LNMIIT/B.

Tech/IC/2022-23/Odd/MTH213/MT

The LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur

Department of Mathematics
MTH213: Mathematics III
2022-23 Odd Semester
Mid Term Examination

Max.Marks: 30 Date: September 28, 2022 Duration: 90 mins

Total Questions Total Marks CO 1 CO 2 CO 3 CO 4
8 30 Q5-4 Q1-4, Q2-4,Q3-4,Q4-4,Q6-4 Q7-3,Q8-3 —
4 18 6
CO-PO weightage: = 13.33% = 66.67% = 20% —
30 30 30
Instructions: There are total eight questions. Marks awarded are shown next to the question. Calculator
is not allowed. Justify your statements. It is mandatory to make an index showing the question number
and page number on the front page of your answer sheet in the following format(the question number
without page number mentioned shall not be evaluated):

Question No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Page No.

1. Examine the function f (z) = |z − 3|2 for differentiability at z for all z ∈ C. [4]

Solution The function is given by

f (z = x + iy) = |z − 3|2 = (x − 3)2 + y 2 .

So the real and imaginary components of f (z) are u(x, y) = (x−3)2 +y 2 and v(x, y) = 0, respectively. [0.5]
Note that ux (x, y) = 2(x − 3), uy (x, y) = 2y, vx (x, y) = 0 vy (x, y) = 0. [0.5]
So the the CR-equations are satisfied only at (3, 0). [0.5]
So the given function is not differentiable at any point in C \ {(3, 0)}. [1]
All the partial derivatives ux , uy , vx and vy exists everywhere and are continuous at (3, 0). [1]
So the given function is differentiable at (3, 0). [0.5]

2. Suppose f (z) and its conjugate f (z) are both analytic in a domain D. Show that f (z) must be a
constant throughout D. [4]

Solution Let f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) where u and v are two real and imaginary components of f (x)
respectively.
Then f (z) = u(x, y) − iv(x, y).
If U (x, y) and V (x, y) are the real and imaginary components of f (z), respectively, then

U (x, y) = u(x, y), and V (x, y) = −v(x, y).[0.5]

1
 Since f (z) is analytic on D, for all (x, y) in D we have

ux (x, y) = vy (x, y) and uy (x, y) = −vx (x, y)[0.5]

Since f (z) is analytic on D, for all (x, y) in D we have

Ux (x, y) = Vy (x, y) and Uy (x, y) = −Vx (x, y)[0.5]

Since U (x, y) = u(x, y), and V (x, y) = −v(x, y), for all (x, y) in D we have

ux (x, y) = −vy (x, y) and uy (x, y) = vx (x, y).

Thus ux (x, y) = 0 and vx (x, y) = 0 for all (x, y) in D [0.5]

Thus f 0 (z) = ux (x, y) + ivx (x, y) = 0 on D. [1]
Since D is a domain and f 0 (z) = 0 on D, f (z) is constant on D. [1]

Remark: Note that 1 mark has been deducted if you have not shown specifically the use of domain
in the solution.

3. Verify that u(x, y) := 4xy − x3 + 3xy 2 satisfies Laplace equation for all (x, y). Further find harmonic
conjugate of u(x, y) and find corresponding analytic function f (z). [4]

Solution Here u(x, y) := 4xy − x3 + 3xy 2 . So ux (x, y) := 4y − 3x2 + 3y 2 = vy (x, y) and uy (x, y) :=
4x + 6xy = −vx (x, y).
Therefore
uxx (x, y) = −6x, uyy (x, y) = 6x.
Therefore the Laplace equation for u is satisfied and ux , uxx , uy , uyy are continuous throughout the plane
hence u is harmonic. [1]
Further, integrating vy w.r.t. y, we get

v(x, y) = 2y 2 − 3x3 y + y 3 + φ(x),

where φ(x) is some differentiable function of x. [1]

So vx (x, y) = −6xy + φ0 (x) = −4x − 6xy, and therefore φ0 (x) = −4x, and we get φ(x) = −2x2 + C
where C is a constant. Thus

v(x, y) = 2y 2 − 3x3 y + y 3 + −2x2 + C.

[1]
3 2 2 3 3 2
So f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) = (4xy − x + 3xy ) + i(2y − 3x y + y + −2x + C). [1]

4. Find the largest domain on which f (z) = Log(z) is analytic and find the derivative f 0 (z) wherever
exists. [4]

2
 Solution f (z) = Log(z) = ln(r) + iθ, where θ = Arg(z).
Since Arg(z) is continuous everywhere except all the points in {(x, y) : y = 0 and x ≤ 0}, so the largest
domain on which Log(z) is continuous is D := C \ {(x, y) : y = 0 and x ≤ 0}. [1]

Further u(r, θ) = ln(r) and v(r, θ) = θ.

So ur = 1r , uθ = 0, vr = 0, and vθ = 1. Therefore the C-R equations in polar coordinates are satisfied
on the set D. [1]
Since all the first order partial derivative are continuous on D, f (z) is differentiable on D. Since D is
open, f (z) is analytic on D. [1]
Further f 0 (z) = e−iθ (ur + ivr ) = re1iθ = z1 . [1]

Remark

(a) One mark to verify necessary condition.

(b) One mark to verify sufficient condition and analyticity.
(c) One mark to mention the domain.
(d) One mark to find out f 0 (z).
(e) Note that Arg(z) 6= tan−1 (y/x).
(f) Alternative solution is always appreciated, but it should be correct.

5. Find all the roots of the equation cos z = 2. [4]

Solution cos z = 2 ⇐⇒ cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y = 2 [1]

⇐⇒ cos x cosh y = 2 and sin x sinh y = 0.
⇐⇒ cos x cosh y = 2 and [sin x = 0 or sinh y = 0].
⇐⇒ [cos x cosh y = 2 and sin x = 0] or [cos x cosh y = 2 and sinh y = 0].
⇐⇒ [cos x cosh y = 2 and sin x = 0] [∵ cos x cosh y = 2 and sinh y = 0 is not possible ].
⇐⇒ x = nπ and cos x cosh y = 2 [1]
⇐⇒ x = 2nπ and cosh y = 2 [ ∵ cosh y ≥ 0]
⇐⇒ x = 2nπ and ey + e−y = 4 [1]
√ √
⇐⇒ x = 2nπ and ey = 2 ± 3 ⇐⇒ x = 2nπ and y = ln(2 ± 3)
√
⇐⇒ z = 2nπ + i ln(2 ± 3). [1]

eiz +e−iz
Alternate Solution cosz = 2 so =2 [1]
√ 2
which gives eiz = 2 ± 3. [1]
Now lnz = ln|z| + i(Argz
√ + 2nπ).
Therefore iz = ln(2 ± 3)
√ + i2nπ. [1]
Hence z = 2nπ − ln(2 ± 3)i. [1]

3
 6. Let the function f (z) = u(r, θ)+iv(r, θ) be analytic in a domain D that does not include the origin. Using
the Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates and assuming the continuity of partial derivatives,
show that, throughout D, the function u(r, θ) satisfies the partial differential equation

r2 urr (r, θ) + rur (r, θ) + uθθ = 0,

which is the polar form of Laplace’s equation. Show that the function u(r, θ) = r2 cos 2θ is harmonic.
Hence find its harmonic conjugate function and the corresponding analytic function f (z). [4]

Solution Using C-R equations in polar form rur = vθ and uθ = −rvr we get rurr + ur = vθr and
uθθ = −rvrθ .
Therefore we get
r2 urr (r, θ) + rur (r, θ) + uθθ = rvθr − rvθr = 0.
[1]
Now u = r2 cos 2θ. So ur = 2r cos 2θ and uθ = −2r2 sin 2θ. Therefore uθθ = −4r2 cos 2θ and urr =
2 cos 2θ. We get

r2 urr (r, θ) + rur (r, θ) + uθθ = r2 (2 cos 2θ) + r(2r cos 2θ) − 4r2 cos 2θ = 0,

hence we have u is harmonic. [1]

Using C-R equations we get 1r vθ = ur = 2r cos 2θ, and integrating vθ = ur = 2r2 cos 2θ, it implies that
v = r2 sin 2θ + ψ(r). [1]
Therefore vr = 2r sin 2θ + ψ 0 (r) = − 1r (uθ ) = 2r sin 2θ. We get ψ 0 (r) = 0 and so ψ(r) = C, where C is a
constant. Hence f (z) = u + iv = r2 cos 2θ + i(r2 sin 2θ + C). [1]

Note: Marks had been deducted if constant C is not mentioned in the function f (z).

7. Let C be the circle |z| = R(R > 1), described in the counterclockwise direction. Use the ML-inequality
to prove Z
Logz ln R + π
2
dz ≤ 2π .
C z R
[3]
Logz
Solution: The function is continuous everywhere on contour C except at z = −R. Therefore the contour
Z z2
Logz
integral 2
dz exists. [1]
C z
Also for all points z ∈ C, we have

Logz |Logz| |ln |z| + iArg(z)| |ln R + iArg(z)| | ln R| + |iArg(z)| ln R + π

2
= 2
= 2
= 2
≤ 2
≤ [1]
z |z| R R R R2
Also the length of the curve C is 2πR. Hence by ML-inequality
Z
Logz ln R + π
2
dz ≤ 2πR . [1]
C z R2

4
 Z
8. Evaluate (x2 + iy 2 )dz, where C is the parabola y = 2x2 from (1, 2) to (2, 8) [3]
C

Solution: We parameterize C by z(t) = t + i2t2 , 1 ≤ t ≤ 2. [1]

Z Z 2 Z 2
2 2 2 2 0
(x + iy )dz = [[x(t)] + i(y(t)) ]z (t)dt = [t2 + i(2t2 )2 ](1 + 4it)dt [1]
C 1 1
Z 2  3  2
2 5 3 4 t 16 6 4 4 5
= [t − 16t + i(4t + 4t )]dt = − t +i t + t
1 3 6 5 1
497 199
=− + i [1]
3 5
Note that f (z) = x2 + iy 2 is not differentiable at any point on the contour C.
We
R can take parametrization
R2 2 x = x and y = 2x2 , so z = x + iy = x + i(2x2 ) and so dz = 1 + 4xi and so
C
(x + iy )dz = 1 (x + i(2x2 )2 )(1 + 4ix)dx.
2 2

End of paper