ASTU, Department of Water Resources Engineering

GIS & RS [WREN4305]

WRE 4th year
Regular Program

Bahru Mekuria (Ph.D.)

October, 2023

Semester I, 2023
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1. Concepts of Remote Sensing

1.1 Introduction to Remote Sensing

Contents
1.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum Concepts of RS

1.3 Energy Interaction with Atmosphere RS Platforms and

Sensors

1.4 Scattering and absorption Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS
1.5 Energy Interaction with Earth Surface Features
Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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1.1 Introduction to Remote Sensing

What is Remote Sensing?

• Remote sensing means sensing things from a distance. Contents

Concepts of RS
• It refers to the activities of recording, observing, and RS Platforms and
Sensors

perceiving (sensing) objects or events in far-away Digital Image

Processing

(remote) places. Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
• Of our five senses we use three as remote sensors when we: Model

✓ Watch a football game from the stands (sense of sight) Digital Terrain
Modeling

✓ Smell freshly baked bread in the oven (sense of smell)

✓ Hear a telephone ringing (sense of hearing)
What are our other two senses and why aren’t they used ‘remotely’?
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1.1 Introduction to Remote Sensing…

• Collection of information about an object without coming into physical

contact. Contents

Concepts of RS
• The information needs a physical carrier to travel from the objects/events RS Platforms and
Sensors

to the sensors through an intervening medium. Digital Image

Processing

• The electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is normally used as an information Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
carrier in remote sensing. Model

Digital Terrain
• The output of a remote sensing system is usually an image representing the Modeling

scene being observed.

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1.1 Introduction to Remote Sensing…

Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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1.1 Introduction to Remote Sensing…

• The technology of modern remote sensing

began with the invention of the camera more Contents

Concepts of RS
than 150 years ago. RS Platforms and
Sensors

• Satellite remote sensing can be traced to the Digital Image

Processing

early days of the space age (both Russian and Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
American programs) and actually began as a Model

Digital Terrain
dual approach to imaging surfaces using Modeling

several types of sensors from spacecraft.

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1.1 Introduction to Remote Sensing…

❑ Classifications of Remote Sensing
• Remote sensing may be classified from many perspectives like based on Contents

Concepts of RS
platform, source of energy, regions of electromagnetic spectrum, imaging
RS Platforms and
Sensors
media etc. Digital Image
Processing
▪ Classification based on Platform: Intro. to GIS

✓ Ground based, Airplane based, and Satellite based remote sensing Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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1.1 Introduction to Remote Sensing…

❑ Classifications of Remote Sensing…
▪ Classification based on energy source: Contents

Concepts of RS
✓ Passive and Active remote sensing
RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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1.1 Introduction to Remote Sensing…

❑ Classifications of Remote Sensing…
▪ Classification based on imaging media: Contents

Concepts of RS
✓ Photographic imaging and digital imaging remote sensing
RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

Photographic imaging Digital imaging (Satellite) 8

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1.1 Introduction to Remote Sensing…

❑ Remote sensing processes/elements involved in RS/
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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1.1 Introduction to Remote Sensing…

❑ Remote sensing processes…
Energy sources and Electromagnetic Radiation Contents

Concepts of RS
✓ All mater with a temperature above absolute zero (k) radiates energy
RS Platforms and
Sensors
in the form of electromagnetic waves of various wavelengths. Digital Image
Processing
✓ Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a carrier of electromagnetic Intro. to GIS

energy by transmitting the oscillation of the electro-magnetic field Geographic Data

Model

through space or mater. Digital Terrain

Modeling

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1.1 Introduction to Remote Sensing…

❑ Remote sensing processes…
Energy sources and Electromagnetic Radiation… Contents

Concepts of RS
✓ Two characteristics of EMR are particularly important for
RS Platforms and
Sensors
understanding remote sensing. Digital Image
Processing
✓ These are the wavelength and frequency. Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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1.1 Introduction to Remote Sensing…

❑ Remote sensing processes…
Energy sources and Electromagnetic Radiation… Contents

Concepts of RS
✓ The wavelength is the length of one wave cycle, which can be measured
RS Platforms and
Sensors
as the distance between successive wave crests. Digital Image
Processing
✓ Wavelength (𝜆) is measured in meters (m) or some factor of it (𝜇𝑚). Intro. to GIS

✓ Frequency refers to the number of cycles of a wave passing a fixed Geographic Data
Model

point per unit of time. Digital Terrain

Modeling

✓ Frequency is normally measured in hertz (Hz), equivalent to one cycle

per second, and various multiples of hertz.

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1.1 Introduction to Remote Sensing…

❑ Remote sensing processes…
Energy sources and Electromagnetic Radiation… Contents

Concepts of RS
✓ Electromagnetic energy can be modeled in two ways: by wave motion
RS Platforms and
Sensors
and particle motion. Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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1.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum

✓ The total range of wavelengths is commonly referred to as the
electromagnetic spectrum. Contents

Concepts of RS
✓ The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from the shorter wavelengths
RS Platforms and
Sensors
(including gamma and x-rays) to the longer wavelengths (including Digital Image
Processing
microwaves and broadcast radio waves). Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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1.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum…

✓ The division of the spectral wavelength is based on the devices which can
be used to observe particular types of energy, such as thermal, shortwave Contents

Concepts of RS
infrared and microwave energy.
RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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1.3 Energy Interaction with Atmosphere

✓ The most important source of energy is the Sun.
✓ Before the Sun’s radiation reaches the Earth’s surface it has to travel Contents

Concepts of RS
through some distance of the Earth’s atmosphere.
RS Platforms and
Sensors
✓ The composition of the atmosphere is thus of importance in remote sensing Digital Image
Processing
because EMR must pass through it to reach the Earth’s surface. Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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1.4 Scattering and absorption

✓ Scattering occurs when particles or large gas molecules present in the
atmosphere interact with and cause the EMR to be redirected from its Contents

Concepts of RS
original path.
RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

Energy
Source Object

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1.5 Energy Interaction with Earth Surface Features

✓ When electromagnetic energy is incident on any given earth surface
feature, three fundamental energy interactions are possible. Contents

Concepts of RS
✓ These are: absorption (A), Transmission (T), and Reflection (R)
RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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1.5 Energy Interaction with Earth Surface Features…

Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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Applications of Remote Sensing

Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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Applications of Remote Sensing…

Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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2. Remote Sensing Platforms and Sensors

2.1 Introduction
Contents
2.2 platforms Concepts of RS

2.3 Sensors RS Platforms and

Sensors

2.4 Resolution Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3. Digital Image Processing

3.1 Introduction
Contents
3.2 Digital Image Concepts of RS

3.3 Digital Image data formats RS Platforms and

Sensors

3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.1 Introduction

• Visual image interpretation techniques are used to analyze remote

Contents
sensing data in hardcopy or pictorial form, locating specific features Concepts of RS

and conditions for inclusion in GIS. RS Platforms and

Sensors

• However, these techniques have disadvantages, require extensive Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS
training, and are labor-intensive.
Geographic Data
Model
• Digital image processing techniques can analyze data in digital mode,
Digital Terrain
Modeling
allowing for raster GIS use.
• Digital data is preferred for applications with more informative
spectral patterns.
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3.2 Digital Image

➢ An image is a two-dimensional function representation with spatial

Contents
coordinates and intensity or gray level. Concepts of RS

➢ There are two types of images: analog and digital. RS Platforms and
Sensors

• Analog images are the type of images that we see as humans. Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS
• They include photographs, paintings, TV images, and all of our medical
Geographic Data
Model
images captured on film or projected on various display devices.
Digital Terrain
Modeling
• An analog image consists of multiple levels of brightness (or film
density) and colors.
• It is normally continuous and not split up into many small isolated bits.
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3.2 Digital Image…

• Digital images are recorded as a series of numbers.

Contents
• A digital image is processed using a digital computer, consisting of finite Concepts of RS

elements called picture elements, image elements, pels, and pixels. RS Platforms and
Sensors

• Pixels are the most commonly used term for these elements. Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS
• Digital image processing is crucial for human perception, as it covers
Geographic Data
Model
the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from gamma to radio waves.
Digital Terrain
Modeling
• Imaging machines can operate on images generated by sources like
ultrasound, electron microscopy, and computer-generated images,
making it a wide and varied field of applications.
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3.2 Digital Image…

Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.2 Digital Image…

• A digital image is described as a matrix of digital numbers (DNs). Each
Contents
digital number is the result of the analog-to-digital conversion process.
Concepts of RS

• The image display subsystem performs the conversion operation of RS Platforms and
Sensors

extracting a digital quantity of an individual pixel value from an image. Digital Image
Processing

• DNs in a digital image are typically recorded in numerical ranges of 0 Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
to 255, 0 to 511, 0 to 1023, or higher. Model

Digital Terrain

• These ranges reflect the set of numbers that may be stored using 8-, 9- Modeling

, and 10-bit binary computer coding scales (28 = 256, 29 = 512, and 210 =
1024, respectively).
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3.2 Digital Image…

.
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.2 Digital Image…

Analog-to-digital conversion process

Contents
• The original electromagnetic signal from the sensor is a continuous Concepts of RS

analog signal shown by the continuous line plotted in the figure below. RS Platforms and
Sensors

• This continuous signal is sampled at a set time interval (∆T) and Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS
recorded numerically at each sample point (a, b, ..... , i, k).
Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.3 Digital Image data formats

Digital images come in different formats, both in terms of how the camera
Contents
produces them, and in terms of formats used for delivery over the Web. Concepts of RS

Most digital image formats may be: RS Platforms and

Sensors

• One sample per point (B&W or gray scale). Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS
• Three samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
Geographic Data
Model
• Four samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and “Alpha” a.k.a Opacity)
Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.3 Digital Image data formats…

• Most digital image files fit into one of two general categories—raster files
Contents
and vector files. Concepts of RS

• Raster images are made up of a set grid of dots called pixels where each RS Platforms and
Sensors

pixel is assigned a color. Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS
• Unlike a vector image, raster images are resolution dependent, meaning
Geographic Data
Model
they exist at one size.
Digital Terrain
Modeling
• When you transform a raster image, you stretch or compress the pixels
themselves, which can result in a “pixelated” or blurry image.

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3.3 Digital Image data formats…

3.1 Introduction
Contents
3.2 Digital Image Concepts of RS

3.3 Digital Image data formats RS Platforms and

Sensors

3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification

3.4.1 Introduction
Contents
• Computer-assisted analysis techniques enhance the examination of Concepts of RS

spectral patterns in remote sensing data and automate the process, RS Platforms and
Sensors

offering cost advantages over visual interpretation. Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS
• However, computers have limitations in interpreting spatial patterns,
Geographic Data
Model
making visual and numerical techniques complementary.
Digital Terrain
Modeling
• Therefore, the best approach for a specific application must be
considered.

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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.1 Introduction…
Contents
• Satellite remote sensing data is used for inventorying and mapping Concepts of RS

natural resources like agriculture, soils, forestry, and geology. RS Platforms and
Sensors

• However, space-borne data suffers from radiometric and geometric Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS
errors due to satellite motion, sensor system, and earth's rotation,
Geographic Data
Model
which can reduce the accuracy and utility of the extracted
Digital Terrain
Modeling
information.
• Classified outputs are often used to supplement or complement the
map.
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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.1 Introduction…
Contents
• Satellite digital data is manipulated using image processing techniques Concepts of RS

to update and compile maps with high accuracy. RS Platforms and

Sensors

• The process involves feeding the data into a computer one pixel at a Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS
time, which is programmed to insert the data into equations and store
Geographic Data
Model
the results as look-up-table (LUT) values for a new image.
Digital Terrain
Modeling
• These LUT values can be further manipulated to extract user-
interested information.
• The procedures can be grouped into various operations.
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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.1 Introduction…
Contents
Namely: Concepts of RS

i. Preprocessing RS Platforms and

Sensors

ii. Image Registration Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS
iii. Image enhancement
Geographic Data
Model
iv. Image filtering
Digital Terrain
Modeling
v. Image transformation
vi. Image classification

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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.2 Image Pre-Processing…

Contents
• Remotely sensed raw data from satellite imaging sensors often Concepts of RS

contains flaws and deficiencies. RS Platforms and

Sensors

• Pre-processing methods are used to correct these deficiencies and Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS
remove flaws.
Geographic Data
Model
• These methods correct geometric distortions, calibrate the data
Digital Terrain
Modeling
radiometrically, and eliminate noise.
• There are three main types of pre-processing methods: geometric
correction, radiometric correction, and atmospheric correction.
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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.3 Key stages in digital image processing
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.3 Key stages in digital image processing…
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.3 Key stages in digital image processing…
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.3 Key stages in digital image processing…
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.3 Key stages in digital image processing…
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.3 Key stages in digital image processing…
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.3 Key stages in digital image processing…
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.3 Key stages in digital image processing…
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.3 Key stages in digital image processing…
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.3 Key stages in digital image processing…
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.4 Digital image classification
Contents
• Image classification is a method used to automatically categorize
Concepts of RS

pixels in a terrain image into land cover classes. RS Platforms and

Sensors

• It uses multispectral data to identify spectral patterns within each Digital Image
Processing

pixel. Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
• Pattern Recognition is a broad subject that deals with this process. Model

Digital Terrain

• Spectral pattern recognition uses pixel-by-pixel spectral information Modeling

for automated land cover classification.

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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.4 Digital image classification…
Contents
• Spatial pattern recognition categorizes pixels based on their spatial
Concepts of RS

relationship with surrounding pixels. RS Platforms and

Sensors

• Image classification techniques are supervised and unsupervised, and Digital Image
Processing

may include features like land surface elevation and soil type. Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
• Patterns are measurements on chosen features for classification. Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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3.4 Image Pre-Processing and Classification…

3.4.4 Digital image classification…
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Basic steps in supervised Intro. to GIS

image classification. Geographic Data

Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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4. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems

4.1 Introduction
Contents

4.2 Element of GIS and Capabilities of GIS Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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4.1 Introduction
Geographic Position
What is GIS? Contents

• Geographical Information System (GIS) Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
refers to the art, science, engineering, Sensors

Digital Image

and technology necessary to solve Processing

Intro. to GIS

geographical questions. + Geographic Data

Model

• It is a means of storing, retrieving, Information System Digital Terrain

Modeling

sorting, and comparing spatial data to

support some analytic process.

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4.1 Introduction…

What is GIS?...
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

• GIS is the result of combining concurrent advances in various domains of

spatial data processing.
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4.1 Introduction…

What is GIS?...
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

GIS links graphical features (entities) to tabular data (attributes)

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4.2 Element of GIS and Capabilities of GIS

❑ Element of GIS
Contents

Concepts of RS
Computer Proper
RS Platforms and
hardware organizational Sensors

setup Digital Image

Processing

GIS Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Sets of Modeling

application
software
modules

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4.2 Element of GIS and Capabilities of GIS…

❑ Functions of a GIS data assembly
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and

RSI
Sensors

Digital Image
Maps Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

Direct Entry
Database GPS
Keyboard
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4.2 Element of GIS and Capabilities of GIS…

❑ The GIS Process
Contents
Define
Decision Concepts of RS
problem
RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image

GIS
Processing

Intro. to GIS
Define GIS
Output
Process criteria
Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

GIS Import or
analysis build datasets

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❑ Capabilities of GIS

• Most of local government activities estimated to be geographically

based Contents

– plats, zoning, public works (streets, water supply, sewers), land ownership Concepts of RS

and valuation, public safety (fire and police), etc. RS Platforms and
Sensors
• a significant portion of state government has a geographical Digital Image

component Processing

Intro. to GIS
– natural resource management, highways and transportation
Geographic Data
• businesses use GIS for a very wide array of applications Model

– retail site selection & customer analysis Digital Terrain

Modeling

– natural resource exploration (petroleum, etc.)

– precision agriculture
– civil engineering and construction

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ESRI
• Environmental Systems Research Institute
Contents

• Industry leader for GIS software Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
✓ Program is ArcGIS/ArcMap Sensors

Digital Image
✓ Now have different versions, like 8 - 10.8. Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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ESRI
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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ESRI
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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Processing digital images and creating

different maps with ArcMap
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

Satellite Image Processed/classified Image

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Hands-on Practice! Contents

Concepts of RS

Data sources: RS Platforms and

Sensors

Digital Image
https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ Processing

Intro. to GIS

https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/common-landsat-band- Geographic Data

Model

combinations Digital Terrain

Modeling

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5. Geographic Data Model

5.1 GIS Data type and Source

Contents

5.2 GIS Data Model Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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5.1 GIS Data type and Source

➢ GIS Data type

Contents

❑ Spatial data (where) Concepts of RS

• specifies location RS Platforms and

Sensors

Digital Image
• stored in a shape file (spatial structure), geodatabase or similar Processing

Intro. to GIS
geographic file Geographic Data
Model
❑ Attribute (descriptive) data (what, how much, when) Digital Terrain
Modeling
• specifies characteristics at that location, natural or human-created
• stored in a database table

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5.1 GIS Data type and Source…

➢ GIS Data type…

Contents

Spatial data Concepts of RS

1 (image/polygon)

2 3 RS Platforms and

(ARC functions)
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

4 5
Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
COV# ZONE ZIP Model

1 0 Digital Terrain
C-19 Modeling
2 22060
Attribute data 3
4
A-4
C-22
22061
22060
(INFO or TABLES functions) 5 A-5 22057
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5.1 GIS Data type and Source…

➢ GIS Data Source

Contents

• There is a great deal of spatial information available in the public domain Concepts of RS

for some parts of the world, if you know where to begin to look. RS Platforms and
Sensors

• In Ethiopia, much spatial data collected by government agencies, Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS
including maps, photographs, and many kinds of digital data, are
Geographic Data
Model
considered in the public domain.
Digital Terrain
Modeling
• In many other parts of the world, spatial data are considered the
proprietary resource of the agency that collected the data, or may be
controlled for economic or security reasons.
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5.2 GIS Data Model

Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

GIS Data Model Data layers Composite

• A number of data layers can represent many geographics of the real world
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5.2 GIS Data Model…

❑ Model Implementation
• Geographic Integration of Information Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors
Administrative Boundaries
Digital Image
Utilities Processing

Intro. to GIS
Zoning
Geographic Data
Model
Buildings
Digital Terrain
Modeling
Parcels

Hydrography

Streets

Digital Orthophoto
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5.2 GIS Data Model…

❑ Model Implementation…
• Data is organized by layers, coverages or themes (synonymous Contents

Concepts of RS

concepts), with each layer representing a common feature. RS Platforms and

Sensors

• Layers are integrated using explicit location on the earth’s Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS
surface, thus geographic location is the organizing principal.
Geographic Data
Model
• Layers may be represented in two ways: vector format (as points Digital Terrain
Modeling

and lines) and raster(or image) format as pixels.

• All geographic data has 4 properties:
- projection, scale, accuracy and resolution
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5.2 GIS Data Model…

The GIS Model: example
Contents
• Here we have three layers or themes: Concepts of RS
roads
-- roads, RS Platforms and
Sensors
longitude
-- hydrology (river), Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS
hydrology -- topography (land elevation)
Geographic Data
Model
• They can be related because precise
longitude Digital Terrain
Modeling
geographic coordinates are recorded for
topography each theme.

longitude
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5.2 GIS Data Model…

❑ Representing Data with Raster and Vector Models
Raster Model Contents

Concepts of RS

• Area is covered by grid with (usually) equal-sized, square cells RS Platforms and
Sensors

• Attributes are recorded by assigning each cell a single value based Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS
on the majority feature (attribute) in the cell, such as land use
Geographic Data
Model
type. Digital Terrain
Modeling

• Image data is a special case of raster data in which the “attribute”

is a reflectance value from the geomagnetic spectrum
• Cells in image data often called pixels (picture elements).
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5.2 GIS Data Model…

❑ Representing Data with Raster and Vector Models…
Vector Model Contents

Concepts of RS

The fundamental concept of vector GIS is that all geographic features RS Platforms and
Sensors

in the real work can be represented either as: Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS
• points or dots (nodes): trees, poles, fire plugs, airports, cities
Geographic Data
Model
• lines (arcs): streams, streets, sewers, Digital Terrain
Modeling

• areas (polygons): land parcels, cities, counties, forest, rock type

Because representation depends on shape, ArcView refers to files
containing vector data as shapefiles
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5.2 GIS Data Model…

❑ Representing Data with Raster and Vector Models…
Contents
Example
Concepts of RS
Real World RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS
Raster Representation Vector Representation Geographic Data
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Model
0 R T
Digital Terrain
1
2 H
R
R
T point Modeling

3 R line
4 R R
5 R
6 R T T H
7 R T polygon
8 R
9 R
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5.2 GIS Data Model…

❑ Representing Data with Raster and Vector Models…
Vector rep.— Pavement polygons Contents
Example
Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Raster rep.— 5 m grids Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

GIS Data
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5.2 GIS Data Model…

❑ Projection, Scale, Accuracy and Resolution
Contents
✓ the key properties of spatial data
Concepts of RS

• Projection: the method by which the curved 3-D surface of the earth is RS Platforms and
Sensors

represented by X,Y coordinates on a 2-D flat map/screen. Digital Image

Processing

- distortion is inevitable Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
• Scale: the ratio of distance on a map to the equivalent distance on the Model

Digital Terrain
ground. Modeling

- in theory GIS is scale independent but in practice there is an implicit

range of scales for data output in any project.
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5.2 GIS Data Model…

❑ Projection, Scale, Accuracy and Resolution…
Contents
• Accuracy: how well does the database info match the real world
Concepts of RS

✓ Positional: how close are features to their real world location? RS Platforms and
Sensors

✓ Consistency: do feature characteristics in database match those in real world Digital Image
Processing

• is a road in the database a road in the real world? Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
✓ Completeness: are all real world instances of features present in the Model

Digital Terrain
database? Modeling

• Are all roads included.

✓ Resolution: the size of the smallest feature able to be recognized

• for raster data, it is the pixel size
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5.2 GIS Data Model…

Example Layers
Contents

Vector Concepts of RS

Layers RS Platforms and

Sensors

Digital Image
Processing
Street Network layer: lines
Intro. to GIS
Land Parcels layer: polygons
Geographic Data
Model
Raster (image) Layer (Digital Ortho Photograph)
Digital Terrain
Digital Ortho photo: combines the visual properties of a Modeling

photograph with the positional accuracy of a map, in computer

readable form.
Projection: State Plane, North Central Texas Zone, NAD 83
Resolution: 0.5 meters
Accuracy: 1.0 meters
0 1500 3000 Feet Scale: see scale bar
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5.2 GIS Data Model…

Example…
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

Overlay based on Common Geographic Location

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5.2 GIS Data Model…

Analysis
Example…
Contents
Data Table
Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Photographic Image Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

Photographic Image

Parcels within a half mile buffer of Park and Central

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5.2 GIS Data Model…

Vector Layers
Example… Attribute Tables
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing
Anatomy of a GIS Intro. to GIS
Database: Geographic Data
Model
City of Plano Raster
Layers Digital Terrain
Modeling

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Contents

Hands-on Practice! Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Data sources: Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS

https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ Geographic Data

Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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6 Digital Terrain Modeling

6.1 Introduction
Contents
6.2 Acquisition of digital Terrain model, Data Processing, Analysis and Concepts of RS

Visualization RS Platforms and

Sensors

6.3 Application of digital Terrain Model Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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6.1 Introduction
What’s a terrain?
• “An area of land, when considering its natural features” Contents

Concepts of RS

• Continually varying surface RS Platforms and

Sensors

• What varies (for us) is elevation Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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6.1 Introduction…
What’s a Digital Terrain Model (DTM)?
Contents
Also: “digital elevation model” or just DEM
Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

• Representation of the variation of relief Digital Image

Processing

of a terrain. Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
- That is… altitude Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

✓ Note that in a terrain, many other things,

besides the altitude of the land surface, vary
(such as vegetation or temperature or humidity
etc.), but we will only look at elevation here.
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6.1 Introduction…
What do we want DEMs for?
Contents

• Terrain analysis Concepts of RS

– Planning support
RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
• Cross-country visibility Processing

• Road and dam planning Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data

– Hydrology Model

Digital Terrain

• Watershed computation Modeling

• Rainfall runoff simulation

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6.2 Acquisition of DTM, Data Processing, Analysis and Visualization

How are DTM/DEMs produced?

Contents

• Main ways to produce the data Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and

– Digitizing from existing maps Sensors

Digital Image

– Land surveying Processing

Intro. to GIS

– Remote sensing Geographic Data

Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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6.2 Acquisition of DTM, Data Processing, Analysis and Visualization…

Getting data: digitizing

Contents
• Digitize existing analog data Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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6.2 Acquisition of DTM, Data Processing, Analysis and Visualization…

Getting data: surveying

Contents

• Measure coordinates (x, y, z) Concepts of RS

at a number of points RS Platforms and

Sensors

• Using total station Digital Image

Processing

or GPS receiver Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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6.2 Acquisition of DTM, Data Processing, Analysis and Visualization…

Getting data: remote sensing

Contents

• Collecting data from an object, Concepts of RS

without coming into contact RS Platforms and

Sensors

with it Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
• Example: LIDAR Model

(Light Detection And Ranging)

Digital Terrain
Modeling

– A.k.a. airborne
laser scanning
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6.2 Acquisition of DTM, Data Processing, Analysis and Visualization…

Making a DEM… what’s next?

Contents

• So we’ve got the data Concepts of RS

– Probably a set of points RS Platforms and

Sensors

in space (x, y, z) Digital Image

Processing

– Not yet a DEM Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

• We want a continuous model Digital Terrain

Modeling

– Meaning: able to compute the height

of any point of the terrain

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6.2 Acquisition of DTM, Data Processing, Analysis and Visualization…

Two ways to represent DEMs
• Grid or raster-based
Contents

Concepts of RS

• Triangulated Irregular Networks (TINs) RS Platforms and

Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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6.2 Acquisition of DTM, Data Processing, Analysis and Visualization…

❑ Digital terrain modelling encompasses the following general tasks:

Contents

1. DTM generation: sampling of original terrain data, formation of relations Concepts of RS

among the diverse observations (model construction); RS Platforms and

Sensors

Digital Image
2. DTM manipulation: modification and refinement of DTMs, derivation of Processing

Intro. to GIS
intermediate models;
Geographic Data
Model
3. DTM interpretation: DTM analysis and information extraction from DTMs; Digital Terrain
Modeling
4. DTM visualization: graphical rendering of DTMs and derived information; and
5. DTM application: development of appropriate application models for
specific disciplines.
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6.2 Acquisition of DTM, Data Processing, Analysis and Visualization…

❑ Digital terrain modelling encompasses the following general tasks:…
Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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Contents

Hands-on Practice! Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Data sources: Digital Image

Processing

Intro. to GIS

https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ Geographic Data

Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

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Hands-on Practice!

Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

DEM Contour
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Contents

Concepts of RS

RS Platforms and
Sensors

Digital Image
Processing

Intro. to GIS

Geographic Data
Model

Digital Terrain
Modeling

Using ArcMap prepare (20%)

1. Land use land cover map (Supervised Classification)
2. Contour map 100
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