t h a t fe a r e t h t h e L o r d do e t h t hi s (i e se e k e t h W i sd o m )
h e t h a t t a k et h h o l d o f t h e L a w fin d e t h h e r ( xv
. .
,
An d .
An d t h e of t h e Lo d i s t h e
( xxi .
L a w w hi c h M o se s co mm an de d a s a n h eri t a g e f or t h e mbli
,
Th e a sse es
J b of aco
Whi h fill t h m wi t h W i d m li k P i n
,
c e en s o e so
A d li k Tigri i t h d y f w frui t
, ,
n e s n e a s o ne s .
A n d ag ai n i n xix 2 0 .
1
O est erl ey an d B ox The Wi sdomof B en S -
i ra , i n Ch rl a es
’
Th e
ryp h u igr p h T m nt I
,
”
Ap oc a an d P se d ep a a of t h e Ol d es a t e , , p .
30 8 .
THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA
All W i sdo m i s t h e fea r o f t h e L o r d
An d a ll W i sdo m i s t h e f ulfillin g o f
,
t h e L aw .
W i t ho u t m ur ea s e dot h H gr e l v Him (i
a nt h er t o t h e m t h a t o e .
y e t m is n ot a e o
an e bl t utiliz it with u t ar n st ff r t
o e e e o he
h a s an i r ksom e e o o dis ci p lin t g t hr ough whi h will t e s t
c his
sin ceri ty :
Bu t I will wa l k wi t h him i n di sgui se
A n d a t fir st I will t ry him wi t h t e m p t a t i on s
,
F or l ngt h t h u wil t fi d h r t
at e o n er es
h ll b t urn d f t h i nt gl dn
,
A d h n s e s a e e or ee o a e ss .
A d hn f tt r h ll b m
er e e s st y f tr ngt h f t h
a e co e a s a o s e or ee,
A d h n b n d f r b f gl ry
er a s or o es o o .
A n rn m nt f g l d i h y k
o a e o o s er o e,
A d h n f tt r er r d f blu
e e s a co o e .
Th u h l t rr y t h w i t h h
o s a a a wi t h r b f gl ry
ee er a s o es o o
A d r wn t h wi t h h wi t h r wn f b u ty (vi 8
,
n c o ee er a s a c o o ea . 2
is t ugh t
a in t eres t ing o
1 '
an is i 1 5 wh r Wisd om is ne e e
b od e m on g m :
.
,
d s c rib e d i n t king up h e
e a r a a en
W i t h f i t h ful m i h
a d h h th b n
en s S t bli h d fr m t rni t y
e, an S e a ee es a s e o e e ,
A d wi t h t h ir
n d h ll h e nt in u
se e s a s e co e .
I n an ot h e r p ass g e Wisd om i n vi t e s m
a en t o com e nd bid e a a
wi t h h e : r
C m u nt m y t h t d ir m
o e o e, e a es e e,
A d b y fi n l l d w i t h my p r d u
e e ; e o ce
F my m m ri l i w t r t h n h n y
or e o a s s ee e a o e
i n f m t h n t h h n y mb ( xxiv 9 )
,
A d th p n e osse ss o o e a e o e -
co . 1 ,
20
1
Th e id ea a p p ea s r a lr ea d y in P r v rb vii i
o e s 3 1 —
36 ix . 1— 6 ;
bu t br it
.
,
B en ~
S i ra e al o a es t i n hi s o wn w ay .
2 44 THE BOO KS OF TH E APOCRYPHA
the e xist e n ce of Wisd om b e f or e t h e w orld w as crea t ed , an d
h er a r t in t h e Cr e at i on is t a ugh t thus :
p ,
An d wi t h Th whi h k n w t h Thy w rk
ee is W i sdo m c o e o s,
pr
nt wh n Th u w t m k i n g t h w rl d ( ix
,
A d n w as ese e o as a e o .
F h i i n i t i t d i nt t h
or s ek n wl d g
s f G d a e o e o e e o o
h t h t f Him H i w rk (viii
,
A d h n s e c o o se ou or s o s .
B en Sir -
we w id n t ifi e s t h L aw with Wisd m
a , as sa the ,
e e o
d o s but h t ch s
o, id entifi a ti on b t w n t h e H oly
e ea e an c e ee
S p i r it f t h e L r d
o d Wisd m ; t his is c l ear fr m t h
o an o
1
o e
f oll owing p a ss ag e :
B ec a u se W i sdo m
will t nt r i nt ul t h t d vi t h vil no e e o a so a e se e
d w ll i n b dy t h t i h l d i p l dg by i ;
,
N or e a o a s e n e e s n
F h ly p iri t f di i p lin wi ll fl d i t
or a o s o sc e ee e ce
F Wi d m i
or p iri t t h t l v t h m
s o s a s a o e an ,
A d h will
n s t h ld e bl p h m r guil t l f hi li p
no o a as e e e ss or s s
B u t h p iri t f t h L rd h t h fill d t h w rl d (i 4
e ca se e s o e o a e e o .
A d wh
n v r g in d k n wl dg f Thy u n l x p t Th u g v t
o e e a e o e e o co se e ce o a es
Wi d m
,
s o
A d n se es o o on ?
th e W or d is h w v r us d in t h e Old T st m n t s ns ,
o e e ,
e e a e e e,
t k s p r t in t h C r ati n
a e a e e o :
O G d f th f th r
o od L r d Wh k p t Thy m r y
e a e s, an o o ee es e c
W h m d t ll t hin g by Thy W r d ;
,
o a es a s o
A d by Thy W i d m Th u f m d t m
n
(ix s o o or e s an . 1,
G iv m W i d m h
e e t h t i tt t h by Th
s o ,Thy t hr n (ix
er a s e ee on o e .
so, t oo ,
th e
s a m e is s aid of t h e W ord :
Thine a ll p o werful W or d l ea p e d fro m he a v en
-
o ut of th e ryl o a
t hr on e (xviii .
1
S ee , on t hi s s ubj ec t the v ry i nt r t in g y
e e es essa on Th e H ly o
iri t Wi sdom in t h e M fil d C ll g
,
Sp as b R e es, an s e o e e E ssa
y s
,
y
p o stul at e d of Wisd om n or w ould it all ow for t h e c om p l e t e n ess
,
but t h e em an a ti on h as n ot t e rmin at e d N o bi r th s ev er a n c e .
-
m
, .
, ,
p pu r o s e if w e illustr a t e wh a t h as t o b e s a id fr o m thr ee
of En oc h an d t h e S e c r e ts of En oc h .
th es e ?
This p ass ag e runs
1
G r gg Th Wi d m f S l m
e e s o o o o on , p xxxvi
Th t r f w i d m i th G rd r f rr d t
. .
.
en i s
1
e ee o s o n e a e e e o in xxxn .
3 .
3
S bv p
ee a o e, . 20 2 ,
THE BOO KS OF TH E APOCRYPHA
righ t u h ll ri fr m t h ir l p
An d t h e eo s s a a se o e s ee
A d W i d m h ll ri d b giv n u nt t h m
,
n s o s a a se an e e o e .
I n t h n x t old s t p art t h
e e D r e m Visi ns t h th ought
e ,
e a o ,
”
e
W i d m d p rt s o t fr m t h e pl a f Thy t hr n
s no o e ac e o o e,
Bu t i t is i n t h Simili t ud s th a t w find
e numb r f e e a e o
p a ss g s
a d e ling
e with t h
a subj c t i n f a t ll th es e Similie e c ,
a
tud es ,
P rabl s a e d e l ar ed t o b t h ou t om
or a e , f r c e e c e o
(s xxxvii 1 4 an d p lxxxii 2
ee .
—
, Di ffer ing f r m t h
c . .
, o e
a d h ad t h er ef or
n t r tu rn t o h eav en (C p t h e p ss g e j us t
e o e . a a
qu ot ed)
W i d m f und s o pl owh r h migh t d w ll ;
no ac e e e s e e
Th n d w llin g p l w
e a e ign d h i n t h h v n
-
ace a s a ss e er e ea e s
W i d m w nt f r t h t m k h d w llin g m n g t h hi l dr n f m
.
s o e o o a e er e a o e c e o en ,
Bu t f u n d d w llin g p l ;
o no e -
ac e
W i d m r t urn d t h p l
s o e e o er ac e ,
A d t n k h t m n g t h n g l ( xlii
oo er se a
p x iv
a o e a e s . 1, 2 c . c .
I t is t h e El ec t O S i t ting th t hr on of God Wh o
n e, on e e ,
p o ss e ss es a ll t h e s c r ts o f Wisd o m : e e
A d th E l t O
n e h ll i t h d y i t my Thr n
ec ne s a n o se a s s on o e,
A d h i m u t h h ll p ur f r t h ll t h
n s o s a r t f wi d m d u n l
o o a e sec e s o s o an co se
F or t h L r d f S p iri t h t h giv n t h m t
e o o him d h t h gl rifi d
s a e e o an a o e
. c . .
Th bl ss d n ss of t h os wh
e e e e c p t Wisd om is d s c rib d e o ac e e e
in x c ix 1 0 . .
Bu t p
1
c J ob xxviii 1 2— 1 4, t h o ugh t h e g en era l c on cep t i on of
r fr mt h
. .
Wi d m her
s o e di ff e s o at o f t h e l at er W i sdom b ook s ,
248 THE B OO KS OF THE AP OCRYPHA
-
J ewish of t h e divi n e S op hi a whi ch is
,
. .
,
wis e m en
”
( C h a k d m i m) a re f o und f a i r ly fr e qu e n t ly i n
t h e P e nt at eu ch as we ll a s i n t h e p rOp h et i c a n d hist ori c al
b ooks ; but t h e usu al m eaning i n th es e di ffers fr om t h a t
f ound i n t h e Wisd om Lit erat ure .
Th e s p e c i a l im p or t a n ce of this c on ce p ti on of Wisd om li e s n ot
onl y in t h e fa c t th a t it f orms t h e link b e tw ee n t h e P a l e stini a n
t o t h e Ch rist ol ogy of t h e N ew T e st am e nt an d h as m or e , ,
ov e r,
gre a tly influ e n ce d Ch r isti a n th eol ogy .
r e s e nt e d a s s om e thing a b st r ac t e x ce p t p e r h ap s in xvii 24
p ,
. .
e x cep ti on of t h e p e ssimism of E cc l e si a st e s ; t h e i de n t i fi ca
g en e rally a c r it eri on or t p r i od
,
f h e e B C zo o — A D . 1 0 0 as t o
. . .
a g a in em p h a siz e wh a t h as a l r e a dy b e e n st a t e d s e v e r al tim e s ,
an E a st e r n an d a W e st e r n a P e r si a n a n d a Gr eek
, Of th e s e .
t h e h om e of J ewi sh th e ol ogy of t h e p e r i od Bu t th er e w as
.
, , ,
t o illustra t e s om e p oint of d oc t r in e th ey wi ll b e p ut as ,
(b) Th e oc t r in e of t h e Law
D .
(c) Th e D oc t r in e of Sin .
( )
d Th e D o c trin e o f Gr ace an d F r e e will -
.
( )
e T h e D o c t r in e of t h e M e ssi a h .
f) Th e D oc t r in e of t h e Futu r e Life .
(g ) Th e D oc t r in e of A ngels .
(h) D em on ol ogy .
obj ec t is t o t ry an d S h ow i n wh a t r e s p ec ts t h e b ooks of t h e
rep eti t i on m
,
ay at t im es b e u n a v oid abl e .
h ly n h v t t h p w r
Go d
’
s o o es a e no e o e
T r u nt H i w n dr u w rk f migh t ;
o eco s o o s o s o
Th ugh G d h t h giv n tr n gt h t Hi h t
o o a e s e o s os s
T n d ur i t h p r n
o e f H i gl ry e n e e se ce o s o .
1
S p ok e n o f as th e h ly n
o o es, so t oo i n J ob xv 15 Cp l
a so
ryr M r 5
. .
P a e of a na sses ve , se 1 .
25 6 THE BOO KS OF THE APO CRYPHA
u p on t h e id ea th a t G od s f av our is on ly a ccord ed t o th os e
’
a v ery in a d e qu a t e on e an d t ak e s uS b a c k t o s om e of t h e l e a s t
F int
a bu t b tr n g i t h L r d
n ot , e s o n e o
A d l v u nt Him t h t H m y tr n gt h
,
n c ea e o a e a s e e n y ou .
C l v u nt Him t h L r d t h A lmigh t y i t h O
ea e o e o e s e ne a n d on ly G od
A d b i d Him t h r i S vi ur
, ,
n es e e e s no a o .
of E c c l e si asti c us is th a t of t h e c l os e n e ss of God t o t h os e wh o
an d th a t it s ee m ed t o t h e m or e a rd e n t r e ligi ous t e m p e r a m e n t
b e illust r a t e d by on e or t w o e x am p l e s of t h e w ay a ddi t i on s
are m a d e t o t h e or igi n al t ext I n i 1 2 B en Sira s ays -
. .
1 S ee p p .
3 3 1 ff ; blw e o .
An oth er e x am p l e is f ound in the a ddi ti on t o xv u . 20 . B en
Th ir ini q ui t i
e t h i d fr m H i m es a re no o
l l t h ir i n in rib d b f r t h L rd ;
,
A d n a e s s a re sc e e o e e o
t o this t h Ph r i i gl ss t r dds
e a sa c o a o a
Hi w s o n a e,
S p r d th m
a e d f r ek th m , t ant t h m ff o soo e no , n or cas e o .
F or H e H im lf w ill l se e ad t he e o ut o f r
d a k n ess u nt o th e ligh t of
sa lv t i n
a o .
1
int e re st of th es e li es in t h e f ac t th a t th e y b r e a th e t h e s am e
S p irit whi c h w e find in a numb e r of t h e l a t e r Ps a lms an d ,
whi c h a re b e li e ve d by m a ny s c h ol a r s t o e m a n a t e f r om t h e
c i r c l e o f t h e C ha ssi di m o r Pi ous on es t h e f o r e r unn e r s
” “
,
c h a r ac t e r isti c of t h e n on m e nti o n of t h e n am e of Go d 3 -
e x p r e ss e d e g iii 1 8
, . Th e r e is n o d i ff er e n c e in t h e sight
. .
of H ea v e n t o s a v e by m a ny or by f e w f or vi c t o r y in b a ttl e
1
F or o t h er e x mpl
a e s se e the p r e se nt wri t r e
’
s se c t i on i n the Intro
d u ti
c o n to S ir a ch in C h rla e s, I pp . 28 5 f .
t hi bl w
,
1
For t h e reason o f s se e e o ,
pp 4 . 12 f .
25 8 THE B OO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA
st an d e th n ot in t h e mul ti t ud e of an h os t bu t s t re ngth is fr om ,
e g in iv 1 0 1 1
. . . And n ow let uS cry un t o H ea ve n if He
, ,
an d t h e n will a ll t h e G e ntil e s k n ow t h a t t h e r e is On e Wh o
t h e w o r ld mu c h l e ss t h e s p iritu al s ec r e ts of H ea v e n
,
He s a id m or e ov e r u n t o m e Wh a t b el ongs t o t h ee , ( n a m e ly ) ,
1 On th e s ub t i t u t i
s o n of H v ea e n f or t h e nam e of Go d , se e
Oest erley an d B o x Op ci t 18 6 ff
, . .
, pp . .
THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
Be u v n i n t h
ca se Th u g v t w y
e e e se a o a es a a
wv ur p t h ;
,
A d i n th n e a es a s e a
S h wi n g t h t Th u
o n t v at f v y d ng r o ca s sa e ou o e er a e .
t h Old T st m nt d oc trin
e e a m or e s p e i lly i n its insis t n c
e e, e c a e e
d als wi th t h m r y a d j usti ce of G d
e e e c n o .
( )
6 Th e D octri n e f o the L a w .
e x am p l e in xv 1 :
,
.
h e t h a t t a k e t h h o l d o f t h e L a w fin d et h h er [i e W i sdo m ]
,
An d . . .
Th e L aw an d
Wisd om a re us e d a g ain as syn onym ous t erms
i n xxxiv (xxxi in t h e Gr eek ) 8 :
. .
W i t h o u t d ec e i t S h ll
a t h e La w b e fulfill e d ,
B en -
Sira s p eaks of t hings c on cer ning Wisd om s aying ,
All t h e se thi n gs a re th e b
n ant o f Go d Most High
o ok o f th e co v e
of J a co b .
t he t ru e obse rvance of t h e La w an d t h e b egin ning or
m
, ,
z enith of Wisd o
, Th e c onst a nt insist e n c e u p on t h e n ee d of
.
p a ss ag e offe r s a g o od ex a m p l e out of m a ny :
He t h a t se e k e t h o ut t h e La w sh a ll g a i n h e r
Bu t t h e hyp o cri t e sha ll b e sna re d t here by
,
I n a ll t hy w o r k s gu a r d t hy se l f
F or h e t h a t so d o e t h k ee p e t h t h e c o mm a n d m ent
,
H e t hat o b se rv e t h t h e La w g ua r de t h him se l f
.
A n d h e t h a t t ru st e t h i n J e h o v a h sh a ll n o t b e bro ugh t
,
to
s h m ( xxxii
a e . 15
B en Sira u r g e s m
-
en n ot t o b e ash am e d of t h e Law ( xlii .
an d l o ve s t o r e mi n d his h ea r e rs of h ow th e ir g r ea t an c e st ors
Rem mb r t hy l t d d
e e fr m n mi t y ;
as en an c e a se o e
R m mb r rru p t i n d d t h d bid i t h mm n d
,
e e e co o an ea an a e n e co a
m nt ( xxviii
,
e s .
An th r p in t of im p r t n in this nn t i on is B Si r s
’
o e o o a ce co ec en -
a
t hing
eac t h e p i r it in whi h t h
on p r p ts f t h LS aw c e ece o e
2 1 — 23 ) e
h s ays :
A d un n p t bl t
acceh bl t i n f t h
a g dl e are e o a o s o e o ess .
T h M t High h t h
e os p l ur i t h ff ri n g f
a t h u n g dl
no y eas e n e o e s o e o ,
N i t h r d t h H f rgiv
e e in f mul t i t u d f rifi
o e o e s s or a e o sa c c es .
W h t h h g in d by h i b t h in g
,
a as e a e s a ?
So a m f t i g f h i in
an as n or s s s,
A d g in d i n g t h
n a a m o e sa e,
W h will li t n t h i p r y r
o s e o s a e ?
A d wh t h t h h g in d by h i humili t i n ( v r s 5
n a a e a e s a o e se 2 ,
,
a n ea o
W i t h ll t ha [i v ry p p l d n t i n] I ugh t r t ing p l
e se e e e eo e an a o so a es -
a ce ,
i d I wh inh ri t n h ll I l dg ?
. .
A d n sa : n ose e a ce s a o e
Th n t h Cr t r f ll t hi g g v m mm nd m nt
e e ea o o a n s a e e co a e
A d H t h t r t d m fix d my d w lli n g p l m;
,
n e a c ea e f e e e -
ace or e
A d H
n i d L t t hy d w llin g p l b i n J b
e sa : e e -
ace e a co
A d in I r l t k p t hi n i n h ri t n
,
n s ae a e u e e a ce
A d I t
n k r t oom n g h n ur d p p l
oo a o an o o e eo e,
I th p
n ti n f t h L r d d f Hi i n h ri t n (xxiv 7 f
e or o o e o an o s e a ce . .
,
W my r c ll h re th t
e a e a rdi ng t o t h t eac hing of t h
e a ac c o e e
I sr ael .
a n d r es e rv e d f or t h e p ri e sts th a t st a nd b e f or e t h e f ac e of our
e n ce is a ls o m a d e t o t h e s ac r ifi c i a l syst em a n d t h e gifts of t h e
F or al l sa c rifi ce v ry li tt l f
is e we t v ur
e or a s e sa o
v ry li tt l f wh l burnt ff ri n g t Th
,
An d a ll t h e fat i s e e or a o e —o e o ee
Bu t he t h a t fea r t h t h L r d i g t nt i nu lly
e e o s r ea co a .
Obs e r v an c e s i n 2 M ac c ab ee s ; in i 8 9 it is t old h ow i n .
,
light e d t h e l am p s an d set f or th t h e S h e wb r ea d ; an d it is
,
e nj oin e d th a t t h e f e ast of T ab e r n ac l e s b e k ep t in t h e m on t h
1 ( 3 ) Esdr a s .
L rn wh r i W i d m wh r i t r n gt h
.
ea e e s s o e e s s e
W h r i un d r t n d i n g ; t h t t h u m y t l w
, ,
e e s e s a a o a es a so kn o
Wh r i l n gt h f d y
e e s ed li f o a s, an e,
W h r i t h ligh t f t h
e e s y e d p o e e es, an ea c e .
st an di ng is c l ea r fr om t h e w ords at t h e en d of t h e p i ece ,
iv 1 ff :
. .
Thi s is t h e b ook of th e mm co a n dm e nt s of Go d
tha t n d ur t h f v r;
,
An d t h e La w e e or e e
A ll t h e y t ha t h ld it f to as a re a p p i nt
o ed to li fe,
Bu t u h s c as l v i t h ll
ea e s a di e .
Th a t t h e Law is f or Israel a l o n e s ee ms t o be im p li e d in t h e
w ords :
Turn t hee O J aco b a n d ta k e h ol d o f i t
Wa l k t o w a r ds h e r S hin i n g i n t h e p r esen c e o f t h e ligh t t h ereo f ;
, , ,
Giv e n o t t hy gl o ry t o a n o t h e r
N o r t h e t hi n g s t h a t a re p ro fi t a bl e u nt o t h e e t o a st r an g e n a t i on
,
O I sra e l h a p p y a re w e
.
F or t h e t hin gs t h a t a re p l ea si n g t o G o d a re m a de k n o wn u nt o us
, ,
0“ 3 . 4)
n o t p e rish n or c ould it
,
b ecaus e it w a s Thin e ; but th ey
,
t h e Law t o J ac ob s s e e d a n d t h e c o mm a ndm e n t t o t h e
’
g e n er a ti on of I s r ae l ( iii 1 9 ) on t h e o th er h a nd i n v i i
.
, .
a cc or ding t o iv 3 0 b e c a us e of
.
, t h e gr a in of e vil s ee d whi c h
w a s s own i n t h e h e a r t of Ad am f r om t h e b eginning We
”
.
stress is l aid on ve n e r a ti on f or t h e L aw .
F t h t whi h H h t t h m d H
or a t c e a e a e e no
It i H th t m d m t t umbl
.
S y t a no s e a a e e o s e,
th r i n d f vil m
,
F or e e s no ee o e en .
E vil d b min t i n d t h t h L rd h t
an a o a o o e o a e,
A d H d th t l t it
n m nigh t h m t h t f r Him
e o no e co e e a ea
(xv . 11
of e v r ything th t
‘
He s ays f or , e x am p l e in xxxvii , .
3 :
0 b ase n a t ur e ! Wh y t h en w t th u r as o c ea e d t
To fill t h e w rl d
o
’
s fac e wit h d i t ? ec e
th er e is th e r e f or e in t h e w ords qu ot ed an im p li ca ti on th at
, ,
I3 ‘
15
As t h e l y i i t h p w r f t h p tt r
c a s n e o e o e o e
T f hi n i t rd in g t h i g d p l ur
,
o as o ac c o o s oo ea s e
:
S i m i
o s th p w r f h i Cr t r
an n e o e o s ea o
m k him r d in g t H i r d i n n
,
T o a e a cco o s o a ce
O v r g i n t vil t n d g d d g i n t d t h li f
.
a a ea
:
e s e s a s oo an a a s e
L i k wi v r g in t t h g dly t nd t h inn r
,
e se o e a a s e o s a s e s e
E v n t hu l k up n ll t h w rk f G d
.
e s oo o a e o s o o
h d i ff r nt i th r
,
E ac th e e
p p t f t h , on e e o os e o e o e .
A d b u f h w all mu t di
n ec a se o er e s e .
a e e o e a c ,
an d d t t u h u p o n its c r eati on
oe s n o m or ov r it h t o
o c e e ,
as
L i k e t h e t ee t h o f a li o n a re t h e t e e t h t h e r eo f
,
I t sl a y e t h t h e so ul s o f m
,
en
L i k e a t w o e d g e d swo r d i s a l l i n i q ui t y
.
c on sid e r fi r st xxi 27 28 : .
,
W h en foo l c urset h hi s
v r ry [li t S
Q
the ad e sa a a t n
c ur se t h h i s o w n so ul
.
H e ;
T h wh i p r r d fil t h h i
e s e ew ul e e s o n so
A d i h t d whi t h r v r h j urn t h
,
n s a e e so e e e so o e .
1
B
Cp . th e oo k of h lxix 6 wh r i t i i d i r f r n t
E n oc e e s sa n e e e ce o
vil ng l N w t h t hi r d i G d l h i t i w h t ugh t t h
.
. ,
th e e a e s o e s a re e e s o a e
chil dr n f m e o an a ll t h bl w f d th
e d h l d o tr y E
s o ea an e e as a ve .
2 70 THE BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA
”
Th e whis p ere r defilet h hi s own s oul B en Sir a m ea nt t o ,
-
W hat bright r t h n t h u
is e Y t thi f il t h ;
a e s n e s a e
A d h w mu h m r m w h h t h t h i n lin t i n f fl h
n o c o e an d o a e c a o o es an
bl d ! oo
Th e t e xt h er e is unc er t i ; t h e H ebr w is n ot e x t n t a n e a
a d t h V rsi on s di ffe r
n e e o t h at o c n n ot b e sur e ab ou t i t s
,
s ne a
f r ilty
a but [t h t h e] n e ve r [attr ibu t e s it] t o a ext er n al
a n
an d B en -
Sir a d oe s b eli e ve in this (see n ext s ec ti o n ) f or
2 72 THE BOO KS OF TH E APOCRYPHA
Old T e st am e nt in so f ar th a t h e b e li e ve s in t h e n ee d of th e
s ac rifi c i a l syst e m p r o vid e d th a t sac r ifi ce s are offe r e d i n th e
r ight S p irit ; h e s ays for e x am p l e i n on e p l ace : , ,
G iv e a m l ea -
o ff e ri n g wi t h a m m ri l e o a
An d o e a fa t sa c ce o e os of . 11 )
d un p t bl bl t i n f t h g dl
,
An ac c e th a e a re e o a o s o e o e ss
M t High h t h p l ur i t h ff ri g f t h u ng dly
.
Th e os a no e as e n e o e n s o e o
Ne e o e o e s s or a e o sac ce s 18
Gr k xxxi
.
,
1 9 i
,
th n e ee . 21
B en Si r a m e nti ons S h ow a d e v e l op m e n t ; th e s e a re a s
-
fl min g fi d t h w t r q u n h
A a re o a e e c
d th lm givin g t n f i
,
S o o a s a o e or s n .
Th t F sting is
a a t n m en t is im p li d i n t h f ll owing
an a o e e e o
S m f t i n g f hi i n o a an as or s s s
A d d ing t h m g in
n o e sa e a a
W h will li t n t hi p r y r
,
o s e o s a e
A d wh t h t h h g i n d by hi humili t i n
,
n a a e a e s a o
( xxxiv 6 i t h Gr k xxxi . 2 n e ee .
An oth r m e n s of t on em nt is D e th ; this is s n
e a at
a e a ee , or
an y r t e dumbr
a t d ain t h e w o rds i n xviii 2 2
a e , .
'
D l y t t o p y t hy w i n du ti m
e a no a vo e e,
A d w it t t ill d t h t b j u tifi d
n a no ea o e s e .
g r wt h of t h e b li f in t h e r surr c ti on ; i n E c l si sti c us
o e e e e c e a
it i s p e m ore th a n a dumbr at ed f or wh e re th e re
rh ap s no ,
M r v r P hi n h th
o eo e f E l az r e as , e son o e a
W gl ri u i migh t t hi r d [i ft r M nd A r
,
as o o s n as a e a e oses a a o n]
t h t h w j l u f t h G d f ll
. .
,
I n a e as ea o s or e o o a
br h f h i p p l
,
A d t d i th
n s oo n e ea c or s eo e,
W hil h i h r t p r m p t d him
e s ea o e
A d h m d t n m nt f t h hil dr n f I r l
,
n e a e a o e e or e c e o s ae .
”
f or all th a t give it a n d e s p e c i a lly xii 9 Almsgiving .
,
of on e i nt e r e sting p a ss a g e in t h e P r a y e r o f Az a r i a h v e rs e 1 2 , ,
wh e r e i t i s sa i d C a use n ot thy m e rc y t o d e p a r t f r om us ,
f or t h e sa k e of Ab r ah a m th a t i s b e l o ve d o f Th ee an d f or ,
so t oo in t h e P r a y e r o f M a n a s se s ve r s e 8 wh e r e i t i s
, , , ,
im p li e d t h at t h e p at r i a r c h s are S i n le ss z Th ou th e r e f o r e , ,
p e rs
n aliti e s in t h e hist or y of Is r a el s erve as an a t on e m e nt
o
F my t r n gr i n w r mul ti p li d O L r d
or a s e ss o s e e e o
M y tr n gr i n w r mul t i p li d
,
a s ess o s e e e
A d I m t w rt hy t b h l d t h h igh t h v n by
,
n a dno o o e o an se e e e of ea e
sin ; in v i 1 2 — 1 6 i t is s aid :
. N ow I b e s eec h t h e r e ad e rs
o f this b ook o n t t o b e dis cour ag d by su c h c al amiti e s
e
1
,
wis e th a t His ve ng ea n c e m
, ay n ot f a ll on us i n a f t e r d a ys -
a p o int e d r e p udi a ti o n .
a b o u t by d e m o ni c in c it e m e nt is t ac itly dis ca rd e d Th e .
c o r ru t i o n of t h e hum a n r ac e is r e g a r d e d a s due t o a d e v e l o
p p
m en t of s om e thing inh er e nt in m an s n a tu r e (t h e Yetzer
’
in t h e R abbini ca l li t e r at ur e wi th t h e p op ul ar vi ew of S at a n
,
m ent of m an s n a t u r e is su c h th a t p r ac ti cally n o on e h as
’
t h e o th e r h a nd th a t hum a n n atur e is n ot by a n y m e a ns
, , ,
an d th e r e f or e t h e w r it e r s s e ns e o f si n is v e ry p r on oun c e d
’
F or t h e e vil h e a rt h as gr ow n up in us whi c h h as e s t r an g e d ,
m ad e k n own un t o us t h e w a ys of d ea th an d S h owe d uS ,
ur hi
Co t n ot d e a t n the rr r f y ur li f
e o o o e
i h r r w up
Ne t e d a o n y ur lv d tru t i
o se es es c o n by the w rko s of y uro
h nd
a s
St ill m ore e x p li c it a re t he w or ds in viii . 1 9, 20
N o w I w as hil d g d by n t ur
a c d g d ul f ll t my l t
oo a e, an a oo so e o o
N y r t h r b in g g
a a d I
e ,m int b d y d fil d
e oo , ca e o a o un e e .
wh t h r a d i n wh t m nn r t h s ul p e xi st d i t is
e e , n a a e ,
e o r -
e e ,
c l ar e n ough t h a t h
e did t b e li ve in t h e i n n t sinful n ess
e no e a e
a s om wh at di ffer e nt tt i t ud is t k en fo i n xii 1 0 1 1
e a e a ,
r .
, ,
r p nt n
e e a ce,
Th ugh Th u k n w t t h ir n t ur w vi l d t h ir wi k dn
o o e es e a e as e an e c e ess
i nb rn
,
A d t h t t h ir m nn r f t h ugh t w ul d i wi v r b h n g d
,
n a e a e o o o n no se e e e c a e
F th y w r
or e d ur d fr m t h b gi nn in g
e e a see a cc se o e e
N ith r w
e e i t t hr ugh f r f y t h t Th u d i d t p v r t h ir in
as o ea o an a o s a ss o e e s s .
B u G d r t d m f in rru p t i n
e ca se o c ea e an or co o
A d m d hi m im g f H i w p r p r b in g
,
n a e an a e o s o n o e e
Bu t by t h n vy f t h d vil d t h nt r d i nt t h w rl d
.
e e o e e ea e e e o e o
A d th y th t b l ng t h i r lm x p ri n it
,
n e a e o o s ea e e e ce .
int n d d t c m e up on t h e hum n r
e e o oBut in t h s cond a ac e . e e
p r t of t h b k th r e is
a e hint f this Th fi r st p rt
oo e no o . e a
b ks f t h A p c ry p h o this subj t ; t h e s e nd p ar t
oo o e o a n ec co
off rs n thing th a t is
e o w ne .
2 78 TH E BOOKS OF THE APO C RYPHA
Ifi t m g d t G d M t High
see oo o o os
H [i th
e e e sc e s a e e e S o e s a
H him l f p ur t h f r t h wi yi n g i d ubl m ur
. .
e se o e o se sa s n o e ea s e,
A d giv t h t h n k
n u nt t h L rd i p r y r
e a s o e o n a e .
Ag a in in i , . 14 it is s a id
To fea r th e Lo d is th e r b gi nnin g
e [i e . the esse nc e ] of W i sdom
wi t h fa i t h ful r in w mb
.
An d th e sh e w as c ea e d t the o .
; he
s a ys e g in xv 1 5 — 1 7 :
, . . .
If t ho u so d es ir
mm nd m nt es t t ho u ca n st k e ep t h e co a e
A d i t i wi d m t d Hi g d p l ur
,
n s s o o o s oo eas e
P ur d t b f r th d w t r
.
o e ou fi e o e ee a re re an a e
S tr t h f r t h t hi n h n d u nt t h t whi h t h u d ir t
,
e c o e a o a c o es es
Lif d d th bfr m
.
e an ea a re e o e an ,
Th t whi h h d ir t h h ll b giv n t hi m
a c e es e s a e e o .
I f t h u d ir W i d m k p t h
o es mm nd m nt
e s o ee e co a e s
A d th L r d will giv h
n fr ly u nt t h
e o e er ee o ee .
Th im p r t nt p int b ou t B e Si r s t a hing h r is t h e
’
e o a o a n -
a e c e e
w y in whi h h
a c mbin e s t h t wo
c pp r ntly pp oe sing o e a a e o
t i v ely w as p r om p t e d by t h e p ar ti c ul ar subj e c t m a tt e r of -
e ith e r b ook .
t h e p r es e nt h ea ding ; t h e fr e qu e nt st r e ss l a id h ow e ve r , ,
’
on t h e f a c t th a t t h e J ews a re G od s c h os e n p eop l e an d ,
th e r e f or e un de r His s p ec i al p r ot ec ti on an d guid a n ce is ,
” 1
whi c h l e g alism c ould n ot su pp ly This d eep ly religi ous
.
1
Mal d w yn Hugh es, Th e E th i cs o f j wie sh A p ocryp ha l L tera tui r
e,
p . 2 40 .
And md t h ey a e a co v n nt wi t h him
e a
B u th y w rt hy t b f h i rt i
,
eca se e are o o e o s po o n .
But ,
th e r h a nd t h e Op e ning w o s of t h e b ook b r ing
on th e o ,
rd
out i n a ve ry c l e a r m a nn e r t h e indis p e n sa bl e n ee d of divin e
Think y f t h L rd wi t h g d min d
e o e o a oo
in gl n f h rt k y H im
,
A d i
n n s e e ss o ea se e e
F H i f u n d f t h m t h t t mp t H im t
or e s o o e a e no
A d i m n i f t d u nt th m t h t d t mi t ru t Him
,
n s a es e o e a o no s s .
F th or h ly p iri t f d i ip l in will fl d it
e o s o sc e ee ece .
A d wil l t r t w y fr m t h ugh t t h t
n s a wi t h u t u nd r t n d in g
a a o o s a a re o e s a ,
A d wil l b
n r d w y wh n t h u nright u p p r h t h ( i 5 )
e sc a e a a e e eo s a oac e . I
( e
f
) The D octri n e o the M essi a h .
viz
'
He will t ut ff t h p t ri t y f H i h n n
no c o e os e o s c ose o es,
N will H d tr y t h ff p ri g f t h m t h t l v Him
or e es o e o s n o e a o e
A d H wil l giv t
n e J b r mn nt e o ac o a e a
h u f D vid r t fr m him ( l u
,
A d t n th o e o se o a a oo o x v .
Giv t h n k u nt Him t h t m k t h
e a s h rn t p r u t f t h h u
o a a e a o o s o or e o se
F Hi m r y n d ur t h f
or s vr e c e e or e e .
hum an c r ding t
, t h usu l J wi h d
ac o t rin d wh b e o e a e s oc e, a n o
t o t h e M e ssi a ni c Kingd om :
0 J ru l m t h u h ly i t y ! H will h t i t h f t h w rk
e sa e o o c e c as se ee or e o s
f t hy h n d
,
o a s,
A d will n g i n h v m r y t h n f t h right u
a a a e e c on e so s o e eo s
Giv t h n k t t h L r d wi t h g dn d bl v rl t ing
.
e a s o th e o oo e ss, a n ess e e e as
K ing
Th t t hy t b rn l m y b buil d d i t h g in wi t h j y
,
a a e ac e a e e n ee a a o
A d t h t H my m k gl d i t h ll t h t p t iv
,
n a e a a e a n ee a a are ca e s,
A d l v in th
n o ll t h t
e mi r bl d ll t h g n r t i n f
ee a a a re se a e an a e e e a o s o
t rni t y
e e
A b i gh t l igh t h ll hi n u nt rt h
.
r ll t h nd f t h
s a s e o a e e s o e ea
:
M ny n ti n h ll m fr m f r
a a o s s a co e o a a
A d t h i n h bi t nt u t m t n d f t h rt h u nt Thy
,
n e f th a a s o e os e s o e ea o
h ly n m o ( xiii 7 8 ;
a el xiv 4 .
—1 see a so .
N o o th e r b ooks f t h e A p o r yp h a ff r y t eaching o c o e an
M ssi h in iv 4 6
e a th ey p ull d d own t h
.
,
l t ar so e e a ,
a c onv ni nt p l c e until
e e r
p p o h e t sh ould c
a om e n d , d c id a a e e
as wh at sh ould b e d on e c on c e rning th em
to Th e r e f e r e n c e .
b r e a th ( vii 2 8 .
,
On t h e oth er h a n d in t h e E agl e ,
—e xist e n c e of t h e M e ssi ah i s
Visi o n ( x i — xii
3 9) t.h e p r e
t h e e n d of t h e d a ys wh o S h all S p ring f r o m t h e s ee d of
,
sh a lt b e t a ke n up f r om a m ong m en a n d h e n c e f or th th ou
,
si an i c Kingd om ( i e th e M e ssi a ni c W oe s
. . m e nti on e d ,
a n d t h e w ay of t ru t h sh a ll b e hidd e n an d t h e l a nd of f aith,
A n d on e wh om t h e m a ny do n ot k n ow S h all m ak e his
v oi ce h ea rd by night an d all sh all h ear his v oi ce An d .
sudde nly Th en sh al l int ellig e n ce hide it s elf an d Wis d om
.
,
b e multi p li e d u p o n t h e e a r th
.
O n e l a nd S h a ll a l so ask .
S h all l ab o ur a n d n o t
p r o s p er ( v 1 .
G e nt il e s a s we ll a s J ew s a re t o e nj oy it : A n d so t h e
wh ol e e ar th f r ee d fr om t h y v i ole n ce sh al l b e r e f r e sh e d
, _
,
a g a in a n d h o e f or t h e j udg e m e nt an d m e r c y of Him th a t
, p
m a de h er ( xi I n t h e Visi on of t h e Man f r om t h e
.
nor is th e r e in t h e J e wi sh P a l e stini a n s e n se a b e li ef in a
, ,
Th y e
[ i ght u ] h ll ju d g n t i n
e the ri d h v d mi n i n
eo s S a e a o s, an a e o o
v r p pl
. .
o e eo es
A d thn L r d h ll r ign v r t h m f
e o v rm r S a e o e e or e e o e .
1
I pn g
onei t hi V i i n xii 3 t
a ssa
4 h M i n ieK i nng d m s s o e e ss a c o
pp r t b r rv d f t h hil dr n f I r l nly ; bu t i t i
.
, ,
a ea s o e ese e or e c e o s ae o s
p r b bl t h t t hi v r
o a e d at b l ng t t h i gi n l t x t
s e se oes n o e o o e or a e .
Th wh l p
1
e g iii 9 d l wi t h t h l t f t h right u
o e assa e, 1— ea s e o o e eo s
h r ft r bu t t h li nt w rd i t h p r nt nn t i n t h
.
,
e ea e e sa e o s n e ese co ec o a re ose
qu t d b v
,
o e a o e .
28 6 THE BOO KS OF TH E APO CRYPHA
Th e th ought th a t is ap p are ntly in t h e w r it er s mind h ere ’
is t h a t of su c h p a ss ag e s as I s a i ah ii 4a : And He sh a ll .
an d Is a i a h xlix
p e op l e s , 23 : And kings S h all b e thy .
a dap ta ti on of S c r i p tu r a l p a ss a g e s is a v e r y n a tu r a l p r oc e d
r
p p o het d o es in r eg a r d t o his id ea l e a rthly kingd om .
Th e o th e r p a ss ag e is v 1 5 2 3 : .
—
Bu t
right u liv f v r the eo s e or e e
L r d i t h ir r w r d
,
A d th n e o s e e a
r f t h m wi t h t h M t High
,
A d th n e ca e or e e os
Th r f r h ll t h y r iv gl ri u k in g d m
.
e e o e s a e ece e a o o s o
di d m f b u ty fr m t h L rd h nd
,
’
A d n a a e o ea o e o s a
°
B u wi t h H i righ t h n d wi l l H v r t h m
eca se s a e co e e
A d wi t h Hi mwi ll H hi l d t h m
,
n s ar e s e e .
B h l d t h L r d G d will m
e o mi g h ty
e o d Hi m o co e as a o n e an s ar
s a e or e o s e a s an s re co
b r Him r wi ll r t v r
, ,
p n
e sef (
e o eI l A d t h L d sa x n e o c ea e o e
wh l h bi t t i n f m u nt Z i n d v r h mbli
. .
th e o e a a o o o o an o e er a sse e s, a
l u d d m k by d y d t h hi i ng f fl mi ng fi by nigh t
,
c o an s o e a an e s n o a a re
v r ll t h gl ry h ll b p r d n p y A d t h r h ll b
,
for o e a e o s a e S ea a ca o n e e s a e
p vili n f h d w i t h d y tim fr m t h h t d f
.
a a o or a s a o n e a -
e o e ea an or a
r fug d f v rt fr m t rm d fr m r i n ( I iv 5
,
e e an or a c o e o s o an o a sa
I t h t d y h ll t h L r d f h t b f r wn f gl ry d
. .
,
n a a s a e o o os s e or a c o o o an
d i d m f b u t y u nt t h r i d u pl
,
for a a e o f Hi p ea d f o e es e o s eo e, an or a
p i ri t f ju d g m nt t hi mt h t i tt t h i ju d g m nt t n gt h
,
s o e e dfo a s e n e e an or s r e
t o e a (I ac e a e a e a e sa .
I t i t h t h ugh t l n gu g whi h h w nn ti n b t w n
.
,
s e t th o no e a a e, c S o s co ec o e ee
i t h S p t u gi nt f I i h xxviii 5 f x mp l
,
th tw e o n e e a di o sa a or e a e, a a
d m f b u ty i di ff r nt ly x p r d bu t I i h lxii 3 ( S p t )
.
,
e o ea s e e e e sse see sa a e
m
.
w th t th r w d w nd r d t h t t h r w
.
,
A d H n e sa a e e as n o an , a n o e e a e e as
28 8 TH E BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
whi ch only t h e r ight eou s sh all p oss e s s ; t h e writ e r d oe s
n ot m a k e c l e a r wh e th e r it is t o b e se t u
p on this e a r th or ,
o f t h e r e st of this
p orti o n of t h e b ook b e t o misund ers t and ,
t h e a u th o r .
Th nk givin g p ri h t h fr m t h d d fr m
a s e s th t i
e o e ea as o on e a s n ot
Bu t h t h t liv t h d i i h l t h p r i t h t h L r d ( xvi i
e a e an s n ea a se e o . 2 7 ,
28 )
Th e orr u p ti n f t h e b ody is l k e d u p on s t h
c o o oo a e en d of
m an
:
Wh en a m
i nh ri t t h an di th
e he e e
W ormd t li an m gg
d r p i n g t hi n g ( x
a o) , ce an c ee s . 11
th ough t h nnihil ti on of t h p i r it
e a w ll t h e b ody is
a e S as e as
eviden t ly t on t em p l t e d in vi w of su c h w r ds
no c t hes a e o as e
W p g ntly f t h d d f h h t h f u n d r t ( xxii
ee e or e ) ea , or e a o es . 11
an d in xxx 1 7 d e t h is s p ok n f . a t rn l res t
a e o as n e e a
( p
C xxxviii
. 2 3 xlvi This . id Of r
,
e s t f o t h s
. ul ea r e o
h r ft r is v ry di ff re nt f r om th t f d at h b eing corru p
e ea e e e a o e
in E cc l si sti us a d o e is p rh p s j us t ifi d in s ee ing t h e
e a c , n n ,
e a e
b ginnings f d v l p m e nt h r b s d i t is t ru o s om e
e o e e o e e, a e ,
e, n
Humbl t hy p ri d gr t ly e e ea
xp t t i n f m i w rm
,
F th or e e ec a o o an s o s .
This is re nd r d i n t h Gr k e e e ee
:
Humbl t hy ul gr t ly
e so ea
t h p u ni hm nt f t h u n g d ly m i fi d t h w rm
,
F or e s e o e o an s re a n e o .
I t is l r th at t h d v l p m nt whi h is kn wn t h v
c ea e e e o e c o o a e
s econ d ce ntury B C is r e fl t d h r V ry n t i c bl is
. . ec e e e . e o ea e
t h f ac t th t
e kind f t c hni cal s ns h b com t t h d
a a o e e e as e e a ac e
wh e r e th eir w or m di e th n ot an d t h e fire is n o t ,
th i flm ffi
,
An d e r en d i th s e a e o re
inn r i m d m t h wi t h u t
.
Th e w a y o f S e s s a e s oo o s o t nes
d th r f i th f H d
,
An d a t t h e en p it e eo s e o a es .
It will b e n o ti c e d b e twee n t h e fl am e
th a t t h e p a r all eli sm
sugg ests th a t t h e l a tt e r
” ”
of fi re an d
, t h e p i t of H a d e s ,
h as d e v el op e d int o G e h e nn a An o th e r e x am p l e is t o b e .
1
S ee t h e p r e se nt w ri t r
e
’
s E ccles i a st cus, i p . lxxvi .
THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
Bl esse d is h e th a t se e t h t h ee an d d i th
e
i . e . th e m
b e f or e h e di e d saw Elij ah is bl esse d t h e
an wh o
n e xt lin e is ill egibl e i n t h e H eb r e w an d c orru p t in t h e G r ee k
but t h e p oin t of im p o rt a n c e is th a t t h e Gree k adds this
furth e r lin e :
An d w e a sol s h ll ur ly liv
a s e e,
the r f
e e er
n ce b e ing e vid e ntly t o t h e life h ereaft er si n c e Elij ah ,
i s t h e subj e c t of t h e p re ce ding c ou p l e t .
On e oth e r p a ss ag e must b e m e n t i o n e d n ot b ec a us e i n ,
Wh o i
d dst ri p a se u a d ea d m fr m
an o d ea t h
d fr m S h l
rdi n g t t h g d p l ur f J h v h
,
An o eo ,
a cc o o e oo e as e o e o a .
Th e H br w d t h G r k d o ot di ff r m t e ri lly
e e an e ee n e a a .
I n t h B k f T bi t t h e n orm l Old Te s t am nt d oc tr i n e
e oo o o a e
is t ught ; a e g wh n T obit p r ys
so , . C mm and my
.
,
e a : o
Sp i r it t b t k n fr
o m m eth t I m
a yeb e r e l s dofr o m ff e, a a ea e o
th e r t h d b e om e r th (iii 6 ) in t h e s m ver se
ea an c e a . a e
Sh ol i s p ok n of a
e s th v r l sting p l c
e i t is a p l e
s e e e a a e, ac
t o a d e v e l op m e nt of th ought S imil a r t o th at f ou n d in t h e
Gr eek t e xt of E c c l esi a sti c us v ii 1 7 xxi 9 1 0 wh er e H ad e s .
,
.
, ,
S e a ks as f oll ows :
p
W oe n a t i on s t h a t ri se up a ga i nst my ra c e ;
to the
Th e Lo r d Al migh t y will t a k e v en g e a n c e o f th e m i n t h e day of
ju dg em ent
To p ut fire a n d w orm s i n t h e ir fl esh ;
,
An d t h e y sh a ll w e ep a n d fee l t h eir p a i n f o r e v er .
2
9 2 THE BOO KS OF TH E APOCRYPHA
sligh t p oin t s n e ve rt h el e ss t h e y are w orth m e n t i on a s
,
b e s ee n t o h a v e t a k e n p l a c e We h ave t o n ot e fi r st th a t
.
H a de s is a p l ac e of p unishm e n t f or t h e wi ck e d f or i n v i 2 6
:
, .
F or t h e r ight e ous
”
h ands of t h e Almighty i n life or in d ea th .
t h e s am e tr uth is t aught i n v e rs e s 2 3 2 9 of t h e s am e c h ap ,
t er bu t t h e r e su rr ec ti o n is n ot o nly th a t of t h e sp iri t ,
h ea ve n f or Hi S n am e s s ak e I c oun t t h e m n ough t
’
'
from
Him I h op e t o g e t th e m b ac k ag ai n ( vii 1 0 1 1 see a ls o .
,
Tis m e e t f or t h os e w h o p erish at m e n s h an ds t o
’ ’
king
c h e r ish h op e divi n e th a t th e y sh al l b e r a is e d up by God
a g a in but t h ou — t h ou sh a l t h a ve n o r e su r r ec t i on t o lif e
( vii 1 4 so t oo in v ers e
.
, Th e b eli ef in t h e r e surr e c ti on is
fu r th e r illu str a t e d by t h e p a ss a g e I n
this h e ac t ed quit e r ightly a n
r e su r r ec ti on— f or if h e h ad n ot e x p ec t e d t h e f all e n t o r is e
a g ai n i t w ould h ave b ee n su p erflu ous an d f oolish t o p ra y
,
ver y advan ce d d oc t ri n e of t h e futu r e life I n t h e B ook .
t h e Old T e s t am en t t h e d e a d th a t are in t h e gr a v e ,
I n 2 (4 )Esd r a s th er e is an e xt r ao r din a ry w e al th o f m a t e r i a l
r eg ar ding t h e future life thi s i s m ostly confi n e d t o t h e S al a
”
thi e l A p ocalyp s e p orti o n a n d t h e R e d ac t or s a d d iti o ns ’
i t i s th e r e f o r e t o th e s e th a t w e r e st r i c t o urs e lv e s F or .
t h e th r ee h e a ds ( 1 ) Th e R e sur r ec ti on ( 2 ) Th e I nt e rm e di a t e
,
S t a t e ( 3 )Th e Judg e m e nt
, th e re are s om e subsidi ary p oints
whi ch will b e t ou c h e d u p o n in c id e nt a lly .
( 1 ) Th e d oc t r in e of t h e R esurrecti on as t aught i n t h e
S a l a thi e l A p ocaly p s e is n ot a lt og e th e r c onsist ent ; it
is n ot quit e e a sy t o und er st and h ow t h e w r it e r c on ce ive d
of t h e r e su rr e c t i on
,
f or it c an s c a r c e ly h av e b e e n t h e re
su r rec ti o n of t h e b ody whi c h h e th ought of si n c e this is
r eg ar de d a s a lt og eth er c or ru p tibl e thus in S p eaking of
,
an d th a t t h e y S h a ll i n h erit th a t whi c h is t o c om e ( v i i .
a n on m a t e ri a l b ody in t h e I n t e rm e di a t e s t a t e
-
an d t h a t ,
c h an g e c ould t a k e p l a c e in i t a t t h e fi n a l Judg e m e n t f or i t ,
en d of t h e s e v e n d a ys of free d o ”
or, r e s t whi ch , ,
a cc or ding t o vi i 1 0 1 . i n t e rv e
, n t h e en d of this lif e
a n d t h e b e ginning of t h e I n t st at e an d th er e f ore
,
from v u 1 1 3 1 1 4 w e l e a r n th a t t h e D ay of Judg em e nt
.
,
ag e ,
t h e ag e of in c orru p ti on an d e t e rnity a s b eginning ,
’
in c onsist e nt e vid e ntly t h e, writ er s own mind is n ot c l ea r
on t h e subj ec t U p on oth e r p oint s th er e is h owever n o
.
, ,
wi c k e d h ave r e s p ec tively e x p e r i e n ce d in t h e I nt e rm e di at e
st a t e is o nly a f ore t a st e of wh at will b e e n orm ously in c rea s e d
a t t h e Judge m e nt f or t h e right e ous th e ir h ap p in e ss f or t h e
, ,
th ei r b eh a lf an d t h e r e ly i s :
p so sh a ll
n on e th e n p r a y f or a n ot h e r on th at D ay n eith e r S h all on e ,
lay a bu r d e n on a n oth e r ; f or th e n e ve r y on e sh a ll b ea r
his o wn r ight eousn e ss or u n right eous n e ss ( vii 1 0 2 . .
1 15 )
I n t h e o th e r p art s of this b ook th e s e subj ec t s are o nly
slightly d ealt with but th er e is s om e im p or t a nt t eaching
i n th os e p or ti o ns whi c h h a ve p r ob ably b ee n a dd ed by t h e
R e d ac t or 1
He b e li e v e s in a g e n e r a l r e surr e c ti on (at an y
.
thus F or b eh old d a ys c om e— an d i t S h a ll b e wh e n
, ,
b e s ee n ; And wh o s oe v e r is d e live r e d f r om t h e p r e di c t e d
e vil t h e s a m e sh a ll see My w ond e r s
,
F or My S on t h e .
,
S h a ll di e a n d al l in wh o m th e r e is hum a n b r e a th
,
Th e n .
S h al l t h e w orld b e tu r n e d int o t h e p r im a e v a l S il e n ce s e v e n
33 ft ) : And t h e M o st High S h a ll b e r e v e a l e d u p o n t he
thr on e of j udg em e nt an d th e n c om e th t h e e n d
And r ec om p e ns e S h all f oll ow an d t h e r ew a r d be m a de
,
a re n ot n vi n c e d t ha t a ll
co whi h c B ox ass ig ns t o t h e R e da c t or is
n ec essa rily fro m t hi s h an d .
2 98 THE B OO K S O F THE APOCRYPHA
p r e c e d e d by t h e signs or w oe
, s ; th e n t h e M e ssi a h is re
imm ort a li t y
An d i n h er fri en dshi p i s g oo d d e ligh t
,
i n this w ay :
30 0 H
T E BOO K S OF THE APOC R Y PHA
H e [i . e . J h v h ] h ll t k Hi j l u y
e o a m p l t rm ur
s a a e s ea o s as c o e e a o
h ll m k t h wh l r t i n Hi w p n f v ng n
,
An d s a a e e o e c ea o s ea o s o e ea c e on
Hi s n mi
e e es
n ot s aid wh e r e t h e s ce n e of t h e Judg em e nt is Th e wr it e r .
,
(g ) Th e D octri n e o
f A ng el s .
Th e n a tu r e
nt e n t s of E ccl e si as t i cus is su c h th a t
of the co
on e d oe s n ot l ook f or mu c h r e f e r e n c e t o an g e ls n ev e rt h e
l e ss i n t w o p ass ag e s th e r e is a distin c t m en ti on of th e m
, ,
vi z xlii 1 6
. .
Go d sh ly n h v t t h p w r
’
o o es a e no e o e
To r u nt Hi w n dr u w rk f mi gh t
e co s o o s o s o
Th ugh G d h t h giv n tr n gt h t Hi h t
o o a e s e o s os s
T n d ur i t h p r n
o e f H i gl ry (
e n e e se ce o s o so th e H br w)
e e .
Th e m ea ning of t h e p a ss ag e i s th a t e ve n t h e h oly on e s
( i
. e a
. ng e ls a s in D e ut xxxiii ,
1 [ bu t se e D r iv er s . . .
’
D euteron om y p J ob v 1 P s,
lxxxix .
7 an d o ft e n .
, . .
,
of t h e se v e n h oly a ng e ls whi c h r e se nt t h e r a y e r s o f t h e
p ,p
s a int s an d g o in b e f or e t h e gl or y of t h e H oly O n e
, (c p .
of R a gu e l by binding A sm od e u s t h e e vil S p i r it (c p v i
, . .
10 He ac c om p a ni e s T obi a s on his j ou r n e y t o M e di a ,
an d thus a e a r s a s a gu a r di a n a ng e l T h e a ng e li c h ost
pp .
2 6 2 7 it i s s a id
, ,
But t h e a ng e l of t h e L or d c am e d own
int o t h e fu r n a ce t og e th e r w ith Az a r i a h an d h i s f ell ow s a n d ,
t h e midst o f t h e fu r n ac e a s it h a d b ee n a m o i st whistling
wind so th a t t h e fire t ou c h e d th e m n ot a t a ll n e ith e r hu r t
, ,
n or t r oubl e d th e m
”
In Sus a nn a a g a in t h e a c t ivity
.
, ,
of a ng e l s is r e f e r r e d t o in v e rs e s 44 4 5 ( S e p tu agint V e r si o n ) , ,
1
Th e m ea ni n g of t he name is h th h l
Go d a e a e d, cp . iii . I 7 ,
An d R a p h l ae w as se nt to h l th m b th
ea e o .
T HE B OOKS OF THE APOCRYP HA
' ‘
30 2
( p
S e t u a gint V e rsi on ) wh e r e t h e a ng e l o f t h e L ord is ab out
s e n t e n ce a g ains t t h e t w o e ld ers : Th e n t h e a ng e l of t h e
L ord ca s t fire i n t h e midst of th em (v ers e I n Th e odo
ti on s Ve rsi on t h e a ng el of t h e L or d is r e f er r e d t o in v ers e s
’
5 5 5 9 a n d is s p ok e n of in e ac h c a s e as t h e a v e nging a ng el
, , .
Th e n ag a in i n B el an d t h e Dra g on v e rs e s 3 4— 3 9 t h e r e
, , , ,
W h omh ea v e n s
t n d tr e mbli n g ’
h t
os s s a
A n d a t Thy w o r d c h an g e t o wi n d an d fire ( vi ii
,
an d th e ir p ow er is mu c h re s t ri c t e d : A S f or m e I am ,
un w is e an d p owe r l e ss ; h ow th e n sh ould I e ss ay t o s p ea k
of th e s e thin g s of whi c h th ou q uest i on est m
”
e ? ( v .
p a c t h e , ,
.
, ,
r n d r d u nt h ly m r w rd f t h ir t il ;
S he e e e o o en a e a o e o s
S h gui d d t h m l n g e m rv ll u w y e e a o a a e o s a
A d b m u nt t h m v ri n g i n t h d yti m
,
n e ca e o e a co e e a e,
A d li gh t f t r t h ugh t h n igh t
n a o s a s ro e .
H r Wisd om h s t k n t h p l c f t h
e e a ng l of God
a a e e a e o e e
in E x dus xi o 9 Ag in in xviiiv 1 5
. 1 6 i
1 t is s id
. a , .
,
a
Th in ll p w rful W r d l p d fr m h v n d wn f m t h r y l
e a -
o e o ea e o ea e o ro e o a
t hr n o e,
A t rn w rri r i nt t h
s e mi d t f t h d m d l n d
a o o e s o e oo e a
B ri n g h rp w r d t hi n u nf ign d mm n dm nt
, ,
ea as a s a s o e e e co a e
A d t n di n g fi l l d ll t hi n g wi t h d t h ;
,
n s a e a s ea
A d whi l i t t u h d t h h v n i t t r d u p n t h rt h
,
n e o c e e ea e o e o e ea .
H r t h L g s h s t k e n t h p l e of t h
e e e o o ve nging ng l
a a e ac e a a e ,
t h e a ng e l of t h e L or d s t a nd b e t wee n t h e e a rth a n d t h e h e av e n ,
( )
h Dm e on ol og
y .
I t is d oubtful wh e th er th er e is an y r e f e re nce t o d em on s
i n E c c l e si asti c us p ossibly h owe ve r xxxix 2 8 3 1 c on t a ins —
. o .
de us t h e e vil d em o n
, wh o sl ays m en ; t h e a ng el h ow , ,
1
S ee f or d e t a il s, th e p r ese nt wri t r e
’
s E cclesi a sti cus, in th e Ca m
bri dg Bibl
,
e e, pp . 26 3 f .
th e y are t o inh abi t t h e d e s ol a t e c ity f or a gre at t im e .
is a b eli e f in t h e d ev il :
A n d t h e y t h a t b e l on g t o hi s r ea lm e x p e ri en c e i t (ii
,
le
a
S U MMAR Y
The b ooks of t h e A p oc r yp h a c o nt ain only p a r t of t h e
d oc t r i n al t e ac hing of t h e lit e r a tu r e f r om whi c h th ey h a ve
b ee n quit e a rbit r a r ily distinguish e d I t i s n ot p ossibl e
, , .
study of t h e d e ve l op m e nt of d oc t r in e I n s om e c a s e s
.
,
c r it e r i o n a s t o or th od o x J e wi sh t e a c hing f r o m 2 0 0 B C . .
t o A D 1 0 0 th e y are in s om e r e s p ec t s in ad e qu a t e
I t must ag ai n b e em p h asiz ed t h at t h e Old Te st am
. .
.
,
,
ent i s
30 6 TH E BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
n ot the s ol e b ac kground of t h e A p oc ry p h a l b ooks in t h e
d om a i n of d oc t r in e : th e re h ave b ee n m ar ke d P ersi an an d
G r eek influe n ce s i n c ert a in direc t i ons Th e m a in c u r re n t of .
a ll c a s e s b el on g I n s om e i n st an ce s diffe r e nt p a rt s of a
, .
Th e d oc t r in e of Wisd om w as c o nsid e re d i n Ch ap t e r VI I I
h e re w e h a ve t o d eal with t h e d octrin e s of God of t h e L aw , ,
, ,
b e k ep t s ep ar at e a s on e l e a ds in t o a n oth e r
, Only c urs ory .
Old Te st am e nt .
( a ) Th e D oct ri ne
f o God .
an d t h e m e r c y a n d j usti c e of God .
oc c urs h e r e f or t h e fi r s t t im e but t h e w ay i t is t a k e n f or
,
g r a nt e d S h ows th a t it c a nn o t h a ve b ee n wh olly n ew Th e .
p r e c e t s a re t o b e c a rri e d out
p I n c h a t e r xxiv 7 ff t h e
p . . .
a d e ve l op m e n t of l e g a l obs e rv a n c e s ; p r a y e r a lmsgivi n g ,
of hi s p un i sh m e n t i s t h e f o r sa king of t h e c o mm a ndm e n t s
of life i e t h e Law
, . . Th e L aw e ndure s f or e ve r a nd is a pp a r
. ,
t h e L aw .
( 0 ) The D octri n e of S i n .
a t o n em e nt a n d f or e sh a d ow ing t h e id e a th a t D e a th a ls o
-
.
3 10 TH E BOO KS O F TH E APOCRYPHA
f ou n d in an y o th e r b ook of t h e A p oc ry p h a I n 2 M ac cab ee s .
c al se H e r e t h e o r igin of si n is tr a c e d t o Ad a m th ough
yp .
,
on t h e subj ec t of D ea th it is , th a t is im p or t an t
f or us t h e s ec o nd offe rs n o thing n ew
, .
(d) The D f
octri n e o Grace an d F ree wi ll -
.
A t ru e b al a n c e b e t wee n th e s et w o is k ep t in E c cl e si asti c us
th e y are sh own as c om p l em e nt ar y n ot con t r adi c t ory thus, ,
bu t in t h e s ec o nd ary t ex t of E c c l e si as t i c us t h e s am e b al an ce
is f ound as i n t h e fi r st I n 1 M acc ab ee s mu c h m or e em p h a sis
.
an fr om t h e se a t h e G e nt il e s are t o
On ce or twi ce d eat h is S p ok e n of as a r e s t Th e d e ve l op .
4 8. I n T o bi t t h e n o rm al Old T e s t a m e nt d o c tr in e i s t a ught .
I n Judith t h e only r e f er en ce is a n im p or t a nt on e a s it W i t ,
a st i c us w ords a dd e d h e r e an d th e r e S h o w a d e v el op m e nt
,
I n B aru ch th ere are t wo is ol a t e d r e f e r e n c e s ; an d in b o th
t h e t eac hing is th a t or di n arily f o und i n t h e Old T e s t am e n t .
he
s eems t o h a ve b eli e ve d th a t t h e m at e ri al b ody b eca m e
Wh olly a nnihil at ed at d ea th but t h e s oul wh en r el e a s e d
, ,
n ot c l ea r wh e th e r t h e age of in c or ru p ti o n a n d e t e rnity i s
(g ) Th e D f A ngels
octri n e o .
the
w orks t h ough s t re n gth is give n t h em t o st and in His p re se n ce
, .
Th e a n g eli c h os t is s p oke n of i n t h e Pr a y er of M an a ss e s an d ,
a gu ardi a n a ng e l i n t h e E p is t l e of J er e my a n d t h e r e is a n
,
A s om ewh at f an t as t i c r ep r e s e nt at i on of t h e ac t ivi t y of
a n g els is give n in 2 M ac c ab ee s i n t h e s t ori e s of Heli odorus
h er e e limin a t e d an g el ol ogy al t og e th er .
PA R T II
IN T R OD U C T I ON T O THE B OO KS
OF T H E AP O C R Y P H A
3 20 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
E cc l i ti u i
es a s 8 cP h ri i r
s, ni n
c rca 5 B C 1 0 . a sa c ece s o B C 10 0 -
0
T bi t M b n
. . . . .
,
o P . re -
ac ca aea .
Ju di t h
A ddi t i n t D n i l ( x p t i n g
th Pr y r f A
o s
ri whi h t hM o
b n b u t t h mi ddl f
a e e ce
a c ca aea a o e e o
n d nt ury
,
e a e o za as c
bm )
e se c o ce B C
M
. .
i p s re -
a cc a an
R t f E th r
es o s e
Pr y r f M n
a e o a a sse s
1 M be a c ca P
es tM b n i os -
a cc a aea , c rca B C . . 1 10 .
1 ( 3 ) E dr s as
W i d m E rli t p r t i n mi dd l f fir t nt ury
s o a es l t t p rt i n o o e o s ce B C . . a es o o
b gi nnin g f fir t nt ury
.
,
e o s ce A D .
M b B ginnin g f fir t nt ury
.
2 a c ca ees e o s ce A D .
B ru h d t h E p In rp r t m rli r
. .
a c an e . co o a es so e ea e
f J r mi h
o E d f fir t
e e a m t ri l n o s a e a
( 4 ) E dr nt ury Ch p i ii xv xvi
. .
2 s as ce A D . a s . a re
ltr
. . . . . .
a e .
I n qu t ti ns fr m t h s b ooks t h e t r n sl t i n of Dr
o a o o e e a a o .
Ch rl s d his e dit rs h
a e an s a rul bu t ot always b een o
1
as a e, n ,
use d Th e origi n al t ex t s us e d a e
. r
‘
E l i t i u f t h H br w S m d t x t (D i W i h i t d
c c e s as c s: or e e e en
’
s e e e s e es
j u S i h H b di h u d D ut h Gr k
,
es s ra c f th e r sc n e sc or e ee
Sw t t x t ( Th Old T t m t i G k d H rt
, , ,
’ ’
e e s e e es a en n ree an a s
t x t f C d 4 8 (E l i ti u p p
,
e o o 7 . 2 cc es a s c s, 1— 1,
(4 ) E d r t h L t in B d J m t x t ( Th F u th
.
f
’
2 s as : ly or e a en s an a es e e o r
B k fE
,
oo pp 8 o zra , . 1— 2,
Th e Li t e r a tu r e give n at t h e h e a d of e ac h c h ap t e r d oe s .
n ot
p r of e ss t o b e m or e t h a n a s el ec t i on Edi t i ons of o r igin a l .
, ,
t o th e s e will be f ou n d i n t h e L it er a t ur e c i t e d .
1
Th e A p ocryph a an d P seudep i g ra ph a of the Old Testa mt en
CHAPTER I
T he W i sd o m o f J e sus, t he S o n o f S i rac h ;
or E c c l e si ast i c us
[L I T ERA T U RE Fri t h D i IV i— z sc e, e e shei t j esus S i ra ch s erk ld rt un d
h im i
.
ub t t
erse z Ed e rs e n W ac e I I p p 1— 2 39 ; R y ssel
K u t h I p p 3 4 75 ;
.
h h r i j dim
, , , ,
i n a z sc 2 0— Sc ec t e S tud es i n u a s
n d S ri ) p p 5 5
. .
H r t E l i ti
, ,
(S e co e es .
— 10 1 a cc es a s cus
O t l y E l i ti Th C mbri d g Bibl
, ,
es er e c c es a s i
c us, n e a e e
C h rl
,
( 19 12 ) B ox an d O est e rl e y i n , a I pp
e s,6 8 5 7] ,
. 2 — 1
1
Th e fin l a ch was a dde d i n Gr ee k to S h w th
o a t th e n ame
was ind ec l i n bla e .
3 22 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
, ,
in t h e Pr ol ogu e t o t h e b ook s p ea ks of hi s g r an df a th e r ,
t h at t h e auth or l e f t it in an in c om p le t e st at e Th e m ai n .
1 In t h e H br w t x t t h u t h r p
e e e e a o s ea k s o f him l f se as S im eo n
f J hu ( J u ) t h f El r r
,
in t im a t e kn owl e dg e of t h e Old T e st am e nt is j us t wh at on e
would e x pe c t of a s c rib e this kn owl e dg e is e vid e nt on ev ery
ag e of his b ook whi c h is s a tur a t e d with t h e th ough t s of t h e
p ,
2 4 xxxix 3
—
. h e r e h e p ass e s in r e vi ew va r i ous c a ll ings i n life ,
i n su c h a w ay as t o m ake it cer t ai n th a t h e is im p ar t i n g t h e
s ecre t s of his own p r ac ti ce He s ays of su ch an on e t h at h e
.
S ear h t h t t h wi d m f ll t h n i nt
c e ou e s o o a e a c e s
A d i
n u p i d wi t h t h p r p h t f l d ;
s oc c e e o e s o o
H h d t h t h di
e ee e ur f m f r n wn
e sco se s o en o e o ,
A d nt r t h i nt t h d p t hi n g
n e e e f p r bl
o ; e ee s o a a es
H e r h t h ut t h hi dd n m nin g f p r v rb
se a c e o e e ea o o e s,
A d i
n n v r nt wi t h t h d rk yi ng f p r bl
s co e sa e a sa s o a a es
( xxxix . 1— 3 )
H rk n t my t hin g th ugh y
ea e o bu t f w
ea c o e be e
n c s e an o S a e ac e e e 2
3 .
m
humble one i n t h e great c h ai n of Isra l s i n sp ire d writ e rs
’
e
, , a :
A dn fas m I w or t r m fr m t h riv r
e, a s as a s ea o e e
m f rt h n d ui t int g rd n ;
,
A d In ca e o as a co o a a e
I sa id I wi ll w t r my g r d n a e a e
I will bu n d nt ly w t r my g rd n b d
,
a a a e a e e s
A d 1
n my tr m b m riv r
0, s ea e ca e a e
A d my riv r b m
,
n e e ca e a se a
Y te g in wil l I p ur f rt h d t rin
a a pr ph y
o o oc e as o ec
A d l v it f t n l g n r ti n
,
n ea e or e er a e e a o s .
L k y (
oo d e ) t h
an t I h v t
se e l b ur d f my l f nly
a a e no a o e or se o
Bu t f ll t h t h t dilig nt ly k h (xxiv 3
,
or a o se a e se e er . 0
a n ot h er p a ss ag h e s ays e
I i nd d m l t f ll
ee ca e as o a
t h t gl ft r t h gr p g t h r r ;
, , ,
A S on e th a e an e a e e a e -
a e e s
I d v n d by t h bl
a a ce in g f G d e ess o o
A d fill d my wi n p r gr p g t h r r
,
n e e -
ess a s a a e -
a e e .
C n id r th t
o s t fe my l f l n h v I l b ur d
a no or se a o e a e a o e
Bu t f ll t h t k W i d m (xxxiii 6
,
or a a se e s o . 1
A n d on c e again
Y t g i n wi l l I fix my t h ugh t
e a a d m k my d t i n t o hi n f rt h s an a e oc r e o s e o ,
A t h full m n
s e th t w l ft h d y
oo on e e a
H k n u nt m y p i u
.
ear e o ( xxxix
e, e ff ) o s . 12 .
of the wise m
suc h as t h e wri te rs of Pr overbs an d E Ccle
en
3
S om e furth er d et ail s con ce rn i n g t h e a uth or may b e g a th e r e d
1 3 —
qu ot e d ab ove are t a ke n as re fe rring t o t h e wr it e r
, ,
f oll ow i n t h e t e xt v i z : , .
Wh o se rv t h m n g gr t m
e a o ea en
An d a
pp r t h b f r p ri n ;
ea e e o e ces
Wh o t r v ll t h t hr ugh t h l n d f t h p p l
a e e o e a s o e eo e s,
An d t t th g
es e d d il m n g m (xxxix
oo an ev a o en .
4)
fr om th e se words w e m ay g a th er th a t B en Sir a h a d at on e -
h e h ad S p e nt s om e tim e i n t ra v e l ; of t h at h e s p e aks m or e
-
th an on ce f or h e s ays i n xxxiv ,
1 0 —
12 : .
He t h a t i s wi t ho u t e xp e ri enc e k nowe t h li tt l e
Bu t t h e well v erse d man ha t h sk ill
,
-
.
I n my jo urn e yi n g I h a v e seen mu c h
An d m a n y t h i n g s h a v e be fa ll en m
,
e .
O ft e n w as I i n d an g e r e v en u nt o d ea t h
Bu t w as p re serv ed be ca u se o f t hese th i ng s (i xp ri
,
e . e e e nce an d
k no wl e d g e o f t h e w orl d )
.
.
,
God i n sayi ng .
3 28 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
f or t h e b en efi t of th os e wh o i n t h e l and of th e ir s oj ourning
were de sir ous t o l ear n b eing a l r ea dy p r ep ar e d in r esp e c t of
,
c ould a pp ly n a m e ly Eu e r g e t e s I I su rn am e d Ph yscon w h o
, , ,
h e r e ig n e d al on e (B C 1 4 5 Th e thi rt y e ighth y e a r
. .
-
G r ea t a m n g h i br t h r
o s e e n an d the gl ry o of h i s p e op l e
S im n t h ri
,
W as eo , e son of J oc h a n an , th e p es t .
B C 2 1 9— 1 99
. . B en Sir a wa s c l ea r ly a c ont em p or a ry of his
-
( see I 1 . but t h e w a
y in whi c h h e wr it e s ab out him
sugg e sts th a t Sim eo n must h a ve b ee n de ad s om e tim e wh en
B en Sir a w r ot e ; we sh a ll th e r e f or e n ot b e f ar w r ong i n
-
, ,
1
E u rg
e e est I r ign
e ed f or t w en t y fi v e y r e a s, B C . . 2 4 7— 2 2 2 .
the o rigi n al l angu ag e w as H ebre w : i n his Pr ol ogu e t o t h e
b ook t h e transl a t or s ays Thi n gs origi n a lly s p ok e n in
H ebrew h ave n ot t h e s am e f orc e in t h em wh en th ey are
tr an sl at e d i n t o an oth er t ongu e ; an d n ot only th e se but ,
I n th e
’
h e tra nsl at e d hi s gr a ndf a th e r s b ook fr om H ebre w .
C op i e s of t h e H e b r e w t e x t an d h e s a ys th a t t h e v owel p oint s ,
-
xi
,
p ap e r a n d n ot on v e llum th e y c a nn ot b e e arli er t h an t h e
nin t h cent ury A D for p ap er was n ot i nt roduce d until this
; t h ey a ll b el ong p r ob ably t o t h e e n d of t h e t e nt h
. .
,
1
c e n t ury
a lm os t c e rt a i n t o S h ow t h ems e lv e s bu t t h e H ebr ew o f E l é
c c e
m
p e e o
t h e sym et ry
.
st yl e s t am p s i t s l an gu ag e as t h e origi n al on e
of t h e H ebr ew i n t h e m ai n p oints i n t h e s am e di re c t i on ;
m ore over t h ere are a n um
, ,
, b er of i n s t an ce s which c oul d b e
give n whi c h ex clude t h e p ossibili t y of t ran sl at i on fr om
e i t h e r G r ee k or Syri a c t h ere are al s o m any case s i n whi ch
t h e V e rsi on s h a ve n o e quival ent f or t h e H ebr ew an d l a s t ly ,
1
Cp . M u nd Th m p
a e o son , H a n dbook of Gr eek an d L a ti n P a laeo
gra ehr . P 43
S ee C ast er i n t h e J ewi sh Qua rterly R evi ew 6 8 8 ff
1 x 11
,
.
pp . .
332 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
be see n th a t a p art from di fferen ce s of re nde ring th ere
, ,
of cours e a g r ea t d ea l of m a tt e r comm on t o t h e u n c i a l
,
an d c ursive m a n us c ri p ts a s r ep r e s e nt e d by t h e R e vis e d
1
In thi s c onn e ct i on i t i s im p o rt ant t o n o t e t h e foll owi n g fa ct s
a l l t h e Gr e e k m a n u sc ri p t s u n c i al a s w e ll as c ur siv e s ha v e a gr e a t
m
,
l wi h xxxiii — xxxvi 1 6 a si n c e a ll t h e Gr ee k m an u sc ri p t s
. .
,
p a c e s t 1 3 b
ha v e t hi s di sp l ace m ent i t i s obvi ou s t ha t all ul tim a te ly go back t o a
. .
si n gl e p a r e nt m a n u sc ri p t ; n o w t h e O l d L a ti n Ve r si o n h as n ot g ot
” 1
He re ce ived t h e dep osit an d a dd e d t o it Mr H art . .
wi ll be offe r ed in a m om e nt is th a t E c cl e si asti c us in it s ,
S h ould b ea r on t h e f a ce of it t h e m a r ks of Ph a r is a i c or th o
1
Op ci t p 2 74 ; he a dds in a n ote t h a t t h ese a dd i ti ons d o
n e ce ssa ri ly p roc ee d fr o m t h e han d of on e ind ivi d u al w e feel
. . .
,
n ot
c on vi n c e d t h a t h e i s righ t h e r e a l so
sp ea k i n g i t i s an an a c hr o n i sm f o r as w e h a v e see n a b o v e (C h a p vii )
,
w e use i t h e r e as re p re
.
, ,
POCRYPH A
‘
‘ '
3 34
d oc t rin e s of th e s e t w o p art i e s so th at wh at is n ow t o be ,
VI . THE S A D D U CE A N D OC TR I N AL S TA N DPO I N T IN
E CCLE S I AS T I C U S
nsidering first i n wh a t re sp ec ts J osep hus acc oun t
’
In co
A d wh t i my
n a ul m n g t h m
s f th p iri t
so f ll t h a o e ass o e s s o a e
hil dr n f m
c e o en ?
I nt ru t h u nt m H will t h v r p t o e e no a e es ec
my w y w h will m rk t h m
, ,
A d n f as or a s, o a e ?
If I i s n, y b h ld th it
no e e e o e
O i f I d l u ntruly i
r ll
ea r y w h will k n w i t ? n a se c e c o o
M y righ t u d lin g w h d l r t h i t
,
eo s ea o ec a e
A d wh t h p i th r d r i di t nt
,
n a f tho e s e e, or e ec e e s s a
Th y t h t l k u n d r t n di n g t hi nk t h thi n g
.
e a ac e s a e se s,
A d th m n f f lly t hi n k t h t hi
e an o o e s .
i t is t u ; bu t th at is in S p it e f ot in con sequ e n ce f
r e o , n o ,
t h an this :
G d r t d m
o fr m t h b gi ni ng
c ea e an o e e n
A d pl d him i h n d f hi Y t
,
n th ac e n e a o s e zer ?
If t h u d ir t th u
o so n t k p th
es mm n dm nt
es o ca s ee e co a e
A d i t i wi d m t d Hi g d pl ur
, ,
n s s o o o s oo ea s e
P ur d t b f r th d w t r
.
o e ou fi e o e ee a re re an a e
S t r t h f r t h t hi n h n d u nt t h t whi h t h u d ir t
,
e c o e a o a c o es es
Li f d d th bfr m
.
e an ea a re e o e an ,
r t f t h h rt d lib r t i n
Th e oo s o e ea
’
s e e a o s
Brin g f rt h f ur br n h o o a c es
G d d vil li f
oo d d th
an e e an ea
Bu t t h t n gu rul t h v r t h m l t g t h r
, ,
e o e e o e e a o e e .
On t h e ot h er h nd a ss e rt i on s r eg ardin g t h e ac t i on of
a ,
Divin gr ce e ot w an ti n g ; p erh ap s t h e m os t p oi nt e d
e a ar n
of t h e s e is t h a t c on t in e d i n t h w ords of xxxiii 1 3 1 5 a e .
—
S b v p p 6 7 ff 1
ee a o e, . 2 .
1 L n t ur l t nd n y in l in t i n
e . a a e e c , or c a o
E v e n t hu s l oo k up o n a ll the w rk o s of Go d
h di ff r nt th r p p it
,
E ac th f th e e , on e e o os e o e o e .
illus t r t e thisa
Wh n m di t h h in h ri t t h
e a an e e e e
W rm d m gg t li
o d r p in g t h i n g ( x
an a o , ce an c ee s .
him m r
An d l e t u p y t hy t h ught no o e occ o s,
Di mi t h r m mbr n f him d r m mb r (t hy )
s ss e e e a ce o an e e e en d
R m mb r him h th h p
, .
e t fe h e no or e a no o e
Th u n t t p r fi t hi m whi l t h u h m t t hy l f
,
o ca s no o e o ar es se
R m mb r h i d m f i t i t h d m f t hy l f ;
.
,
e e e s oo or s e oo o se
Hi y t r d y d t hi n t d y !
,
s es e a an e o -
a
W h n t h d d i t r t l t hi m m ry r t
,
e e ea s a es e s e o es
n l d wh n h i ul d p rt t h (
,
A d b n e co 6
so e e s so e a e x x x v uI . 1
F r ea h i t i t hy d
n ot de a t s es t iny
R m mb r t h t t h f rm r l tt er sh a r e i t wi t h t h ee
, ,
e e e a e o e an d the a
Thi i t h p rt i n f ll fl h fr m G d
.
s s e o o o a es o o
n t t h u wi t h t nd th d r f t h M t High
,
A dh w n o ca s o s a e e c ee o e os
B it f et h u nd y r f or a o sa e a s, or a hu n dr d f t th t t h u liv
e or or en a o es t
I S h l th r r pr h n r in g li f ( p xvii 7
, ,
n eo e e a re n o e oac es c o ce n e C . . 2 ,
Th e a ttitud e whi c h i s m
,
with t h at o f t h e S a ddu c ee s m ay b e s ee n i n t h e wh ol e
p a ss a g e
’
th at G od s m erc y is e xt e nd e d univers ally
Th e m r y f m i x r i d u p n hi w k i
e c o an s e e c se o s o n n,
'
Bu t t h m r y f G d i xt n d d t ll fl h
e e c o o s e e e o a es
R p r vi n g d h t ni n g hi n g
,
e o d t an c as e an ea c
A d bri n gi n g t h m b k h p h r d h i fl k (v r
, , ,
n e ac as a s e e s oc e se
Th u wil t h r t h p r y r f Thy rv nt
o ea e a e o se a s,
Th t l l t h n d f t h rt h my k n w
a a e e s o e ea a o
Th t Th u t t h t rn l G d
a o ar e e e a o .
1— 5
Sav 0 G d f ll
e us , o o a
t Thy f r u p n ll t h n t i n
,
A d n cas ea o a e a o s
Sh k Thy h n d g in t t h tr n g p p l
.
a e a a a s e s a e eo e,
A d l t th m
n Thy p w r e e see o e .
A Th u h t
s n t ifi d Thy l f i u b f r t h m
o as sa c e se n s e o e e
gl ri fy Thy l f i t h m b f r u ;
,
S o o se n e e o e s
Th t t h y m y k n w w l k n w
a e a o as e a so o
Th t t h r i n n t h r G d bu t Th
,
a e e s o e o e o ee .
.
, ,
, an wh om ,
a l a t e r g e n e r at i on c om p a r e d na m a d e a lm o s t e qu al t o
y , , ,
F or H i s m er c y e n d ur e t h f or e v er .
VI I . P HAR I S A I C A D D I T I O N S To E CCLE S I AS T I C U S
THE .
1
In h is ed i t i n f P i q A b th ( d
o o r e o zu p . 1 15 .
1
Thi s is o n ly p r rv d i n H br w
e se e e e .
ca e s with out s
p ec ifying in whi c h m anus c ri p ts or Ve rsi o n s it
Th e wh l w rl d o e o w as m ade , an d e x i st e t h , by H i will s .
A stro ng r rti
e a sse o n of th e divin e g ove r n nce f t h wor l d
a o e
is a dd e d to xviii . 2 :
Who w rl d i t h h ll w f H i h nd
g ui d e t h t h e o n e o o o s a
h g b d i nt u nt Hi will
,
A n d a ll t i n s a re o e e o s
F H i t h K i n g f ll k i n g
or e s d th y e i Hi p w r ; o a s, an e are n s o e
H p r t t h m n g t h m t h h ly t hi n g fr m t h
e se a a e a mm n o e e o s o e co o .
G d o d m i th an dditi n t xxiii 2 7
en s e a o o .
T f ll w ft r G d i gr t gl ry
o o o a e o s ea o
A d l n gt h f d y it i f th t b f Him
,
n e pt d
o a s s or ee o e a cce e o .
Fa int n o t bu t be stron g i n t h e L o r d
A n d c l e a v e u nt o Him t h a t H e m a y st r en g t h e n y o u
, ,
C l ea v e u nt o Him t h e L o r d t h e A lmigh t y
.
H e i s t h e o n e a n d on ly Go d an d b esi de H i mt he r e i s n o vi ur
, ,
,
Sa o .
1
iti n
Th e f u n d tt r d i t h Gr k ur iv n umb r d
a dd o s a re o sca e e n e ee c s es e e
2 3 55 7 6 4 8 ( t hi i t h f r m t r p r
0 10 2 nt t iv f t h gr u p )
s s e o e os e e se a e o e o
m w r d d d by l t r rr t r f C d x Al x ndrin u
, , , , ,
2 53 so e e e a e a a e co ec o o o e e a s
l i t h S yri
a so n d O l d L t i n V r i n ( S t J r m i n rp r t d
e ac an a e s o s e o e co o a e
t hi i t h Vulg t i t t d ) d i t h S yr H x p l w ll
.
s n e a e as s oo an n e o -
e a a as e
as i t h q u t t i n fr m t h b k i
n e o a th wri t ing f Cl m nt f
o s o e oo n e s o e e o
Al x n dr i
e a a.
3 42 THE B OOKS OF THE APOCRYPH A
m eant i n th es e qu ot a ti ons but s om et im e s Is r ae l is s p e c i ally
,
W i t h se v e ri t y y e t l o vi n g t h e m
. .
I m p a r t in g the m ligh t lv
, ,
to the of o e ;
An d He for sook th m t
e no .
may be s ee n in t h e a dditi on t o xx 3 1 : .
. .
m a i nt a i n ed whil e t h e S adduc m
,
an d e ni al of p r o vid en ce is
c omb at e d .
Th e k n o wl dg
mm n dm nt f t h L rd i li f giving
e e of the co a e s o e o s e -
i n tru t i n
s c o
A d t h y w h d t h t hi n g t h t pl in g u nt Him h ll p lu k
,
n e o o e s a are ea s o s a c
th efrui t f t h t r f imm r t li ty
o e ee o o a .
Dly e a n ot t o p ay t hy v ow in d ue t im e
w it t ill h b e ju st ifi e d
,
An d a n ot d ea t to .
C m fr m t h e L r d ;
o e o o
L v o d u p righ t w y
e an a s
C m fr m t h L r d
o e o e o
F lly d d rk n h v b n f rm d f i nn r
o an a e ss a e ee o e or s e s,
A d f n vil d r vil bi d t h wi t h t h m
as or e -
o e s, e a e e .
1
Ag ain ,
in xxix 1 9 aft r t h fi r st l us e :
.
,
e e c a
Th inn r f ll t h i h i ur t y hi p
e s e a e n s s e s ,
o r igin a l t e x t h e r e r uns :
An d h e t ha t a v er t e t h his ey e fro m p l ur
e as es c o r wn t h h i li f
e s e .
Th e se e x am p l e s will su ffi ce it m ay b e h op e d t o sub st a n , ,
or Ph a r is ee s .
so th a t w e c a nn o t d o m o r e th an sa th a t th e y b e l ong in
y
all p r ob a bility t o t h e l a s t ce ntu r y B C . .
Th i ddi t i n ur i t h H br w t x t w ll i t h ur iv
1
sa o o cc s n e e e e as e as n e c s es .
H br w f h p t r xxix i t xt nt bu t t h d di ti
,
Th e e e o c a e s no e a ; e a o n
p r b bly xi t d i n t h n d ry H br w i t ur i t h S yri
.
o a e s e e se c o a e e as o cc s n e ac
V r i n
e s o w ll i t h ur iv
as d i t h Old L ti n V r i n
e as n e c s es an n e a e s o .
d eal t with in t h e l ast ch ap t er of P art I B ut the r e are .
t h e G os p e ls b e tt e r ; o th e r s su c h as Ju di th i llust r a t e t h e
, ,
p a c a w e p , .
trea tm e nt by t h e J ew s or ag a in t h e ear ly p a r t of B ar u c h
, ,
b e ing t o t ry an d sh ow th a t t h e w r it e r s of t h e N ew Te st a
m e nt b ooks h ad re ad an d studi e d th ose of t h e Ap oc r yp h a
n ot of cours e th a t th e s e w r it e r s w e r e as f amili a r with th e m
, ,
l i ti u E cc e s as M tt h w
c s .
St . a e .
b ur t h i njury d n t t h t h ir t r p y ur h
. .
o e o e o ee , e es asse s, o ea
A d t h n wh n t h u p r y t
n e l y F t h r will
e o l f a es ,
v en a e a so or
s s e o e .
e ou .
S t Luk . e .
xlviii S
[ p10 k i n g f E l h
j ]
I 7 A d h
ea h ll g ob f r hi l a 1 n e s a O e o e s
p iri t d p w r
. .
.
T t urn t h h rt f o f i th e ea o a ce n e s an o e
f t h r u nt t h
a e s hi l dr n f E lij h t t urn t h h rt
o e c e O a o e ea s
f t h r u nt t h
. ,
f th o e a e s o e
hil dr n c e .
( fr om M l iv 6 )h as b e n a d op t d i eac h
a . . e e n .
xi 9 W h t tim h i t h I xii 9
. 1 . a e A d I will
e sa y 1 2o n sa
h v f und r t t my ul S ul t h u h t
.
, ,
a e o es o so o o as
w wi ll I nj y my mu h g d l i d up f
, , ,
A d
n no e o c oo s a or
g d oo s, m n y y r t k t hi n a ea s a e e e ase ,
H e k n w th t wh t l t
o e t d rin k
no d b m rry a o ea an e e
h ll b f ll ; Bu t G d i d u nt him
, .
s a
-
e a o sa o
H h l l l v th m t th r Th u f li h
,
e s a ea e e o o t hi e s, o oo s on e , s
an d di e . n igh t i t hy ul r q ui d f s so e re o
th d t h t hi n g whi h ee an e s c
t h u h t p r p r d wh o as e a e ose
h ll t h y b
,
s a e e
l a s t qu ot e d .
offe rs an i n t e r s t i ng omm nt a y on M a t th w xi 1
e c Wis e r e
9 .
3 48 THE B OO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
vi i 35 36 . F rg
vi i t i 7 P ur r ligi n d u n d
o e t n ot to s . 2 . e e o an e
i fil d b f r G d d F th r
.
,
t h e s ck e e o e o an a e
t h u Wil t b l v d f t h t i t hi vi i t t h f t h r
,
F or o e o t e or a . s s, o s e a e
I l l t hy d i n g
n a r m mb r o l sd wi d we i t h ir
e e ess an o s n e
t hy l t d as en fll i t i d t k p him a c on , a n o ee
Th n wil t t h u n v r d l f u n p tt d fr m t h
,
e o e e o se s o e o e
rrup tly
co . w rl d o .
C mp r E
o a el i t i u xiv xix 6 xxv 8 wi t h J m
c c e s as c s . I . 1 . a es
v 3 4 viii 3 xxviii
, ,
. 1 I . .
x vii i 6 8
, , ,
x 1 —1
xxvii i nt x t
.
d . I 2 an co e
iv 6 xxxiv . 1— 22
vi 9
.
,
. 1
iv 6 . 2
xlviii 3 d ont x t . an c e
CHAPTER I I
The Book o f T o bi t
Fri t h D i B ti h T bi d j d ith k la t i
— z sc e, e c er o
"
a an u er
’
r n
E x g ti h H n d bu h A p k ry p h n
,
“
e e sc d es a ( 8 5 3) c zu en o e 1
H flmo A g an , y i h A kt { i h M d ty
n sz u e a us s pp r sc en en ) er s sc er r rer ,
fl ( 8 8 ) Full r i W ( 8 8 8 ) C ny
.
1 8 2 1 I pp
0 49 4 e n ac e , 1 —2 0 1 o
b r R nd l H rri d A gn S mi t h L wi Th S t ry f
. .
, ,
ea e , e e a s, an es e s, e o o
A bi k fr mth S y ri
ar A o bi A m i E thi p i
e Gr k a c, d ra c, r en a n , o c, ee an
Sl i
a von cVr i ( 8 98) n d d l rg d i t i n f t hi
e s on s 1 a se c o an a e e o o s
w rk w i u d rly i 9 4 L oh i K u t h I I p p 3 5
o as ss e ea n 1 1 r, n a z sc 1
4 7 ; S m d A lt
.
m i
, ,
1 d H k
en ft d A hi k er a n d er un es c a rro ans a n se n
p ( 9 8 ) S h ur r I I ii i p p 3 7 4 4 G rm n
,
V h d lt i
er A n ss z u eso 1 0 c e -
e a
Hi t i
. .
, , ,
’
c d III p p 37 5 8 ( 9 9) N 2 t S g
—2 d A/ ik 1 0 a u, s o re e a esse z ar
( 9 9) E M y r D P p yr f ti
. .
, ,
1 0 d eE l ph
e pp er a us un von e an n e,
ti
. .
,
'
8 ( 9 ) U d A i l P E l ph
'
10 2 -
12 g 1 a 12 p y n na ra r n sc ze a rus a us e an n e,
( 9 ) S im p n i C h rl H rri
,
pp 6 8 2— 2 1 I pp
11 74 4 so n a e s, 1 —2 1 a s,
L wi i C h rl I I p p 7 5 7 8 4 (tr n l ti n
. .
, ,
e d C yb
s, a n on e a re , n a e s, 1 — a s a o s
f th S y i A r bi A rm n i n E t hi p i d Gr k V r i n
.
,
o e r ac, a c, e a o c an ee e s o s,
w ll s f t h A r m i fr gm nt fr m E l p h ntine)
,
as e a o e a a c a e s o e a
S l t h rt i l
e e a so T bi t i t h E y l B i t by R b rt
e a c es o n o n e nc c r o e
S mi t h i y l Bi bl by E rb t i H ti ng
. .
’
son th E n e Di t
nc c n as s e .
f th Bi bl by M r h ll j w h E y l by T y )
. .
,
o e d i e th a s a ,
an n e e is nc c . o .
a ll v a ri ati ons of t h e s am e st or y in th e i r e ss e n c e A mu c h .
3 49
35 0 T HE BOOK S or THE APOCRYPHA
th t
a it w as c ur r en t a m on g t h e J ews at l east as early
as t h e fifth c e ntur y B C . .
1
Thi s fo rm o f t h e n a m e given i n t h e Ara m ai c fra gm ent s
is th e
when I saw t he m my t ongu e st a mm ere d an d my limbs
.
2 An d ,
THE BOOKS O F THE APOCRYPHA
e ls e h e d e sir e d h e rep li e d :
,
e my son
up like a b a g a n d di ed .
t h e Sy r i ac Ar abi c Arm e n i an Ar am ai c A et h i Op i c H e br ew
, , , , , ,
f or m an d m a t t er an d in sp it e of t h e a dditi on of m an y
,
N ow t h e p a r ti c ul a r int e r e st th a t t h e st or y of Ac h i k ar t h e
Wis e h as f or t h e s t udy of t h e B ook of T obit li e s in t h e f ac t
t h at t h e wri t er of t h e l att er utiliz e d t h e f orm er i n t h e c om
p o siti on of his b oo k h e a ssum e s m or e ove r a s w e sh all see
, , ,
read ers .
II . THE R E L AT I ON S HI P BE TW E E N TH E B OO K O F T OB I T AN D
T HE S T OR Y OF A C HI KA R TH E W I S E .
1
It i s gi v e n in S w t
e e, Th e Old T
esta mti
en n Greek , v ol . 11 .
pp .
81 5 —8 4 8
35 4 THE BOO KS OF TH E AP OCRYPHA
as th ough h e w e r e w e ll k n own In i 2 1 2 2 a ft e r t h e
1
. .
, ,
c up b ear e r a d ( k ep r ) o f h S ig n t an d t h e c hi e f
2
-
n e e t e e
, ,
m ai n p oin t .
1
r m i fr gm nt t hi i t t h
In t h e A a p p r nt ly
a c a e s s no e ca se , a a e .
1
I th A hik
n t ry h i
e ll d t h S r t ry d Gr t S l
c ar s o e s ca e e ec e a an ea ea
f S nn h rib k i n g f A y d N in v h (S yri V r i n i ii
’
o e ac e , o ss n a an e e ac e s o .
35 6 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
A sk co v ry m
un l se of e e an My i t w i th t h
son , a sso c a e e
t h t i wi
a s d d pi
se , a nt y es se n o an wi m se d t h u wil t b
an , a n m o e co e
co u n l t h t i p r fi t bl (iv
se a s o a e . wi li k h i m (ii
se e .
It i g d t
s k p
oo l th o ee c ose e If t h u h t h r d o w rd l t as ea a o e
r t f k i n g bu t t nf
se c e o a o co ess i t di i t hy h t d r v l
e n ea r an e ea
it t m l t it b m
,
d r v l th w rk f G d
,
an e ea e o s o o o no an es e co e a
( xii h t o l i t hy m u t h d burn
co a n o an
th d th u l y bl mi h
.
ee , an o a a e s
on t hy ul d b ng r d so an e a e e
g in t G d (
,
a a s o 11 .
d e sc ri p t i on of t h e e m p i re Assyri a an d N in eveh i n t h e , ,
on ce ridi n g t hr ough a f or e s t wh e n h e c a m e u p on s om e m en
.
,
1
S im p so n in , C h rl
a es, I , p . 19 1 .
w om an in m a rri a ge in S p it e of wh a t h as oc c urr ed He .
, p p , ,
t h e Egy p ti a n g od Kh ons ; in it oc c u r s t h e st o r y of a
be autiful p r in ce ss w h o w as p os sesse d by a d em on but by ,
t h e h e l p of Kh ons t h e d e m o n w as e x pe ll e d an d t h e p rin ce ss
c ur e d
3
.
1
h r r I I I p 4 wh r furt h r li t r t ur i giv n
S ee S c u e 2 1, e e e e a e s e
:
t h E n gli h tr n l t i n f S h ii nt i n t hi i t h b n
.
, ,
e s d a t s a o o c re r oe s n o co a s as ee
a dd d t t h l t ( f urt h ) G rm n d i ti n
e o e as o e a e o
furt h r S imr k D g t G h d d di d k b
.
S 1
ee e ,
oc T dt ,
er a e er ar an e an a re n o erz
( 856)
1
F 1
d t il
or S h n i d r K lt
e a s d D h
see d B byl i
c e e u ur a n en en er a on a
d j d p p 6 38 fl
,
an u en , , .
35 8 THE B OOK S OF THE APOCRYPH A
T obi a s his son went f orth accor dingly ; but h e s oon r etu r n e d
, ,
an d r ep or t e d t o his f at h e r th a t on e of his r ac e h ad bu t n ow
a g r a ve a n d bu r i e d t h e d e a d b ody But as h e h ad t ou c h e d .
a d ea d b ody h e w a s un c l e a n a n d th e r e f or e could n ot re e nt e r
,
-
un c l ea n so h e l a id d own in t h e c ou r ty ard by t h e S id e
1
,
of a w a ll a n d b ec a us e it w as h ot h e l e ft his f a c e un cove re d
,
a fll i c t i on a n d of his p r a y e r t o God th at h e m
.
a d i e ( ve r s e s
, y
1 Th en a n ew el em ent in t h e st ory is intr odu ce d .
1 Cp . N u mb r e s xix . 1 1— 1 3 , 16 tf . ,
360 TH E BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
r
p p o e r ti e T obi a s burn s t h e liv e r an d h e ar t of t h e fi sh with
all su cc e ss ; th er e is rej oi c ing an d fea sting in t h e h ous e of
R ague l (vi i viii ) At Tobi a s r e qu e st R ap h ae l g oe s t o
.
, .
’
T obit a n d his l a s t w o r ds
IV THE
. R E L IGI O U S S TA N D PO I N T O F THE W R IT E R
I n vari ous im p o rt ant p a rt i cul ars t h e wri t er of t h e B ook
of T obi t an d B en Sir a oc c u p y t h e s a m e r e ligi ous st a nd p oin t
-
( )
a W e will r e f e r firs t t o th o se p oi nt s i n whi c h t h e t e ac hing
is id ent i cal .
Gl ri fy G d
o d h n ur t h
o p ri t
an o o e es
A d giv t h m t h i r p r t i n i t i mm n d d t h
,
n e e e o o as s co a e ee
Th f d f t h t
e oo p o ff ri n g e d th h v
res ff rin g f t h h n d
a ss o -
e an e ea e o
-
e o e a
Th e sa c ces o d th eo s e ss, an e o e s o o s
( xxxv xlv 4 . I —I I ,
. 1
a b v
o lle Pr y r
a d Almsgiving
on th s d
a e t n ee dan e e o no
illust r ting s th y
a ,
aft n s p ke n of in ith r b ook
e a re so o e o e e
but t w o p oints t h e sp i ri t an d t h e efi ,
i ea ey of almsgiving are ,
n ot thin e e e b e
y g rudging wh e n th o u giv e st a lm s a nd a
sim
,
si ast i c us xviii 15 18 : .
—
My son , brin g no bl mi h t hy g d d d
e s on oo ee s,
Th e gi ft of an e n vi u m n um t h t h y
o s an co s e e e es .
“
Alms delive re th f r om d eath an d su ffe r e th n ot t o c o m e ,
fl min g fi d t h w t r q u n h
A a re o a e e c
d th lm givin g t n f i
,
S O o a s a o e or s n .
p r ac ti c ll y a o n o ti e i n
n T bit th o ugh B Si r
c insists u p n
o o ,
1
en -
a
1Th r f r n e t f t in g i
e e e 8 d ce t b l ng t t h t u t x t
o as n x 11 .
, oe s n o e o o e r e e .
36 2 THE B OO KS OF THE APOCRYPH A
i t s right use ( xxxiv On on e oth e r p oint of l eg a l .
H e w h o w ash et h wi t h) d d b dy d t u h t h i t
a ft er (c onta c t a ea o , an o c e
Wh t h t h h g in d by h i b thi n g ( xxxiv
a a e a e s a ? . 2
at ti t ud d th eir t ch i n g
e an t h f utu lif Alth ough ea on e re e .
,
As w t r fr m t h
a d r op gr in f n d
of a e o e se a , o r as a a o sa
S o m n f w y r i t h t rn l d y
a re a
’
s e ea s n e e e a a s .
Th r f r i t h L r d l n g u ff ri n g t w r d t h m
e e o e s e o o s e o a s e
A d p ur t h t Hi m r y u p n t h m
,
n o e ou s e c o e
Th m r y f m x r i d up n hi w k i
.
e i
e c o an s e e c se o s o n n,
Bu t t h m r y f G d i xt n d d t ll fl h
e e c o o s e e e o a es
R p r vi n g d h t ni ng hin g
,
e o d t an c as e an ea c
A d bri n gi n g t h m b k h p h rd h i fl k
, , ,
n e ac as a s e e s oc ,
T bi t in lik m n n er c ont m p l at e s ll m
o ,
en as c omi g
e a ,
e a n
within t h e p l e of G od s m er cy
’
a :
I x l t my G d
e a d my ul h ll r j i i t h K in g f h v n
o an so S a e o ce n e o ea e
O f H i gr t n ll m t ll
,
s l t ea ess e a en e
A d l t t h m giv Him t h nk i n J ru l m
,
n e e e a s e sa e .
A brigh t ligh t h ll hi n u nt ll t h nd f t h
s a rth s e o a e e s o e ea
M n y n t i n h ll m fr m f r
a a o s s a co e o a a
A d t h i n h bi t nt f t h u tm t nd r t h u nt Thy h ly
,
n e a f th a s o e os e s o e ea o o
n m a e
W i t h t h ir gi ft l i t h ir h n d u nt t h K i n g f h v n
e s a so n e a s o e o ea e
G n r ti n
e e a f g n r ti n o h ll u tt r r j i in g i Th
s o e e a o s s a e e o c n ee
A d Thy n m t h t i
n l t u nt t h g n r t i n f t rni t y (xiii
a e a s e ec o e e e a o s o e e .
p xiv 4
—1 1
7 ; c . .
364 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
p ossibly ,
xliii 2 6 )
. b e ing t h e o nly on e It is t h e s am e with .
, odaeus
“ ”
t h e e vil d em on ( iii 8 I 7 c.
p ,
v i I 4 ) an, d t o m .e th ods .
o f e x or c i sm ( vi —
7 9 . 1 6 —18
, viii 2 3 ) ,S h ow th a t
. b e li e f,
i n
r ep re sent e d t h e p oi n t of vi ew of th ose wh o m ay b e r eg a rd e d
a r ty a ft e r t h e Ma cc ab m a n struggl e T h e writ e r of t h e
p .
t h e st and p oi n t of th os e wh o l at e r d e v el op e d in t o t h e p a rt y
, ,
mu ch on t h e a ssum p ti on th a t on e influ en ce d t h e ot h e r ,
a s th a t b ot h de sc e nd e d fr om t h e s am e a n c e st or v i z , .
Chassi di s m .
O R IGI N
From wh at h as j ust b ee n s aid w e are led t o t h e c on c lusi on
th at our b ook be l ongs t o t h e s am e p eri od as th at of E cc lesi
ast ic us th ough p e r h a p s s lightly l a t e r i n th a t p e r i od th a n t h e
,
1
S ee a bv o e, pp .
92 f .
36 6 THE BOO KS OF THE APOC RYPHA
co nvi nce d th a t t h e sure s t guide t o t h e d at e of a J ew ish b ook
writt e n b e twee n th ose tw o gr e at hi st ori c al l a ndm arks t h e ,
oth e r b ec am e d e fi n i t e ly f orm e d an d su c h an a tt i t ud e a s ,
E cc l esi as t ic us f or al t h ough i t d oe s in s om e re s p e c t s S h ow a
,
Our b ook m a
y thus b e a ssig n e d t o a d a t e n ot mu c h l a t e r
th a n B C 1 75 an d n ot e arli e r t h an B C 1 9 0
. . . . .
writ e rs .
F or H e h a t h sc a tt er e d yo u a m on g t h e m
,
An d t h e r e H e h a t h S h o wn y ou H i s gr ea t n ess ;
,
1
Th e d e a i that th e b o ok i hi t ri l
s s o d t h r f r b l ng t
ca an e e o e e o s o the
se v nt h
e ce nt ury B C
. . d oes no t m ri t
e ri u n i d r t i n
se o s co s e a o .
36 8 THE BOOK S O F THE APOCRYPHA
i n volve t ec hni caliti es whi ch w ould be in ap p rop ri at e h ere .
or A r am ai c it s G r ee k f o rm mus t b e n ot a tr a n sl at i on but a
, ,
a r a p h r as e
1
p .
w a s P a l estin e an d th at f or s om e r e a s on or o th e r h e w a s
,
, ,
VI . THE VAL U E O F TH E B OO K F OR NE W T E S TA M E N T S TU D Y
Th er e are a few p a ss ag e s in t h e B ook of T obit whi c h on ,
1
rig n E p d A f i xiii y t h t t h b k w
O e a t w i tt n
r c sa s a e oo as n o r e
i H br w J r m P f i V li b i T b y h tr n l t d i t
. .
, ,
n e e e o e, ra e n er s r o sa s e a s a e
fr m t h Ch l d (i A r m i ) bu t t hi w i t l f tr n l t i n
. . .
,
o e a ee e a a c s as se a a s a o
whil t h Gr k p u t t h n rr t iv fr m i 3 iii 6 i t h fi t
. .
, ,
for e e ee s e a a e o — n e rs
p r n d fr m h r n w r d nt i n u i t h t hir d p r n J r m
. .
e so an o e e o a s co es n e e so e o e s
A m i ( whi h i i l l p r b bili t y r p r nt d by t h m n u ri p t
,
ra a c c s n a o a e e se e e a sc
e di t d by N ub u r T h B
e k / T bi t A C h ld
e a e t t 8 78 )
e oo 0 o a ee ex 1
m k t h wh l n rr t iv i t h t hir d p r n bu t i f t h rigi n l
, ,
a es e o e a a e r un n e e so e o a
f rm f t h t ry w w i tt n i t h t hir d p r n t h ugh u t i t i m
o o e s o as r e n e e so ro o s u
t hi n k bl t h t i l t r f rm t h fir t p r n w ul d h v b n
,
a e a n a a e o e s e so o a e ee
s ub t i t u t d i i 3 iii 6 l n O t h th r h n d i t w ul d b q ui t
s e n —
a o e n e o e a o e e
n t ur l f t h rigi n l wri t r t mm n hi t ry i t h fi t p
. . .
,
a a or e o a e o co e ce s s o n e rs er
son a n d l t r t f ll i nt t h t hi r d p r n f
a e o a t hi l tt r i t h imp l r
o e e so or s a e s e S e
i r f rm f n rr t i n Th H br w V r i n f q ui t
,
an d ea s e o o a a o e e e e s o s are o e
lt dt d Ob vi u ly t n l t i n ; N ub u r 0 p
.
a e a e, an o it
s d ra s a o s see e a e ,
. c .
, an
G t r Tw U k w H b w V i
as e , o n
f th e
no T bi t L g dn e re ers on s o o e en
a bund an ce if th ou h a ve muc h acc or ding t o t h e abund a n c e ,
wi t h M a tth ew v i 1 — 6 t h e f or m e r runs
. B e t t er is p ra ye r
with t ruth an d a lms with r ight e ousn e ss th a n r i ch e s with
, ,
an
,
this n eg a t iv e
inj un c ti on is p ut p ositively in M atthew vii 1 2 All things .
y ou ,
e v e n so d o ye a l so unt o th e m ( p
c Luk e vi . .
,
I
was thirsty a n d ye g a ve m e d r ink I w as a st r a ng e r an d ye
t ook me in ; n aked an d ye c l othed me
, ,
.
,
n d i n ve r s e 1 6 t n
a b ov e
) L t t hi b grudgi n g
'
a e n o e e e e
y
wh e n th ou give s t al ms (cp I Cor x vi 2 2 Cor viii . . .
, . .
a n d 1 Th e ss a l oni a ns iv 3 an d in T obi t iv 1 5 6 an d E h e si a ns
.
,
p .
23 , F or t h e w ag e s of si n is d eath s ee ms t o b e d erive d ,
a
y als o b e dis cer n e d
i n a few c ase s ; t hus i n vi 6 t h e w ords , Bu t g odlin e ss
.
,
t h e s am e w ay t h e p a ss ag e a l r e a dy qu ot e d T obit iv 9
, , .
,
T obit xiii 6 . .
p r a y e r b e f or e t h e gl o ry of t h e L o rd r e mi n ds on e f or c ibly o f ,
—
.
CHAPTER I II
T he Book o f J ud i t h
[L I T ERA T U RE Fri t h D i B h T bi u d j udi th k ld t i
— z sc e, e uc er o a
‘
n er r , n
E x g ti h H n dbu h d A p k ryp h n ( 8 5 3) B ll
.
e e sc es a c zu en o e 1 a ,
ni W I pp
ace, 4 36 S h ii I I iii p p 3
2 1— 3 7 G rm n d
0 c r er , 2— e a e .
,
in K u t h I p p 4 7 6 4 G t r
. . .
, , ,
—1
III p p 3 3 7 ; L Oh
2 0- 2 r, a z sc . 1 as e ,
i n t h P r din g f t h S f Bibli l Ar h l gy f
.
, ,
e o cee s o e oc o ca c aeo o or
h l K mm j
.
1 8 94 pp 5 6 6 3 ; S 1 t—1 u b d Bc k di th
o z, o en a r er as uc u
d D
.
,
h ( 8 9 6 ) W ii
’
un d b B l
u er e un h A I
ra c l L h
e 1 n sc e, us sra e s e r
h ll
a II pp
en , 64 8 5 ( 9 8 ) C wl y i C h rl
,
. 1 — 1 I pp 4
1 0 o e , n a e s, ,
. 2 2
I C ON TE N T S
. AN D C HA R A C TE R O F THE B OO K
HE b ook p urp ort s t o t e ll of e ven t s whi ch t ook p l ac e
in t h e r eign of N e bu ch a dn ezza r wh o r e ign e d ove r ,
37 2
it c h e s his c am p be t w ee n G e b a an d S c yt h op olis an d r ests
p ,
t a in t op s
-
J oakim t h e high p ri e st t ake s t h e l ea d an d
.
,
-
c omm a n ds t h e p e op l e of B e thuli a t o s e iz e t h e a s ce n t s of
(iv 1
. Th e p e op l e th e n g iv e th e ms e lve s t o f a sting an d
r a ye r s c a llin g u on God t o h e l th e m in this h our o f
p , p p
d ang e r (iv 9 . H ol ofe rn e s on h ea ring of t h e p re p a ra
,
eo l e so l o ng a s th e y r e m a in e d f a ithful t o Him ; so th at
p p
if th ere is n o l awl essn e ss in th ei r n a ti on Ach i or con clud e s
”
, ,
let my l o r d n ow p a ss by le st th e i r L ord d e f e nd th e m
, ,
a n d k eep s af e e v e ry m
,
alm os t br e a t hl e ss e x c i t em e nt i t is a m a st e r p i ece of n a rr a
,
p p on e n e ss t o b e d i ffus e .
r a y t o God Wh o wi ll t e ll h er as s oon as t h e p e op l e h a ve
p
c ommit t e d th e i r sins ; a n d I wi ll c om e an d sh ow it
al s o u n t o th ee a n d th ou sh a lt g o f or t h wi t h all t hy h os t ,
a n d th e r e sh all b e n on e of th e m th a t sh a ll r e sis t th ee .
a rmy on l e ar n ing wh a t h as h a
, p p e n ed are p lu n g e d i n t o f ea r
,
a n d confu si on ; t h e Is r aelit e s f a ll u p on th e m an d p ut th e m
Be thuli a at a ri pe old age (xv i 1 8 .
wh o r e ign e d ov e r t h e A ssyri a ns i n N in e ve h an d a g a in
a fr ai d at t h e a p p r oac h of H o l of e r n e s an d w e r e tr oubl e d f or ,
c a us e th e y w e r e n ewly c om e up fr om t h e C a p tivity an d a ll ,
t h e p e op l e of Jud aea we r e l at e ly g a th e re d t og e th e r ; a n d
t h e v e ss e ls an d t h e alt a r an d t h e h ous e were s a n c tifi e d
, , ,
a n d so f ar fr om th e p e op l e h a vi n g n e wly c om e up f r om t h e
.
l
p ac e s om e tw e nty y e a rs l a t e r Th e n a g a in in iv 6 — 8 J oa kim
.
, ,
.
J et xl
. .
3 78 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
O n t h e f ace of i t th er e f ore t h e b ook is n ot t o b e r eg ard e d
, ,
Old Te s t am e nt an d so f ar as t h e g eograp hy of P al e st in e
,
u p on a t im e t h e r ea l va gu e n e ss of t h e d a t e b ei n g t r an s
’
c ours e a lw a ys t h e
p ossibili t y t h a t s om e his t oric a l b a sis
may e xist for t h e act u al st ory of Judith as dis t inc t fr om
,
e stru c ti on of t h e Te m l e
” 2
p r e sum a bly b e f o r e t h e d p Th e .
b asis of f ac t .
1
T rr y
o e in the j ew i sh E n cy cl vn 38 8 b
(2 m
.
j
. .
,
1
D i e gottesdi en stl i ehe n Vor trdg e der ude n d
'
p . 1 32 .
380 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
I t is p r ob abl e th a t all th e s e rece nsi ons g o b ac k t o a single
a r c h e typ e
1
But in t h e s ec ond p l ace th e re e xists i n
.
, , ,
a n d i n t h e m a g a zin e in whi c h G a st e r s m a n us c ri p t h as b ee n
’
e s een th at a v a ri e t y of i n di c at i on s le ad
p ublish e d it will b ,
l
t o t h e c onvi c ti on th at t h e sh ort e r f orm is t h e old e r
1
So a cco r di n g t o Sc hl o z, Op . ci t .
, pp . xxiv . f .
(see t h e L i t r t ur
e a e
a bv
o e )
i t r t ur abo v e
.
1
S ee t h e L e a e .
1
Op . ci t .
, p . 131 .
THE BOO K OF J U D ITH
III . THE T E AC HI N G AN D P U R POS E OF THE B OO K
Th e se t w o subj ec ts go t og e th er ; f or t h e a nswe r t o t h e
on e is t h e a nsw e r t o t h e oth er Th e t eac hin g is th a t of t h e .
e x t oll e d
’
e ve r Judith s i
p yet is h e r st ri c tn e ss with r e g ard
a re r e fe rr e d t o in x 3 xii 7 9 h e r d e v oti on t o p r a y e r in t h e
.
,
.
, ,
wh ol e of c h ap t e r ix an d in c ide nt al ly i n viii 3 1 xi I 7 .
,
.
, .
,
iv 2 3 iv 1 1 1 5 v 1 9 viii 2 1 2 4 ix 1 8 1 3 x vi 2 0 ;
.
, , .
—
, .
, .
, , .
, , , .
m e nt on t h e G e nt il es in xvi 1 7 Th e w orship of t h e On e . .
ay b e ,
th Lm
m
ite r
t p r e Ch -
r isti a n Jud a ism .
Th e m ai n p u rp o se of t h e b ook is th e r ef o r e c l early t o
e
(see
, ,
t h e p a r ty of n a rr o w l eg alisti c t e nd e n c i e s an d it is f or g ot t e n ,
of r e ligi ous w a rf a r e th a t is in c ul c at e d .
IV . THE D AT E O F THE B O OK
Th e hist oric al d et ails give n in t h e b ook are as w e h ave ,
t h e f orm t h at w e h a ve h e re f oll ow e d n a m e ly th a t of t h e , ,
1
Th e R el i gi ous V e ws i f
o the P h a ri sees, p 2 ; se e a sol H rf r d
e o
i mi t
,
m
.
V . O R IGI N AL L A N G U A G E O F THE B OO K
THE
Th ere c an b e n o t w o Op i n i on s as t o wh at t h e origin a l
l an gu ag e of t h e b ook w as n am ely H ebrew ; i n n um er ous
,
n or t h e J e ws with wh om h e w as i n c ommu ni c at i on k n e w
1
L Oh r , Op . ci t .
, i . 1 48 .
CHAPTER IV
T he A dd i t i o n s to t he Book f D an i el
‘
hi ht d L i t r t ur ( 8 7 7) B ll
,
b ii h c f ii jii di h
er G r sc e e sc c e un e a 1 a
S h ur r I I iii p p 8 8 G rm n
,
i Wn II p p 3 5 36
ac e , 83 0 — 0 c e 1 — 1
e a
45 8 ; S h l j di th d B l d d Dr h
. .
, , ,
.
,
c d III p p 45 2— c o z, u un e un er ac e
Ju liu D i g i hi h D i l Z dt d i hr
. .
, ,
( 8 96 )
1 s, e r ec sc en an e -
us ze un e
k i h G lt g
a n on sc D ub n y T h
e e Th A ddi t i
un t a e e re e on s o
D i l ( 9 6 ) R t h t in i K u t h I p p 7 9 3 ;
,
an e 1 0 o s e n a z sc 1 2— 1
B nn tt K y d W i tt n D vi i Ch rl I p p 6 5 6 6 4
.
, , , ,
e e a an o a es , n a e s, 2 —
t l by M r h ll i H t i g D i t f th B i bl
. .
, ,
Th
’
e a r i c es da s a n as n s e o e e, an
K m p h u n i t h E y l B i bl ]
.
a a se , n e nc c . .
I P R E LIMI N A R Y R E M AR KS .
a w rd my b s id b ut th m oll c tiv ly N on e
o a e a a o e c e e .
of th m e ur in t h H brew Bibl
occ d in nly m nue e e an o on e a
sc ri p t f t h S p tu gint p r p r
o e e th y f und but i n t h
a o e a re e o
1
e
g re t un i ls ( B A Q ) whi c h nt in Th dot i
’
a c a ,
V rsi n
, ,
co a eo on s e o
o f t h S p tu gi n t th y ll pp r
e e a int gr l p rts f t h e t e x t
,
e a a ea as e a a o
o f D ni la In t h Gr k m nus ri p t s
e . br k s p r at
e ee a c no ea or e a e
,
’
from t h e numb e r B el on t h e o th er h a nd is t r ea t e d as t h e , ,
w
.
1
S e t e I n tr to the O T
, . . . i n Greek ,
p . 26 0
38 6 TH E BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
t hr e e i t is p ossibl e h owe ve r th at fiv e or igin ally s ep ar at e
; , ,
i e c e s w er e in corp or a t e d int o t h e t e x t of t h e S ep t u ag i nt
p ,
a n d t h e Dr ag on Th e s e c on d t hi r d an d f our t h of t h es e are
.
,
a
pp a r e nt ly r e ga r d e d Sus nn
a a
2
an d t h e S on g of t h e Thr e e
6 —8 0 163 1 6 9, 2 35 — 239
pp 7
-
.
,
II . THE PRA Y ER OF A Z A R I AH
This a ddi t i on consis t s of t w o p i eces : a narrat ive p or t i on ,
- -
.
, , ,
1
S w ete Op ci t p 26 0
1
S tromt i iv
a e s
S tr m i
. .
, , . . .
of the ca n on ic al D a ni el v iz t h e fl a m e of t h e fire sl ew t h os e
, .
,
an d op e n e d his m ou t h i n t h e mids t of t h e fi re an d s a i d ,
e x ec t it t o h a v e b ee n p ut in t o t h e m outh of H a n a ni ah
p
( An a ni a s )
,
i .e t h.e e quiv a l e nt o f t h e Ar a m ai c Sh ad r ac h ,
wh os e n am e is always p l ac e d firs t .
e v e n J er us al e m Th ou h ast ex ec u t e d t ru e j udg em en t s f or
,
or bu r n t o ffe r in g-
or s ac r ifi c e
, or obl a t i on ,or In ce ns e or , ,
p ce t o offe r b e f or e Th ee a n d t o find m e rc y
l a This .
a ss ag es qu ot e d r ea d like t h e w o r ds of on e w h o live d i n
p
P al e stin e Th e indi c ati o ns in t h e Pr aye r of its h a vin g b ee n
.
di rec ti on .
Th e c o nj ec t u r e m a y b e h a z a r d e d th a t in its o rigin al f o r m
its auth o r h ap p e n e d t o h a ve t h e s am e n am e as on e of t h e
h er oes in t h e D a ni el st or y but sin ce s om e C op i e s of D a ni el
must h a ve e xist ed whi c h did n ot c ont ain this a dditi on
th e re wa s a d oubt as t o wh e th er it h ad a n y r igh t t o a p l ace
t h e re Th e c an oni cal D a ni el an d t h e S ep t u agint r ep r ese n t
.
see , ,
t o ge t aw a y fr om t h e c onvi c ti o n th a t a ll th r ee of t h e p i ec es
j ust m e n ti on ed we r e in s om e w ay c onn ec t e d wi th t h e an ci e n t
1
wt y
S e e sa s Th e a ddi ti n t D n i l iii
o o a e 23 is c ea l rly Mi dr ashi c
mi ti ri gin l Op i t
.
an d p r b bly h
o a ad a Se c o a ,
. c .
, p . 26 1 .
3 90 TH E BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
J ew ish Litu r gy ; wh e t h e r e xtr act s f r om tim e h on oured -
r a y er s or b a s e d u p on t h e s e it is of cours e im p ossible t o
p , ,
s p i r it .
III . TH E S ONG O F T HE T H R E E C H I LD R E N
This S ong is i ntr odu ce d with t h e w ords of ve r s e 2 8 Th e n
t h e th r ee a s out of on e m,
on t h p r a is e d an d gl or ifi e d an d , , ,
br ought in
i
O A n an a s Az a as a n d ri M i l bl y t h L r d
sa e ess e e o
i g ri highly x l t Him f v r
, , , ,
S n H i s p a se a n d e a or e e .
F or H e at h hr u
esc e d us f o p w r f rmH d d v d fr m t h
a es, a n sa e us o e o e o
dea t h
liv r r m mi d t f t h burning fi ry furn vn
,
An d d e e e d us f o th e s o e e ace, e e
tou f th fi h t h H d liv r d
o e re a e e e e us .
I ts t n of e xult ti on is i n s t r ng on t r s t t o t h d sp ond nt
o e a o c a e e e
t on of t h P r y r ; t his is h owe ve r
e e ae indi eti n of t h e , , on ca o
c nn t
a oo th
,
th r h nd h v b e n writt n b f r this
n e o e a ,
a e e e e o e
O y p iri t
e d s ul f t h righ t u bl y t h L rd
s an so s o e eo s, ess e e o
S in g H i p r i d highly x l t Him f vr
,
s a se , an e a or e e .
Th e
of a J ew dwe lling i n B abyl on n a m e d J oa kim ; sh e w as ,
e ld e rs of t h e p e op l e w h o w e r e j udg e s ; th e s e t w o we r e
fre qu e nt visi t or s a t t h e h ouse of J oakim Th ey b oth f ell i n .
w as d e t ec t e d by t h e ot h e r on e m orn in g wh e n th ey h a d gon e
out in t o t h e g a rd e n wh e r e Sus a nn a w as w ont t o b a th e .
n o m eans of
p r ov ing h er inn oce n c e sh e is a ccording t o t h e ,
L aw cond emn e d t o d e a th
, On h er w ay t o e x ecuti on t h e .
c r owd is s ep a r a t e d by a y oung m an n a m e d D a ni el wh o ,
t h ere sh all b e a n ew t ri al }
A t this n ew t ri a l t h e y ou n g man
1
Mi hn S nh drin i i t i i d I f m u f
In t h e s a, a e v 2 s sa : so e ca se or
x t n u ti n i br ugh t f rw r d h i (i t h n d mn d) b h l f
.
,
e e a o s o o a on s e e co e e e a
h i li b r t d t h rwi h g f t h h ll f ju d g m nt )
. .
,
e s e a e t (i o e se e oe s ou e o e a o e e
t n d S m ( r d i t d) p r n ll fr nt f him
. .
,
to b e s o e . t i o e ac c e e e so ca s ou n o o
(i e h i b in g l d t t h p l
as e sf x u ti n) S d t h
e e o a ce o ec o o an so , e
t n d f h vin g m m
. . e e
son f do i g in g f rt h t b
so a n so , s i tt do o o e s o e or a co e
s uh d uh i
c an d f whi h u h
s c d u h t h wi tn
a s n , an o c s c an s c are e esses
wh v r h n yt hi n g t brin g f rw r d i n hi f v ur l t hi m m
oso e e as a o o a s a o e co e
f rt h d u tt r i t
o b h l f f him (i t h
an e on e a o . e . e
na m ely th at a c rimin al w h o h as be e n c ond em n ed is t o h a ve
,
e ve ry C h a n c e of c l e a r in g him se lf e ve n u t o t h e v e ry e n d
p ,
ac c us e d m an m ay b e c ond e m n e d I n f ac t t h e p ass ag e .
P i rq e Ab ot h i 9 i t is s a id . Sim on b en S h e t ac h u sed t o
sa
y Ex amin e t h e wit n e ss e s a bund a ntly a n d b e c a uti ous
i n thy w or ds l e st th e y l ear n f r om th em t o give f a l se
, ,
B all ,
t h e c h am p i o n of a n oth e r r e f o rm in c onn e c ti o n with
t h e la w of t estim ony A S t h e b r o th e r i n la w of king
.
- -
f e r a lly
‘ ’
a h orism lif e or lif e w as Co nst ru e d lit T h e
p , , .
1
S ee t h e w rk m nt i
o s e o ne d u n de r th e L i t r t ur giv
e a e e n a bv o e .
1
Th e J wi h n m w
e s a e as Sa lm
o e .
3 94 THE B OOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
consid ere d t h e i n ten ti on of t h e acc use rs as e quival e nt
t o ac t u a l murd e r A ccordi n g t o t h e m t h e m axim lif e ‘
.
,
Th e a uth or s ai m th er e
,
of t h e fi r st c e n t u ry B C in J e rus al em (or at an y r at e i n
. .
, , ,
( v e r s e 45 S e
p t u a
,
gint ) w as b e st ow e d w as p r ob ably t h e ,
p r e fix e d or a dd e d
, t o t h e B oo k o
,
f D a ni el with whi ch i t ,
V B EL . A N D THE D G RA O N
This a dditi on f oll ows t h e p rec eding on e in all t h e G ree k
m anus c ri p ts by whi c h it is t rea t e d as an int eg r al p art of t h e
c an on i cal a n i el D .
S h r in e s for e x am p l e i n t h e t em p l e of A e s c ul ap iu s a t
,
E p id a u r us a n d e ls ewh e re an d w e r e th e r ef or e p r ob ably
1
,
Th e w r it e r of this a dditi on m
, , ,
of t h e d r a g on Th a t D a ni e l sl aying t h e d r ag on w as
.
“ ”
w r i t t e n f or t h e p u r p os e of J ewish p r op ag a nd a ; cp vers e .
1 “
Th e G r
w r d t r n l t d d g n d n t rigi n ll y
eek o a s a e ra o e o es o a a
l rg rp nt H m r u dr k o d ph i i nt r h n g bly wi th u t
a e se e o e ses a n an o s e c a ea o
th l t p p r nt difl E v n th d k f Gr k myt h l gy
.
e eas a a e er e n ce e e ra on o ee o o
r m in nt i lly rp nt W i tt n D vi i C h rl I 6 5 3
.
e a s e sse a a se e -
o a es n a e s, , .
R u
1
oG k V ti
se , Ofi i g
ree pp 9 3 ff o ve er n s, 1
B t h B r u d H ll di p k f g d w r hip p d
. .
3 o e os s an e a us s e a o o s o s e a s se r
pe nt i s B byln n ( W iatt n D vi ) o o a es .
AS t h e a uth or ch oose s B abyl on a s t h e sc e n e of his st ory it
,
th a t n am e ; th ey h a ve b ee n in ep tly ins e r t e d h e r e ; t h e
n a rr ative reads far b e tt er with out the m viz (ver se 3 2 )
, .
I t w ould be h az ar d ou s t o a tt em p t t o a ssign an y p ar ti c ul a r
l ac e a s t h e h om e of this a dditi on b e y ond s a ying th a t if
p , ,
T he A dd i t i o n s to t he B o ok o f E st h er
[L I T ERA T U RE J .
— osep hu s, A n ti q . XI vi Fri t h z sc e, in K rgu e e
i
.
, ,
mi t
, .
, ,
.
, .
m
.
,
en t li c h e W i ssensc h a ft pp 4 ff ; S w t . Op it2 1 e e, c
K u t h Op i t I p p 9 3 if
. . .
,
2 5 7— 2 5 9 ( 1 9 0 0 R l i
pp ) y sse n a z sc c 1
( 1 9 0 0 ) Gr e gg i n C h arl es Op
. . . .
, , , ,
.
, ,
. ci t .
, I .
pp . 665
c om e an d sh ow h er b ea u t y t o his a ss embl e d gu e s t s a t a
3 98
40 0 THE B OO K S OF THE APOCR Y PHA
th em (ix 2 4 .
a n d t a k e s t h e f or m of a n in tr odu c t i on t o t h e wh ol e s t o ry .
a s a r e v el a t i on of t h e f ac t th a t an a t t e m p t w as g oing t o be
1
It h ul d b n t d t h t i t h n ni l E t h r t h h p t r
s o e o e a n e ca o ca s e e c a e s
r un fr m i t x 3 i t h A p ryp h t h h p t r
o o n umb r d n e oc a e c a e s ar e e e
t h ugh t h y m n u t iv ly ft r t h n ni l
. .
as o ef th ca e co sec e a e ose o e ca o ca
E th r
s e i x 4 t xvi 4 ; t hi u nn
v z ry nfu i n i d t
. o 2 s e c e ssa co s o s ue o
St J r m w h r l g t d t h Gr k i nt rp l t i n t t h
. .
,
e o e od f th
e e a e e ee e o a o s o e en o e
n n i l b k bu t i t h h d t h ff t f m k i n g t h m u i t lli
.
ca o ca oo as a e e ec o a e n n e
gi b l e ( S w t Op i t p e e, . c .
, .
t o p e rish , all
J ews b oth y ou n g an d old lit tle c hildren an d
, ,
t h e high f av ou r whi c h H am a n e nj oy e d (h e is s p ok e n of as
on e th at e x cell e d in wi sd om a m ong us a n d w as ap p r oved ,
(3 ) T h e n e xt a d d it i o n ( xiii 8 — xiv 1
9 in
. t h e Engli
. sh
A p oc r yp h a ) c om e s a ft er iv 1 7 of t h e ca n oni c al E st h e r
. .
E sth e r (xiv 1 a n d on e v e r se
.
(xiii 1 8 ) whi c h s ays .
.
4 2
0 THE BOO K S OF THE APO C RYPHA
(4 ) Th e f ou r th a dditi o n ( xv 1 1 6 i n t h e E n.glish A
—
p oc ry
f ll ws imm e di a t ely a ft er t h e p r ece ding on e This is
p h a ) o o an .
S a vi ou r u p on Wh om sh e c all e d b efore s e tt i n g f or t h
, .
( )
5 This a dditi o n ( xvi 1 —
2 4 i n t h e English
. A p oc ry p a)
h
c om e s a f t e r viii 1 2 of t h e can oni cal Es t h e r
. i t p urp ort s t o
give t h e c ont en t s of t h e l et t e r of Art ax erx e s (see viii 8 ff . .
t h e b ook ; t h e king sp ea ks of t h os e wh o tr y t o e s ca p e
t h e e vil h at ing j us t i ce of God
-
h e s ays t h at t h e J ews
are t h e C hildr e n of t h e m ost high an d m os t mighty living
our p r og e ni t ors in t h e m os t e x c e ll e n t m a nn er an d in
1
U n l ess t h e m nt i e o n o f fast i n g , in iv . 16 ,
ix .
31 , c an b e in c lu d d i n
e
CHAPTE R VI
T he P ray e r o f M an asse s
[L I T ERA T U R E — B ll i n W
a ac e , ii .
pp 3 6 1 —
3 71 N est l e S ep tua i n ta g
iii K ut h
.
,
studi en , .
pp 6 ff .
(1 8 9 9) R y ssel i n a z sc 1 pp 16 1
R yl h rl
. .
, , .
1 71 ; e, in C a es, I , pp . 6 12
I . THE C O N TE N T S O F THE P RA Y ER
p i ece s in t h e A p oc r yp h a .
in m e rc y an d rep en t e st Th ee f or e vils of m
,
en
”
i e G od , . .
404
II . THE O R IGI N O F T HE PRA Y ER
t h e L or d He w as God A g ain in ve r s e s 1 8 1 9 of t h e s a m e
”
.
, ,
c h a p t e r t h e c h r oni c l e r s a ys : N ow t h e re st o f t h e a c ts of
M an a sseh an d h i s p raye r unt o his God an d t h e w ords of
, ,
t h e s ee r s th a t S p ak e t o him in t h e n a m e of t h e L ord t h e ,
”
t ory of Hoz ai 1
Th e Prayer o f M a n a sse s it is usu ally ,
c hr oni c l e r] an d w e m ay p e r h a p s ve ntur e t o a d d th a t th e r e
the seers .
S o th e S ep t u a
gi nt th i s i s, n o d o ub t wh a t sho ul d be
,
r ea d .
40 6 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
whi c h t h e ch r oni c l er d e r ive d his p e c uli ar de t a ils of t h e
hist ory of M an a sseh
” 1
This is an a t t r ac tive th eory
“
.
,
st or y of M a n a ss eh s r ep e n t an ce an d p r aye r an d d elive r a n c e
’
a n d w h o migh t ye t b e r ec l aim ed f r om t h e e r r o r of th e ir
” 1
w ay .
1
Op ci t p 36 2
1
Op ci t 6
. .
,
. . . .
,
p . 12 ,
40 8 THE BOO KS or THE APOCRYPHA
be ap p r op ri at e i n t h e m ou t h of an y c ont r it e sinn er a n d ,
”
set up ab omin a t i ons a n d h a v e multi p li e d d e t e st abl e t hings
, ,
t h e r e f er e n c e m ay w e ll b e t o 2 Chr o ni c l e s xxxiii 6 wh er e .
,
o f h a vi n g p e rh a p s b e e n a lt e r e d f or a p a rti c ul a r ur
p po s e
1
.
1
yl tr t t h w r d
R e ea s t h ugh t h y t d i t h t x t f
e se o s as o e s oo n e e o
C d T i
o . ddi ti t
n aI h v t up
on o
( whi h i t h a i e se c s e c a se n
th L ti n V r i n ); bu t r din g t S w t pp t i ti u ’
e a e s o a c co o e e s a ara us cr c s
th y e t
are d d i t i n bu t
no an ub ti t u t i n
a o , a s s o
Th t x t f C d A g h w v r wi t h t h t f t h A p t
.
1
e e o o . a r ees, o e e , a o e os o
li l C
ca ti t ti
on s u on s .
S3
Fri t h ; K g f t
ee z sc eg t H db h d Ap k y
urz e a ss es exe e an uc eu en o r
T t m t i p p 5 8 fi B ll Op i t p p 3 6 ff
.
ph d A lt
en es en es a en es, . . 1 . a , . c .
, . 2 .
said Th ou th eref ore O L ord th a t art t h e God of t h e
, , ,
of t h e Pr a ye r n a m e ly t h e n eed of r ep e nt a n ce is a s p ec ifi c a lly
, , ,
of t h e old e r b e li ef v e rs e 1 3 ru n s N or p a ss Th ou s e nt e n c e
e wh e n I a min t h e l ow e st p a rt s of t h e e a rth ;
,
agai n st m
f or Th ou O L or d art t h e God of th e m th a t r ep e nt
, , Al .
likely a d at e as an y .
IV . THE W R I TE R A N D T HE LA N G UAGE IN WH I C H HE WR OT E
Th ere c an b e n o s ort of d oubt th a t t h e r of this w i t er
Pr a ye r w as a Ph ar is ee an d m ore ove r on e of t h e b e st t yp e
, , ,
t h e s p i r i t of t ru e r eligi o n br e at h e s t h r ough it an d i t c an ,
th a t h e w ould h a ve c om p os e d a p raye r i n an y l an gu ag e
t h an t h at i n wh ic h h e h ad always b een acc ust om ed t o p ray
an d set f orms of p r a y e r lik e t h e on e b e f ore us w ould h a v e
, ,
b ee n writ t e n in H eb r e w n ot in Ara m ai c ,
.
1
Th e D i d l i w in rp r t d i nt t h A p t
a sca a as co o a e o e os oli ca l C on sti
t uti on s of whi h i t f rmc th fir t i b k ; t h
o s e s s x oo s e A p osto li lca
C on sti tu ti on sb l n g t t h f urt h fi ft h nt u y
e o s o e o or ce r .
'
( see e o )
wh e n t h e distin c t de vel op m e nt of t h e S addu cee s an d Ph a r i
s ees as op p osing p a rt i e s h ad al r ea dy t ake n p l ac e yet whi l e ,
an y a
pp r o a c h t o Ph a r is a i c f a n a ti c ism ; his sym p a thy f or
would h av e b ee n a d op t e d by a Ph a r is ee th e r e is n ot t h e
“
in wh a t may b e ex p re ss ed by t h e m od e r n p r over b th a t ,
O est erl ey Op ci t I
1
,
. .
, , p .
59 .
t i on al o rth od oxy of the S a ddu c ee s .
D A T E O F THE B OO K
II . THE
Th e Firs t B ook of M ac c ab ee s must h a ve b ee n writt e n
b e twee n t h e d at e s 1 3 5 B C an d 6 3 B C Th e e ve nt s r ec or d e d
. . . .
B C
. .so th a t this l a t t e r d a t e i s t h e e a r li e st p ossi bl e a t whi c h
,
i t c a n h a ve b ee n writt en On t h e o th e r h and P om p e y .
d eath of J on a th a n i e in 1 4 3 B C an d t h e w or ds unt o
,
. . . .
,
1
O e st e rl e y Op c i t , p 6 1
.
J hu iv
, . . .
1
S e e ose p s A n ti q , X I V
, .
, . 2— 4 ; B lle .
j ud I ,
vu .
3
—6 .
THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
‘
1
4 4
of J ohn ,
an d of his wa rs an d his val i an t d eeds whi c h h e di d
, ,
p r i e sth oo d f r om ,
t h e tim e th a t h e w as m a d e high
p ri e st -
, . .
,
d r aw fr om m ay b e a ssum ed fr om su c h p a ss ag es a s ix 2 2 .
n ot wr itt e n ,
th e im p li c a t i on b eing th a t s om e ot h e r things
r el ating t o hi mwere writ t en (cp xi 3 7 xiv I 8 2 7 4 8 49) . .
, .
, , ,
a n d xvi 2 3 2 4 al r ea dy qu ot e d
.
, , A n d t h e r e s t of t h e ac ts
of J ohn b eh old th e y are writ t en i n t h e c h r oni cl e s
,
of his high -
p r i e sth oo d .
h owev er t h e c on t en t s of s om e wri tt e n d oc um
.
se n t s, ,
e nt ,
a n d w as n ot sim p ly a v e r b al m e ss ag e is e v ide nt ; f or it ,
h a d b ee n s e n t t o t h e S p a rta n s an d t o o t h e r p l ac e s in
ver s e 3 whi c h c om e s n atural ly aft e r ve rse 1 t h e th re a d of
, ,
l at er e dit or wh o d e si re d t o em p h asiz e t h e f ac t th a t a
re l a ti on shi p h ad e xist ed b e tw ee n his p eopl e an d t h e S p a r t an s ,
418 THE B OO KS OF THE APOC RYPHA
wh i l e n ot W ishing m ake i t ap p ear t h at his p e op l e h ad
to
an y n ee d t o d ep e nd u p on f or e ign h e l p i n t h e ir s t ruggl e
a g a ins t th e ir e n emi e s .
()c A l e tt e r fr om A r e i os king of t h e S p
,
a r t a ns t o Oni as ,
t h e high p ri e s t (xii 2 0
-
This owe s its p re s en ce h er e t o
.
t h e f ac t t h at in t h e l e t t e r j us t d e al t wi t h J on at h an c i te s t h e
e xist e n ce of f orm e r f ri e n dshi p b e t w e e n t h e J e ws an d t h e
S p ar t an s as a r eas on f or r e n ew n t h e s am e (xii 7 9) i t is .
—
a dd e d a s an ap p e ndix t o J on a t h a n s l e tt e r Th e or igin a l
’
.
a n d a h a lf e a r li e r t h e f ac t of i t s b e in g qu ot e d h e re sh ows
wi t h wh at c a r e su c h d ocum en ts we re p re s e rve d .
c h ap t e r s xi — xiii is t o s om e e x t e n t im p ugn e d
. .
, ,
I t is di fli cult
.
i n t h e ve r y n ex t c h ap t e r g o on t o give a résum é of wh a t h ad
r e c e d e d di ff e ring fr om it i n a numb e r of r t i ul r s T h e
p p a c a .
( )
d A l e tt e r f r o m A nti oc hus V I t o J o n a th a n ( xi This .
a r ti c l e s of t h e t r e a ty th a t if t h e R om a ns are a t t ac k e d by an
e n emy t h e J e ws m
,
ay n ot r e nd e r th a t e n emy an y h el p ,
t h e w ords A n d it w as h ea r d at R om e th a t J on ath a n w as
dead an d e ve n unt o S p art a an d th e y were exc ee dingly
, ,
s orry. It th e n g oe s on t o say th a t t h e R om a ns wr ot e
t o Sim on w h o h ad su ccee d e d hi s br oth e r J o n ath an on
, ,
t h e d e at h of J on ath a n t h e R om a ns w ould h a ve t a ke n t h e
422 THE B OO KS OF THE A POCR Y P HA
initi a t ive i n rene wn t h e t reat y with t h e J ews ? This
se ems t o be di r ectly c ont r adic t e d by wh at is s ai d i n ve r s e 2 4
(qu ot e d ab ove) I t w ould ap p ea r th at vers e s 1 7 2 3 are an
.
—
d oc um e n t t h e p r ob abili t y is th at use w as m ad e of s om e
,
()
c A l e t t e r fr o m Lu c ius t h e R o m a n c on sul t
,
o Pt o l e my ,
t h e R om an S e n a t e writt e n in t h e n a m e of t h e p r ae t or Lu c ius
,
1
j uden un d Gr i ech en vor der mk ka a bdi sche n E r hebun g p p 7 0 ff
m
. .
K ut h i
,
1
H er es, ix p p
. . 28 4 ti .
, cp . a z sc , Op . ci t .
, .
p .
30 .
42 4 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
o ur a t t e n t i o n .
f o hi s E p i re (i 1 — 9 ) .
a ft e r t h e king w as d e a d is an in a cc ur a t e st a t e m e nt as only ,
c hi e f c oll ec t or of tribu t e
”
a ,
w as s e nt by Anti oc hus t o
J erus al em with a n army h e p r e t e nd e d th a t his mis si on w as
a p eac e ful on e an d with sm ooth w or ds im p os e d u p on t h e
,
sa n c tu a ry an d th os e w h o h a d b e e n s a n c tifi e d ; th a t th e y
(.i T h e king s of
’
fi c e r s w e nt fr o m c ity t o c i t y t o e nf or c e
t h e Law whi c h we r e bu r n e d
,
h orribl e c ru elti e s were p er
e t rat e d on all wh o r e m ai n e d f ai t hf ul t o t h e a n ce str a l
p
r eligi on Int ense indign at i o n t ook h old of t h e f aithful i n
.
“
Su c h a l ead er s oon ap p ea r ed .
, ,
E l Me di je e a st of Lydd a
-
,
t his w as t h e n ative c ity of t h e
f amily of t h e M acc ab ee s of wh om M att athi a s w as t h e h ea d
,
.
p i t ch ,
h e r ush e d u on his f a i t hl e ss f ell ow t ow n sm a n a n d
p
-
Le t e ve r y on e th a t
’
.
,
c h arging Lysi a s on e of t h e s ee d r oy al
, t o und e rt ake t o ,
ov e r t h e J ord a n In b ot h t h eat re s of t h e w ar su cc e ss
.
c on ti n u e d t o a tt e nd t h e J e wish a rms .
, ,
bu t t h e l at t e r h ad b ee n und er t h e sp ec i a l c ar e of Lysi as
hith e r t o an d a s Phili p w a s in P ersi a whil e Lysi as with t h e , ,
Lysi as c a m e f o rth a n d
, , t h e king e nt e r e d int o M ount
Si on but h a ving thus g ot p osse ssi on of t h e s tr ongh old
t h e ki n g r ep udi a t e d his oa th an d h ad t h e p l ac e dism a ntl ed
, ,
B C
. . 15 0 .
us ,
sc at t e r e d Th en it is s aid t h e l a nd of Jud ah h ad re s t a
.
, ,
o tr e sa a
p H e r a c l i d es .
43 2 THE BOOK S O F THE APOCRYPHA
is thus u rt e d first by on e a n d the n by t h e oth e r c lai m
co en t
t o t h e thr on e .
on e Al e x an d e r B a l a s . an a l ow b orn n at ive of
,
-
p h a n e s ; t h e c l a im r ece iv e d s o m e su pp or t ow i n g t o hi s
c aus e of Al e x a nd e r w as t ak e n up by A t t al us I I king of ,
( xxxiii . 1 4 i t, w a s w e ll k n o w n t h a t t h e c l a ims of Al e x a nd e r
were with out j ustifi cat i on h e w as n e ve rt h el e ss su p p ort ed
, , ,
. .
, , ,
the m t o flight an d p u r su e d th e m a gr ea t w ay an d sl ew
, ,
wh e re D em et rius h ap p e n e d t o be w a s b e a t e n an d as f or ,
a geously a n d sl e w a grea t m a ny of t h e e n e my
,
but as h e w as
in p ursuit of t h e r e st his h or se c a r ri e d him int o a d eep b og
, ,
wh e r e it w as h ar d t o get out an d th e r e i t h a p p e n ed th a t , ,
1
Th e na m e
H m n n dy ty m fr m t h t f t h
of th e as o aea n as co es o a o e
an t r f th h u
ce s o o A m (J
e p hu A ti q
o X I I vi
se , s on aeus ose s, n . 1
X I V xvi 4 X VI vii i d t h v b n t h gr n df t h r
.
, ,
. wh i o s sa o a e ee e a a e
f M tt t hi
.
, ,
o a a as .
1
It i i M b xiv 4 t h t w
s n 1 a c ca t l d f t h r tifi t i n by
ees 1 a e a re o o e a ca o
pl f t h hi gh p ri t ly d p ri n ly d ign i ty i t h h u
.
th pe eo e o e -
f es an ce n e o se o
A m w
s on usA d th J w d t h p ri t w r w ll p l
n e d th t e s an e es s e e e e ase a
S im n h ul d b t h ir l d r
o s o d high p ri t f
e vr
e ea e an -
es or e e
3S bv p 49
ee a o e, . 1 .
42 4 THE BOO K S O F THE A POCRYPHA
, ,
F or a f ew y e ar s Al e x an d er w as l e ft i n p e ac e ful p os s essi on
o f t h e Syri a n th r o n e but in B C ,
1 47 t h e son of D em e t r ius
. .
,
D em et rius N i c at or c am e fr om Cre t e wh e re h e h ad b ee n
,
de r s ally .
f or a p osse ssi on ( x .
fle d an d f or t h e p r es e n t g a ve up t h e st r uggl e i n Syri a in
, , ,
or d e r t o t r y his f or tun e a g a i n s t t h e P a rt hi a n s bu t h e w as
t a ken p ris on er by t h e P arthi a ns an d rem ai ned in cap t ivity for
,
Syri a .
( e ) Th e L ea dershif
p ( xiiioI xvi 2 Si
4) m on .
-
.
w e h e ar of D e m e tr ius is th a t h e we n t in t o M e di a t o g e t
h el p t o fight ag ainst Tryp h on wh o h ad by n o m ean s give n up
,
1
up i n p ris on .
1
N o f ur t h e r m e nti o n 15 m a d e o f him i n 1 Mac c a be e s ; h e w a s
mur de red t hree or fo ur years l at er by t h e u surp er Al e xan der Zabi n as ,
w h o g a v e hi m sel f o ut t o be t h e son o f A l e x an de r Ba l as .
THE FI RST BO OK O F MACCABEES 43 7
t h e country a n e w as p ir ant t o t h e t hr on e n ow ap p e a rs i n t h e
,
him ,
but se t at n ought e ve ryt hi ng th a t h e h ad p re vi ously
c ov e n ant e d wi th him ; a n d h e w as e str a ng e d fr om hi m
t h e fu r th e r p r os ec uti on of t h e w a r Th ey a tt ac k Ce n debw us .
son i n law
- -
w h o h a d b ee n ap p oint e d
, c a p t ain ove r t h e
p l ai n o f J e ri c h o d e si r e d t o s ec u r e f or hims e lf t h e su p r e m e
,
o w e r f or whi c h p u r p os e it w a s n e c e ss a ry th a t Sim o n a n d
p ,
1
hu (A ti q XIII i i ) y t h t h
J ose p s n v 2 sa s a e fle d fr o m Dr o a to
Ap m wh r h w t k n d urin g t h i g h
. .
, ,
a ze a , e e e as a e e s e e, and
p ut t o d ea t ,
wh n h h d r ig d t h y r
e e a e ne ree ea s .
”
4 3 8 THE BOOK S OF THE APO CRYPHA
in the hund re d a n d se ve nty s e ve nth yea r
on e -
(xv i .
(xvi .
THE BOO K S THE APOCRYPHA
S eptua g i nt l
Vu ga te E g li h
n s E n
g li sh
Bi bl e A poeryph a
1 E sd r as E r
z a
2 E sd r as , 2 Es dr as N h mi h
e e a 2 E sd r i as
r B ii
.
or E sd as . .
1
1 r E sdE dr as, o r s as
A t g t h r wi t h
o e e 2
Ch n i l xxxv
,
ro
xxx i d m t f v
c es
an os
.
o
,
3 E sd r as Ez ra I E sd r as
N h mi h vii i (t h
.
e e a e
Gr k E r
.
ee z a
N t x t nt o e a 4 E sd r as
No eq uiv l a e nt 5 Es dr as
b ook of Ezr a .
I I C ON TE N T S
. OF T HE B OO K
As will b e s een by r ef e rring t o t h e t abl e give n ab ove t h e ,
c on t e nt s of our b ook c orr esp ond subs t ant i ally with p art s
of t h e c an oni c a l S c ri p t ur G r ee k Ez r a d oe s
”
es ; but t h e
3
i 1— 5 8
. 2 Chr on xxxv xxxvi 1 —2 1 ) Th e b ook b egins
. .
, .
of t h e P a ss o v e r in J e r us al em ( v e r s e s 1 Th en f oll ows
t h e st ory o f J o si ah s d ea th a t t h e b a ttl e of M e gidd o wh e r e
’
s o o o oo s s o a ue o s a e ce .
1
I t h S p t u gi nt t h r i
n e e q uiv lant t t h t w h e e s no e a e o e se o c ap t e rs
see t hi b l w p p 5 f
on s e o . 10
x p ti n t t hi bl w
, .
1
F thor e e ce o s o s, see e o .
t h e p e op l e and rebuilding of t h e Tem p l e in J e rus al e m
t he
t h e s ac r e d v e ss els of t h e Te m p l e are give n b ac k .
ii 1 6 —3 0 (
.
Ezra iv 7 2 4 ) Th e S am a rit a ns address a
2 .
—
. .
an d t h e r e tu r n of t h e e x il e s ( v 1 .
V 4—6 ( n o c o rr e s p onding p a ss a g e in t h e ca n o ni c a l S c r i p
.
v 7— 73
. Ezra 11 I — iv 5 2 4 an d N eh vii 6 —7 3 )
. .
,
. A .
Te mp l e ( ve r s e s 47 6 5 ) t h e S am a r it a ns d esire t o a ssist in
—
of t h e Te m p l e a n d its d e di ca ti on ( vii
, I —g ) Cel ebr ati on . .
o f t h e F ea st of P a ss ov e r ( vii I o I s) .
—
.
vi ii I ix 3 6
.
—
.Ezra vii I X 44 ) With t h e p e rmissi on
1 : .
—
.
Th e r e turn t o J e rus al e m an d Ez r a s w or k in
’
25 ,
ix 3 7 5 5 (
. N eh vi i 73 viii
— z Th e r ea ding of t h e
. .
—
.
L aw of M os e s by Ezr a .
e x c e t i on of iii I V 6 ru ns a r al—
l e l with a ss a g e s fr om t h e
p p
. .
p ,
2 E sD R As
g e n ce n a m ely ii 1 6 —3 0
, ,
Ezra iv 7— 2 4 )is out of p l ace
. .
,
i n t h e S ep t u agin t ? D O th ey b ot h g o b ac k to t h e s am e
H ebre w origin al P Th es e an d ot h e r qu es t i ons whi c h sugg es t
t he mselve s in s t udying t h e b oo k are by no m eans e asy t o
a nsw er a n d v e ry v a rying Op ini ons are h eld by s c h ol a r s
,
n or
a f ew f ac ts m
,
a gr ee in d e vi at ing fr o m t h e H e b r e w Bu t on t h e ot h er
.
en ,
t h e sugg e sti o n m a de :
O rigin l H br w
a e e
O rigin l Gr a eek Re vi se d He br we
G r ee k Ez r a
2 E sd r as
Sir H H H oworth. .
2
Wh at h as b ee n s aid d oe s n ot ac count
.
1 v 3 t o b e a cc ount e d f or
—
. a n d t h e hist ori ca l in a cc u r ac i e s
1
H i t ry
s o f
o l v
I sr a e pp 1 26 ff .
d myf
. .
,
2
I n t h e A ca e or 18 93 .
446 THE BO OK S OF THE APOCRYPH A
an und oubt e d f ac t th a t a re d ac t or h as b ee n at w ork on our
,
h owe ve r p ref ace this with t h e f oll owing list of P e rsi a n kings
,
Cyrus as king of P er si a B C
, , . .
[ C ambys e s B C 5 2 9 5 2 2 ]
, . .
—
[ X e rx e s B C 4.8 6 — 6
4 5 ]
.
A r t a x e r x e s I Lon g i m
,
an us B C 4 6 5 4 2 6
, , . .
—
.
( Ezr a i 1 .
(Ezr a iii 8 .
c h a r ac t e riz ed by a p a rt i c ul a r t e nd e n c y an d b ot h ch ar ac t er ,
p o i n t r eferr e d t o ab ove in this c a se t h e E zr a st or y is m or e
l ogical di ffe ring from t h e can on i cal accou nt by m aki ng
,
Ezr a V11 —x t o be i m
. . m edi at ely f oll owe d by N eh e mi ah vii .
— viii 1 2
7 3 . .
p r o min e n c e t o t h e
p r i e s t ly Ez r a t h a n t o t h e s ec ul a r g ov e rn or
e m h a siz e d
p whi l e t h e rebui lding of t h e city walls t ake s
,
th a t t h e obj ec t whic h t h e wr it e r h ad in Vi e w w as n ot so
mu c h th a t of giving t h e hist ory of his p e op l e during t h e
p o s t-
e xil i c p e r i o d but r a th e r t o se
,
t f ort h t h e
p a r a m o unt
im p ort an ce of t h e w or shi p of t h e Te m p l e I n t h e sec ond .
, ,
1 Op . ci t .
, p . 2 .
45 2 TH E BO OKS O F THE APOCRYPHA
(iv 1
. Th e thi r d w h o it is a dd e d in p ar e nth e sis is
, , ,
w om e n an d S h o ws th a t th ough t h e ki n g is gr e at an d win e
, ,
p peo l e th a t b ea r rul e by se a an d l a nd Ev e n of th
. e m c ame
t h e y ; an d t h e y n ou r ish e d up th e m th at p l a nt e d t h e vi n e
ya rds fr om wh e n c e t h e win e c om e t h
’
,
M a n s su cc umbing
.
t o t h e f a s c in a ti o n of w om a n an d t h e r e f or e h er su p e r i or
,
p ow e r is t h e th e m e of t h e v e r s e s t h a t f oll ow ( iv 1 3
, .
’
s p ea ke r is t h e winn e r an d h e r eceive s t h e king s r eward
,
.
d ay wh e n th ou c a m e s t t o thy kingd om an d t o s e nd aw a y ,
a ll t h e v e ss els th a t w e r e t ak e n ou t
Th ou didst a ls o v ow t o build up t h e t em p l e ( iv 4 2 .
in re f e r e n c e t o t h e thi r d y oung m
,
an t hi s w as Ze rubb ab e l , ,
r o h e ti c al id ea ls e x r e ss e d f or e x am p l e i n such w ords a s
p p p , ,
p o ssibility If i .
c ould b e p r ov e d th a t H e br e w or A r a m a i c w as t h e ori g in a l
l an gu ag e of t hi s a ddi t i on an d th at P a l e stin e w as i t s h om e
, ,
VI I . THE D A TE O F THE B OO K
Ve r y few w ords are n eed e d in S p ea king of t h e d at e of our
b ook or r a th e r of i t s c om p il ati on To fix t h e d at e of t h e
, , .
H eb r ew f or m is n ot in qu es t i on h e r e If w e inqui r e as t o t h e .
t h e f or m in whi c h it l ay b ef or e t h e t r ansl at or w as p re ,
1 Th e I n te r n a ti on a l j ourn al o f A p oeryph a A p ri ,
l 19 1 3, pp .
33 , 34 .
45 6 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
a n oth er wis e m an o f t h e H e bre ws wr ot e it in a p r O h et ic
p
sp irit p uttin g i t i n t h e n am e of S ol om on an d it w as re
, ,
c ei v ed
” 1
. Alth ough s om e of t h e e ar ly L a tin F a th er s
b eli e ve d t h a t t h e b ook w as t h e w or k of S ol om on t h ey f o rm e d ,
of t h os e w h o s a id let us e at an d d r i n k f or t o m orr ow we
, ,
-
, , ,
id ea l of wisd om
an oth e r S ol om on th a n th a t wh os e e x p e ri e n c e s e em e d t o en d
2
McN e ile a n d a n
o in o s
E c c l e si a st e s
, , ,
on .
Wisd om 11 . 1 with Ec c l e si as t e s n . 23 , v . 1 .
11 . 2 iii 1 9 c p ix 11 .
, . . .
ii 3 . xii 7 .
ii 4 . i 1 1 11 1 6 ix 5 .
, .
, .
,
ii 5 . vi 1 2 viii 8 .
,
. .
ii 6 . ii 2 4 . .
ii 7 . ix 7 . .
ii 8 . ix 8 . .
ii 9 . iii 2 2 v ix 8 .
, . . .
p a ss a g e s in E cc l e si a st e s .
B ea r i ng Plum p t re s w or ds in mind th e r e f or e a n d r e m e m
’
, ,
1
E i
ccl es a stes, or, The P rea c h er pp 70 f
B rt n Th e B ook 0 / E cclesi a ste s p p wh r
. .
,
1
Cp a o .
57 f e e t h e p as
g qu o t e d i n f ull i n p a r a ll e l c o lum n s
. .
, , ,
sa es a r e .
3 S ee p p 2c o f
ri u u nt n bl t h ri r g r din g t h i d nt i t y
. .
1
F or t h e Va o s e a e eo es e a e e of
of co os e a o s s ea n e e se c o .
45 8 THE BO OK S OE THE APO CRYPHA
l oy a l t o t h e Law 1 ( xviii w h o live d a n d w r ot e in Egy p t .
of p re e xis t i n g m a tt er ( xi
-
of t h e
p r e e xist e n c e of t h e .
-
an d p art ly f romt h e S t oi c s
'
l oy al t o t h e n a ti on al r eligi on ; an d n o ce nt r e offer ed t h e
s am e Op p or t uni t i e s as did A l e x a nd r i a f or a J ew w h o wish e d
t o unit e a li b e r a l e c l e ct i c ism w ith his t r a diti on al f aith
” 2
.
b ook see P ar t I Ch ap t e r IV ,
.
1
So m
h l r h l d t r n gly t h t t h u t h r w a E
e sc o a s o s o a e a o as n sse n e
ea rli r mm nt t r h v rgu d i f v ur f t h u t h r b in g
e co e a o s a e a e n a o o e a o e a
C hri t i n Th t t h b k w
s a . w i tt n f J w i p r b bl p rt fr m
a e oo as r e or e s s o a e, a a o
ot h r n i d r t i n fr m t h n um r u r f r n
e co s e a t th Old o s, o e e o s e e e ce s o e
T t m nt d p t hi t y f t h J w
es a e an as s or o e e s
i t p xvii
.
Op . c .
, . .
460 TH E B OO KS OF THE AP OCRYPHA
‘
f ore , th ta t h e au t h or of
Wisd om qu ot e s from t h e B o ok of
J ob i n it sGree k o f rm m ake s it r e a s o n ably ce rt ain th a t our
b ook w as w r i t t e n duri n g t h e l a st ce ntu r y B C . .
( )
b Th e n e x t p o in t is as t o t h e hist or i c a l c onditi on s re
flec t ed i n t h e b ook Q .uit e r e c e ntly G oo dri c k h as e x amin e d
su c h p ass ag e s a s ii 1 0 — 2 0 vi 5 —9 are su p p os ed t o b e r e fe r
.
,
.
p e r s e cuti o n f
, ound e d in p a r t o n g r o ss c a lumny h a d a s one ,
of it s m a i n f e at ur e s t h e at t e m p t e d e nf or c e m e nt of id ol at ry ,
an d r e r e s e nt e d n o r e ligi on e x c e t t h a t of E i c u r ea nism
p p p ,
This p e r s ec ut i on h ad b ee n c arri e d
’ ’
S ol om on s Pre ac h e r .
A l e x a nd r i a wh e r e i n w e r e
,
di t i ons t h e p e r i od fr om A D 4 1 t o 44 p r es en t s an d a n . .
,
r v r n t h gr y h ir f t h ld m full f y r
,
N or e e e ce e e a s o e o an o ea s
Bu t l t t r n gt h b t f righ t un
.
e o ur l w
s e e o us a a o eo s ess,
F w k n i n d mn d u np r fit bl
or ea ess s co e e as o a e
Bu t l t li i w i t f t h righ t u f h i u l t
.
e us e n a or e eo s, or e s se e ss o us,
A d i npp d t
s o d in g o se o o ur o s,
A d u p br i d t h
n f in g in t t h L w
a e us or s s a a s e a
in g in t d i i p li n
,
A d d n th t
e n o un c e o us s s a a s o ur sc e
h v k n wl dg f G d
.
F h p f or th t
e r o e sse o a e o e e o o
ll t h him l f t h rv nt f t h L r d
,
A d n ca e se e se a o e o
H b m f r bu k t m hi n t i n ;
.
e e ca e or us a e e o o ur ac a o s
H i gri v u u nt
e s e v n t l k up n
o s o us e e o oo o
B u h i li f i u nli k t h r m n
,
’
e ca se s e s e o e e s,
A d hi n wy sp uli r a s a re ec a
A b mtlwr w u nt d by him
.
s a se e a e e e a c co e
t h fr m wy fr m u n l nn
,
A d h n b t i e a s a ne o o ur a s as o c ea e ss
ll t h t h l tt r d f t h right u bl d
.
H e ca e e a e en o e eo s e sse
A d v u nt t h t h t G d i h i F t h r
,
n a e a o s s a e
i f h i w rd b t ru
.
L t e us se e s o s e e
d m k tri l f wh t will h p p n t h i g i n g f rt h
.
Y ea , a n a e a o a a e a s o o
F if th
’
or e eo s an e o s son , e o
n e e ou o e a O e a se u a a s
19 W i t h i n ul t d t rt ur l t
s t t him
an o e e us es
Th t w m y k n w h i t l r n
.
,
a e a o s o e a ce,
A d ju d g n f hi n d ur ne of vil s e a ce o e
n d m n him t h m ful d t h
.
20 L t u e s co e o a s a e ea
h ll t h r b m d x min t i n f him fr m h i w w r d
.
,
S o S a e e e a e e a a o o o s o n o s .
the p p r O i on of t h i ght u m Of t h
e ss lumni s w hi h
e r eo s an . e ca e c
t h e wid e st c irc ul a ti o n w a s th a t of t h e h a t r ed of t h e
J ews for all m an k ind e xc ep t th e ir ow n n a ti on It i s p ro .
1
ri k Op i t p 5
Goo d c . c 1
W h v d pt d m f G d i k r n de ri n gs i n t hi s q u o t a
. . .
, ,
’
1
e a e a o e so e o oo r c s e
ti no b in g u p ri r t t h t f t h R vi
as e s e o o a o e e se d Ve r si on se e S w e t e s
’
t x t T h O ld T t m t i Gr k ii p 6
e , e es a en n ee , . . 0 6 f .
46 2 THE BOO KS OF THE APO CRYPHA
b ably llud e d t o i n 11 1 5 an d is c on t r over t e d in xl i 1 9
a .
, .
en is
p l a i n i n xiv 1 6 1 7 : .
,
Th e n i n t im e b in g nf r d t h im p i u u t m w k p t
, e e o ce , e o s c s o as e as a
l wa
A d by t h mm n d f d p t gr v n im g w r w r h i p p d
,
n e co a s o es o s a e a es e e o s e
Wh m m t b ing bl t h n ur i t h ir p r n t h ugh
,
o en , n o e a e o o o n e e se c e, ro
d w lli n ge t di t n a a s a ce,
C u nt r f i t i n g t h ir f t ur
o e e f wy e ea es ar a a
M d vi ibl im g f t h h n ur d k in g
,
a e a s e a e o e o o e
fl tt r by t h ir l t h b nt p r nt ( p l vi
,
To a e e z ea e a se as e se c . a so .
c i t iz nshi p
e
Bu t t h wi t h f t in g e se ea s s
V x d t h m wi t h
e e r l b ur e so e a o s .
G od i k s con t nti on
’
o r c t t h d t e of u b o k is w e ighty
e as o e a o r o
N o is his r ef r n c e t t h w or shi p of t h e s t tu s of
r e e o e a e
as w e ll as t o C a ligul a a n d ot h e r R om a n e m er ors Th e
p .
a ssum e th a t t h e d e ifi e d
p rinc e s t o wh om h e r e f e r s w er e his
I t is als o n ec e ss a r y t o r em emb er th at
” 1
c ont em p or a ri e s .
c om p os e d a c onsid e r a bl e t im e p er h ap s a c e n t ury b ef or e , ,
Phil o wh o w as b or n ab ou t B C 2 0 b eg a n t o wri t e
, .
”
This
.
, .
whi c h may be p l ac e d fr om B C 5 — A D 5 Bu t ig n or an ce
. . . .
of t h e fi r st p a r t of t h e b ook ; t h e s econd p ar t m ay wi t h
ci t .
p,
. All t hi n gs co nsid e r e d t h e m o s t p r ob a bl e d at e ,
l at er h alf t o t h e en d of t his ,
III Q U E S T I O N OF C OM P O S I TE A UTHOR S HI P
. THE
Th e qu e s t i on of t h e u ni t y or ot h erwis e of t h e b ook is , ,
a di ffi c ul t on e ; t h e argum en t s us e d i n su p p or t of e i t h e r
w e sh oul d im agin e h e si t at e t o p r on ou n ce a d e fi n i t e op in i on
,
ur fr fr m r ;
,
S t df t ea as s e, ee o ca e
-
o e a -
s e
A d p n t r t in g t h ugh ll p iri t
, ,
n e e a ro a s s
Th t a q ui k
ar e f u n d r t n di n g p urc ubt il o e s a ; e, s
W i d m i m r m bil t h n y m ti n ;
,
F or s o s o e o e a an o o
Y ea , S h p d th
e d p t t t h ll t h i n g by r
e rv a e n f h p ur
an e n e ra e a s e a so o er e
n e ss
br t h f t h p w r f G d
.
F h i
or s e s a ea o e o e o o
F h i or ff ulg n
s fr m v rl t i n g ligh t
e s an e e ce o e e as
u n p tt d mirr r f t h w rk in g f G d
,
A d n an s o e o o e o o o
im g f H i g dn
,
A d n an a e o s oo ess
t h ugh bu t h t h p w r t d ll t hing
.
A d h n s e, o on e , a o e o o a s
Bu t h r h t h fr m s d f t h w rl d t
e ea c th t h r wi t h
e o on e en o e o o e o e
full tr n gt h s e
A d r d r t h ll t h in g w ll ( p l x
,
n o e e a s e c . a so . 1
And g i n i n viii 6 i t is s id
a a . a
Wh m r th n W i d m i
o o e tifi f th
a t hin g t h t s ? o s an ar cer o e s a a re
1
M Gr gg (Op i t p xxvii ) y
r e A tt k u p n t h u n i t y
c sa s ac s o e
f t h b k h v f il d ri u ff r t t d i p u t i t h r nt ly
. . . . .
,
o e oo d a e a e an n o se o se o o s e as ece
b n m d Thi i r lly t q ui t i rd n wi t h t h f t
,
ee a e s s ea no e n a cc o a ce e ac s
Mr Gr gg h v rl k d m t unimp rt nt ntribu t i n t
.
. e as o e oo e so e no o a co o s o
th e l i t r t ur e a th ubj t ; d urin g t h y r 9 3 9 6 q ui t
e on e s ec e ea s 1 0 —1 0 e
se ri u ff rt h v b n m d t h w t h t t h b k i f m p i t
o s e o s a e ee a e o S o a e oo s o co os e
a u t h r hi p by t l t fi fi t r t h l r
o s a ea s ve rs -
a e sc o a s .
6 6 THE BOO KS O F THE APOC RYPHA “
4
-
isp r r
e s e n t e d a s b e ing ac c om p lish e d t h r ough ; t h e a
e g e n c y
I n c o n t ra st t o this G od s ac ti on is r ep re se nt e d
’
of Wisd om .
a s di rect in p a r t I I f or e x a m p l e in xv 1 w e r e a d : , .
Bu t Th u G d t gr i u d t ru
o o ur o ar ac o s an e,
L n g u ff ri n g m r y rd rin g ll t hin g
, ,
d i o s e , an n e c o e a s .
F b y n t ur
or l l m w r f li h a d h d e ap r p ti n f G d en e e oo s an a no e ce o o o
A d fr m t h g d t hi n g t b n h d t p w r t k n w Him
, ,
n o e oo s o e see a no o e o o
th t i a s,
N i t h r by givi n g h n ur t t h w rk di d t h y r
e e g i t h A ti fi o o o e o s e e co n z e e r cer .
an t él wh r s in p art I I it i
r e, m nti on d
e ea This is '
S n e v er e e .
1
wh t h b n s id i ( ) f o
a as m ny p p rtuni t i s ccur
ee a n a ,
r so a O o e o
in p r t I I f or Wisd m t b m nti on d ; in
a umb r of o o e e e a n e
( )
c Fu rt h e r t h e g e n e r a lly br oa d o utl ook of
, p a r t I st a nds
d ec id e t h e qu es t i on of orsh i
p in f a v our of du a li t y a n y
e m p h asiz e d by on e m or e p e r h a
p s t h e str o ng e st a r gum e nt , , ,
vi z .
( )
d t ic
Stylis d linguisti di ff r n c s In p rt I t h
an c e e e . a e
I t i t ru t h t W i d m i m nt i n d i xiv bu t i t i u d t h r '
1 o s
s e a s e o e n 2, s se e e
i n q ui t d i ff r nt n fr m t h t f t h p r nifi d mi divi n
.
e a e e se se o a o e e so e se -
e
W i d m f p rt I
s o f t whi h i f n yt hin g t r n g t h n t h rgu
o a a ac c , a s e e s e a
m nt i n f v ur f di ff r nt u t h r hi p
, ,
e a o o e e a o s .
46 8 THE BOO K S OF TH E APOCRYPHA
r es embl an c es of t on e an d s t yl e in t h e t w o p art s— e g t h e . .
p ar t a pp ea rs h e r e an d t h e r e in t h e s ec ond ( p
c i 1 3 1 5 . .
—
,
d ea l in wh a t is h ere s a id ; it c a nn ot b e d e ni e d t h a t i t is
v ery di ffi c ult t o c om e t o a d efinit e c on clusi on wh e re t h e
a r gum e n t s on b o th S id e s a re so st r ong A t t h e s am e tim e .
.
,
di c t at e d i n t h e b eginning by irri t a t i on at ap os t a sy a n d
e r s ec uti o n g a v e i t a n ew c ol our by a d ap ting i t t o p h il OS Op h i c
p ,
d i r ec t a s cri p ti on of it t o S ol om o n
” 1
G oodri c k is c onvin c ed
.
1 Op ci t
. .
,
p .
77 .
Du al a uth or shi p s eems t o us t h e ea sie r an d m ore n a tur al
s oluti on th ough w e are n ot blind t o t h e f ac t th at t h e ea si e r
,
w ay is n ot a lw ay s t h e righ t on e .
IV . THE I CH THE B OO K W AS W R I TT E N
P U R P OS E S FO R WH
Wh th er u b ook we w r it t n by
o r ingl uth or as e a S e a ,
or
(see a b v I I I ) is imm t r i l
o e, f th ims a d bj c ts
,
a e a so a r as e a n o e
of t h bo k e c on c r n d ; o f th r is o d ub t th t i t
a re e e or e e n o a
— Egyp ti n J ws W h w r b s t by f ur s p e i l d ng rs
a e —
o e e e e o c a a e ,
viz Sc p ti i m M t r i lism Id l t r y
. e c s d P rs uti n
,
a e a ,
o a an e ec o .
Th t t h w r it r f ch p r t w
a e Jew w h v
o l r ea
a dy s e n a as a e e a e a e e
I ) t h t t h b k w wr itt n f J ws is l r n ough
a e oo as e or e c ea e
hist ry f Is r l whi h
o o m or th n llusi ons ; i t is
ae c are no e a a
t ak en f g r nt d th t t h r d rs und r st nd th em with ou t
or a e a e ea e e a
fu r th r x p l n ti on M r v r hist ri l c h r c t r s
e e a a . g ino eo e ,
o ca a a e are a a
1
tru e t ha t t h e b oo k o p en s wi t h an a ddr e ss t o rul ers ; bu t
It i s
G r e gg i s d o ub tl e ss righ t i n sa yi n g t h a t t h i s woul d see m t o be a
p ure ly rh e t o ri ca l a rtifi c e sc r e en i n g t h e r e a l p urp ose o f t h e b oo k
,
( p
O . ci t .
,
p .
THE BO OKS O F THE APOCRYPHA
(a) S cepti ci sm .
S h rt o rr wful i
an d so li f o s o ur e,
An d th r i r m d y wh n m m t h t hi d
e e s no e e e a an co e o s en
v r k n wn t h t r t urn d fr m H d
,
A d n n w
n o e as e e o a e e o a es
B u by m r h n w r w b rn
.
e ca se e e c a ce e e e o
A d h r ft r w h ll b t h ugh w h d n v r b n
,
n e ea e e s a e as o e a e e ee .
C m th r f r d l t nj y t h g d t hi n g t h t w us e
:
o e, e e o e, an e o e oo s a no a re
A dl t n r t i n wi t h ll rn tn
e us use c e a y uth p o i a ea es ess a s o
’
s ossess o n .
L t u fil l ur lv
e s wi t h t ly win d p rfum
o se es co s e an e es
t p r th wi d w
,
L t
e us n o S a e e o
r v r n t h h ir f t h l d m gr y f l ngt h f y r
,
N or e e e ce e a so e o an e or e o ea s
u nt d f hi m b m t l
.
W w r e e e acco e o as a se e a
b t i t h fr m w y fr m u n l nn
,
A dh n e a s a ne o o ur a s as o c ea e sses .
Th l tt r d f th righ t u h ll t h h p p y ;
e a e en o e eo s e ca e a
A d h n v u nt et h t h t G d i h i f t h r
e a a o s s a e
i f h i w r d b t ru
.
L t u
e s se e s o s e e,
A d l t u t ry Wh t h ll b f ll i n t h
n e s n di n g f h i li f
a S a e a e e o s e
i f t h righ t u m i G d
.
H w ill u p h l d him
’
F or e eo s an s o s son e o ,
Th r f r m t h t u tt r t h u nrigh t u t hin g h l l b un
e e o e no an a e e eo s ss a e see n
N i t h r h ll J u t i
e e wh n i t p i h t h p h imby
s a s ce, e un s e a ss
u n l f t h u n g d ly h ll b rhd t
,
F th
or e co se s o e o s a e se a c e ou
A d t h r p r t f h i w rd h ll m u nt t h L r d
,
n e e o o s o s S a co e o e o
F th
or p u n i hm nt f hi l wl
e d d s (i 6 e o s a e ss ee s .
B u thi i p rti n l t i t hi
,
e ca se d s(ii 7
s o ur o o , an o ur o s s .
f or t h e s ep t i c s c
Th u n g dl y h ll b r q ui t d t h y r n d (iii
e o s a e e e as e e aso e .
warn e d of wh at is t o c m h r a ft r : o e e e e
Th y h ll m wh n t h ir in
e s a co r k n d p wi t h w r d f r
e, e e s s are ec o e u co a ea
A d t h i l wl h ll n vi t t h m t t h i r f (iv
,
n d d e r a e ss d
ee s s a co c e o e ac e 20 an
p v
.
c . . 1
( see Vi . 1 7 20 —
qu ot e d a b ov e ) .
xv bu t wh et h er t h e writ er h as in Vi ew m a inly t h e G e n t il e s
.
-
.
/
a m on g Wh om Ire w a s livi ng or t h e r e n e g a d e s of his ow n r ace ,
.
,
A d t h i n v nt i n f th m th rru p t i n f li f
,
n e e o o e e co o o e
A d l l t hi n g
n a nfu dly fill d wi t h bl d d mur d r t h ft
s co se a re e oo an e e
it
,
d d an ec e
o n o a ess ess, e
Di q ui ti n g f t h g d
, , ,
s e o e oo
In gr t i t u d f b n fi t r iv d
,
a e or e e s ec e e
ul nfu i n f
,
D fili g
e f n o so s, co s o o sex ,
Di r d r i m rri g dul t ry d w nt nn
so e n a a e, a e an a o e ss .
F th
or w r hi p f t h u nn m bl i d l
e o s o o se a ea e o s
I t h b gi nn i g
S e d u
e d d f v ry vil
n ( xiv
an ca se a n en o e e e .
Th y wi k dly w r f l th d l t t b h rm d
,
e c e s k ea a se o a s, an oo no o e a e
Bu t f b t h in h ll t h ju t d m p ur u t h m
.
or o s s S a e s oo s e e
e ca se e a e o s o o ee o o s,
A d w r u n righ t u ly i d
n s o e i t d p i i n g h l in
eo s
( xiv 8
n ec e , es s o ess . 2
( )
d P ersecuti on .
p r e ss e d ( x 1 6 ff. xi 1 ff x .vi ,
Hist
. ory r e ea t s its e lf
p .
, .
,
an d h e r eg a r ds t h e study of hist or y as t h e b e st r e m e d y f or
Is r ael ” 1
.
1
Op . ci t .
, pp . xxiii . f .
TH E B OO KS O F THE APO CRYPHA
V TH E IN FL U E N C E OF THE B OOK O N S T PA U L
. .
f ew e x am p l es m ay b e giv e n i n ord er t o S h ow h ow n ec e ss a r y
.
I n ii 2 3 2 4 a d oc trin e of t h e F a ll is t ou ch ed u p on whi c h
.
,
B u G d r t d m f i n rru p t i n
e ca se o c ea e an or co o
A d m d him im g f H i w p r p r b ing ;
,
n a e an a e o s o n o e e
Bu t by t h n vy f t h d vil d th t d i t th w
e e o e e ea en ere n o e orl d,
A d t h y th t b l ng t
n e h i r lm x p ri n it a e o o s ea e e e ce .
C orinthi a ns xv 2 1 2 2 .
,
.
Th y h ll ju dgen t i n
e s a d h v d mi n i n v r p pl ; a o s, an a e o o o e eo es
A d t h L r d h ll r ig
n e v r t h m f v rm r
o s a e n o e e or e e o e .
n . a 1
C orinthi a ns vi . 2, 3 :
O r k no w ye n ot t ha t t h e sa i nt s sh all ju d g e th e w rl d
o
k no wy e n ot t h at we S h ll j u d g
a e ange l s
wh e n h e wr ot e t h e w ell kn own w or ds in E p h e si a ns vi 1 1 2 0 -
.
—
,
He h ll t k H i j l u y
s a a m p l t rm ur
e s ea o s as c o e e a o
d h ll m k t h wh l r ti n Hi w p n f v n g up
,
An S a a e e o e c ea o s ea o s or e ea n ce n
o
Hi n mi s e e es
4 76 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
b tt er t h an t h ese is t h eir whi h by n t ur
c gd a e a re n o o s
bu t w t h t y h v m
e
S o v e r e ign L or d no a e a e co e
w G d r th r t b
.
t o k no o or a e o e
k n wn f G d h w t urn y
,
o o o o e
b k g in t t h w k d
,
ac a a o e ea an
b gg rly l m nt wh r u nt
e a e e e s, e e o
y d eir t b
es i b n d g vre o e n o a e o e
g in ? ( p H b
a a ; c . e . V . 12
2P t iii e . . 10 ,
Wh at e ve r m ay b e m e a n t h e r e by t h e el e m e nt s of t h e
w or ld it is cl ea r th at St P aul is c omb a ting a f als e d octr in e
, .
An d th e ea a e e ea on e a s o f c a e s,
an d 2 C or in t hi ns V 1 F o we kn ow th t if t h
a rthly
. r a e ea
Bu t Th u h o as t mry e c o n a ll m b en , ec a u Th u h
se o as t po w rt e o do al l
t hi n g s,
A d Th u
n o ov e rl o o k est th e sin s of m en to th e en d tha t they my a
r p nt e e .
ii 4
. Or d esp is e st th ou t h e ri ch e s of His g oodn e ss an d f or
b ea r an c e an d l ongsu ffe r ing n ot kn owing th a t t h e g oodn ess ,
of God l ea d e th th ee t o r ep e nt a n c e ? ( c p R om xi . . .
Wi s d m xv 7
o F p tt r : or a o e Ro m n ix a s3 O h t h . 2 1—2 : r a
k n d in g r h l b ri u t t h p tt r righ t v r t h
.
,
ft t o ea a o o s no e o e a o e e
ea
s
ly m l d t h h v l f l y fr m t h m lump t
,
ou e ea c e sse or c a o e sa e o
rvi mk p rt v l u nt
,
o ur se y t
ce :f th na ou o e a e on e a a e sse o
m l y d t h h f hi n b t h h n ur n t h r u nt
,
sa e c a o e as o o o od , an a o e o
th ev l t h t mini t r t
e sse s a s e o di h n ur ? W h t i f
s o o G d a o ,
l n u
c ea d thses, f an ose o a willin g t h w H i w t h o S o s ra ,
S p ace f or bids us t o do m or e th a n m e re ly ref er t o oth er
st riking r es embl a n ce s a n d p a r all el p a ss ag e s whi c h furt h e r
illustra t e t h e influ e n ce of this b ook u p on St P a ul t h e th r ee .
,
ix 6 — 1 7 c om p a r e 1 C or inthi a ns ii 6 1 6 ; t h e d o c t r in e of
. .
—
xiii xiv c om p a r e R om a ns i 1 8 — 3 2
.
, . . .
Th e n umb e r of p a r a ll e ls in t h e w or ds o f Th ac k e r a y
,
be ,
g ain s om e A p rac ti c a l m
. a n with t h e sh a r p outl ook f or
p r ac ti c a l n e e ds P a u l t oo k
,
wh a t w a s g oo d wh e r e v e r it off er e d
, ,
t h e m a nn e r of t h e Al ex a nd r i a n w ork
” 1
.
,
1
The R el a ti o n o f St . P a ul to C on te mp r o a ry J ew sh i Th o ught , p .
231
4 78 THE BOO K S OF TH E APOCRYPHA
Th ac ke ray s j us t qu ot e d is i n v alu abl e
’ ’
of , , ,
as is als o Gr af e s
D as Verh altn i ss der P a uli n i schen S chri ften S ap i en ti a
'
zur
m ( 1 8 9 2 ) see a ls o S a nd ay an d Headlams R om
’
S a lo on i s an s ,
M a y or s S t J a m
’
. es p lxxv ,
. .
THE BOO KS O F THE A POCRYPHA
c h oi c e of e x ce rp t s w a s m a d e on t h e p r in c i p l e th a t th ey must
( v e r s e s 2 4 ,
F or h a ving in vi e w t h e co nfus e d m a ss of
t h e numb e r s an d t h e w ea r in e ss whi c h aw ai t e t h th e m t h at
,
t h e abund a n ce of t h e m a t t e r w e w er e c ar e ful th a t t h e y w h o
,
c h oos e t o r ea d m ay b e a tt r ac t e d He d esi r e s th er e
.
,
marized Th e
/
ti on h as always t o b e ke p t i n mind wh e th e r an d in h ow f ar , ,
p a ss a g e .
II . THE C O N TE N T S O F THE B O OK
Prefixed t o t h e l e tt ers p u rp orting t o h a ve
b ook a re two
b ee n a dd r ess ed by t h e J ews of P a l estin e t o th e ir bre thre n
of t h e D
is p ersi on ; but as the s e h ave n othing t o do with
t h e b ook its e lf a n d are e vid e ntly n ot p ar t of t h e origin al
,
w or k th ey d o n ot c on cern us at p re s e nt an d will b e d e a l t
, ,
with s ep a r at ely V I ) .
, ,
”
, ,
1
~
To rr e
y
, in t h e E n cycl . B i bl i ii .
fi
28
7
o .
4 8 2 THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA
b eg an with t h e p r of a n a ti on of t h e Tem p l e an d t h e a t t em p t
on t h e p ar t of Anti oc hus E p i p h an es t o h ell e niz e t h e J e ws
a n d t h e d e di cat i on of t h e T e m p l e ( x 1 8 ) f ur t h e r su cce ss e s .
-
wh en t h e J ews wer e a id ed by fiv e m en f r om h e a v e n S p l e n ,
( xi 1 3 8
.
) m—
o r e figh t ing a ft e r whi c h Lysi a s is ag a i n,f or c e d
t o m ak e t e rms of p e ac e (xii 1 — xiii 2 6 ) t h r ee y ear s p e a c e
’
. .
,
c l os e s with a S h o rt a n d s om e wh at n a i ve e il ogu e by t h e
p
e p i t om i st ( xv .
I I I C O M PA R I S O N
. BE T WE E N 1 AN D 2 M A C CA B E E S
Th at t h e writ e r s of th e s e t w o b ooks c a nn ot h ave us ed t h e
s am e s ou rc e s b ec om e s ve r y obvi ous wh e n on e c om p a r e s
t og eth er t h e l a r g e p or ti ons of eac h whi c h ru n p ar a llel 2
.
1
On t hi s o b ur
sc e i
e p so d e of p re — M acc a b ae a n J wi h hi t ry
e s s o see
c on e n ent d a wn up in p a
1
ese a re e a e co s
b y M ff o a tt , in C a es h rl
I pp 1 2 6 1 2 7
, , .
, .
8
4 4 THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA
a g ood e x a m p l e :
bI h t h r f r t h t h t r d t hi b k th t t h y b t
e seec e e o e, ose a ea s oo a e e no
sc o a e a s c ca a es e as ee esc a ec a
c ru l e f m r t y d m ] bu t t r fl t t h t t h
ca se o a p u n i hm nt w r
r o o e ec a e se s e s e e
d t ru ti n bu t f h t ning f r
,
no t f th or e th es c F
o or e c as e o o ur ace or ,
i n d d t h t t h w h t im p i u ly b t l t l n f y l n gt h
.
ee a ose o ac o s e no e a o e or an e
o e, s e e o e a e s a S o ea e ss
t h r n t i n t h S v r ign L r d d t h wi t h
.
,
F or i th n f th e case o e o e a o s e o e e o o
l n g u ff rin g f rb r u nt i l t h t H p u ni h t h m wh n t h y h v
o s e o ea a e s e e e a e
tt i n d t t h full m ur f t h ir i n Bu t i n H h th
,
a a e o e eas e o e s s o ur c a se e a
d t rm i n d t h rwi t h t H i v n g n m y t f ll
.
e e e o e se ft r a s e ea ce a no a o n us a e
w r d wh n
a s in h v r h d t h ir h igh t W h r f r H
e o ur s s a e ea c e e e . e e o e e
n v r wi t h dr w t h H i m r y f m
e e a y t t h ugh H
e h t n th s e c ro us e o e c as e e
Hi s w o
p pl wi t h l mi ty y t d t h H t f r k t h m
n eo e ca a e o e no o sa e e
H wb i t l t wh t h t h b n i d b r min d r t ur lv A d
, .
o e e a a ee sa e a e e o o se es n
ft r t h f w w r d w mu t m b k t n rr t iv ( i
.
,
a e e se e o s e s co e ac o o ur a a e V . 12
( xii 4 3 . an d on ,t h e in t e r ce ssi o n of t h e d e ar t e d s a in t s
p
xv 1 1 . an d t h e d octr in e of t h e r e surr ec ti on of t h e
b ody ( vii 1 1 2 2 2 3 xiv . are all d oc t rin e s whi c h b e l ong
, , , .
a ssign e d t o t h e ep it omist .
v 2 2 ix 2 9 with wh a t is s a i d in xiii 2 3 ; a n d C p
.
,
. xiii 2 2 . . .
Th r
1
m f w h l r wh t k
e e d i ff r
a re so e e sc o a s o a e a e e nt vi w e e g
Ni l di t ly i f v ur f M b u ur
. .
,
e se , e ss B ii hlrec n a o o 2 a c ca e es are c e r an d La q e
o e o d W e n e o o ar e s an e l lh a use n , se e
S h ii
c G rm n d I II p 4 8 4 (
re r , t m nti n d i
e a c .
, , . no e o e n the E ngli h s
.
d own e ver y on e wh om th ey m
,
m
, a n al ive
. . . .
cp . 2 M ac c ab ee s iv 7 — v i i 4 1 with 1 M acc ab ee s i . 1 0 —6 4 . . .
1
Th e t ex t r ea d s b l nging t e o o B a cen or
’
s co m p n y bu t t hi
a s
r ly righ t xii b l ng t t h
,
c an s ca c e be i as n 1 7— 1 9 D osi t h e u s e o s o e
J w th t ll d T b i i
.
,
e s a a re ca e u en .
48 8 THE BOO K S O F THE APOCRYPHA
n d n a rr a t e t h e d e a th of Jud a s ; his ur s w s
g o on a
p p o e a
1 8
—
h owe ve r is p r ob ably t o b e at tribut e d t o t h e ep it omist
, ,
s by t h e obs e rv a n c e of whi c h t h e J e ws of t h e Di a s p or a
feas t ,
gl ory of t h at st ruggl e
” 1
.
a u t h or s mind as w e ll as i n th a t of t h e ep it omis t
’
His .
fu r th e r .
f o r m er w e m ay r e f e r t o ix 5 wh er e it is s a id in r e f e r e n ce t o
.
1
E n cycl . Bi bl iii
.
, . 28 73 f .
an d e m p h ati c a lly t a ught a s a t e n e t of orth od o x Jud aism in
t h e s ec ond h alf of t h e s ec ond c e ntu r y B C . t h e im p ort a n t
.
vii .
9 on e of t h e m a r t yr s add r e ss e s his p e rs ec ut or thus
Th ou misc r ea nt t h ou d o st s e nd us aw ay out of this p r e s e nt
,
”
di e d f or Hi s l aws unt o an e t ern a l re n ew al of lif e
,
An oth e r
.
th ou h e s ays t o his t or m e nt or
, , th ou sh alt h a ve n o r e su r
r ec ti on t o life (vii . I n x11 4 3 4 5 n ot o nly is this
.
—
a c ti o n i n o ffe r ing s ac r ifi c e s a n d p r a y e r s f or t h e d ea d :
And h e m ad e a c oll ec ti on m ,
an by m an t o t h e sum of
,
, ,
f or h e w a s b e ari n g i n mind t h e r e su rr e c ti o n F or if h e we r e
.
b ee n su p e r flu ous an d s e ns el e ss t o p r ay f or t h e d ead An d if .
h e m a d e a p r op iti a ti o n f or th em th a t h ad di ed th a t th e y
might b e re l e a s ed fr om th eir sin (c p xi v . .
VI . TH E I N TE G R I T Y OF T HE B OO K
Th er e is on e p or ti on of our b ook whi c h n eith e r b el ong e d ‘
Te m p l e h ad b ee n p ollut e d by An t i ochus E p i p h an es an d
st a nd th e s e fi n al w or ds on e mus t r ead x 5 — 8 N ow on t h e .
s a m e day t h a t t h e s a n c tu a ry h ad b ee n p r of a n ed by a li e ns ,
e xt e n t t o whi c h it is b a s ed on t h e c on c ep ti on of t h e D edi c a
p r omin e nt p l ac e (p e rh a p s t h e c e n t r a l p l a ce ) in c u rr e n t
J ewish th ought r eg a rding t h e or igin an d m ea ning of this
I t is p er h ap s t his id ea whi c h is r efl ec t e d i n t h e
” 1
f east .
t h e f e a s t of light s
” 2
n am e of t h e f ea st give n by J os ep hus , ,
S h ould n ot h a v e b ee n in c or p or a t e d in a l e tt e r fr om J e ws t o
J ews .
1
Op . ci t .
, iii . 28 77 .
1
A n ti q .
,
X II ,
vii .
7 .
us an y indi cati on as t o wh e n it was writt e n t h e a dva n c ed ,
p r o b us li ber ( M a ng e y ii 45 )
a a d e scr i p,
ti o
. n is giv e n of t h e
J er om e saw 2
Th e styl e is e xt r e m e ly un e ve n ; a t tim e s
.
it is e l ab or a t e ly orn a t e (iii 1 5 3 9 v 2 0 V i 1 2 1 6 2 3 2 8 .
—
, .
,
.
—
,
—
,
v ii. e t c ) a n d a g a in it is so r u d e a n d b r ok e n up a s t o s ee m
,
.
,
VIII TH E IN F L U E N C E
. O F THE B OOK ON NEW T E S TAM E N T
W R I TE R S
In onl y inst an ce c an t h e influ en c e of our b ook be
on e
s ee n d i r e c t ly in t h e N ew T e st am e nt n am e ly in H e b r ews ,
1
L u iuc s, D er E sse n i s mu s, pp .
3 6 ff .
1
I n hi s P rolog us Ga lea tu s
mi t h B i bl ii
.
3 W est c ott ,
in S
’
s D i et . of th e .
,
.
p . 1 75 .
49 4 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
xi .
3 5 ff wh e r e w e r e a d
.
, W om e n r eceive d th e ir d ea d by
a r e surr e c ti on ; an d o th er s w er e t o r tur e d n o t ac c ep ting ,
on e c a nn o t f a il t o se e th a t t h e d e s c r i ti ons th e r e giv en
p
influ en c ed t h e w r it er of t h e ep istl e t o t h e H eb r ews h er e ;
we m ay qu ot e f or e x am p l e vi 1 9 wh e r e in s p ea king of
, , .
,
t h e m artyrd om of El e az a r it is s ai d ,
Bu t h e we l coming ,
f a shi on ed t h e g e n era ti on of m
1
an an d d e vis e d t h e g e n er a t i on
1
c a v e s a n d in t h e h ol e s of t h e ea r th
,
are in
p a r t r e p ea t e d f r om
,
”
in c av e s a ft e r t h e m ann e r of wild b ea st s I n all th e s e .
1
Or fir t rigin
s o .
49 6 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
lit er at ur e I t p urp ort s t o h ave b ee n writ t e n by B aru c h
.
,
t h e p e op l e i
( 3 it w as s e nt t o J e rus al e m t o b e r e ad
.
,
e x e ns e s of s ac r ifi c e s ( i 6 t h e p eop l e in J e ru s a l e m
p .
a re a ls o a sk e d t o p r a y f or N abu c h od on os or k ing of ,
( 1
. 1 1 This f o r ms t h e in t r o du c t i o n t o t h e b o ok Th e n .
r a y e r in t h e r ea l s e ns e of t h e w ord ( ii 1 3 9 ) th e n a n
—1
p .
,
p , p
iii 9 — iv 4 : this is a f r agm e nt of t h e Wisd om Lit er ature
. .
a n od e of c omf o rt s p o k e n by J e r u sa l e m p e r so nifi e d a s a ,
c ap tivity ( iv 3 6 — v . .
II E . X MI N TI
A A O N O F TH E C O M PO N E N T P A R T S OF THE B OOK
It will thu s b e see n th a t t h e b ook c on si st s of th r ee i n dep en
d e n t d oc um e nts : i iii 8 iii 9 iv 4 iv 5 V 9 a n d th e s e
.
—
.
,
.
—
.
, .
—
.
p ur p os e an d a p p r oxim a t e d a t e
, .
It is st at ed i n i 2 th a t t h e b ook w as wr it t e n in t h e fifth
.
B C 5 9 2 or B C 5 8 2
. . B oth th e se d a t e s are h oweve r im
. . .
p os , ,
13, et c .
,
wh er e B elsh azz ar is r eg ard ed as t h e son of
N ebuch adn ezz ar is rep eat ed in our b ook i 1 1 1 2 ; so
1
, , .
,
g ot it f r o m D a ni e l e s ec i a lly wh e n in t h e se c on d
p , p l ace we , ,
wh e th e r f or d r am a ti c effec t as in t h e c a s e of t h e B ook of
,
c h os e n ; or f or r e a s on s of p rud e n c e as
p r ob ably in t h e ,
p r oc e dur e is n ot un comm on a n d n ee d n ot oc c a si on su r p r is e .
1
Blh
e s az z a rw as th e son o f N a b on i d o s t h e l as t k in g of B byl
a on,
v rt hr by C yru
,
w h o w as o e ow n s .
5 00 THE BOO KS OF TH E A POCRYPHA
a ft e r t h e d e stru c ti o n of J e r us a l e m m e nt i on e d in i 2 will , .
,
A D
. .
74 or 75 .
e ss e nt i a l e l e m e nt s of whi c h g o b a c k t o p re Ch r ist i a n t im e s
? -
f or give n e ss (i e t h e turning aw ay of G od s w r a t h ) Th e s e
’
. . .
v iz B era k a h
. P r a is e lit ,
Wi ddui. Con
f essi on S eli ch a h F orgive n ess Wh e n on e s t udi es
t h e m od ern J ewish Liturgy on e s ee s th a t i t is j us t in i t s
old e s t p orti o ns t h a t th e s e thr e e e l em e n t s are so p r omin e n t
1
C p t h e P h a ri sa i c a dd i t i o n s i n E ccl esi a sti cus .
i rr j ud p im
.
ch en
1 en , ass
m E igh t B n di ti n
,
3
Le the S he on e h E sreh ee n e e c o s the
me A mi d h ing iv
,
na a S t an d is g e n t o i t be c a u it i ai d st
se s s a n di ng .
Br h a uc A mi d ah
T tho L rd eG d b o o ur o e Bl Th u O L rd
e sse d art o o o ur
f th r
,
G d o d G d fan o o o ur a e s
g t migh t y d r v r n d
,
w h v
e i nn d b f r t h L r d
a e s e e o e e o th e r ea an e e e
m t high G d W h
,
d di b y d Him d h v
,
an so e e an a e G d th
o e os o o
l vi g k i dn
, ,
t h rk n d u nt t h v i
,
no ea e ef o e o ce o b t w t
es o es o n n esse s ,
t h L rd
e o G d t w lk i th
our o o a n e an d p t ll t hi g
o sse sse s a n s
C u t r t urn 0 F th r
.
mm n d m nt f t h L r d t h t
,
a e s O e o a a se us o e o ur a e
co
u nt Thy L w ; d r w n r
, ,
H h th
e t b f r
a ( ii 7 8 )
se e o e us 1 1 o a a us ea
K in g u nt Thy rvi
.
,
L t t hy wr t h t urn f r m
,
e a o 0 o ur o se ce ,
d bri n g b k i p rf t
,
us ; f w or bu t f w l ft e a re a e e an us ac n e ec
am n g t h h t h n wh r Th u
o e ea e e e o r p nt n u nt T hy p r n
e e a ce o e se ce
Bl d t T h u O L rd
.
h t tt r d H r
,
e sse ar o o
as sc a e e us ea o ur
W h d ligh t t i r p nt n
, ,
r y r r i
.
p a O eL d d p t o an o ur e o e es n e e a ce .
o an f e e us or e o 0 e us, o ur a e or e
h v inn d ; p rd n
,
O L rd l
,
o w n k sa e k o oo a e s 0
e a o us, o ur
d wn fr m Thi n h ly h u K ing f h v tr n gr d
.
,
o o d e o o se , an w or e a e a s e sse
Th u d t p rd n d f
,
co n id rs i n li n Thi n
e us ; c e e e ar ,
for o os a o an or
0 L rd od h r an(ii 3 ea 1
giv e L k up n oo o o ur
ffli t i n d pl d u
.
.
,
a c o an ea o ur ca se ,
an d r d m p d ily f
e ee T hy us s ee or
n m a k
e s
’
S und sa th e o e
gr t h rn f fr d m li ft
.
ea o or o ur ee o
u p th n ign t g t h r
e e s xil o a e o ur e e s,
an d g th r fr m t h f ur
a e us o e o
co rn r f t h rt h
e s o e ea .
p a r t e d an d t o r ep udi at e t h e d oc t r in e of t h e m e rit s of t h e
,
n o p oin t in t h e r ep udi at i o n of t h e d oc t r in e of t h e m e r it s
t h e d oc trin es c o nt a in e d in t h e s e t w o v e r s e s r e s p ec tive ly
sh ould a p p ea r in c l os e p r oximity in t h e A m i da h le t us p l ac e
t h e t w o i n p a r a ll el c olumns a g ai n
“
B a ruch A mi d ah
F o r t h e d ea d t ha t a re i n t h e Th u O L r d t migh ty
o o ar
gr a v e whose brea t h i s t a k en v r Th u q i k t t h
, ,
for e e o u c en e s e
ea o ar o sa e
t h e L o rd n e i t h er gl o ry n or f i t h ful t Th u t
, , .
.
Y ea, a ar o o
ri gh t e o u sn e ss ( ii q ui k n t h d
c e d Bl d t
e ea e ss e ar
F o r w e d o n ot p r e sent o ur
.
Th u O L r d W h q i k t
.
o o o u c e n es
s u p p li ca t i on b efore The e O
,
, th e d d ea
Lo r d o ur Go d f or t h e righ t e o u s Bl d t Th u O L r d
.
e sse ar o o
n ess o f o ur fa t h ers a n d o f o ur W h r m mb r t
, ,
o ur G d o o e e e es
k in g s (ii th p i u d d f t h p tri r h
,
. e o s ee so e a a c s .
1
In t h e L i t urgy t h r d r e o e of t h ese two c a lu se s is rvr e e se d .
5 04 THE B OO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
N ow ,
a lth ough indi c ati ons of d at e are n ot ve ry d efinit e
th e
h e r e on e or t w o p oint s of guid a n c e do ap p ear th e r e is p e ac e
, ,
a ft e r t h e d e st r u c t i o n of J e r us a l e m Th e writ e r is a stud e n t .
of t h e L aw an d h e writ e s on Wisd om an d r ej oi ce s in t h e
, ,
e xh or t s oth e r s t o do t h e s am e A ll th e s e things l e a d on e t o
.
an d Ir e n aeus
1
.
Te st am e n t J er us al em is r ep r e s e nt e d as t h e m oth er of t h e
n at i on w h o t ells h er C hildre n why t h ey are su ffering n am ely ,
1
r gt
A c co di n o C orn ill ,
E i n lei tun g i n d a s A l te Testa mt en , p . 2 74
H t i ng i
’
1 In as s D i et .
f
o th e B i ble, . 25 3 .
J e rus al em h e r s e lf p ut i nt Ot h e m outh of God sh e is bidd e n
t o r ej oi c e b ec a us e h er c hil d r e n a re a b out t o r e tu r n fr om
t h e e a st t o t h e w e st at t h e w o r d of t h e H oly On e ( iv .
0 J ru l m l k
e b u t th
sa e S t nd t h h igh t 0 J ru l m
oo a o ee a on e e e sa e
t w rd t h d b h l d t hy hi l d r n
, , ,
o t a e eas an e o c e
A d b h l d t h j y th t m t h Fr m t h t t th w t
, ,
n e o e o a co e o e eas o e es
u nt t h fr m G d g t h r d t g t h r by t h
,
o ee o o . a e e o e e e
L t hy n
O, m wh m t h u so L r d (v r
s co e, o o o e se
nt t w y
se es a a
Th y m g t h r d t g t h r
,
e co e a e e o e e
fr m t h o t t th w t e eas o e es
R j i in g i gl ry f G d
,
e o c th n e o o o
(i v .
36 .
P ut o ff , J ru l m 0 e sa e t h e g ar P ut J ru l m
on , 0 e sa e t hy
gl ri u g rm nt
,
m nt f t hy m ur in g d
,
o o s a e s
o o n an
M k r d y t hy h ly r b
e
ffl i t i n
a c o
a e ea o o e
m lin f t h (v r
,
e se
An d p t u th on e co e e ss o e
gl ry t h t m t h fr m G d
o a co e o o
f or vr e e
t b ut th t h r b f t h
.
Ca s a o ee e o e o e
right u n whi h m t h eo s e ss c co e
fr m G d (v o I
High m u i h h b
o .
,
G d h th p p i nt d t h t
.
F or o a a
nt n o
t H e
d a o a s a e a a se
v ry high m u nt in
e
i nt po
l i n f th m ;
a o a a or e
hill h ir r
e ,
An d t h v rl tien g hill
e h ul
asd T h fl d t t nt
s s n o e s e a e e a ce .
w g v h m h l r
e
b em d l w a e T
o h d t t e oo s a e e s e e
An d t h v ll ey fill d
a p t
e s
t h,
y p d e by ; u ,
o as e a sse
m k p l in t h gr u nd
a e a e o ,
1 T h i w p int d t l ng g by R yl d J m Th P l m
s as o e ou o a o e an a e s, e sa s
of th P h r i
e app lxx i i fl
sees, . . .
5 0 6 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
Th a t Isra el may g o m lling t r G d sa e f ly i n the E v ry w e s e e —s t e ee o
gl y f G dor o dt p rin g p f
o .th m c a use o s u or e
M r v r t h w d d v ry Th t I r l migh t p by i
,
o eo e e oo s an e e a s ae a ss n
w t m llin g t r
s ee -
sth Vi i t t i n f t h gl ry
e ee e s a o o e o
H v vrhdwd Ir l
a e o e s f t h ir G d ( v r
a o
5 e s ae o e o e se s
(v 7 .
,
Th e Ps lms f S ol om on b el ng
a w ha v s een t o b out
o o , as e e ,
1
a
.
, ,
t o a mu c h l at er d at e an d w e see n o r ea s on t o r eg a r d t h e d a t e
,
Th e o r igin a l l an gu ag e of t h e wh ol e Of iv 5 V 9 is r ec og .
-
.
n i z e d by m os t s c h ol a rs a s h aving b e e n Gr e e k fr om t h e .
b egi n ning .
THE E P I S T LE OF J E R E MI A H
[L I T ERA T U R Gi ff r d i W E —
II pp 87 3 3 R t h t in i
o n ac e , 2 -
0 ; o s e n
K u t h I p p 6 9 ; B ll i Ch rl I p p 5 9 6
.
, , ,
a z sc . 22 —2 2 a n a es, .
, , , ,
bu t i n t h S p tu gint it is tr t d s s p r t
i
of B aru c h e e a ea e a a e a a e
L tt r of J remy
e e d a t itl whi h r uns
e C op y f ,
”
an e
3
c o a
S ee p p 2 1 4 ff
1
Op ci t p p l x x u l xx v u
.
3 -
.
vi ri w gly r vr whi h i
. . . .
.
,
3
I n t h e R e se d Ve s on r on e c k on e d a s e se 1 , c s
n ot d on e e t e in the V ihr
a t e or t h e S ep t a nt ulg u gi .
xxxvi I i n t h e S ep t a
. nt u gi .
5 08 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
this mus t be all owe d ; M arsh all h olds for e x am p l e th at it , ,
disp u t e d
” 3
.
s ee ks t o sh ow th a t it w a s writt e n i n H eb r ew ; but ve r y
ing eni ous a s m a ny of t h e ins t a n ce s are whi c h h e b r ings
f orwa r d t o S h ow th a t t h e G r ee k is a tra nsl a t i on of e ith e r
t h e g e nuin e H eb r e w or in oth e r c a s e s of a c orr u p ti o n in t h e
, ,
ay w e ll b e n o m or e th a n wh a t a re
1
In H t in g D i
as s
’
et of th e Bi bl e, II 5 79 .
y l B i bl ii
.
,
1
E nc c . .
,
. 2 39 5 .
T he E z ra A p o c al y pse
( 2
[4 ] E sd r as)
[L I T ERA T U RE V l k m r D Vi rt B h E ( 8 6 3 ) Drumm n d
— o a as e e ue sra 1 o
Th j w i h M i h ( 8 7 7) L u p t n i W ( 8 8 8 ) K b i S h
.
, ,
e e s e ss a 1 o n a ce 1 a c
i rt B h E t r
.
, ,
D as v e e / i Q ll ue ht ( 8 8 9 ) sra au se n e ue e n u n e suc 1
S h ii Op i t I I ii i p p 9 3 4 ( 8 9 )G rm n d I I I p p
— 1 1
c rer, c 1 1 e a e
Th V ri r mA p
. . .
3 5 3 3 5 ( 9 9 ) B ll i
.
, , . . .
1 -
1 0 yph B ly a d n e a o u oer a en s an
J m Th F th B k f E th L t i Vr i dit d f m
,
a e s, e our oo o zra e a n e s on e e ro
th M S S
e i T xt d S t u di I I I ( 8 9 5 ) Ch rl Th
n e s an e s, 2 1 a es, e
Ap lyp
oca h ppse o a r uc —
1 e n
K ut h II pp 33 4
. .
,
Vi l t D i
,
a z sc E A p k lyp 1— 0 1 o e e sra -
o a se
(4 E r ) ( 9
.
, , ,
s a B 1 Th E10 Ap lyp ( 9 ) ox , e z ra -
oc a se 1 12
B ox,i C h rl n II pp 5 4 6 4 ]
a e s, ,
. 2— 2
I . THE T I TLE O F T HE B OO K
S h all see c h ap t er s i ii xv xvi did n ot or igin ally
we S , ,
. . . .
”
an d 5 Esdr a s c h a p t e rs xv xv i of our b ook
z Th e . . .
1
S e e f urt h e r p 4 3 9 a bo v e I n t h e Vulg a t e t h e P r a y e r o f Ma n
1 ( 3 ) E sdr a s an d 2 ( 4 ) E sdr a s a r e n o t i n c lu d e d a m o n g t h e
. .
,
asse s
A p o c ryp h a bu t a re p l ac e d i n a n A p p en d ix a t t h e e n d o f t h e wh ol e
,
. . .
,
5 09
THE BOO K S OF THE AP OCRYPHA
I I C HA P T E R S i ii
. . .
e o l e th a t c om e fr om t h e e a st will h a v e f or t h e ir l e a d e r s
p p
t h e p a t ri ar chs a n d t h e p r op h e t s ; t h e e num e r at i on whi c h
f oll ows in c lud es t h e n am e s of Abr ah am Is aac J ac ob a n d , ,
c h ap t e rs p l ainly t ell of t h e r e j ec t i on of t h e n a ti on a s a wh ol e ,
e g i 7
. . . Let t h e m b e sc a t t e re d a br oad a m ong t h e h e a th e n ,
m
I w ould h ave give n u nt o Israel This kingd om of J eru .
1
Th t i t a w as o rigin lly wri tt n i H br w
a e n e e d o es n ot ad mi t of
do ub t S . ee B ox , Op . i t p p xiii xx
c .
, . .
-
.
5 12 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
r
p p h
o ts inter s p rs e d h owe v e r wit h w or d s an d th ough t s
,
e e , ,
fr m t h N w T
o e e e st a m e nt ; e g h e th at oc c u p i e t h . .
m r ch ndiz (l t
e a e e him b e) as h e th a t h a th n o p r ofit by i t ;
,
a n d h e th a t bu i ld et h a s h e th a t sh a ll n ot dw e ll th ere i n ;
,
h e th a t s ow e th a s if h e sh o uld n ot r eap , S O a ls o h e t h a t
p run et h as h e t h,a t sh a ll n ot g a th e r g r a e s ;
p th e y t h a t
m ar r y a s t h ey th a t sh all g et n o c hildr e n ; a n d th ey th at
,
29
c h a r a c t e r of c h a p t e r s i ii t h ough t h e d e nun c i at i on of t h e
. .
,
s ays th e y are p l ac e d ab ou t A D 2 6 8 by m os t c r it i c s ; xv . . .
E ccles v i i 2 1
.
,
xv 2 8 — 33 r ef e r s t o t h e c onqu e st s of t h e
.
, .
of P a lm yr a ; th ey in tu r n w er e d ef eat e d by Aureli a n
, , .
of Oden at h us in t h e Em p i r e
1
A D , . .
IV . TH E C OM P O N E N T P A R T S OF C HA P TE R S ii i — xiv .
and d at e .
Hast in gs i
’
1
D .
E .
,
.
7 66a
ag le Vi si on (xl — xu 3
( )
b T he E 9) . . t h e p ass a g e x11 40 — 5 . 1
is n ot p a rt of t h e Visi on .
(
c) The Vi si on o
f
the M a n ri si ng fromthe S ea
( )
d A n E z ra L e g en d
Wh ethe r all this m at t e r is t o be a ssign e d t o on e or m ore
auth o rs is a qu esti o n c on ce r ning whi c h a v a r i e ty of Op ini o n s
r at e th at t h e w r it e r d id utiliz e v a r i ous s ou r c es wi ll n ot be
,
en t
p a r ts of whi c h it is c om p os e d w e r e n ot all w r it t e n at t h e
c a m e up ov e r his h ea rt f or h e saw t h e d e s ol a ti on of Si on .
C h oos e s this e p is od e an d w r i t e s i n t h e n a m e of S a l at hi el ,
e n ough th er e is bu t on e d e st ru c ti on a ft e r th a t of B C 5 8 6
,
. .
,
of J erus al e m whi c h c an b e m ea nt h er e n a m e ly th at o f A D
,
. .
7 0 by Titus S o
. t h a t wh e n t h e wri t e r giv e s t h e t hi rt i e th
100 .
o as se e o e e se e e s o as es
an d th m ll f m k A d I l k d d w m d A d ft r
e s e o s o e n oo e an as a az e n a e
t hi I w t h t m
.
min g d wn fr m t h m u nt in d lling
, .
s sa a an co o o e o a an ca
u nt hi m l f n t h r p ful mul ti t u d A d t h r d w u nt
o se a o e a ea ce e n e e re o
hi mt h f f m ny m m f wh m w r gl d d m w r
, , .
e a c es o a e n , so e o o e e a an so e e e
rr wful d m w r b u n d d m w r l di n g t h r w h
,
so o an so e e e o an so e e e ea o e s o
w r t b O ff r d
, ,
e e o e e e .
r e st of t h e C h ap t e r is t a ke n up is as f oll ows Th e m an w h o ,
en wh o
c on c er ni ng whi c h t h e s ee r w as in
p e r p l exity is t h e h e a ve nly
J erus al e m
whi c h c am e d own fr om H eave n Th e fi e ry
,
t h e fire of t h e L aw wh e r eby t h e e n e mi e s of t h e M e ss i ah a re
a nnihil at e d Th e p ea ceful mul t itud e whi c h t h e M e ssi ah
.
g ru i t i es t his as B o x t ru l y
, p oi n t s ou t ( p
O ci t pp 2 8 1 . .
,
.
Thus t h e fi r s t p oint t o be n ot e d i s th at wh e n
t h e Vi si on first a ssum e d a writt e n f or m t h e r e a l signifi c a n c e ,
h ad l on g outg r own th os e of t h e fix e d tr a d it i o n I t h ad .
c onditi ons
”
Wh a t t h e Visi o n an d m any of its c u ri ous de
.
tolog i e p p 2 2 0 ff
,
. Gressm
. an n D er U rsp rung der ,
,
. .
,
Op ci t p p 2 8 2 ff
. .
,
. .
VI . THE E A G LE V I S I O N
This Visi on is t oo l ong t o qu ot e in fu ll but p ut sh ortly , , ,
its con t ent s are as f oll ows : In his visi on t h e seer see s an
ea gl e a sc en ding out o f t h e sea h a vi ng tw e lve wings a n d thr ee ,
Th e n a r o se on t h e r ight side of t h e
’
of t h e eagl e s b ody .
t h e t hr ee h ea ds th a t r e st e d an d s ix lit tl e wi n gs
, Tw o of .
no sm al l c on t en t i ons an d it sh al l st a nd in p e r il of f alling ; ,
n e v e rt h e l e ss it S h a ll n ot th e n f all bu t sh all b e r e s t or ed ,
a n oi nt e d on e
”
i e t h e M e ssi a h Wh om t h e M ost High h as
, . .
,
k ep t t o t h e e n d of d ays .
(Cp Gu nk el Op ci t p 3 45 )
.
,
. .
, .
Th e E a gl e = Th e R o m
gl b i g t h mil i t ry mbl m
a n E m p ir e th e ea e e n e a e e
f R m
,
o o e .
Th S
e = T h M di t rr n n
ea e ; th R m n E m p ir
e e f tha ea se a e o a e, or e
O i nt l r e m p m tt r f hi t ri l f t fr m t h
a s, c a e u as a a e o s o ca ac o e se a ,
d it i t hi f t whi h i d ub t l lyp t i t
, ,
’
an s i
s th p ac c s o ess n e a o ca s s
t h ugh t h r
o (B ) e e ox
Th e e ve n s u us sar , s s, e s, a a,
C l u diua N r ; G lb s, Ot h Vi t ll iu
e o Vi n d x N ym p hi di a a, o, e s, e us,
Pi n d wi n g m nt i n d i xi 3 7 whi h b r
,
so Th e se c o e o e n 1 —1 c a e
e a rea e, s o z es s s, o e e or o e
fift y y r ea s
V p i n Ti t u D mi ti n ; t h mi ddl h d
.
Th th
e h d
r ee ea s es as a s, o a e e ea
whi h i gr t r t h n t h t w t h r ymb li V p i n
,
c s ea e a e o o e s s o z es es as a
i ght mll wi g =
.
Th e e s a er n s
Th e tw l i ttl wi g
o ( xi 4)
e=M i n
p r n uls f S yri d 2 uc an us, oc o s o a, an
Tib riu A l x nd r p r f t f E g yp t r d in g t G u n k l ;
.
e s e a e e ec o a c co o e
bu t h y t h t t hi i nt rp r t t i n i u n rt i n Th t w
, ,
e sa s a s e e a o s ce a . e se o
li ttl wi n g e i d t h v r m in d u n d r t h h d t h t w
s are sa o a e e a e e e ea a as
mi d ( i 3 4 3 5 )= D mi ti n d Ti t u t h
.
Th tw h d th t
e o ea s a re a ne x o a an s, e
l tt r i i d t h v b n mur d r d by t h f rm r
.
,
a e s sa o a e ee e e e o e .
t h e g r ea t er dignity an d p ow e r of t h e rea l e m p e r or s as c on
t ra st e d with t h e e p h em e r a l r ul e r s symb oliz e d by t h e li t tl e
wings In ord e r t o e x agg e r at e t h e c on t ra s t t h e l a tt e r were
.
N ym
,
,
Th e .
, ay d at e f r om t h e c l o sing y ea rs of D omi
1
B ox right ly se e s the h a nd of t h e R e da c tor form o f
in the t he
V iis o n as we n ow h v it ;
a e h e fo ll ow s K a b i sc h i n h o l di n g t h a t th e
da te of t h e R e da c t ri
o s A D . . 1 20 p ,o ssibly e v e n a li tt l e l a t e r.
5 22 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
th es e h ad al e a
dy l ong e nd e d an d t h e p re di c t ed d eli vera n c e
r
h ad n ot yet c om e B ox h olds th at t h e R ed ac t or id e ntifi e d
.
a v e ry di ffe r e n t c h a r ac t e r fr om th o s e a lr ea dy c onsid er e d .
qu e s t i on s p ut by t h e f orm e r are p r om p t e d by m or al di ffi
c ul t i es whi c h t r oubl e h i m t h e a nsw e rs are int e nd ed t o s o lv e
t h es e di fli cul t i es .
S al athi el t h e s a m e is Esdr a s
,
s ee s t h e d e s ol a ti o n of ,
p e ri t y of t h e g o dl e ss G e n til e s c a us e s p pe r l e xi t y t o t h e mind
of t h e s ee r a n d p r om p t s him
, t o s p e ak w ords full of f ea r
t o t h e M os t High I n t h e th ought s whi c h f oll ow it is
.
nd
o , Op . ci t .
, pp .
9 9 —1 1 4 .
5 24 THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA
ve ss el [i . eb ody c on t aining t h e s oul] c om p reh e nd t h e
. t he
w a y of t h e M os t High e r w or ds G od s
’
( iv 1 0 In o th .
, ,
i n an y c a s e b e u n abl e t o u n d ers t a nd th em
,
h e o nly th a t
dwe ll e th ab ove t h e h ea ve n s m ay und e rs t a nd t h e t hings t h a t
are a b ov e t h e h e igh t of t h e h e a ve ns ( iv T o th i s .
Th e n h e is t old th at a N ew Ag e is ab ou t t o d awn u p on t h e
w orld an d th en all things will b e m ad e c l ear O n Esdr a s
, .
a sking wh e n t h e N ew A e will c om e
g a n d wh e t h e r h e will ,
The S econ d Vi si on ( v 2 1 — vi
m
. .
S p i t e of wh a t a
’
c on c lud e s wi t h a se c on d e n um e r a t i on of t h e S ig n s of t h e End .
1
Th e p a ssa g v
e .
5 6 — vi . 6 is a po l mi
e c a gai nst C h i ti
r s a n t ea c h
p r e se nt w o rld is but a n a rr o w an d d a ng e r o us e nt r a n c e wh i c h
l eads t o t h e wid e w or ld whic h is t o c om e it w as indeed , ,
p sy c h ol ogi ca l in c h a r ac t e r a n d,
a pp a r e ntly
p o r t r ay t h e
It is th e n sh o wn t o t h e seer th a t th e r e is n o e sc ap e for
S inn e r s an d h e bitt e rly b e w a il s t h e t e rr ibl e f a t e h a nging ov e r
,
a n d my l a nt f o r wi t h gr e a t l a b our h a v e I m ad e t h em
p
p e rf e c t (ix .
The F ourth Vi si on ( ix 2 6 —x . .
1
At viii 6 3 th e d i l gua o e is i nt rru p t d by
e e a se c t i on on t h e S ig
n s
ix 3 i t t k n p g in
.
of the E n d ; at . 1 is a e u a a .
5 28
:
h a s s a id h ap p in e ss h e r ea ft e r S h ould b e d e c l ar e d t o b e
,
’
an f or e t e rn a l lif e sh ould n ot
b e wh olly frustr a t e d .
a t e s m e r e ly t h e cat a s tr op hic e n d of t h e p r e s e n t w or ld
p
ord e r his th eol ogy d oe s n ot a ll ow of an y in t e rm edi at e
—
b e t h e H e av en ly Ci t y whi c h b e l ongs t o t h e fu t ur e
” 1
Ag e .
VI I I . AN E ZR A LE GE N D
I n c h ap t e r xiv occ urs t h e l eg e nd of Ezra re writing t h e
.
-
“
oak h eard t h e v oi ce of God out of a bush t e lli n g him
th at h e would s oon b e t ak e n away f r om m
, ,
en He is t old t o .
1
B o x Op ci t p xlv i , . .
,
. .
p r e p ar e m any t able t s an d t o t ake fiv e m en with him wh o
fire ?
Wh e n h e h a d drunk f r om this cup his h eart p ou r e d
f orth underst anding an d wisd om g re w in h i s b r ea st an d
, ,
1
Le urin g d t h e des t ru c ti on o f the c i ty .
of of th e
1
s s e c up o s r , c ,
wtr l
,
cle a r as a e , i s i k e fir e (B o x ) .
5 30 THE BO OKS OF THE APOCRYPHA
t o a c l a im th at t h e ap oc alyp ti c tr a dit i on oc c u p i e s an e ss e n
ti a l p l ace in g enuin e Jud a ism I t c l aims f or i t s elf t h e g re a t .
n am e s of M ose s a n d Ez r a t h e s ec ond M o s es ,
1
B ox .
’
ré a ss e r t
-
t h e a u th ori ty of t h e ap ocaly p ti c li t e r a tur e an d
, ,
m
1
a n d J a m es Op ci t p p xxxvii f
,
. .
,
. . .
1
B ox Op ci t p 30 5 ; see a sol hi s Int ro du ct i on pp l iii
v ff
bv
. . . . . .
, , ,
S ee 1 9 8 ff
1
a o e, pp . .
GE NE R AL I NDE X
( P ag es p ri n te d in thi ck typ e i n di ca e t p a ssages i n wh i ch th e s ub ec t j
t
q ues i on i s dea l t it
w h in deta i l .
)
i n
A A RON 1 49 , 15 0 m
A yrt aeus 51
g l l gy lyp ti L i t r
, ,
A bi n u IV I a l k en u 3 9 1 An e o o i n A p oca c
tur
e a
hu
,
A b t i n as o se of 19 4 e, 1 10
J wi h 3 8 3 9
, ,
A b ub us 4 37 ,
e s , ,
A c hi k a r 1 9 5 o f th E e 43 f sse n es,
,
i ry gl
.
t h e W se s o of 3 4 9 ff t An e s, 10 2
d t ri Ad d i t i
, , .
A c hi o r 37 3 oc f i ne t o n on s
m i l 3 ff
, , o
A da 5 23 D an e 0 1
i l i ti u 3 ff 3 4
, , .
and E v e L f e of 2 1 8 2 2 3 E c c es a s c s, 00 0
t ti b li (4 ) E dr
, , , .
, .
A da p a o n of e ef 20 2 3 3 ff s as, 0
i ti il E th r 3
, .
A dd on s t o D a n e 3 8 5 —3 97 s e 02
th r f J r mi h 3
, , 4
to E s e 3 98 — 4 03 Ep o e e a 02
uth r h M b 3 f
.
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