Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia CIRP 61 (2017) 28 – 33

7KHWK&,53&RQIHUHQFHRQ/LIH&\FOH(QJLQHHULQJ

0DSSLQJDQG,QWHJUDWLQJ9DOXH&UHDWLRQ)DFWRUVZLWK/LIHF\FOH6WDJHV
IRU6XVWDLQDEOH0DQXIDFWXULQJ
 3%LOJHD 6(PHFD*6HOLJHUD,6-DZDKLUE 
a
Berlin Institute of Technology, Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management, Berlin, Germany
b
University of Kentucky, Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing (ISM), Lexington, USA

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[E-mail address:ELOJH#PIWXEHUOLQGH

$EVWUDFW

,QVWHDGRILPSOHPHQWLQJHDFKHOHPHQWLQGLYLGXDOO\HQJLQHHUVPXVWEHDZDUHRIPXOWLSOHLQWHUDFWLRQVDPRQJDOOPDMRUYDOXHFUHDWLRQIDFWRUVDQG
WKHLU OLIHF\FOH VWDJHV ,QWHUDFWLRQV DUH DQDO\]HG E\ D VHW RI IDFWRUV DQG KLHUDUFKLFDO OHYHOV ZLWKLQ D SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHP EDVHG RQ HPSLULFDO
REVHUYDWLRQVDQGGHVFULEHGLQDQDO\WLFDOPRGHOV6XFKDQDO\VHVDQGPLVVLQJLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHFXUUHQWFRQGLWLRQRIWKHV\VWHPDQGLWVSDUWV
UHPDLQOLPLWHGWRDGGUHVVLQJVSHFLILFDVSHFWVRILQWHUDFWLRQVDPRQJIDFWRUVDQGVWDJHVIRUPXOWLSOHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ7REXLOGDFDVHEDVHGVFRSH
DGGUHVVLQJWKHLQWHUDFWLRQVDPRQJDVHWRIIDFWRUVDQGOLIHF\FOHVWDJHVDFRPSUHKHQVLYHDSSURDFKIRUPDSSLQJDQGLQWHJUDWLQJUHOHYDQWHOHPHQWV
RIVXVWDLQDEOHPDQXIDFWXULQJLVSURSRVHGLQWKLVSDSHU%\DSSO\LQJWKHDSSURDFKDFDVHVWXG\GHPRQVWUDWHVKRZWRLQWHJUDWHGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRI
IDFWRUVLQWRYDULRXVOLIHF\FOHVWDJHVLQRUGHUWRPRQLWRUWKHLUFRQGLWLRQDQGSURYLGHQHFHVVDU\LQIRUPDWLRQIRUPDLQWHQDQFHDFWLYLWLHVLQDVHUYLFH
SURYLGHUFRPSDQ\
©‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9
2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHVFLHQWLILFFRPPLWWHHRIWKHWK&,53&RQIHUHQFHRQ/LIH&\FOH(QJLQHHULQJ
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering
Keywords:9DOXHFUHDWLRQIDFWRUVOLIHF\FOHVWDJHVVXVWDLQDEOHVROXWLRQV


,QWURGXFWLRQ
3K\VLFDODQG YLUWXDO SURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV FRQWLQXHWRPRYH
WRJHWKHU FORVHU DQG FORVHU WKURXJK HPHUJLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG
FRPPXQLFDWLRQWHFKQRORJLHVGXULQJWKHODVWWZRGHFDGHV7KH
IRXUWKLQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQDOVRFDOOHG,QGXVWU\LVGULYHQ
E\ QHZ PHWKRGRORJLHV WKURXJK WKH GHYHORSPHQW DQG
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRILQQRYDWLYHWHFKQRORJLHVLQRUGHUWRHQDEOH
UHDOWLPHDYDLODELOLW\RILQIRUPDWLRQDERXWFRQGLWLRQVRIVHYHUDO
HOHPHQWVRISURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV>@,WKDVDKXJHSRWHQWLDOWR
EHFRPH D NH\ GULYHU IRU IXWXUH PDQXIDFWXULQJ LQFUHDVLQJ
DZDUHQHVVIRUPDUNHWQHHGVDQGHQWUHSUHQHXULDOVSLULW,QFUHDVH
LQSURGXFWLYLW\GXHWR,QGXVWU\LVHVWLPDWHGE\RQO\LQ
*HUPDQ\ 7KLV LQFUHDVH FDQ OHDG WR DQ LQGXVWULDO JURZWK
RI ELOOLRQ(XURV E\ >@ +RZ FDQ VXVWDLQDEOH
GHYHORSPHQW LQ JHQHUDO DQG VXVWDLQDEOH PDQXIDFWXULQJ LQ
SDUWLFXODU HQDEOLQJ FORVHGORRS SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHPV EH
DFKLHYHG WKURXJK LQFUHDVHG DYDLODELOLW\ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW
FRQGLWLRQDWDOODJJUHJDWLRQOHYHOV"
7KLVTXHVWLRQLVLQYHVWLJDWHGDQGDGGUHVVHGLQWKLVSDSHU$Q
RYHUYLHZ RI VXVWDLQDEOH YDOXH FUHDWLRQ LQ PDQXIDFWXULQJ LV
SUHVHQWHG LQ 6HFWLRQ 6XVWDLQDEOH PDQXIDFWXULQJ FDQ EH
DSSOLHGE\XVLQJDQDUFKLWHFWXUHRIYDOXHFUHDWLRQIDFWRUVWKHLU
LPSDFWV RQ PXOWLSOH DJJUHJDWLRQ OHYHOV DQG OLIHF\FOH VWDJHV
0HWKRGRORJLHVIRUFORVHGORRSSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVFRQWULEXWH
LQ WKLV FRQWH[W WR FUHDWH YDOXH +RZHYHU LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW
LQWHUDFWLRQVDPRQJIDFWRUVWKHLUOHYHOVDQGOLIHF\FOHVWDJHVDV
ZHOODVFXUUHQWFRQGLWLRQRIDOOHOHPHQWVDUHHVVHQWLDOWRGHFLGH
IRU WKH ULJKW PHWKRGRORJ\ WR LPSOHPHQW (QJLQHHUV PXVW EH
DZDUH RI PXOWLSOH LQWHUDFWLRQV IRU PXOWLFULWHULDO
GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ7REXLOGDFDVHEDVHGVFRSHDGGUHVVLQJWKH
LQWHUDFWLRQV DPRQJ D VHW RI IDFWRUV DQG OLIHF\FOH VWDJHV D
FRPSUHKHQVLYH DSSURDFK IRU PDSSLQJ DQG LQWHJUDWLQJ WKHVH
HOHPHQWV LV SURSRVHG LQ 6HFWLRQ 'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI IDFWRUV
WKHLU OHYHOV DQG OLIHF\FOH VWDJHV HQDEOH WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI
VFRSH DV ZHOO DV H[SORUDWLRQ RI WKH XVH RI LQQRYDWLYH
WHFKQRORJLHV DQG SRWHQWLDO VROXWLRQV ZKLFK VXSSRUW
GHFLVLRQPDNLQJIRUVXVWDLQDEOHPDQXIDFWXULQJ

2212-8271 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 24th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering
doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.11.236
 P. Bilge et al. / Procedia CIRP 61 (2017) 28 – 33
%\ DSSO\LQJ WKH SURSRVHG DSSURDFK D FDVH VWXG\ LV
SUHVHQWHG LQ 6HFWLRQ 7KLV DSSOLFDWLRQ KLJKOLJKWV WKH
LQWHJUDWLRQ RI PRQLWRULQJ WKURXJK VHQVRUV LQWR D VHUYLFH
SURYLGHU FRPSDQ\ WR LQFUHDVH WKH DYDLODELOLW\ HIIHFWLYHQHVV
DQGUHOLDELOLW\RIHTXLSPHQWLQDVXVWDLQDEOHPDQQHU6HFWLRQ
VXPPDUL]HVWKHPDMRUFRQFOXVLRQVDQGIXWXUHZRUN
$QRYHUYLHZRIVXVWDLQDEOHPDQXIDFWXULQJ
3DUWV RI SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHPV DUH KLHUDUFKLFDOO\ PDSSHG WR
GLIIHUHQWDJJUHJDWLRQOHYHOV>@9DOXHLVDPHDVXUHRIEHQHILWV
FUHDWHGZLWKLQWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIUDZPDWHULDOVRUDSSOLHG
VHUYLFHV>@$YDOXHLVFDOOHGsustainableZKHQLWEHQHILWVWKH
HFRQRP\ HQYLURQPHQW DQG VRFLHW\ FRQFXUUHQWO\ Sustainable
manufacturing LV WKH FUHDWLRQ RI PDQXIDFWXUHG SURGXFWV DQG
VHUYLFHV WKDW IXOILOO WKHLU IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RYHU WKHLU HQWLUH
OLIHF\FOH DV ZHOO DV FDXVH D VXVWDLQDEOH LPSDFW RQ WKH
HQYLURQPHQWDQGVRFLHW\ZKLOHGHOLYHULQJHFRQRPLFYDOXH>@
7KH IROORZLQJ LPSDFWV WR HFRQRP\ HQYLURQPHQWDQGVRFLHW\
UHPDLQUHOHYDQWIRUDVVHVVLQJVXVWDLQDEOHVROXWLRQV>@
EconomicallyLQVWHDGRIWDQJLEOHREMHFWVIXQFWLRQDOLW\DQG
XVHEDVHGVHUYLFHVVKRXOGEHFUHDWHGDQGVROGWKXVDFKLHYLQJ
PRUHZHDOWKZLWKOHVVUHVRXUFHVDQGSHRSOHVKRXOGDFWULJKW
KDYLQJ GHFLGHG RQ WKH ULJKW DFWLRQ E\ LQWHQVH WUDLQLQJ RI
EDODQFLQJLPSDFWVDQGDGDSWLQJVROXWLRQV
Environmentally QRQUHQHZDEOH UHVRXUFHV VKRXOG EH
SURFHVVHGLQPXOWLSOHOLIHF\FOHVWKURXJK5PHWKRGRORJLHV>@
UDWKHU WKDQ EH GLVSRVHG RI DIWHU D FHUWDLQ OLIHF\FOH DQG
QRQUHQHZDEOHVVKRXOGEHVXEVWLWXWHGE\UHQHZDEOHVZLWKLQWKH
QDWXUDOOLPLWDWLRQVRIUHQHZDEOHVUHJHQHUDWLRQ
SociallyLPSURYHGOLYLQJDQGZRUNLQJVWDQGDUGVVKRXOGEH
GHYHORSHGWRLQFUHDVHHTXDOGLVWULEXWLRQRIJOREDOZHDOWKDQG
SHRSOH VKRXOG EH ZHOO HGXFDWHG DQG WUDLQHG WR EH FUHDWLYH LQ
RUGHUWRH[SORUHQHZRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRULQQRYDWLRQDQGWRWDNH
LQLWLDWLYHIRULPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
2.1. Value creation factors and aggregation levels
)LYHYDOXHFUHDWLRQIDFWRUVDQGWKHLULQWHUDFWLRQVFRQVWLWXWH
DQGGHWHUPLQHDYDOXHFUHDWLRQPRGXOHZLWKDSDUWLFXODUVFRSH
IRU D SURGXFW VHUYLFH RU FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKH WZR >@ 9DOXH
FUHDWLRQ PRGXOHV FDQ EH QRUPDOL]HG DW GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV RI
DJJUHJDWLRQ IRU HDFK IDFWRU >@ DV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJ  $OO
IDFWRUV FDQ EH DVVHVVHG WKURXJK WKHLU LPSDFW WR HFRQRP\
HQYLURQPHQW DQG VRFLHW\ 7KH\ DUH VSHFLILHG E\ QXPHURXV
YDULDEOHVVXFKDVW\SHSURGXFWLRQGHSWKFDSDFLW\DQGWLPH$Q
LQWURGXFWLRQ LQWR WKH ILYH YDOXH FUHDWLRQ IDFWRUV DQG WKHLU
DJJUHJDWLRQOHYHOVIROORZV>@
:KDW VKRXOG EH SURGXFHG" ± Product UHIHUV WR ZKLFK
PDWHULDODQGLQZKDWTXDQWLW\VKRXOGEHSURFHVVHGWKURXJKWKH
YDOXH FUHDWLRQ FKDLQ DQG WR DFKLHYH WKH TXDOLW\ UHTXLUHG $
SURGXFW FDQ EH D WDQJLEOH DQG SK\VLFDO REMHFW D VHUYLFH RI
FRPSOHWLQJ D WDVN RU D FRPELQDWLRQ RI WZR 3URGXFWV DUH
VSHFLILHG E\ W\SH IXQFWLRQ JHRPHWU\ DQG VWUXFWXUH >@
3URGXFWV DUH FODVVLILHG LQWR WKH OHYHOV RI SURGXFW SRUWIROLR
SURGXFWVXESDUWZRUNSLHFHFRPSRQHQWDQGIHDWXUH>@
+RZVKRXOGLWEHSURGXFHG"±ProcessLVGHILQHGDVWKHXVH
RI RQH RU PRUH SK\VLFDO PHFKDQLVPV HPSOR\HG WR WUDQVIRUP
29
DQG XVH WKH VKDSH IRUP DQG SURSHUWLHV RI D PDWHULDO >@
3URFHVVHV FRQVLGHU KRZ WR FUHDWH DQG XVH SURGXFWV WKURXJK
H[LVWLQJ WHFKQRORJLHV WKDW VKRXOG EH XWLOL]HG LQ RUGHU WR DGG
YDOXH 7KH\ LQFOXGH GLVFUHWH DQG FRQWLQXRXV SURFHVVHV LQ
PDQXIDFWXULQJ
%\ZKDWPHDQVVKRXOGLWEHSURGXFHG"±EquipmentUHODWHV
WR PDFKLQHV DQG WRROV WKDW DUH XVHG WR UXQ WKH SURFHVVHV
HIIHFWLYHO\DWWKHUHTXLUHGRSHUDWLRQDOFRQGLWLRQVDYDLODELOLW\
DQGUHOLDELOLW\OHYHOV(TXLSPHQWLVFODVVLILHGLQWRWKHOHYHOVRI
QHWZRUNIDFWRU\VLWHEXLOGLQJZRUNLQJDUHDFHOOZRUNSODFH
VWDWLRQPDFKLQHWRRODQGGHYLFH>@
:KHQ DQG ZKHUH VKRXOG LW EH SURGXFHG" ± Organization
GHDOVZLWKWKHSURFHGXUDOVWUXFWXUDODQGPDQDJHULDOGHFLVLRQV
DERXW ZKHQ ZKHUH DQG ZKLFK SURFHVVHV ZLWK ZKLFK
HTXLSPHQW IRU ZKLFK SURGXFW VKRXOG EH UXQ ,W LQFOXGHV WKH
TXDQWLWDWLYH DQG FDSDFLWLYH IORZ RI PDWHULDOV HQHUJ\ ZDWHU
ILQDQFHDQGLQIRUPDWLRQDVZHOODVVXSSO\FKDLQPDQDJHPHQW
2UJDQL]DWLRQLVOHYHOHGLQWKHFRQFHSWXDOGHVLJQRISURGXFWLRQ
V\VWHPVYDOXHFUHDWLRQPRGXOHVDQGIDFWRUVIDFWRU\SODQQLQJ
SURGXFWLRQSODQQLQJDQGFRQWURO>@
:KR VKRXOG SURGXFH VXSHUYLVH DQG PDQDJH" ± People
UHODWH WKH DVVLJQPHQW RI WDVNV WR VWDNHKROGHUV 6WDNHKROGHU
VDWLVIDFWLRQ HQVXUHV WKH DFFRPSOLVKPHQW RI VXFFHVV DQG WKH
DFKLHYHPHQWRIORQJWHUPJRDOV$ZDUHQHVVTXDOLILFDWLRQDQG
WUDLQLQJ RI GHFLVLRQPDNHUV HPSOR\HHV DQG RSHUDWRUV DUH
UHTXLUHGWRFRPSOHWHWKHLUWDVNV,QVWLWXWLRQVLQFOXGLQJSHRSOH
DV GHFLVLRQPDNHUV DQG ZRUNIRUFH DUH FODVVLILHG LQ
JRYHUQPHQWDO DQG QRQSURILW LQVWLWXWLRQV HGXFDWLRQDO DQG
UHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGSULYDWHLQVWLWXWLRQV>@
2.2. Life-cycle stages and methodologies for closed-loops
(FRQRPLFHQYLURQPHQWDODQGVRFLHWDOLPSDFWVRIHDFKYDOXH
FUHDWLRQIDFWRUDVVHVVHVWKHH[WHQWRIVXVWDLQDEOHYDOXHZKLFK
LV FUHDWHG WKURXJK LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DQG DGDSWDWLRQ RI
PHWKRGRORJLHV LQ PDQXIDFWXULQJ 6XVWDLQDEOH PDQXIDFWXULQJ
FORVHV WKH ORRS IURP FUDGOHWRFUDGOH ZLWK SURYLVLRQV RI
PXOWLSOHOLIHF\FOHVIRUYDOXHFUHDWLRQPRGXOHVRUWKHLUWDQJLEOH
IDFWRUVDWWKHHQGRIOLIH0XOWLSOHVWDJHVGHILQHWKHlife-cycle
RIHDFK YDOXHFUHDWLRQ IDFWRU ZKLFKLQYROYHVLQWHJUDWLQJDQ\
IDFWRU LQWR D YDOXH FUHDWLRQ PRGXOH DQG ODWHU D SURGXFWLRQ
V\VWHPXVLQJLWDQGVXEVHTXHQWUHWLUHPHQWDWWKHHQGRIOLIHIRU
WKHFXUUHQWOLIHF\FOH>@
9DOXH FUHDWLRQ FRYHUV DOO VWDJHV RI product life-cycle
SUHPDQXIDFWXULQJ LQFOXGLQJ PDWHULDO H[WUDFWLRQ
PDQXIDFWXULQJXVHDQGSRVWXVH>@
&RPSDQLHV DSSO\ PRVWO\ QHZ WHFKQRORJLFDO SURFHVVHV
IROORZLQJWKHinnovation life-cycleVWDJHVDVLQQRYDWRUVHDUO\
DGRSWHUVHDUO\RUODWHPDMRULW\RUODJJDUGV>@
7KHequipment life-cycleVWDJHVFRYHUWKHWLPHRYHUZKLFK
HTXLSPHQWLVGHVLJQHGRSHUDWHGPDLQWDLQHGGHFRPPLVVLRQHG
DQG GLVSRVHG RI LQFOXGLQJ DOO PHWKRGRORJLHV IRU JHQHUDWLQJ
PRUHFORVHGORRSSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV>@
Life-cycle stages of organizational management LQYROYH
SODQQLQJDVVHVVPHQWDQGLPSURYHPHQW
Stages of education cycle GHVFULEH WKH SURFHGXUH RI
DZDUHQHVV PRWLYDWLRQ DSSOLFDWLRQ DQG WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ IRU
SHRSOHWRGHFLGHDQGDFWLQDVXVWDLQDEOHPDQQHU>@
30 P. Bilge et al. / Procedia CIRP 61 (2017) 28 – 33

7KH6R’s HQDEOHFORVHGORRSPXOWLSOHOLIHF\FOHVSURYLGLQJ GLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRIIDFWRUVLQWRYDULRXVOLIHF\FOHVWDJHVLQRUGHU

FRPSUHKHQVLYH PHWKRGRORJLHV >@ 7KHLU RYHUDOO JRDO LV WR WR FUHDWH VXVWDLQDEOH VROXWLRQV WKURXJK WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI 5
SURWHFW WKH HQYLURQPHQW FRQVHUYH UHVRXUFHV HQFRXUDJLQJ PHWKRGRORJLHV DQG LQQRYDWLYH WHFKQRORJLHV 7KH JRDO RI WKH
HFRQRPLFEHQHILWVDQGWRNHHSLQPLQGVRFLDOFRQFHUQVZKLOH FDVH VWXG\ LV WR LQFUHDVH WKH YDOXH ZKLFK LV FUHDWHG WKURXJK
UHGXFLQJ SROOXWLRQ DQG ZDVWH 5PHWKRGRORJLHV VXSSRUW WKH VHUYLFHVE\VHTXHQFLQJDQGVFKHGXOLQJWKHULJKWPDLQWHQDQFH
LGHQWLILFDWLRQRISRWHQWLDOVROXWLRQVWRFUHDWHVXVWDLQDEOHYDOXH W\SH DW WKH ULJKW HTXLSPHQW DQG WKH WLPH DQG SODFH LQ D
ReducePDLQO\IRFXVHVRQUHGXFHGXVHRIHQHUJ\PDWHULDOV VXVWDLQDEOHPDQQHU
DQGRWKHUUHVRXUFHVGXULQJPDQXIDFWXULQJDQGWKHPLWLJDWLRQRI ,PS
WRUV DFWV
HPLVVLRQV DQG ZDVWHV GXULQJ WKH XVH VWDJH DQG LQFUHDVHV IDF RI
W L R Q 2UJ 3H R
O VXVW
H  FUHD DQL SOH FLD DO
DLQD
UHVRXUFHHIILFLHQF\ 9DO
X
(T
]DW 6R HQW
ELOL
W\
LRQ P
XLS
PH LU RQ
ReuseUHIHUVWRWKHUHXVHRIWKHSURGXFWRULWVFRPSRQHQWV QW ( QY
3UR
FHV LF
DIWHULWVILUVWOLIHF\FOHLQVXEVHTXHQWOLIHF\FOHVWRUHGXFHWKH 3UR V RP
RQ
GXF (F
W
XVDJH RI YLUJLQ PDWHULDOV WR SURGXFH VXFK SURGXFWV DQG
FRPSRQHQWV 6DPSOHDJJUHJDWLRQOHYHOVRIYDOXHFUHDWLRQIDFWRUV
3URGXFW 3URFHVV (TXLSPHQW 2UJDQL]DWLRQ 3HRSOH
Recycle LQYROYHV WKH SURFHVV RI FRQYHUWLQJ HQGRIOLIH
3URGXFW 1HWZRUN
PDWHULDOV WKDW ZRXOG RWKHUZLVH EH FRQVLGHUHG DV ZDVWH SRUWIROLR $JULFXOWXUH
&RQFHSWXDO
*RYHUQPHQWDO
IRUHVWU\ )DFWRU\ DQGQRQSURILW
QRUPDOO\ KHDGLQJ WR ODQGILOOV LQWR QHZ PDWHULDOV IRU QH[W 3URGXFW ILVKLQJ 6LWH
GHVLJQ
LQVWLWXWLRQV
JHQHUDWLRQSURGXFWV %XLOGLQJ
RecoverUHIHUVWRWKHSURFHVVRIFROOHFWLQJSURGXFWVDWWKH 6XESDUW (GXFDWLRQDQG
(QHUJ\SURFHVV :RUNLQJDUHD )DFWRU\
UHVHDUFK
HQGRI WKH XVH VWDJH GLVDVVHPEOLQJ VRUWLQJ DQG FOHDQLQJ IRU :RUNSLHFH
PDQXIDFWXULQJ &HOO SODQQLQJ
LQVWLWXWLRQ
XWLOL]DWLRQLQVXEVHTXHQWOLIHF\FOHVRIWKHSURGXFW :RUNSODFH

Redesign LQYROYHV WKH DFW RI UHGHVLJQLQJ QH[W JHQHUDWLRQ &RPSRQHQW

'HOLYHU\RI
6WDWLRQ 3URGXFWLRQ
3ULYDWH
0DFKLQH SODQQLQJDQG
SURGXFWVZKLFKZRXOGXVHFRPSRQHQWVUHVLGXDOPDWHULDOVDQG 0DWHULDOV
VHUYLFH
FRQWURO
LQVWLWXWLRQ
7RRO
UHVRXUFHVUHFRYHUHGIURPWKHSUHYLRXVOLIHF\FOH
Remanufacture LQYROYHV WKH UHSURFHVVLQJ RI DOUHDG\ XVHG /LIHF\FOHVWDJHVRIYDOXHFUHDWLRQIDFWRUV
SURGXFWVIRUUHVWRUDWLRQWRWKHLURULJLQDOVWDWHRUDOLNHQHZIRUP 3URGXFW ,QQRYDWLRQ (TXLSPHQW 0DQDJHPHQW (GXFDWLRQF\FOH
OLIHF\FOHVWDJHV OLIHF\FOHVWDJHV OLIHF\FOHVWDJHV OLIHF\FOHVWDJHV VWDJHV
WKURXJKWKHUHXVHRIDVPDQ\FRPSRQHQWVDVSRVVLEOHZLWKRXW 0DWHULDO
,QQRYDWRUV 'HVLJQ $ZDUHQHVV
ORVVRIIXQFWLRQDOLW\ H[WUDFWLRQ 3ODQQLQJ
,QWHUDFWLRQVDPRQJYDOXHFUHDWLRQIDFWRUVWKHLUDJJUHJDWLRQ 3UHPDQXIDF
(DUO\DGRSWHUV
WXULQJ
OHYHOVOLIHF\FOHVWDJHVDQGSRWHQWLDOVROXWLRQVWKURXJK5VDUH 2SHUDWLRQ 0RWLYDWLRQ
0DQXIDF
DQDO\]HG EDVHG RQ FDVHEDVHG HPSLULFDO REVHUYDWLRQV 6XFK WXULQJ
(DUO\PDMRULW\ $VVHVVPHQW
DQDO\VHVXQGHUOLQHWKHQHHGIRUFOHDUGHILQLWLRQRIVFRSHIRUWKH 0DLQWHQDQFH $SSOLFDWLRQ
8VH /DWHPDMRULW\
LQWHQGHGDSSOLFDWLRQLQDQ\FDVHDQGRIIHUFRQVLVWHQF\ZLWKWKH
VWUXFWXUHRIYDOXHFUHDWLRQ (QGRIOLIH
,PSURYHPHQW 7UDQVIRU
3RVWXVH /DJJDUGV PDWLRQ

0RUSKRORJLFDODQDO\VLV
3DWKIRUWKHFDVHVWXG\

0RUSKRORJ\ LV WKH VWXG\ RI KRZ HOHPHQWV RI D V\VWHP
LQWHUDFW ZLWK HDFK RWKHU WR JHQHUDWH D ZKROH V\VWHP $
PRUSKRORJLFDODQDO\VLVLVXVHGLQWKLVVHFWLRQWREXLOGDFDVH
EDVHGVFRSHZKLFKDGGUHVVHVWKHLQWHUDFWLRQVDPRQJDVHWRI
IDFWRUVDQGOLIHF\FOHVWDJHV)LJSUHVHQWVDFRPSUHKHQVLYH
DSSURDFKWRGHWHUPLQHWKHOHYHOVRIIDFWRUVDQGOLIHF\FOHVWDJHV
LQ RUGHU WR H[SORUH LQQRYDWLYH WHFKQRORJLHV DQG SRWHQWLDO
VROXWLRQVZKLOHFRQWULEXWLQJWRVXVWDLQDEOHPDQXIDFWXULQJ
$Q\VHOHFWHGPL[RXWRI)LJGHWHUPLQHVDSDWKIRUYDOXH
FUHDWLRQ DQG KHOSV WR RUJDQL]H LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU IXUWKHU
LQYHVWLJDWLRQV7KHUHOHYDQFHRI5PHWKRGRORJLHVWRDQ\SDWK
PXVW EH VSHFLILHG IRU HDFK FDVH VHSDUDWHO\ ,QQRYDWLYH
WHFKQRORJLHV EDVHG RQ WKH ,QGXVWU\ LQFOXGH VHQVRULDO GDWD
JDWKHULQJVFDODEOHGDWDSURFHVVLQJDQGDXWRPDWHGNQRZOHGJH
GLVFRYHU\ :KHQ LQWHJUDWHG KROLVWLFDOO\ WR DFKLHYH YDOXH
FUHDWLRQ LQ PDQXIDFWXULQJ WKHVH WHFKQRORJLHV XVXDOO\ KDYH D
KXJHLPSDFWRQWKHFUHDWLRQRIVXVWDLQDEOHVROXWLRQV
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ
%\ DSSO\LQJ WKH QHZ DSSURDFK LQ D VHUYLFH SURYLGHU
FRPSDQ\ WKH FDVH VWXG\ GHPRQVWUDWHV KRZ WR LQWHJUDWH
)LJ0DSSLQJRIYDOXHFUHDWLRQIDFWRUVDJJUHJDWLRQVOHYHOVDQGOLIHF\FOHVWDJHV
4.1. Mapping
7KHPDSSLQJDVSURSRVHGLQ)LJSUHVHQWVKRZWRUHODWH
YDOXH FUHDWLRQ IDFWRUV ZLWK YDULRXV DJJUHJDWLRQ OHYHOV DQG
OLIHF\FOHVWDJHVWRPDLQWDLQVXVWDLQDEO\7KHSDWKIRUWKLVFDVH
VWXG\LVKLJKOLJKWHGZLWKDUHGOLQHWKHVSHFLILFUHODWLRQVDPRQJ
IDFWRUVOHYHOVDQGVWDJHVDUHSUHVHQWHGE\UHGDUURZVLQ)LJ
DQGWKHPDSSHGHOHPHQWVDUHZULWWHQLQEROGOHWWHUVEHORZ
7KH VHOHFWLRQ RI DQ DSSURSULDWH PHWKRGRORJ\ DQG WLPH WR
PDLQWDLQ DUH FUXFLDO IRU  LQFUHDVLQJ WKH DYDLODELOLW\
HIIHFWLYHQHVVDQGUHOLDELOLW\RIWKHHTXLSPHQWLQWKHRSHUDWLRQ
VWDJH  GHFUHDVLQJ PDLQWHQDQFH GXUDWLRQ DQG FRVWV LQ WKH
PDLQWHQDQFHVWDJHDQG  NHHSLQJWKHHTXLSPHQWRULWVSDUWV
ORQJHU LQ OLIHF\FOHV DQG LPSURYLQJ WKHLU IXQFWLRQDOLW\ LQ DOO
VWDJHV7KHILUVWWZRDVSHFWVSRLQWRQWKHHTXLSPHQWOLIHF\FOH
VWDJHV
7KH SURSRVHG DSSURDFK LV DSSOLHG E\ D SULYDWH VHUYLFH
SURYLGHU FRPSDQ\ $ EULHI LQWURGXFWLRQ LQWR WKH value
 P. Bilge et al. / Procedia CIRP 61 (2017) 28 – 33
creation factors 9&)  IURP D KLJKHU DJJUHJDWLRQ OHYHO LV
GHVFULEHG DV IROORZV 5HF\FOLQJ DQG FOHDQLQJ RI ZDVWH LV D
VHUYLFH ZKLFK LV SURYLGHG LQ WKH SRVWXVH VWDJH RI WDQJLEOH
YHKLFOHV ZKLFK GHPRQVWUDWH ܸ‫ܨܥ‬ଵ ൌ ࢖࢘࢕ࢊ࢛ࢉ࢚Ǥ
7HFKQRORJLFDO SURFHVVHV IRU FOHDQLQJ DQG UHF\FOLQJ RI ZDVWH
SUHVHQWܸ‫ܨܥ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݏݏ݁ܿ݋ݎ݌‬9DULRXVWRROVDQGPDFKLQHVFDQEH
DSSOLHG DVܸ‫ܨܥ‬ଷ ൌ ࢋ࢛ࢗ࢏࢖࢓ࢋ࢔࢚LQFOXGLQJYHKLFOHVWRFROOHFW
ZDVWHDQGFRPSOHWHWKHVHSURFHVVHV6FKHGXOLQJORJLVWLFVDQG
SHUIRUPDQFH PHDVXUHPHQW UHJDUGLQJ DOO SURFHVVHV XVLQJ
,7WRROV IRUP ܸ‫ܨܥ‬ସ ൌ ࢕࢘ࢍࢇ࢔࢏ࢠࢇ࢚࢏࢕࢔ ‹ SODQQLQJ FRQWURO
DQG DVVHVVPHQW ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‘”ˆ‘” ‡
‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•ǡ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡”•ǡ †‡•‹‰‡”• ƒ†
ƒƒ‰‡”• ”‡’”‡•‡– ܸ‫ܨܥ‬ହ ൌ ࢖ࢋ࢕࢖࢒ࢋǡ ™Š‘ ƒ’’Ž› –Š‡‹”
ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–‘”—–Š‡•‡”˜‹ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†•›•–‡ሾ͸ሿ
$EULHILQWURGXFWLRQRQWKHORZHUOHYHOLQWRWKHSURGXFWLRQ
V\VWHPLVQHFHVVDU\WRDQDO\]HYDOXHFUHDWLRQIRUPDLQWDLQLQJ
WKHULJKWYHKLFOHRUFRPSRQHQWRIDYHKLFOHWLPHDQGSODFHLQD
VXVWDLQDEOH PDQQHU 7KH 9', VWDQGDUGV LV DSSOLHG WR
FODVVLI\IDLOXUHVWKHLUIUHTXHQF\DQGGLVWULEXWLRQRYHUWKHXVH
VWDJHRIVLQJOHFRPSRQHQWVRIYDULRXVYHKLFOHVW\SHV>@$
FKDOOHQJHRIFODVVLILFDWLRQLVWKHXQNQRZQIDLOXUHIUHTXHQF\RI
FRPSRQHQWV LQ D YHKLFOH DQG IX]]LQHVV RI WKH GXUDWLRQ DQG
GLVWULEXWLRQRIOLIHF\FOHVWDJHVRQFRPSRQHQWOHYHO
4.2. Analysis
7KHIDLOXUHDQDO\VLVZLWKWKHIROORZLQJFRGHQXPEHUVLVXVHG
WRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHVHUYLFHEDVHGV\VWHPDVSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJ
)LJ)DLOXUHDQDO\VLV
7KH VHUYLFH SURYLGHU FRPSDQ\ RZQV DERXW  YHKLFOHV
ZLWK WKH IROORZLQJ DJJUHJDWLRQ OHYHOV LQ GLIIHUHQW OLIHF\FOH
VWDJHV 9HKLFOH ܺ DV D SURGXFW LQ WKH XVH VWDJH PXVW EH
UHOLDEOHHIIHFWLYHDQGDYDLODEOHIRUDQ\UHTXLUHGVHUYLFHDVDQ
HTXLSPHQWLQWKHRSHUDWLRQVWDJH9HKLFOHܺLVHTXLSSHGZLWK
PXOWLSOHVXESDUWVVXFKDVVXESDUWܺܺ7RHQVXUHWKHUHTXLUHG
VHUYLFHDOOVXESDUWVPXVWIXQFWLRQDOVRUHOLDEOHHIIHFWLYHDQG
DYDLODEOH LQ WKHLU RSHUDWLRQ VWDJH (DFK YHKLFOH KDV DERXW
VXESDUWVHDFKZLWKFRPSRQHQWV$3DUHWRDQDO\VLVLV
FRQGXFWHGWRLGHQWLI\FRPSRQHQWVZKLFKFDXVHDOPRVWRI
IDLOXUHV DQG DFFRXQW IRU DURXQG RI IDLOXUH W\SHV
&RPSRQHQWܻܺLQWKH SRVWXVH VWDJH LV VHOHFWHG DV D SDUWRI
VXESDUWܺܺLQ WKLV VDPSOH WR PDLQWDLQ HQDEOLQJ WKH UHTXLUHG
VHUYLFHDIWHUWKHPDLQWHQDQFHVWDJHDVDQHTXLSPHQW
7KHIROORZLQJDQDO\VLVLVQHFHVVDU\WRSODQDQGFRQWUROWKH
RUJDQL]DWLRQDO KDQGOLQJ RI FRPSRQHQWܻܺ 0DQXIDFWXUHU RI
FRPSRQHQWܻܺSURYLGHV LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH GXUDWLRQ RI D
OLIHF\FOHGHOLYHU\WLPHVSULFHDQGWKHFRVWIRUVWRFNNHHSLQJ
E\UHSODFHPHQWRUORVWSURGXFWLRQFRVWVE\IDLOXUHVLQJHQHUDO
)XUWKHULQIRUPDWLRQLVH[WUDFWHGIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIXVHZLWKLQ
WKH YHKLFOHܺLQ WKH VSHFLILF VLWXDWLRQ RI WKH VHUYLFH SURYLGHU
FRPSDQ\)XQFWLRQܻܻVSHFLILHVWKHW\SHUROHDQGSXUSRVHRI
FRPSRQHQWܻܺZLWKLQVXESDUWܺܺIRUDQ\QHFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHV
LQ WKH RSHUDWLRQ VWDJH 3RVLWLRQ ܼܺ VSHFLILHV WKH SODFH
JHRPHWU\ DQG VWUXFWXUH RI FRPSRQHQWܻܺZLWKLQ VXESDUWܺܺ
31
IRUDQ\QHFHVVDU\DFWLYLWLHVVXFKDVGLVDVVHPEO\DQGFOHDQLQJ
LQ WKH PDLQWHQDQFH VWDJH &RQGLWLRQ ܼܼ LV HVVHQWLDO WR
ORJLVWLFDOO\RUJDQL]HDQ\PDLQWHQDQFHDFWLYLWLHVLQWKHSODQQLQJ
VWDJH 7\SHܻܼ FDXVHܹܼDQG UHVSRQVLELOLW\ܹܻRI D IDLOXUH
DUHGHWHUPLQHGLQWKHDVVHVVPHQWVWDJHWRGHFLGHLIFRPSRQHQW
ܻܺFDQ EHLPSURYHGLQ WHUPV RI UHXVH ZLWKRXW DQ\FKDQJHV
PDLQWHQDQFHRUUHSODFHPHQW
$VVXPSWLRQV DUH PDGH EHIRUH WKH DQDO\VLV RI FRPSDQ\
UHTXLUHPHQWVDQGGHULYDWLRQRISRWHQWLDOVROXWLRQVDFFRUGLQJWR
WKH VDPSOH PDSSLQJ LQ )LJ  7KUHH W\SHV RI YHKLFOHV ZLWK
PRUHWKDQVDPSOHYHKLFOHVDUHVHOHFWHGDVHDUO\PDMRULW\DW
WKH ILUVW DJJUHJDWLRQ OHYHO 6L[ W\SHV RI VXESDUWV ZLWK PRUH
WKDQVDPSOHVXESDUWVDUHVHOHFWHGDVHDUO\PDMRULW\DWWKH
VHFRQGDJJUHJDWLRQOHYHO$VLQJOHFRPSRQHQWRIHDFKVXESDUW
LVFRQVLGHUHGIRUIXUWKHUDQDO\VLV0HWKRGRORJLHVVXFKDVUHXVH
PDLQWHQDQFHDQGUHSODFHPHQWRIFRPSRQHQWVUXQSHUIHFWO\WKDW
D FRPSRQHQW LV HTXDO WR D QHZ RQH LQ WHUPV RI DYDLODELOLW\
HIIHFWLYHQHVV DQG UHOLDELOLW\ DIWHU LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH
VHOHFWHG PHWKRGRORJ\ (QYLURQPHQWDO DQG VRFLDO LPSDFWV RI
PDLQWHQDQFHFDQEHUHGXFHGVLJQLILFDQWO\E\DOORZLQJDPLQRU
LQFUHDVHLQHFRQRPLFFRVWV
$Q DQDO\VLV IRU WKH VHOHFWHG VL[ FRPSRQHQWV LV SHUIRUPHG
DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHVH DVVXPSWLRQV DQG WKH DQQXDO UHSRUW RI WKH
VHUYLFH SURYLGHU FRPSDQ\ LQ  7KH DQDO\VLV UHVXOWV DUH
SUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH(DFKPDLQWHQDQFHRUGHULVFODVVLILHGDV
RQO\LQVSHFWLRQDQGVHUYLFHRQO\UHSDLURUDFRPELQDWLRQRIWKH
WZR(DFKRUGHUOHDGVWRDIDLOXUHZKLFKPHDQVQRWRSHUDWLQJ
WLPH IRU WKH YHKLFOH DQG D FKDQJH IURP XVH WR SRVWXVH IRU
DVVHVVPHQW RU IURP RSHUDWLRQ WR PDLQWHQDQFH IRU
LPSURYHPHQWVWDJH(DFKFKDQJHFRQGXFWVPXOWLSOHDFWLYLWLHV
WR HQVXUH WKH UHTXLUHG VHUYLFH RI WKH YHKLFOH :DLWLQJ WLPH
LQGLFDWHV WKDWD VSDUHSDUWRU RWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ RUPDWHULDO LV
PLVVLQJ WR FRQWLQXH ZRUNLQJ RQ WKH QHFHVVDU\ DFWLYLWLHV
&XPXODWLYHFRVWVRIRUGHUVDQGORVWSURGXFWLRQFRVWVRIZDLWLQJ
WLPHVDUHLQFOXGHGLQ7DEOH
7DEOH$QDO\VLVRILQGLFDWRUV
1XPEHURI 1XPEHURI
,QGLFDWRUV &RVWV
IDLOXUHV DFWLYLWLHV
7RWDORIPDLQWHQDQFH
  (85
RUGHUV
2QO\LQVSHFWLRQ
7\SH
DQGVHUYLFH
  (85
7\SH 2QO\UHSDLU   (85
:DLWLQJWLPH   (85

:HLEXOO GLVWULEXWLRQ LV XVHG FRPPRQO\ IRU WLPH WR IDLOXUH
DQDO\VLV $ WZR SDUDPHWHU :HLEXOO UHOLDELOLW\ IXQFWLRQ ZLWK
SUREDELOLW\ GHQVLW\ IXQFWLRQ LV DGRSWHG IRU WKLV FDVH VWXG\
DFFRUGLQJWR(TXDWLRQ  ZKHUHܾLVWKHVKDSHSDUDPHWHUDQG
ܶLVWKHVFDOHSDUDPHWHU

೟ ್
௕ ௧ ௕ିଵ
݂ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ  ή ݁ ିቀ೅ቁ     
் ்

$ YHKLFOH W\SH LV VHOHFWHG WR GHPRQVWUDWH WKH IDLOXUH
SUREDELOLW\ LQ RUGHU WR FDOFXODWH WKH OLIHF\FOH GXUDWLRQ IRU
VHOHFWHGFRPSRQHQWV&RPSRQHQWܻܺLVVHOHFWHGWRSUHVHQWWKH
UHVXOWV LQ WKLV FDVH VWXG\ GXH WR WKH VSDFH OLPLWDWLRQV RI WKH
SDSHU)LJVKRZVWKH:HLEXOOGLVWULEXWLRQSORWVRIWKHIDLOXUH
32 P. Bilge et al. / Procedia CIRP 61 (2017) 28 – 33

SUREDELOLW\ IRU FRPSRQHQW ܻܺǤ 7KH VWUDLJKW OLQH LQ )LJ D
FRQILUPVWKDWWKHVKDSHSDUDPHWHUFKRVHQLVDSSURSULDWH
7KHVH VROXWLRQV UHTXLUH FRRSHUDWLRQ ZLWK WKH YHKLFOH RU
VXESDUWPDQXIDFWXUHUVDQGLIQHFHVVDU\FKDQJHRIVXSSOLHUV
IRUVSDUHSDUWVWRUHWURILWWKHYHKLFOHVLQWHJUDWLQJWKHLGHQWLILHG
VHQVRUV
5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUDFKLHYLQJWKHJRDOVDUHDQDO\]HGEDVHGRQ
DQQXDOUHSRUWVRIWKHVHUYLFHSURYLGHUFRPSDQ\VSHFLILFDWLRQ
VKHHWVRIYHKLFOHܺSURYLGHGE\LWVPDQXIDFWXUHUDVVXSSOLHURI
WKH VHUYLFH SURYLGHU PDLQWHQDQFH RUGHUV NQRZOHGJH DQG
H[SHULHQFH RI WKH ZRUNIRUFH )ROORZLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV DUH
LGHQWLILHG DV UHOHYDQW  IXQFWLRQ RI WKH FRPSRQHQWV ZLWK
UHJDUGWRWKHDYDLODELOLW\RIWKHYHKLFOH  IDLOXUHIUHTXHQF\RI
WKHFRPSRQHQWVZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHUHOLDELOLW\RIWKHYHKLFOHDQG
 GXUDWLRQ UHTXLUHG ZRUNIRUFH DQG FRVWV IRU PDLQWHQDQFH
DFWLYLWLHVZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIWKHYHKLFOH
7KH FRPSDQ\ UHTXLUHPHQWV IRFXV PDLQO\ RQ WLPHEDVHG
HFRQRPLF LPSDFWV GXH WR WKHLU ODUJH LPSDFW LQ FRVWEHQHILW
DQDO\VLVWRFRQYLQFHWKHVHUYLFHSURYLGHUFRPSDQ\

)LJ)DLOXUHSUREDELOLW\IRUFRPSRQHQWܻܺ

)LJ3RWHQWLDOVROXWLRQVWKURXJKPRQLWRULQJ
4.3. Improvement

7KH SDWK LQ )LJ  GHPRQVWUDWHV UHODWLRQV DPRQJ YDOXH 7DEOHSUHVHQWVDQRYHUYLHZRIKRZWRGHYHORSZHLJKWLQJV

FUHDWLRQIDFWRUVWKHLUDJJUHJDWLRQOHYHOVDQGOLIHF\FOHVWDJHV DQG DVVLJQ PHDVXUHV WR WKH IROORZLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV WKURXJK
ZKLFKDUHXVHGE\WKHSURSRVHGDSSURDFKWRGHULYDWHSRWHQWLDO PRQLWRULQJ
VROXWLRQVDQGWRGLVFXVVZLWKVWDNHKROGHUVLQFOXGLQJWKHVHUYLFH 7DEOH5HTXLUHPHQWV
SURYLGHU FRPSDQ\ ([LVWLQJ PRQLWRULQJ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH IRU
5HODWLYH $EVROXWH
YHKLFOHܺLV SURYLGHG E\ WKH YHKLFOH PDQXIDFWXUHU DQG LV QRW 5HTXLUHPHQW
ZHLJKWLQJ ZHLJKWLQJ
DYDLODEOH DW WKH FRPSRQHQW OHYHOV 5HDOWLPH PRQLWRULQJ RQ
)XQFWLRQDOLW\  
FRPSRQHQWOHYHOWKURXJKVHQVRUVDVDQHOHPHQWRI,QGXVWU\  3RWHQWLDOIDLOXUH  
LVLGHQWLILHGDVDKLJKSRWHQWLDOVROXWLRQZKLFKLQFUHDVHVGDWD  )ROORZLQJGDPDJH  
DYDLODELOLW\DFURVVOLIHF\FOHVWDJHRSHUDWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFH  'HWHFWLRQSRVVLELOLW\  
RI PXOWLSOH FRPSRQHQWV >@ 0RQLWRULQJ RI FRPSRQHQW¶V )DLOXUHIUHTXHQF\  
FRQGLWLRQ SURYLGHV PHDVXUHG YDOXHV IRU WKH GHFLVLRQ LI D  )UHTXHQF\SHUFRPSRQHQW  
 )UHTXHQF\RILQVSHFWLRQ  
FRPSRQHQW FDQ EH UHXVHG RU UHFRYHUHG 7KH JRDOV RI WKH  )UHTXHQF\RIIDLOXUH  
SURSRVHG VROXWLRQ DUH WR  DGGUHVV WKH FKDOOHQJH RI IX]]\  )UHTXHQF\RIWHVWV  
IDLOXUHGXUDWLRQDQGGLVWULEXWLRQV  LQFUHDVHDYDLODELOLW\DQG &RVWV  
UHOLDELOLW\ RI FRPSRQHQWV LQ VLQJOH OLIHF\FOH VWDJHV  NHHS  'XUDWLRQ  
FRPSRQHQWVORQJHULQVLQJOHOLIHF\FOHVWDJHVDQG  GHFUHDVH  &RVWVSHUPDLQWHQDQFHDFWLYLW\  
PDLQWHQDQFHGXUDWLRQDQGFRVWV 
3RWHQWLDOVROXWLRQVIRUZDVWHFROOHFWRUYHKLFOHܺK\GUDXOLF ,PSOHPHQWLQJ PHWKRGRORJLHV WR UHXVH FRPSRQHQWܻܺDQG
SDUWܺܺWRFUHDWHDPRUHVXVWDLQDEOHYDOXHWKURXJKPRQLWRULQJ UHFRYHU WKH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ FKDQJHV WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI IDLOXUHV
DV SUHVHQWHG LQ )LJ  DUH  SDUWLFOH FRXQWHU PRQLWRULQJ DQGGXUDWLRQRIOLIHF\FOHVWDJHV7KHLQWHJUDWLRQRILGHQWLILHG
LPSXULW\ RI K\GUDXOLF IOXLG  PRQLWRULQJ RI K\GUDXOLF VHQVRUV IRU FRPSRQHQW ܻܺ LV WHVWHG RQ  YHKLFOHV ZLWK
OXEULFDWLRQOHYHO  SRVLWLRQVHQVRUIRUPRQLWRULQJRIORDGLQJ RQILHOGH[SHULPHQWVLQ
SURFHVV  SUHVVXUH WUDQVGXFHU IRU PRQLWRULQJ RI K\GUDXOLF )LJSORWVWKH:HLEXOOGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHIDLOXUHSUREDELOLW\
IOXLG  FXUUHQW FODPS PRQLWRULQJ EDWWHU\ FKDUJH FRQGLWLRQ IRU FRPSRQHQW ܻܺ DIWHU WKH VHQVRU\ GDWD JDWKHULQJ DQG LW
DQG  GDWDWUDQVPLVVLRQYLDEOXHWRRWKUDGLRRUZLUHOHVVORFDO LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH GXUDWLRQ RI RSHUDWLRQ VWDJH LV H[WHQGHG
DUHDQHWZRUN WKURXJK FRQWLQXRXV PRQLWRULQJ DQG DXWRPDWHG NQRZOHGJH
 P. Bilge et al. / Procedia CIRP 61 (2017) 28 – 33
GLVFRYHU\DERXWWKHFRPSRQHQW¶VFRQGLWLRQ0DLQWHQDQFHFRVWV
DUHUHGXFHGE\DERXWIRUFRPSRQHQWܻܺGXULQJWKHRQILHOG
H[SHULPHQWV7KHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHSRWHQWLDOVROXWLRQVIRU
IXUWKHU FRPSRQHQWV VKRXOG DOVR GHFUHDVH GXUDWLRQ RI IXUWKHU
OLIHF\FOH VWDJHV VXFK DV PDLQWHQDQFH ZLWK SRVLWLYH
HQYLURQPHQWDODQGVRFLDOLPSDFWV7KHORQJHUDOLIHF\FOHVWDJH
LVWKHPRUHWKHUHVRXUFHVLQDFRPSRQHQWDUHNHSWLQFLUFXODU
HFRQRP\DQGWKHOHVVHIIRUWVRIWKHZRUNIRUFHDUHQHHGHG
 >@9RLWK
)LJ)DLOXUHSUREDELOLW\IRUFRPSRQHQWܻܺZLWK
UHDODQGH[WHQGHGOLIHF\FOHGXUDWLRQ
&RQFOXVLRQVDQGIXWXUHZRUN
$Q DSSURDFK IRU VXVWDLQDEOH PDQXIDFWXULQJ FRQVLVWLQJ RI
5PHWKRGRORJLHV DQG YDOXH FUHDWLRQ IDFWRUV IRU PXOWLSOH
DJJUHJDWLRQOHYHOVZLWKGLIIHUHQWOLIHF\FOHVWDJHVDUHSUHVHQWHG
DVFORVHGORRSSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV7KHSURSRVHGDSSURDFKLV
EDVHG RQ VWDWHRIWKHDUW PHWKRGRORJLHV WR PRUSKRORJLFDOO\
PDSDQGLQWHJUDWHWKHIDFWRUVDWGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVDQGOLIHF\FOH
VWDJHV$QH[DPSOHRIKRZWRDSSO\5PHWKRGRORJLHVZLWKD
FDVHEDVHG VFRSH WKURXJK WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ LV SUHVHQWHG 7KH
FDVHVWXG\GHPRQVWUDWHVKRZWRLGHQWLI\DVXVWDLQDEOHSDWKIRU
RSHUDWLQJ DQG PDLQWDLQLQJ D YHKLFOH DQG LWV FRPSRQHQWV LQ D
VHUYLFH SURYLGHU FRPSDQ\ 0XOWLSOH VHQVRUV IRU
SURFHVVFRQGLWLRQDQGFRPSRQHQW¶VPRQLWRULQJDUHXVHGIRUDQ
LPSURYHG PDLQWHQDQFH VFKHGXOLQJ DQG WURXEOHVKRRWLQJ
FDSDELOLW\ 2QILHOG H[SHULPHQWV UHVXOW LQ ORQJHU GXUDWLRQ RI
RSHUDWLRQVWDJHVZLWKVKRUWHQHGPDLQWHQDQFHWLPHWKXVVDYLQJ
UHVRXUFHV LQ WHUPV RI WLPH FDSDFLW\ DQG ZRUNIRUFH ORDG
PDLQWHQDQFH FRVWV )XUWKHU UHVHDUFK VKRXOG LQYHVWLJDWH KRZ
,QGXVWU\ FDQ GULYH VXVWDLQDEOH PDQXIDFWXULQJ WKURXJK
UHDOWLPH DYDLODEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW SURFHVV DQG
FRPSRQHQWFRQGLWLRQV LQ DOO DJJUHJDWLRQ DQG KLHUDUFKLFDO
GHFLVLRQOHYHOVRISURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQW
7KLVUHVHDUFKKDVEHHQSDUWLDOO\VXSSRUWHGE\WKH)UDXQKRIHU
,QQRYDWLRQ &OXVWHU ³0DLQWHQDQFH 5HSDLU DQG 2YHUKDXO LQ
(QHUJ\ DQG 7UDQVSRUW´ 7KH DXWKRUV ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN WKH

33
SURMHFW SDUWQHUV IURP WKH %HUOLQ &LW\ &OHDQLQJ &RPSDQ\ IRU
WKHLUVXSSRUWLQWKLVUHVHDUFK
5HIHUHQFHV
>@(PHF 6 .UJHU - 6HOLJHU *  2QOLQH )DXOWPRQLWRULQJ LQ
0DFKLQH7RROV%DVHGRQ(QHUJ\&RQVXPSWLRQ$QDO\VLVDQG1RQLQYDVLYH
'DWD $FTXLVLWLRQ IRU ,PSURYHG 5HVRXUFHHIILFLHQF\ 3URFHGLD &,53 
±
 (QJLQHHULQJ IRU WKH $JH RI 'LJLWL]DWLRQ
KWWSZZZYRLWKFRPHQLQVLJKWVYRLWKGLJLWDOVROXWLRQVHQJLQHHULQJIRU
WKHDJHRIGLJLWL]DWLRQKWPO$FFHVVHG6HS
>@8HGD.7DNHQDND79iQF]D-0RQRVWRUL/9DOXH&UHDWLRQ
DQG 'HFLVLRQPDNLQJ LQ 6XVWDLQDEOH 6RFLHW\ &,53 $QQDOV 
0DQXIDFWXULQJ7HFKQRORJ\  ±
>@&5&   &ROODERUDWLYH 5HVHDUFK &HQWUH   6XVWDLQDEOH
0DQXIDFWXULQJ KWWSZZZVXVWDLQDEOH
PDQXIDFWXULQJQHWHQB*%MVHVVLRQLG &$)(&&)$$&
$)$FFHVVHG0D\
>@%LOJH 3 %DGXUGHHQ ) 6HOLJHU * -DZDKLU ,6  $ 1RYHO
0DQXIDFWXULQJ$UFKLWHFWXUHIRU6XVWDLQDEOH9DOXH&UHDWLRQ&,53$QQDOV
0DQXIDFWXULQJ7HFKQRORJ\  ±
>@-DZDKLU,6'LOORQ2:5RXFK.(-RVKL.-9HQNDWDFKDODP$
-DDIDU,+7RWDO/LIHF\FOH&RQVLGHUDWLRQVLQ3URGXFW'HVLJQIRU
0DQXIDFWXUH $ )UDPHZRUN IRU &RPSUHKHQVLYH (YDOXDWLRQ .H\QRWH
SDSHU LQ 7UHQGV LQ WKH 'HYHORSPHQW RI 0DFKLQHU\ DQG $VVRFLDWHG
7HFKQRORJ\WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HVHDUFK([SHUW&RQIHUHQFH3URFHHGLQJV
/ORUHWGH0DU6SDLQ6HSWHPEHUSS±
>@(PHF6%LOJH36HOLJHU*'HVLJQRI3URGXFWLRQ6\VWHPVZLWK
+\EULG (QHUJ\ DQG :DWHU *HQHUDWLRQ IRU 6XVWDLQDEOH 9DOXH &UHDWLRQ
&OHDQ7HFKQ(QYLURQ3ROLF\  ±
>@:LHQGDKO +3 (O0DUDJK\ + 1\KXLV 3 =lK 0 :LHQGDKO ++
'XIILH 1 %ULHNH 0  &KDQJHDEOH 0DQXIDFWXULQJ &ODVVLILFDWLRQ
'HVLJQDQG2SHUDWLRQ&,53$QQDOV0DQXIDFWXULQJ7HFKQRORJ\  
±
>@6HOLJHU*6XVWDLQDELOLW\(QJLQHHULQJE\3URGXFW6HUYLFH6\VWHPV
LQ*ORFDOL]HG6ROXWLRQVIRU6XVWDLQDELOLW\LQ0DQXIDFWXULQJ3URFHHGLQJV
RI WKH WK &,53 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ /LIH &\FOH (QJLQHHULQJ
%UDXQVFKZHLJ *HUPDQ\ 0D\  6SULQJHU +HLGHOEHUJ *HUPDQ\ SS
±
>@6XK 13 &RFKUDQ '6 /LPD 3&  0DQXIDFWXULQJ 6\VWHP
'HVLJQ&,53$QQDOV0DQXIDFWXULQJ7HFKQRORJ\  ±
>@$OH[RSRXORV . &KU\VVRORXULV *  3URFHVV LQ /DSHUULqUH /
5HLQKDUW* (GV &,53(QF\FORSHGLDRI3URGXFWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJHG
6SULQJHU%HUOLQ*HUPDQ\SS±
>@%LOJH 3 %DGXUGHHQ ) 6HOLJHU * -DZDKLU ,6  &RQFHSWXDO
0RGHOOLQJ RI ,QWHUDFWLRQV DPRQJ 9DOXH &UHDWLRQ )DFWRUV IRU ,PSURYHG
6XVWDLQDEOH9DOXH&UHDWLRQ,-6($0  ±
>@%DGXUGHHQ ) 6KXDLE 0 /L\DQDJH -3  5LVN 0RGHOLQJ DQG
$QDO\VLV IRU 6XVWDLQDEOH $VVHW 0DQDJHPHQW LQ (QJLQHHULQJ $VVHW
0DQDJHPHQW DQG ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH 6XVWDLQDELOLW\ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK
:RUOG &RQJUHVV RQ (QJLQHHULQJ $VVHW 0DQDJHPHQW :&($0
4XHHQVODQG$XVWUDOLD2FWREHU6SULQJHU/RQGRQ8.SS±
>@-D\DO$'%DGXUGHHQ)'LOORQ2:-DZDKLU,66XVWDLQDEOH
0DQXIDFWXULQJ 0RGHOLQJ DQG 2SWLPL]DWLRQ &KDOOHQJHV DW WKH 3URGXFW
3URFHVVDQG6\VWHP/HYHOV&,53-RXUQDORI0DQXIDFWXULQJ6FLHQFHDQG
7HFKQRORJ\  ±
>@5RJHUV (0  'LIIXVLRQ RI ,QQRYDWLRQV UG HG HG )UHH 3UHVV
&ROOLHU0DFPLOODQ1HZ<RUN/RQGRQ[L[
>@9',  9',  6FKDGHQVVFKOVVHO IU GLH &RGLHUXQJ YRQ
5HSDUDWXUHQLQ(QJOLVK)DXOWFRGHVIRUUHSDLUVLQLQGXVWULDOWUXFNV%HXWK
9HUODJ'VVHOGRUI*HUPDQ\$FFHVVHG6HSSS