i

Department of Geography and Environment,

Faculty of Earth and Environmental Science;
University of Dhaka.

Course Code & Number: GELb 208

Course Name: Research Methods and Fieldwork in Human Geography and Environment

Fieldwork Report on Socio-Economic Conditions of the Workers

in Ramu Rubber Garden Area of Cox’s Bazar District

Submitted To
DR. MD. FARUK HOSSAIN
(Associate Professor)
Department of Geography & Environment

Prepared by
Mohammad Abdul Basir Rifat
Class Roll: SH-164-094
Exam Roll: 2311866
Registration no.: 2021815993
Session: 2021-22
BS Hon’s 2nd year

Date of Submission: 30-04-2024

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NOTE OF DEDICATION

To the pillars of strength and the embodiment of love, this dedication is a humble tribute to the unwavering
support and boundless affection that my parents always provide.

CERTIFICATION

I certify that I have read this research report of Abdul Basir Rifat entitled “A report on Socio-Economic
Conditions of the Workers in Ramu Rubber Garden Area of Cox’s Bazar District”, which is submitted in the
fulfillment of requirement for 2nd year of BS in Geography and Environment, University of Dhaka. This is
his original own research work.

DR. MD. FARUK HOSSAIN

(Associate Professor)
Department of Geography & Environment
University of Dhaka
Supervisor

DECLARATION

I, Abdul Basir Rifat declare that the work present in the research paper entitled “A report on Socio-
Economic Conditions of the Workers in Ramu Rubber Garden Area of Cox’s Bazar District” is my own
work. I also declare that I did not submit the whole paper and any part of it to any other institutes for
achieving of any other degree.

Date: 23-04-2024
(Abdul Basir Rifat)
Roll No:SH-164-094
Exam Roll:2311866
Registration
No:2021815993
Session:2021-22
 iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

At the outset greatly thankful to Almighty, because of accomplished study with his kindness and mercy.

It is pleasure to write a few words of appreciation after completion of the study task of the course of
Research Methods and Fieldwork in Human Geography and Environment, Course no: 208 on
Socio-Economic Conditions of the Workers. A Study in Ramu Rubber Garden Area of Cox’s Bazar District,
for the requirement of BS(Bachelor of Science) degree under the Department of Geography & Environment,
University of Dhaka, Dhaka. I would like to express gratitude to our honorable teacher Associate Professor
Dr. Md. Faruk Hossain, for his valuable advice, constant guidance and help. His effective suggestions help
me to prepare the report more effectively. I am also grateful to Professor Dr. Nazmun Nahar madam for her
guidance and help throughout the trip. Last but not the least I would like to give a big thank you to
honorable teachers Professor Mohammad Sofi Ullah and Professor Dr. Md. Serajul Islam for their
tremendous support and care in our Cox’s Bazar days.

The workers of Ramu Rubber Garden and the owners also deserve special mention for their cooperation and
welcoming behavior toward us for the entire research.
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Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the Socio-Economic Conditions of the Workers of Ramu Rubber
Garden Area, Ramu Upazila, Cox’s Bazar cope with the impacts of Socio-Economy (Demographics,
Employment Conditions and Income Levels) on Rubber Production. Data were collected in the month of
February, 2024 from systematically-sampled individuals using a questionnaire. In addition, Focus Group
Discussions (FGDs) and a Key Informant visitation at the BORI(Bangladesh Oceanographic Research Institute)
in Teknaf Upazila were conducted. The results revealed that workers often face challenges like low wages, in
recent years, with more frequent and more fluctuating limited access to education and healthcare. As a
consequence, rubber production as well as workers health and socio-economy are threatened. To cope,
workers have been adapting various practices mainly through unhygienic working conditions, employment
opportunities,health and prosperity of themselves and so on. It was also revealed that government and local
organization responses were delayed and inadequate in providing financial and other assistance to them.
These studies suggest that while rubber plantations can provide employment opportunities in rural areas, the
conditions can remain unsatisfactory for a long time, affecting the socio-economic status of the laborers.

Keywords: Workers, Adaptation, Rubber, Southwestern Bangladesh, Unhygienic Working, wages,

Education, Plantations, Socio-economy, BORI.
 v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Abstract
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction……………………...……………………………………………………...1 1
1.1: General Background
1.2: Objectives
1.3: Research Preparation
1.3.1 Assortment of Respondents………………………………………………………………2
1.3.2 Methods of Data Collection
1.4: Limitations
1.5: Problem Statement
1.6: Conclusion
Chapter 2: Literature Review……………………………………….…………………………...…..3
2.1 Literature Review
2.2 Background of Ramu Rubber Garden………………………………………..4
2.3 Condition of the Major Rubber Gardens of Bangladesh
2.4 Socio-Economic Profile of the Workers (Demographics)…………………………..5
2.5 Employment Conditions……………………………………………………...7
2.5.1 Income Levels……………………………………………………………………………8
2.6: Living Conditions (Housing)
Chapter 3- Methodology……………..……………………………………………………………10
Chapter 3.1- Age & Gender variation……………………………………………..11
Chapter 3.2- Study of respondents
3.3: Data processing and analysis
3.3.1 SPSS
3.3.2 GIS……………………………………………………………………………………..12
3.3.3 MS Excel
3.4: Report Writing
3.5: Conclusion
4. Profile of the study area……………………………………………………………………….13
4.1: Study area
4.1.1 Geographic Location
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4.1.2 Administrative information

4.1.3 Physical Feature
4.1.4 Others……………………………………………………………………………..…16
4.2: Respondents………………………………………………………………..17
4.2.1 Expenditure
4.2.2 Education
4.2.3 House ownershipness………………………………………………………………..18
4.3: Socio-economic condition of respondents
4.3.1 Number of family members
4.3.2 Living conditions……………………….…………………………………………...19
4.3.3 Settlement System
4.3.4 Economic Activity…………………………………………………………………….20
4.4: Social Economic Issues…………………………………………………..25
4.5: Agricultural Pattern………………………………………………………27
Chapter 5. Rubber Cultivation and Processing in the Garden at Ramu………………………….28
Chapter 6: Results & Findings…………………………………………………………………...30
6.1: Impacts of labor rights in the Rubber Garden……………………….…34
6.2: Issues of working conditions in the Rubber Garden……………………..35
6.3: Payment systems to the Workers
6.4: Personal Family Information…………………………………………….36
6.4.1 Work-hour per day
6.4.2 The overall working conditions for women……………………………………....37
6.4.3 Workers Positions
6.4.4 Education facilities
7. Conclusion and recommendation……………………………………………………………...39
7.1: Introduction
7.2: Recommendation
7.3: Conclusion
References………………………………………………………………………..…40
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………...41
1. Tables Used for Socio-economic Survey (SPSS Analysis)
2. Questionnaire Used for Socio-economic Survey……………………………...43
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List of Figures

SL No. CONTENTS PAGE No.

1 Ramu Upazila map 5
2 The latest export figures exceeded 6
3 Bangladesh District Map
4 Rubber Garden area of South West part of Ramu Upazila 7
5 Questionnaire data inputting and analysis through SPSS software 12
6 Map of Ramu Upazila 13
7 The poster of our field trip
8 The Hotel we stayed
9 Dropping of Rubber fluid onto bowl
10 Clotting of the Rubber fluid 15
11 Drying process of Rubber sheets through hanging
12 Drier room and rolling machine 16
13 Others chart of Water quality 20
14 Produced package of rubbers for export
15 A Glimpse of garden area 21
16 Rubber Trees
17 Slope of the garden
18 Cox’s Bazar beach
19 Hotel SAI international (where we stayed) 23
20 Kolatoli Beach
21 Sunset on the beach 24
22 Sunset view
23 Shutki fish Bazar 25
24 Marine Drive Double decker bus 26
25 Roadside Blocks to Prevent Flood 35
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List of Tables

SL No. CONTENTS PAGE No.

1 Major Gardens statistics 5
2 How many members are there in a worker’s family? 6
3 Sex Ratio (pie chart) 10
4 Marital status (histogram chart) 11
5 Age variations (pie chart)
6 Administrative information 13
7 Bar chart of Settlement patterns of Ramu 14
8 Line chart of Water sources 16
9 Pie chart of Monthly income
10 Bar chart of access of Electricity 17
11 Line chart of monthly Expenditure
12 Pie chart of Education status 18
13 Bar chart of house ownership of the workers
14 Colum chart of Usage of Water bodies 19
15 Percentage of using Quality of Water and others
16 Electricity access in the study area according to respondents
17 Others chart of Water Quality 20
18 Whisker chart of special diseases 22
19 Colum chart of treatment Facilities 25
20 List of crops farmers wanted to harvest 27
21 Histogram chart of Treatment facilities 30
22 Pie chart of Gas facilities
23 Do you get access to internet?
24 Telephone access & dish connection
25 Pie chart of Water supply by pipe 31
26 Colum chart of Access to mobile network
27 Do your children go to school?
28 Colum chart of Working Position
29 Tree-map chart of wife/husband work in the rubber garden 32
30 Do you think women are equally involved in rubber garden?
How do you describe the overall workling conditions for women at rubber
31
garden?
32 How many hours do you work per day? 33
33 What is your payment system?
34 Do you think your working hours are aligning with the labor rights?
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35 Who is responsible for maintaining the labor rights?

36 Do you think your rights are preserved?
37 Are you involved in any other work besides the rubber farming? 34
How do you think that labor rights and working conditions are deteriorating
38
over time?
39 Are you involved in any other work besides the rubber farming?
40 Tables Used for Socio-economic Survey (SPSS Analysis) 41

Acronyms

CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
BFIDC Bangladesh Forest Industry Development Corporation
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
HQLI Household Quality of Living Index
SLI Standard of Living Index
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences
GIS Geographic Information System
MS Microsoft
ANOVA Analysis of Variance
WHO World Health Organization
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Chapter 1 : Introduction
The Cox's Bazar District's Ramu Rubber Garden region is one of Bangladesh's most important locations for
rubber manufacturing. An outline of the socio-economic circumstances of the workers in this industry is
given in this introduction. The main goal is to comprehend how their living standards, health, education, and
income interact to determine how happy and healthy they are in general.
The obstacles faced by workers on rubber plantations are numerous. Their socioeconomic situation is
frequently impacted by problems including low pay, excessive work hours, and restricted access to
necessities.

1.1 General Background:

Plantation Labor Context Rubber plantations, like other plantation crops such as tea, coffee, and tobacco, are part of
a planned agricultural system. They are typically situated in tropical or subtropical regions and are
characterized by their commercial orientation. The International Labour Organization defines
plantations as agricultural undertakings that regularly employ hired workers. (Sanyal, 2015)
Socio-Economic Conditions: The socio-economic conditions of plantation workers are often shaped by the
global nature of the products and their market linkages. In regions like Ramu, workers are usually
drawn from rural areas where employment opportunities are scarce. The conditions in rubber plantations
have remained unsatisfactory for a long time due to various reasons, including low wages, unhygienic
working and living conditions, and limited access to education and healthcare.
Economic Significance: Rubber is a prominent plantation crop and has considerable significance on the
economy of the region. It provides employment to a large number of people, often from rural areas.
However, the socio-economic status of these laborers remains very unsatisfactory, with many workers
caught in a vicious cycle of poverty, illiteracy, and hunger.
Environmental Concerns: The production of rubber sheets involves processes like smoking, which can lead
to environmental pollution. The burning of coal during this process emits gases like CO and CO2,
contributing to global warming and potentially affecting the health of the workers and the local
environment.

Location and History: The Ramu Rubber Garden is situated in Ramu Upazila, Cox's Bazar district,
Bangladesh and established in 1960-61, it was the first rubber plantation in East Bengal (present-day
Bangladesh).
Significance: It's one of the largest rubber gardens in Bangladesh, covering over 2,682 acres of land. It
contributes to the country's domestic rubber production, although recent reports suggest challenges in
maintaining profitability.
Production and Management: The garden is currently managed by the Bangladesh Forest Industry
Development Corporation (BFDC). It primarily consists of PARA rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis)
used for latex production, the raw material for natural rubber. Some reports indicate efforts towards
replanting and revitalizing the garden to improve production.
Potential as a Tourist Destination: Due to its vast expanse of rubber trees, the Ramu Rubber Garden is
known for its scenic beauty and attracts tourists visiting Cox's Bazar. The garden reportedly offers a rest
house for visitors.
Challenges: Maintaining profitability has been a challenge in recent years, with factors like lack of manpower
and mismanagement cited as potential reasons.

1.2 Objectives:
The followings are the major objectives of the report:
1. To assess the income levels, employment status, and job security of the workers to understand their
financial stability and economic contributions.

1.3 Research Preparation:

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Among approx… 203 workers of Ramu Rubber Garden, students went to almost everybody. The method of
Data Collection was Questionnaire Survey and Observation Method.

1.3.1 Assortment of Respondents:

approx… 203 workers of Ramu Rubber Garden, was randomly surveyed . The total number of interviewer
was 68 and each of them interviewed 3 workers or respondents. So, the grand total number of randomly
selected respondents was 203. Apart from this, the officials from garden authority were also interviewed.

1.3.2 Methods of Data Collection:

Interview program by questionnaire method and observation method were used to collect necessary data for
the study. The interview program was both close and open ended. The data were collected during the
period of 11 February, 2024. After the gathering of whole range of data, they were processed and
charted. Editing, coding and deciphering of collected data were also done simultaneously, avoiding
irrelevant information.
Secondary data has also been used in this study, which has been collected from different published
documents of the Government like FAO report, journals and reviewed papers. On the analysing process
of collected data, various statistical tools like averages, percentages, tables, and diagrams have been applied.

1.4 Limitations:
1. For this study, only very few public respondents were interviewed due to work holiday, by which
the general scenario can’t be depicted from only the response from 68 people.
2. It’s a time-worthy and big budget survey in general. But the interviewers had the time and budget
limitation to complete the consultation.
3. These are widely used for collecting data from a large number of respondents. They can be
managed in person, by phone, mail, or online.

1.5 Problem Statement

Despite the economic importance of rubber plantations in regions like Cox’s Bazar, the workers often face
socio-economic challenges that impact their quality of life. The Ramu Rubber Garden area, being a
significant site for rubber production, is no exception. Workers here are reported to have low wages, limited
access to healthcare and education, and poor living conditions. Additionally, the environmental impact of
rubber processing poses health risks to the workers and the surrounding communities.

This research aims to provide a detailed examination of these socio-economic conditions, identify the
underlying causes, and propose actionable solutions to improve the lives of the workers and ensure the
sustainability of the rubber industry in the region.

1.6 Conclusion

In our study area, we found mostly rubber worker people and their families and this area is well known for
rubber plants, gardens and trees. We find out their socio-economic conditions and their problems.
We observed their various everyday problems and their solution and govt role in their region.
We visited ‘Rubber Karkhana’ to observe their everyday workout and social condition. They, all are very
frank and share what we asked them for our conversation.
One of all events is very good that, we all, work together. Male and female workers work together like
woman and male works both in home and market. Their life is very simple and natural. Their main earning
source is oriented among rubber cultivation and rubber processing.
These studies suggest that while rubber plantations can provide employment opportunities in rural areas, the
conditions can remain unsatisfactory for a long time, affecting the socio-economic status of the laborers. It’s
 Page 3 of 46

important for such industries to work towards improving these conditions to ensure the health and prosperity
of their workers.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Literature Review:

There is virtually very little data or study work on Ramu garden that can be found in online publications or
journals. So, this article will offer a general examination of the people that live in the Ramu Upazila.
Nevertheless, a number of studies have focused on the socio-economic conditions of the region, which may
serve as an indicator of the many different walk of people that make up the population of Ramu Upazila.

(Islam, 2023) The Ramu Rubber Garden specializes in producing rubber sheets from latex collected from
Hevea brasiliensis trees. The garden spans approximately 2682 acres, with a significant portion dedicated to
rubber trees.The production process includes latex collection, coagulation using formic acid, milling into
thin sheets, dripping to remove excess water, and smoking to dry the sheets and achieve the final product.
Rubber sheets are graded as A or B based on their quality, with Grade A being completely dried and Grade
B slightly less so. There’s also a lower quality product called tillage, which is used for manufacturing lower
quality rubber products. The garden faces challenges such as lack of manpower and outdated technology, leading
to recent losses. However, there’s potential for profitability with proper planning and investment in
technology, considering Bangladesh’s suitable soil and pH conditions for rubber growth. This report
provides a comprehensive look at the current state and future prospects of rubber sheet production in the
Ramu Rubber Garden.

The article discusses the socio-economic conditions of tea garden workers in Sylhet, Bangladesh. The paper
investigates the socio-economic status of tea garden workers in Sylhet, utilizing a survey of 245 workers and
descriptive statistics for analysis. It reveals that the workers live in vulnerable conditions, with women being
particularly disempowered and a general lack of awareness about rights. The workers struggle to meet their
basic human needs, often working over 9 hours a day, and 75% lack access to pure drinking water. The
study calls for necessary steps by authorities to ensure basic human rights and integrate tea garden workers
into the mainstream of development. This article encapsulates the key findings and the urgent need for
intervention to improve the workers’ living conditions and rights. (Rahaman & Hossen, 2019)

(Ramasamy, 2023) The study examines the socio-economic conditions and social well-being of handloom
industry weavers in Gangarampur Block, West Bengal, India. Weavers are predominantly male with low
educational levels, facing challenges such as financial constraints, outdated machinery, poor working conditions,
and lack of government support. Utilizes primary data from 290 weavers across 160 households, employing
GIS software for mapping and SPSS for data analysis. Household Quality of Living Index (HQLI) and
Standard of Living Index (SLI) are used to assess development, revealing a stark variation in living
standards among weavers. This journal provides an in-depth look at the handloom industry’s impact on the
local economy and the weavers’ quality of life, highlighting the need for better planning and execution of
supportive schemes.

(CVA, 2017) The journal highlights that handloom weavers in rural areas are often unaware of various
government schemes, which impacts their socio-cultural and economic life. It mentions that the Household
Quality of Living Index (HQLI) and Standard of Living Index (SLI) for handloom weavers in rural areas are
significantly lower compared to those in urban areas, due to the lack of urban facilities. The handloom
industry, particularly the Tant Benarashi Saree weaving, is facing a dire situation with weavers struggling
financially. This has led to migration and a shift from weaving to agriculture among the locals. The
document criticizes the poor execution of government schemes, stating that the benefits do not reach the
grassroots level, leaving the weavers deprived. It suggests that better planning and execution are necessary
 Page 4 of 46

to improve the situation. This journal emphasizes the need for effective implementation of support measures
to aid the handloom weavers and improve their living standards.

2.2 Background of Ramu Rubber Garden

Ramu Rubber Garden, nestled in the picturesque landscape of Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh, is a testament to
the country’s agricultural and touristic prowess. The garden’s inception dates back to 1960-61 when the
untapped lands of Ramu were surveyed and researched for rubber cultivation1. This initiative marked the
beginning of a journey that would see Ramu Rubber Garden evolve into one of the nation’s most cherished
tourist spots.

Spanning an impressive 2,682 acres, the garden is a green expanse of tranquility and natural beauty. With
approximately 58,000 productive trees, the plantation is a hub of activity, producing around 250,000 kg of
rubber annually. The sight of the rubber trees, standing tall and orderly, creates a serene atmosphere that
resonates with the rhythmic sounds of nature.

The garden is not just a place for rubber production; it has become a sanctuary for those seeking solace from
the hustle and bustle of city life. Visitors are greeted by the lush greenery that stretches across hills and
flatlands, offering a panoramic view that captivates the senses. The Rubber Garden Rest House, perched
atop a hill, provides a vantage point for visitors to soak in the surroundings and experience the garden’s
peaceful ambiance.

Accessibility to the garden is convenient, with it being located just 2km north of Ramu Chaumuhani station
on the Chittagong-Cox’s Bazar highway. Tourists can easily reach this verdant paradise by rickshaw, taxi, or
other vehicles, making it an ideal stopover for those traveling to or from Cox’s Bazar.

The Ramu Rubber Garden is more than just rows of rubber trees; it’s a cultural and historical landmark that
reflects the region’s heritage. The garden’s proximity to various ancient monuments and Buddhist temples
adds to its allure, inviting visitors to explore the rich tapestry of Ramu’s past.
As a living museum of agriculture and ecology, the Ramu Rubber Garden stands as a symbol of sustainable
development and environmental stewardship. It showcases the harmonious balance between human
enterprise and nature’s bounty, providing a space where both can thrive.
In conclusion, the Ramu Rubber Garden is a place of wonder and inspiration. It’s a destination where the
whispers of the past meet the promise of the future, all under the watchful eyes of the towering rubber trees.
For those who visit, it offers a unique glimpse into the heart of Bangladesh’s natural splendor and the
enduring spirit of its people.
The Ramu Rubber Garden, a 2,682-acre landmark in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, boasts a rich history dating
back to the 1960s. Initially an experiment by the BFIDC, it's now a thriving rubber plantation with nearly
140,000 trees.

2.3 Condition of the Major Rubber Gardens of Bangladesh

Bangladesh has around 1,00,000 acres of rubber gardens. The Bangladesh Rubber Board is working to
improve the production techniques of rubber and increase raw rubber production. The rubber sector is
expected to contribute to goal 1,5,13 through sustainable rubber cultivation practices. The sector has huge
potentials, and with the help of planned investment and proper technological advancement, it has scope to
grow and aid the world natural rubber production.
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Here are some rubber gardens in Bangladesh:

 Ramu Rubber Garden: Located in Cox's Bazar, 30acres of rubber are cultivated here
 Raojan Rubber Garden: 10acres of rubber are cultivated here
 Dabua Rubber Garden
 Dantmara Rubber Garden Located in
 Haludia Rubber Garden Chittagong
 Kanchannagar Rubber Garden
 Rangamatia Rubber Garden: Located in Fatickhari,
 Shahajibazar Rubber Garden: Located 30km south of Habiganj district town, 15km north of Madhabpur
Upazila Parishad, and 1km east of Dargah Gate on Dhaka-Sylhet.

Rubber trees are tapped about once every 2 days, yielding approximately 50gm of solid rubber each time,
according to Britannica. Trees are often rested for a period after heavy tapping. Production commences
when a tree is 5 or 6 years old. With care, the tree’s useful life may extend to more than 20 years. With trees
cultivated at a density of 375 per hectare, approximately 2,500kg of rubber can be produced per hectare per
year.

Table 2.1 : Major Gardens statistics

SL.No. Name of Garden Raising period Total Land Garden Starting Year
(acre) (acre) of Production
1. Ramu Rubber Garden, Cox's Bazar. 1961 to 1988 2682.68 2131 1968
2. Raojan Rubber Garden, Chittagong. 1961 to 1988 1749.5 1378 1968
3. Dabua Rubber Garden, Chittagong. 1968 to 1988 2417.08 2100 1976
4. Dantmara Rubber Garden, 1970 to 1988 4689 3965 1978
Chittagong.
5. Haludia Rubber Garden, Chittagong. 1983 to 1988 2857.85 2246.00 1991
6. Kanchannagar Rubber Garden, 1983 to 1988 2723.58 1130.00 1991
Chittagong.

2.4 Socio-Economic Profile of the Workers (Demographics)

The socio-economic profile of the workers in Ramu Rubber Garden is a reflection of the broader dynamics
of the agricultural labor force in Bangladesh. The demographics of these workers are characterized by a mix
of age, gender, and ethnic backgrounds, with a significant portion coming from rural areas seeking
employment opportunities.
The workforce is predominantly young, with a majority of workers being under the age of 40. This youthful
demographic is indicative of the physically demanding nature of rubber plantation work, which requires
 Page 6 of 46

resilience and stamina. In terms of gender, while traditionally male-dominated, there has been an increasing
presence of female workers in the sector, contributing to the diversification of the workforce.
Ramu, being in Cox’s Bazar, is home to a diverse population, including various indigenous communities.

Figure 2.2 : The latest export figures exceeded

Table 2.2 : How many members are there in a worker’s family?

Value Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
2 12 5.9 5.9
3 31 15.3 21.2
4 72 35.5 56.7
5 and above 88 43.3 100

Total 203 100

Figure: 2.3

The workers in the rubber garden often come from these groups, bringing a rich tapestry of cultural practices
and languages to the plantation.

Education levels among the workers vary, with many having only basic formal education.
 This is reflective of the limited access to educational facilities in rural areas of Bangladesh.

 However, there is a growing trend of younger workers possessing higher educational qualifications,
signaling a shift towards a more educated labor force.
 Economically, the workers are generally from lower-income backgrounds.
 The wages earned from working in the rubber gardens provide a vital source of income for their
families, often supporting extended family networks.
 The income not only covers daily expenses but also allows for savings and investment in their
children’s education, healthcare, and other family needs.
 According to (Issue-I, 2021) The living conditions of the workers are modest, with many residing in
housing provided by the plantation or in nearby villages. These accommodations are typically basic,
reflecting the economic constraints faced by the workers.

 The work environment in Ramu Rubber Garden can be challenging, with long hours and exposure to
the elements.
 Despite these conditions, the plantation provides a stable source of employment and has become a
critical component of the local economy, offering job security to its workers.
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Fig 2.4: Rubber Garden area of

South West part of Ramu Upazila

 In conclusion, the socio-economic profile of the workers in Ramu Rubber Garden is one of diversity
and resilience.
 They are the backbone of the plantation, ensuring its productivity and success, while also navigating
the complexities of socio-economic realities in rural Bangladesh.
Plantation work is physically demanding.
Industry leans male, but female participation is rising.

2.5 Employment Conditions

The employment conditions at Ramu Rubber Garden reflect the challenges and opportunities faced by
agricultural workers in Bangladesh.
 The garden, which began rubber cultivation over 60 years ago, has become a significant source of
livelihood for the local population.
 Workers at Ramu Rubber Garden face several challenges.
 The lack of manpower and patronization, coupled with mismanagement, has put the rubber gardens in
a precarious position, often leading to them becoming loss-making entities.
 The socio-economic condition of the workers is a matter of concern, with many facing low wages,
poor living conditions, and health issues.
 These factors contribute to a cycle of poverty and vulnerability, especially during temporary work
suspensions or garden closures.- (What Is the Scioeconomic Condition of Ramu Raubber Garden Worker? |
5 Answers From Research Papers, n.d.)
 Page 8 of 46

 Despite these challenges, the rubber garden provides crucial employment opportunities. It has the
potential to create a significant number of jobs, especially if the soil and climate conditions are
suitable for the rubber clones.
 This can lead to an increase in natural rubber production, offering rural people a chance to engage in a
stable and potentially rewarding occupation.
 Efforts are being made to improve the awareness about human rights, education, and overall living
standards among the workers.
 These initiatives are essential to uplift their socio-economic status and enhance their quality of life.
In summary, the employment conditions at Ramu Rubber Garden are complex, with workers navigating
between the difficulties of agricultural labor and the prospects of stable employment in a growing industry.
Details on employment conditions at Ramu Rubber Garden are unclear. News reports suggest potential
issues with low wages and job security.

2.5.1 Income Levels:

The income levels of workers at Ramu Rubber Garden are a critical aspect of their socio-economic profile.
According to (Grzesiak, 2023), As an agro-based industry,
1. rubber cultivation is considered one of the most income-generating crops in Bangladesh,
2. with the potential to significantly impact the livelihoods of rural populations.
3. Rubber is a valuable commodity, and
4. its cultivation can lead to substantial earnings.
5. The workers at Ramu Rubber Garden are part of an industry that not only produces rubber but also
contributes to the creation of various products,
6. from industrial materials to everyday items.
7. This diversification in product creation enhances the potential for income generation.
8. The garden’s operations provide numerous economic opportunities for the workers.
9. Beyond the direct income from rubber tapping and processing,
10. there are prospects for additional earnings through related activities such as furniture making from
rubberwood, which can be quite lucrative.

Furthermore, the cultivation of forest, fruit, and medicinal trees alongside rubber trees,

as well as the establishment of poultry, dairy farms, and fish culture in the vicinity of the garden,
 can create supplementary income sources for the workers.
 Despite these opportunities, the workers often face challenges due to the shortage of manpower
and issues with management, which can affect their income levels.
 To address these challenges, the Bangladesh Rubber Board has initiatives to import hybrid
rubber plants and improve cultivation techniques,
 aiming to boost productivity and, consequently, the income of the workers.

There is optimism for the future,

 with projections suggesting that rubber industries could employ 5,000,000 people in Bangladesh
within the next decade, indicating a potential rise in income levels for workers like those at
Ramu Rubber Garden.
 In conclusion, while the income levels of workers at Ramu Rubber Garden are influenced by
various factors, including market demand.

2.6 Living Conditions (Housing)

 Page 9 of 46

The living conditions and housing of the workers at Ramu Rubber Garden are a significant aspect of their
daily lives and well-being. The garden, which spans over 2,000 acres,
 is not only a place of employment but also a community where workers reside and socialize. (Ali,
2022)
 The workers’ housing is typically located within or near the plantation grounds, allowing easy
access to their workplace.
 These accommodations are often basic, reflecting the economic constraints faced by the workers.
 The housing provided by the plantation may include shared facilities, which helps to foster a sense
of community among the workers.
 While the housing is modest, efforts are made to ensure that the basic needs of the workers are met.

This includes access to clean water, electricity, and sanitation facilities. The plantation management is
responsible for maintaining these living conditions to a standard that ensures the health and safety of the
workers.
The Ramu Rubber Garden is more than just a workplace; it is a place where workers and their families live
and interact. The community life within the garden is vibrant, with cultural and social activities that bring
the workers together. This sense of community is crucial for the workers’ quality of life, providing them
with a support system outside of their work hours.
Despite these provisions, the workers may still face challenges related to their living conditions. Issues such
as overcrowding, maintenance and the need for upgrades can impact their quality of life. However, the
plantation’s management and relevant authorities are tasked with addressing these issues to improve the
living standards of the workers.
In conclusion, the living conditions and housing at Ramu Rubber Garden are a reflection of the socio-
economic realities of the workers.
 Page 10 of 46

Chapter 3- Methodology
The study uses qualitative and quantitative techniques.

The research has been divided into 2 large phases:

 Interview and Questionnaire survey phase,
 Consultation with relevant official bodies.

The survey phase had primarily 2 target populations:

o Community respondents: The community responders included general
population older than 18, i.e teenagers, adults and aged people were surveyed. This was because given the
context of awareness assessing the Socio-Economic Conditions, and the overall level of literacy and
standard of education, it can’t be expected that someone younger than 18 will be aware of labor rights.
o Workers: they were ranging from gender, age, marital status; number of family
members, household's total monthly income etc, by which the workers were surveyed.

Sampling: Random sampling method was used.

Implementation: A total of 25 community respondents, 5 supervisor and 170 workers were surveyed. A
total of 68 students were a part of the research. 10 teams consisting of 7 members were created. Each team
members had to conduct 3 community respondents’ interview. All teams were distributed randomly to differ
workers of the garden maintaining socio-economical variation. Consultation with supervisors concerned
with working conditions. The following questionnaires were chosen for consultation based upon the role that
they play in overall Socio-Economy and responses.
 Household income and expenditure.
 Labor rights
 Working hours

Chapter 3.1- Age & Gender variation

In order to make the survey representative of the total Ramu Rubber Garden, the survey aimed at ensuring
representation of respondents from maximum position.

Frequency Percent
Male 155 76.4
Female 48 23.6
Total 203 100
table 3.1 Sex Ratio
 Page 11 of 46

Frequency Percent
Single 60 29.6
Married 141 69.5
Divorced 1 0.5
Prefer not
to say 1 0.5
Total 203 100
table 3.3 Histogram of marital
status

Chapter 3.2- Study of respondents

A total of 203 community respondents were interviewed. The marital status of the respondents are given in
the following chart:

Frequency Percent
18-20 years 24 11.8

21-23 years 43 21.2

24-26 years 35 17.2
27 years
and above 101 49.8
Total 203 100
table 3.1 Age variation

3.3 :Data processing and analysis

The question sheets were gathered once the questionnaire survey was successfully completed. 7 groups
made up the entirety of the class. Each group member worked on their own questionnaires. All the data
which were collected then digitally entered into the SPSS software in order to do data analysis. A dataset in
total of 203 questionnaires was created using the SPSS application. During this phase of data processing and
analysis, GIS and MS Excel were also used. Once the questionnaire data was got, it was putted to generate
the necessary charts and graphs in the Microsoft Excel application.

3.3.1 :SPSS
 Page 12 of 46

(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is commonly used for statistical analysis, data management, and
generating reports. It's great for running analyses like regression, ANOVA, and factor analysis, among others.
The SPSS software was also used for making tables through.

Figure: 3.4 Questionnaire data inputting and analysis through SPSS software.

3.3.2 :GIS

(Geographic Information System) allows

us to work with maps and spatial datasets, perform spatial analysis, and
create visually appealing maps and imaginings. The GIS is used for producing the study area map of Ramu
Rubber Garden in Cox’s Bazar district.

3.3.3 :MS Excel

Excel is a widely used for organizing and operating data, creating charts and graphs, and accompanying
simple calculations. It was used for making graphs and charts for the tables.

3.4 .Report Writing

Writing a report is a vital stage in the research method; because it enables researchers to share their means,
findings, and insights to a larger audience. The main components and procedures involved in a report
writing phase, of research methodology are listed below:

Title, Abstract, Introduction, Literature review, Methodology, Results and Findings, Conclusions and
Recommendations.

3.5 .Conclusion

Using the right tactic techniques is crucial for any effective research. The 2 most crucial phases of any
research are data processing and analysis. Therefore, cautious planning is necessary before data collection to
ensure that there are no errors got made when the data are used in the study.
 Page 13 of 46

4. Profile of the study area

4.1 Study area

4.1.1 Geographic Location

Ramu Upazila is located in Cox's Bazar District, Chittagong Division, Bangladesh. It is situated between
21°17' and 21°36' north latitudes and 92°00' and 92°15' east longitudes, covering an area of 391.71
km2. Ramu Upazila is bounded by CHAKARIA and COX'S BAZAR SADAR Upazilas on the north,
NAIKHONGCHHARI and UKHIA Upazilas on the south, NAIKHONGCHHARI Upazila on the east, and
COX'S BAZAR SADAR and the Bay of Bengal on the west. The main river in Ramu Upazila is the
BAKKHALI River. As of 2011, the population of Ramu Upazila was 266,640, with 135,000 males and
131,640 females.

Fig 4.1: Map of Ramu Upazila

4.1.2 Administrative information

Ramu Thana was formed in 1908 and it was turned into an upazila in 1983.
Municipality Union Mouza Village
0 11 39 102

4.1.3 Physical Feature

The physical features of Ramu Upazila include a diverse landscape with natural elements such as rivers,
canals, and gardens. The area is characterized by the presence of the Bakkhali River, rubber gardens, coconut
gardens, and various canals connecting to the Bakkhali River and the Bay of Bengal.

Settlements: Ramu Upazila is home to various settlements, including villages, towns, and urban areas. The
main village is Ramu, which is the headquarters of Ramu Upazila, Cox's Bazar District.
 Page 14 of 46

Frequency Percent
Pucca 29 14.3
Semi-pucca 76 37.4
Kutcha 83 40.9
Others 15 7.4
Total 203 100

Fig 4.2: Settlement patterns of Ramu

Fig 4.3: The poster of our field trip Fig 4.4: The Hotel we stayed

Fig 4.5: dropping of Rubber fluid onto bowl

Roads: The road network in Ramu Upazila includes various types of roads, such as regional highways, zila
roads, upazila roads (pucca), union roads (pucca), upazila roads (katcha), union roads (katcha), village roads A (katcha),
 Page 15 of 46

and village roads A (pucca). The upazila road (pucca) is a paved road, while the union road (pucca) is also a
paved road but on a smaller scale.

Fig 4.6: Clotting of the Rubber fluid

Fig 4.7: drying process of Rubber sheets through hanging

 Page 16 of 46

Bakkhali River: The Bakkhali River is the only important river in the Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh.

Fig 4.8: drier room and rolling machine

4.1.4 Others

 Source of drinking water: The area in mainly dependent on tube-well for drinking water.

Frequency Percent(%)
Tube-well 195 96.1
Pond 4 2
River 4 2
Total 203 100
table 4.2 Water Sources

 Income: The average monthly income of people in Ramu Upazila is around 12,250 BDT
(Bangladeshi Taka), according to a study from 2021.

Frequency Percent
Below BDT 10000 50 24.6
BDT 10000-20000 115 56.7
BDT 20000-30000 30 14.8
BDT 30000-40000 6 3
BDT 40000 and above 2 1
Total 203 100
table 4.3 Monthly income
 Page 17 of 46

 Electricity: Most of the house of workers has electricity.

Frequency Percent(%)
Yes 184 90.6
No 19 9.4
Total 203 100
table 4.4 Access of Electricity

4.2 Respondents

Most of the worker of rubber garden are living under poverty level. Their livelihood pattern depends mainly
on agriculture and jobs. Many of them lead their livelihood by gardening, animal husbandry, collecting fluid
and grass etc. Maximum people are illiterate and few can sign.

4.2.1 Expenditure

This study aimed to understand the level of residential satisfaction of the host communities after the socio-
economy of workers in Bangladesh. The study interviewed 203 workers and heads from Ramu rubber
garden of Cox's Bazar district, Bangladesh.

Frequency Percent(%)
Below BDT 10000 63 31
BDT 10000-20000 109 53.7
BDT 20000-30000 23 11.3
BDT 30000-40000 7 3.4
Above BDT 40000 1 0.5
Total 203 100
table 34.5 monthly Expenditure

4.2.2 Education

The literacy rate of Ramu upazila in 2001 was 26.02% for both sexes, 29.64% for males, and 22.25% for
females. In 2011, the literacy rate of Ramu upazila was 36.6%, with a male literacy rate of 37.8% and a
female literacy rate of 35.3%.
 Page 18 of 46

There are several educational institutions in Ramu upazila, including a college, secondary schools, and
madrasahs. There are some top schools and colleges in Ramu Upazila.

Frequency Percent(%)
Very Good 15 7.4
Good 57 28.1
Moderate 88 43.3
Bad 32 15.8
Very Bad 11 5.4
Total 203 100
table 4.6 Education status

4.2.3 House ownership

Ramu Upazila has a population of 266,640, with 135,000 males and 131,640 females, as of 2011. The
average literacy rate of Ramu Upazila is 36.58%, with a male literacy rate of 37.8% and a female literacy
rate of 35.3%, as of 2011.

Frequency Percent(%)
Owned 122 60.1
Rented 51 25.1
Leased 11 5.4
Others 19 9.4
Total 203 100
table 4.7 House ownership of
the workers

4.3 Socio-economic condition of respondents

4.3.1 Number of family members

The number of family members in Ramu Upazila is not explicitly mentioned in the provided sources. The
sources mainly focus on the population demographics, literacy rates, water bodies, administrative divisions,
and various statistics related to the upazila.

4.3.2 Living conditions:

 Page 19 of 46

Sources of Agriculture Water: We studied the overall living conditions of the respondents and find out one
of the most important irrigation related issues which is sources of agriculture water. We found the number of
people using tube well for drinking purpose is more than 58% as many people can share and other water is
less than 42%. For these reasons people getting affected by waterborne diseases are decreasing gradually.
But when there is occurrence of flood then the number of patient increases due to scarcity of pure drinking
water as most of the well gets drowned under water.

Sources Percent(%)
Tube-well 58.1
Pond 13.8
River 23.2
Spring 4.9
table 4.9 Percentage of
using the water bodies for
drinking purpose

Quality of Water: depicts the water condition and from the responses about using water bodies we got to
know that more than 50% people are not using healthy ones which is due to their poor financial status and
lack of awareness. Thus they are at risk of getting affected by many fatal diseases.

Table 4.10: Percentage of using Quality of Water and others

Type Percentage
Very Good 35
Good 51.2
Moderate 12.3
Bad 1
Very Bad 0.5

Electricity Connection Status: Bangladesh is now developing gradually but there are some rural place
where there is not even reached the electricity connection. As Ramu is a very rural region of Cox’s Bazar,
the electricity connection is not uniformly reached in everywhere. More than 10% of people have no
electricity connection which is also describes their poor financial status and unfavorable condition to place
electric poles.

Table 4.11: Electricity access in the study area according to respondents

Status Percentage
Yes 90.6
No 9.4
Total 100

4.3.3 Settlement System:

 Page 20 of 46

The water quality in Ramu Upazila, as indicated by various studies, is a significant area of concern and
focus. Studies have measured different water quality parameters in tube-well water in the upazila, including
pH, EC, TDS, Total Hardness, Fe, Cl-, As, and Turbidity.

Fig 4.16: Water quality of the study area

Fig 4.17: Produced package of rubbers for export

4.3.4 Economic Activity:

The economic activity in Ramu Upazila encompasses both formal and informal sectors. The formal
economy includes jobs with regular hours and wages, while the informal economy involves activities that
may not follow standard labor practices.

Economic Activities of the Villagers:

Various economic activities in Ramu Upazila include cottage industries like goldsmithing, blacksmithing,
pottery, weaving, bell metal work, brass work, bamboo work, cane work, woodwork, and tailoring. Additionally, the
area is known for its hats, bazars, and fairs, with notable markets like Ramu Bazar, Kauarkhop Bazar,
 Page 21 of 46

Panirchhara Bazar, Garjania Bazar, Eidgar Bazar, Joaria Nala Bazar, Fakir Hat Bazar, and Ramkot Mela. The main
exports from the region include betel leaf, betel nut, coconut, banana, papaya, jackfruit, pineapple, shrimp,
and rubber.

Fig 4.18: a Glimpse of garden area

Fig 4.19: Rubber Trees

 Page 22 of 46

Frequency Percent(%)
Yes 57 28.1
No 146 71.9
table 4.12 special diseases
due to working in rubber
garden

Fig 4.21: Slope of the garden

Fig 4.22: Cox’s Bazar beach

 Page 23 of 46

Fig 4.23: Hotel SAI international (where we stayed)

Fig 4.24: Kolatoli Beach

 Page 24 of 46

Fig 4.25: Sunset on the beach

Fig 4.26: sunset view

 Page 25 of 46

Fig 4.27: Shutki fish Bazar

4.4 Social Economic Issues:

Some of the key social and economic issues in Ramu Upazila include: The upazila has a significant informal
economy, with various cottage industries like goldsmithing, blacksmithing, pottery, weaving, bell metal work,
brass work, bamboo work, cane work, woodwork, and tailoring. These informal economic activities contribute to
the local economy, but may face challenges related to waste disposal, health security of workers, and lack of
government support. The formal and informal economic sectors in Ramu Upazila have a low percentage of
female employment compared to male employment. This indicates a gender imbalance in economic
opportunities and participation in the upazila. Inadequate communication systems and infrastructure have
been identified as major problems faced by the formal industries in Ramu Upazila.

Treatment situations:
The Ramu Upazila Health Complex is mentioned as one of the facilities in Cox's Bazar district that was
visited for supervision by health officials. This indicates the presence of a health complex in Ramu Upazila
that provides healthcare services to the local population. In November 2023, WHO supported the treatment
of TB cases among the host community of Ramu, Pekua, Moheshkhali, and Kutubdia upazilas.

Frequency Percent(%)
Local Private Clinic 8 3.9
Local Govt. Hospital 160 78.8
Local Pharmacy 35 17.2
table 4.13 Treatment facilities
 Page 26 of 46

Fig 4.29: Marine Drive Double decker bus

Social Issues:
1. The 2012 Ramu violence was a major communal conflict that occurred in the region, exposing the
danger of communal cleavages in Bangladesh.
2. This incident highlighted the need for better communal harmony and conflict resolution mechanisms in
the area.
3. 4 remote villages in Ramu Upazila were declared free of child marriage through a joint initiative by the
local administration, National Human Rights Commission, and World Vision.
4. This indicates that child marriage was previously a significant social issue in these villages, which
required targeted interventions to address.
5. The event to declare the villages free of child marriage emphasized that child marriage "disrupts social
harmony and brings about turmoil and abuse in marital life, along with increasing social and moral
degradation".
 Page 27 of 46

6. This suggests that child marriage was seen as a factor contributing to broader social and moral
challenges in the region.
The Ramu Upazila Development Plan mentions "terrorism, militancy" as one of the issues that requires
public awareness and promotion of government development activities. This indicates that the upazila has
faced challenges related to extremism and security concerns. The Ramu Upazila Development Plan also lists
"eve-teasing" as an issue that requires public awareness and promotion of government development
activities. This points to the prevalence of gender-based harassment and the need to address it in the local
context.

4.5 Agricultural Pattern

The agricultural pattern in Ramu Upazila includes the cultivation of various crops and the presence of
different agricultural activities. Main crops grown in the region include paddy, potato, pulse, onion, and
others. Additionally, the area is known for its mangoes, jackfruits, pineapples, bananas, papayas, coconuts,
and betel nuts. The agricultural sector in Ramu Upazila plays a significant role in the local economy,
providing livelihoods to many residents and contributing to the overall agricultural output of the region.

Definition: Encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry for food and
non-food products.
Significance in human civilization: was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization,
enabling food surpluses and urban living.
Origins: Humans began cultivating plants around 11,500 years ago and domesticated sheep, goats, pigs,
and cattle around 10,000 years ago.

Harvest Product:
The agricultural sector, including crop cultivation and fruit production, plays a significant role in the local
economy of Ramu Upazila. Additionally, the upazila is known for its rubber cultivation, which has been an
important industry in the region for over 6 decades. The agricultural and harvest products from Ramu
Upazila contribute to both the local and national economies.

Table 4.14: List of crops farmers wanted to harvest

List of crops
Paddy
Potato
Pulse
Onion
Mango
Jackfruit
Pineapple
Banana
Papaya
Coconut
Betel nut
Mango
Jackfruit
Betel leaf
Shrimp
Rubber

In the context of Ramu Upazila, "harvest product" refers to the agricultural produce that is cultivated and
harvested in the region.
 Page 28 of 46

Chapter 5. Rubber Cultivation and Processing in the Garden at Ramu

The Garden area is about 2682 acres:

There are only 85,000 productive trees around,

 And also 10,ooo non-productive trees.
 The non- productive trees will turn into productive trees after a 7 years delay.
 The Trees should be as thick as 18 inches:
 At every night, the direction of rubber fluid is upward, through tree; while at daylight, it’s downward.

There are approximately 21,000 trees planted all over, such as nursery, paddy land, beside office area, roads and
others.
 In 1661, the total area used to around 30 acres land
 The main exporters are the neighboring countries including India, Pakistan, Sri-Lanka,
 Tractor, truck, high lux, motor cycle and Plagiary, these kind of vehicles are used for transportation.
 The garden is under the BFIDC’s courtesy,
emulated through governmental
interferences.

At first, the seeds are planted in nursery, then to Nursery Field Production stage
field:


7 years
The collection of rubber fluid is conducted
within a day at a time.
 The workers create some Panel lines on
tree’s skin. The fluids flow through the
panel lines and get collected through a
bowl, attached with tree. Every tree drops 18 inches
as much as 200gm fluid.

As soon as the lines would tripped, it will be

At night,
good for more production.
rubbur fluid
 The labours work there upto a contract flows upward
system.
 One occupies merely 2 blocks of garden At daylight,
area. He would collect from there within 2 rubbur fluid
days. Thus per block has only one flows downward
individuals.
 Based on space, time and class, a block
consists of 400 to 500 trees.
 At plane land, there are more trees got cultivated, while in highland, the number is less.
 one labour collects fluids from one block at a day.
The Ramu Rubber Garden has total 120 blocks and 4 areas. Supervisors conduct the processing stage.
There’s no need of irrigation. It took 4 days since the collection of fluid to processing with production.
 Page 29 of 46

Processing: at first, they add formic acids to the fluid chamber (per litter 0.008M) to extract rubber from the
fluid. They also add ample water. It took 24 hours to be clotted, according to the amount of fluids.

Clotted rubber Rolling Machine Will be squeezed to make

will be cut (squeeze the excess water) thin layer of rubber

Drying stage Been Washed properly

Rolling Machine: By rolling rubber sheets, the extra water got out from and resulted to smooth sheet
layers. In another machine, the sheets were been branding and taken to wash and dry through. To drain the
waters, the wet sheets got putted to shaded rank. The sheets were dried out onto bamboo by hanging.
At last, the sheets were brought to drier room to blot up, where they stayed for 3-4 days at 130-1400F
temperature.
After famishing, the sheets were divided up into several grades in accordance with their standard.
 Page 30 of 46

Chapter 6: Results & Findings

Treatment facilities:

According to the Histogram chart, most Options Respondents

people try to seek their treatments near Very Good 14 6.9
main and local area. Almost half of the Good 48 23.6
population resided along the moderate. Moderate 117 57.6
On the other hand, very few people Bad 22 10.8
can’t get properly, which might be a Very Bad 2 1
source of convenient transportation and Total 203 100
water. table 6.1

Gas facilities:

Frequency Percent(%)
Yes 83 40.9
No 120 59.1
Total 203 100
table 6.2
The pie chart titled "gas facilities". The pie
chart is divided into two slices labeled
"Yes" and "No".
The slice labeled "Yes" is purple and it is
bigger than the slice labeled "No". The text
next to the "Yes" slice says "41%" and the
text next to the "No" slice says "59%".
This pie chart likely represents the results of
a survey question about the use of gas facilities. It shows that 41% of the people surveyed said they use gas
facilities.

Do you get access to internet?

Frequency Percent(%)
Yes 110 54.2
No 93 45.8
Total 203 100

The following chart clearly represent

the percentages of internet access of
Rubber workers area from our
respondents. There are 54% said
‘yes’, around 45% are ‘no’; which is
the lowest.

Telephone access:
& Disc Connection:
Frequency Percent(%)
Yes 106 52.2 63 31
No 97 47.8 140 69
Total 203 100 203 100
 Page 31 of 46

Fig 6.4: pie chart & bar chart on dish access & telephone

The graph and pie chart above describe workers concern related to family. Most families in this area have
telephone access, indicating a small size family. Again, just about 52% of families have telephone
connectioms. On the other hand, approximately 31% of families aren’t have dish, while 69% are. Their
extremely little family is diverse in nature.

Water supply by pipe-

Frequency Percent(%)
Yes 86 42.4
No 117 57.6
Total 203 100

Access to mobile network- (source: field survey)

Frequency Percent(%)
Yes 192 192
No 11 11
Total 203 203

Do your children go to school?

From the pie chart, it is clear that Frequency Percent(%)

about 50% of children are gone
Yes 103 50.7
to school, which is almost more No 100 49.3
than half of the community.
Total 203 100

Working Position- (source: field survey)

 Page 32 of 46

Frequency Percent(%)
Fig 6.8: Pie chart showing Worker 170 83.7
childrens ratio Supervisor 8 3.9
Others 25 12.3
Here, we have added 3 Total 203 100
options to find out the
respondent's working position there. Surprisingly,the ratio shows a
huge difference from one to another.About 83.7% people are worker and labour; which is the highest by
ratio.

wife/husband work in the rubber garden

Frequency Percent(%)
Yes 39 19.2
No 164 80.8
Total 203 100

From the above table, it is clearly

shown that despite having different
options to work, No is the highest in
number. About 80% of people have
another type of work and 20% of
people's work on rubber garden, which
is the lowest.

Do you think women are equally involved in rubber garden?

Frequency Percent(%)
Yes 17 8.4
No 186 91.6
Total 203 100

Fig 6.10

How do you describe the overall working conditions for women at rubber garden?

Frequency Percent(%)
Very Good 1 0.5
Good 38 18.7
Moderate 80 39.4
Bad 69 34
Very Bad 15 7.4
Total 203 100
Fig 6.11
 Page 33 of 46

How many hours do you work per day? What is your payment system?
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
4 to 6 hours 37 18.2 Hourly 2 1.0
Daily 33 16.3
7 to 10 hours 133 65.5
Weekly 50 24.6
10 hours and above 33 16.3 Monthly 118 58.1
Total 203 100.0

Above table shows that the majority percentage is for their work day.It actually shows a picture of their
work hour wholeheartedly. Being a member of the authority, they need to work everyday to fulfill their
family needs and other requirements.

Do you think your working hours are aligning with the labor rights?

Frequency Percent(%)
Yes 97 47.8
No 106 52.2
Total 203 100

Who is responsible for maintaining the labor rights?

Frequency Percent
Government 128 63.1
Owner of the Garden 74 36.5
Others 1 .5
Total 203 100.0

Do you think your rights are preserved?

Frequency Percent(%)
Yes 61 30
No 142 70
Total 203 100
 Page 34 of 46

Are you involved in any other work besides the rubber farming?

Frequency Percent(%)
Yes 89 43.8
No 114 56.2
Total 203 100

How do you think that labor rights and working conditions are deteriorating over time?

Frequency Percent(%)
Very High 1 0.5
High 8 3.9
Moderate 116 57.1
Low 63 31
Very Low 15 7.4
Total 203 100

Most of our respondents are dependent on registered doctors for their health issues.

Are you involved in any other work besides the rubber farming?

Frequency Percent(%)
Yes 89 43.8
No 114 56.2
Total 203 100

6.1 Impacts of labor rights in the Rubber Garden

There are several concerning trends regarding labor rights and working conditions in Bangladesh, including
in Ramu Upazila:
o The results indicate that poor quality employment and inadequate working conditions are major
global challenges, with millions of people forced to accept substandard jobs.
 Page 35 of 46

o This suggests that the issue of decent work deficits is also

prevalent in Bangladesh, including in areas like Ramu
Upazila.
o The search results mention the 2012 Ramu violence, which
exposed the danger of communal conflicts and their impact
on workers.

Additionally, the results highlight concerns about building safety Figure 13 : Roadside Blocks to Prevent Flood
and the risks faced by workers, even in the aftermath of natural
disasters like earthquakes.

The results describe how factory owners in Bangladesh often fire workers who try to organize unions or
complain about safety issues. This indicates a systematic suppression of labor rights and the ability of
workers to advocate for better working conditions. The search results suggest that the government in
Bangladesh appears to support garment manufacturers' attacks on union organizers, rather than protecting
workers' rights.

6.2 Issues of working conditions in the Rubber Garden

There are several concerning trends and issues related to the working conditions in Bangladesh, including in
the Ramu Upazila area:
Factory owners often fire workers who try to organize unions or complain about safety issues. There is a
systematic suppression of labor rights, with workers facing harassment, firings, and even beatings for trying
to advocate for their rights.

The Rana Plaza building collapse in 2013 highlighted the poor building safety and the risks faced by
workers in Bangladesh. Even after the Rana Plaza tragedy, unsafe working conditions continue to be a major
problem, with the shipbreaking industry seeing a record number of worker fatalities.

The government appears to support garment manufacturers' attacks on union organizers, rather than
protecting workers' rights. There is a lack of effective enforcement of labor laws and regulations to ensure
safe and decent working conditions. Despite some progress, such as the Bangladesh Accord on Fire and Building
Safety, many challenges remain in improving working conditions and ensuring the respect of labor rights.
The government has failed to fully implement commitments made to improve working conditions and
uphold international labor standards.

6.3 Payment systems to the Workers

The payment system in the rubber gardens of Ramu Upazila plays a pivotal role in sustaining the cultivation
of rubber and addressing the challenges faced by the industry. The Financial Express article highlights the
fragile condition of rubber cultivation in Ramu Upazila, dating back over 6 decades, due to factors like lack
of manpower, patronization, and mismanagement. The existing rubber gardens, covering approximately 262
acres of land under the Bangladesh Forest Industry Development Corporation, face threats such as manpower
shortages, tree plundering, and land encroachment, leading to financial losses and operational challenges.

The manager of Ruby Garden, Nandi Lal Roy, emphasized the constraints faced by the industry,
including the inability to expand operations due to labor shortages and the encroachment of land by
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unauthorized individuals. The illegal occupation of portions of rubber gardens has further exacerbated the
situation, impacting the overall productivity and profitability of the sector. Despite these challenges, the
rubber gardens in Ramu produce an average of 6,500 kg of dry rubber daily, with a market value of
Tk13,50,000. This underscores the economic significance of rubber cultivation in the region.

Member of Parliament Shaimum Sarwar Kamal highlighted the historical significance of rubber
cultivation in Ramu, initiated following the directives of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The
government's efforts to promote rubber cultivation post-independence and encourage private-sector
investments in the industry reflect a commitment to economic development and diversification. Rubber-
made products, ranging from shoes to furniture, are manufactured and exported, contributing to both
domestic consumption and international trade.

The article underscores the need for increased government support and intervention to address the
challenges faced by the rubber gardens in Ramu Upazila. Measures to prevent illegal encroachment, enhance
security, and provide adequate resources and manpower are essential to sustain and expand rubber
cultivation. The Bangladesh Forest Resources Industry Development Corporation is urged to take proactive
steps to boost rubber cultivation and production, ensuring the long-term viability and profitability of the
sector.

In conclusion, the payment system in the rubber gardens of Ramu Upazila is crucial for addressing the
operational and financial challenges faced by the industry. By incentivizing labor, preventing land
encroachment, and enhancing productivity, an effective payment system can support the sustainable growth
and profitability of rubber cultivation in the region. Government support, regulatory measures, and industry
collaboration are essential to ensure the resilience and success of the rubber gardens in Ramu Upazila.

Unfortunately, publicly available information about the specific payment system at Ramu Rubber Garden is
scarce. However, by looking at the Bangladeshi rubber industry practices and the challenges mentioned, we
can assume a likely scenario:
A fixed monthly or bi-weekly wage might be provided to ensure a baseline income. Workers might earn
additional income based on the amount of latex they collect. This incentivizes higher productivity. For work
exceeding set hours, a premium rate could be offered. Information on adherence to Bangladesh's minimum
wage is lacking. Whether salaries are paid weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly is unclear.

Health insurance, pensions, or other benefits might be absent or limited. Reports suggest low base salaries,
which could create financial strain. Fairness in piece rate calculations is crucial to avoid worker exploitation.
Reliance on piece rates can lead to fluctuations in income depending on latex yield.
A clear breakdown of base salary, piece rate calculations, and overtime pay would benefit workers.
Adherence to Bangladesh's minimum wage would ensure a living standard. Offering health insurance or
similar benefits could improve worker well-being.

6.4 Personal Family Information

In this part of 6th chapter, we will show various personal family information from individual informers.
They tell us their family information, status and about their work.

6.4.1 Work-hour per day

The information focuses more on the general economic activities, livelihoods, and challenges faced by the
rubber workers, but also delve into the details of work hours or labor practices.
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The closest relevant information is the mention of "daily wage labor" as a common source of employment in
the region, which suggests that some workers may be engaged in short-term, daily wage-based jobs.
However, the results quantify or describe the typical work hours for these daily wage laborers.
Through the servey data or information about the work hours per day in Ramu Upazila, which provide a
definitive answer based on the working hours. The available information is focused on broader economic
and social aspects of the upazila, rather than the specific details of labor practices and working conditions.

However, based on general practices in the rubber industry and considering the physically demanding nature
of the work, here's a likely scenario:
It is anywhere between 7-10 hours, similar to many manual labor jobs. This was surveyed, and actual
hours might be more longer depending on specific tasks and latex yield. There's a possibility of overtime
work, especially during peak latex collection periods. This would depend on the garden's management and
workload demands. Due to the incentive-based piece rate system (if it exists), some workers might be
pressured to work longer hours to collect more latex and increase their earnings. This can lead to fatigue and
potential safety risks. Information on overtime pay and regulations is lacking. Ideally, there should be clear
guidelines and fair compensation for any hours worked beyond the standard workday. A clearly defined
work schedule with breaks would be beneficial for worker well-being and fatigue management. Clear
communication regarding overtime pay and regulations would ensure fairness for workers.

6.4.2 The overall working conditions for women

The overall working conditions for women in Ramu Upazila and surrounding areas can be characterized by
several key factors:
Women are nearly twice as likely as men to work in agriculture, which is often poorly paid. In Bandarban,
gender norms dictate that men are expected to work outside the home, while women are expected to perform
domestic work, reflecting traditional gender roles.
The baseline assessment for the SAPLING project in Bandarban found that only 18% of women had earned
cash in the past 12 months, compared to 71% of men, indicating disparities in economic participation and
income generation. Women face limitations in their freedom to make decisions with the money they have
earned, highlighting challenges related to financial autonomy and decision-making power.
Women in host communities have found new job opportunities with NGOs addressing the Rohingya crisis,
indicating some avenues for employment outside traditional sectors.

6.4.3 Workers Positions

the key points regarding worker positions in Rubber garden are:

The findings highlight the presence of various informal economic activities in Ramu Upazila, such as poultry,
sawmill, dairy farm, fisheries, and furniture making. These informal economic sectors employ workers, but the
results provide specific details about their job positions or roles.
The findings mention the presence of formal industries in Ramu Upazila, including brick fields, handicrafts, ice
cream factories, rice mills, workshops, and yarn and fabric industries. However, the information provided delve
into the specific worker positions or job roles within these formal economic sectors.
The results indicate that there is a significant gender imbalance in employment, with a much lower
percentage of women employed in both the formal and informal economic sectors compared to men. This
suggests that the worker positions in Ramu garden may be predominantly occupied by men, with women
facing barriers to accessing diverse employment opportunities.

6.4.4 Education facilities

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The education facilities of the workers, as highlighted in the provided charts & tables, encompass a range of
educational institutions catering to the diverse population in the area.

The Banglapedia source indicates that the total population of Ramu Upazila is 266,640, with a mix of
Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, and other communities. The educational landscape includes notable
institutions like Ramu Khijari Model High School, reflecting the presence of both traditional and modern
educational establishments in the region.
Additionally, the detailed list of projects in Ramu Upazila outlines various initiatives aimed at enhancing
education and skills development. These projects include computer training, dressmaking (sewing) programs,
training for employees, and the renovation of existing club associations. These efforts signify a commitment
to improving educational opportunities, vocational training, and capacity building for the local population.
Moreover, the Rapid Education and Risk Analysis report for Cox's Bazar provides insights into the
educational environment in the broader region, emphasizing the importance of schools in promoting social
cohesion, providing a safe and respectful learning environment, and offering opportunities for students to
acquire knowledge and skills.

In summary, the education facilities in Ramu Upazila and surrounding areas comprise a mix of schools,
vocational training programs, and initiatives aimed at enhancing educational access and quality. These
facilities play a vital role in providing formal education, vocational skills training, and social cohesion
opportunities for the diverse population in the region. The efforts outlined in the sources reflect a
commitment to improving education infrastructure, enhancing skills development, and promoting
educational opportunities for individuals in Ramu Upazila and neighboring communities.
The diverse educational landscape in Ramu Upazila reflects efforts to enhance literacy, skills development,
and educational attainment among different segments of the population.
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7. Conclusion and recommendation

7.1 Introduction

As the chapter title suggests, I’m going to note up the recommendations derived from the analyze of this
report, and followed to conclusion.

7.2 Recommendation:
Based on the findings of this short field trip, some useful recommendations are available for sorting out a
few problems. They are:

1) Ensuring that rubber plantation workers receive fair wages that reflect their labor and contribution.
Provide additional benefits such as health insurance, housing, and education support.
2) Establishing training programs to enhance workers’ skills. Training can include rubber tapping
techniques, sustainable farming practices, and financial literacy.
3) Improving living conditions within the rubber gardens. Access to clean water, sanitation facilities, and
proper housing is essential.
4) Encouraging community initiatives that empower workers. Promote self-help groups, cooperative
societies, and vocational training centers.

5) Collaborating with local authorities to address labor rights and welfare. Advocate for policies that
protect workers’ rights and ensure their well-being.

6) Invest in infrastructure development to improve the physical facilities of schools, colleges, and
educational institutions in Ramu Upazila. Ensure access to basic amenities like clean water, sanitation
facilities, electricity, and adequate classrooms to create a conducive learning environment.

7.3 Conclusion
The field trip was organized in order to know the condition of the workers of Rubber garden that was in
Ramu Upazila. The main purpose of the trip was to observe and evaluate the socio-economic condition
and adjustment of workers of rubber garden, Cox’s Bazar as a young learners. Based on our findings the
research reveals that there do not have enough facility there to sustain or adjustment their daily lives.As
most of the respondents were illiterate they have less awareness about socio-economy and took rarely any
step to avoid these. In conclusion, addressing the socio-economic challenges faced by rubber plantation
workers in the Ramu Rubber Garden Area of Cox’s Bazar District requires concerted efforts from
stakeholders, including government agencies, plantation owners, and labor organizations. Ensuring that
rubber plantation workers receive fair wages that reflect their labor and contribution is essential. By
implementing these recommendations, we can create a more sustainable and equitable environment for
rubber plantation workers, fostering economic growth and social development in the region.
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References
 Issue-I, T. A. (2021, December 23). Ramu rubber farming in a tight spot. The Financial Express.

 What is the scioeconomic condition of ramu raubber garden worker? | 5 Answers from Research
papers. (n.d.). SciSpace - Question.

 Rahaman, M., & Hossen, M. A. (2019, January 1). THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE
TEA GARDENS’ WORKERS IN SYLHET: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY. ResearchGate.

 Islam, M. S. (2023, October 7). A scientific report on the production of rubber sheets in Ramu Rubber
Garden and their prospects for the. . . ResearchGate.

 Sanyal, J. (2015, November 14). Socio-economic conditions of Rubber plantation workers- A synoptic
study. Assamsilchar.
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APPENDICES

1. Tables Used for Socio-economic Survey (SPSS Analysis)

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2. Questionnaire Used for Socio-economic Survey

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The End…