Research Paper g3 Engineering Revised

The Valley Cathedral Academy, Inc.
#o63 HL Labac, Naic, Cavite

Senior High School
Department
“Impact of Extensive Working Hours Towards the Health

and Well-being of Construction Workers”
In partial fulfilment of the requirements in

Practical Research 1
Steven Marville Distor

Naomi Villar
Von Lester Magno
Melnycris Madriaga
Vhie Jay Eslabon
Stephen Kurt Saclolo
Matt Deiniel Lindo
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April 2024
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APPROVAL SHEET
This research project entitled “Impact of Extensive Working Hours Towards the
Health and Well-being of Construction Workers” is prepared and submitted by
Group 3 – Engineering of G11–Isaiah which has been reviewed and
recommended for acceptance and approval for ORAL EXAMINATION.
Mrs. Rebecca Cyrene J. Lozenzana
Research Adviser, Practical Research I
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the COMMITTEE ON ORAL EXAMINATION with a grade of ___on
_____________________:
Dave Homer H. Morales
Chairperson
Genalyn N. Tablada Tristan Kim B. Apostol
Member Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the researchers’ requirements
on the subject Practical Research I for School Year 2023-2024
Mrs. Daisy E. Apinado
Principal
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to express their sincere thanks and
appreciation to all who supported this study. This study was made possible by the
aid of many important people who guided and helped the researchers
throughout the completion of this certain study. The researchers would like to
thank everyone who provided suggestions, gave us the motivation, inspiration
and lastly their support throughout the creation of this study.
First, the researchers would like to give gratitude to the Almighty God for
the constant presence, guidance, patience, protection, and strength upon us
during the research project.
The researchers would also like to give their heartfelt appreciation to their
research adviser, Mrs. Rebecca Cyrene Lorenzana, for her continuous support
and concerns for our research study. We would also like to thank her for giving us
motivation, patience, and guidance throughout the making of chapters.
To our school principal, Mrs. Daisy E. Apinado, for making this study reliable
by approving our request to conduct a face-to-face interview.
To our final defense panelist, Sir. Dave Morales, Sir. Kim Apostol, and Ms.
Genelyn Tablada, for their assistance in finalizing and pointing out what we need
to improve on our research paper.
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To Ms. Jonah Marie M. Distor, the research grammarian, for making the
effort to review the grammar of the researchers’ study.
To Sir Alexis Repil, for taking his time and effort for giving us ideas,
suggestions, advice, as well as guidance to further improve the study. On top of
that, the researchers are also very thankful for the motivation and the strength
that he gave us to progress in the study.
To Ms. Edralyn Padua for encouragement and guidance during the
making of our research study.
To our parents, who continuously give us never-ending love, guidance,
and support to us financially and most importantly, understanding the busy
schedules of their loving sons and daughter.
To our respondents, for supporting us by cooperatively and honestly
answered our survey questionnaires.
Finally, to our close friends, classmates, and individuals who help and
support us throughout the completion of this study and make this research study
possible.
S.M. Distor
N. Villar
M. Madriaga
V. L. Magno
V.J. Eslabon
M.D. Lindo
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S.K. Saclolo
Abstract
DISTOR, STEVEN MARVILLE H., VILLAR NAOMI C., ESLABON, VHIE JAY L., LINDO,
MATT DEINIEL S., MAGNO VON LESTER R., MADRIAGA, MELNYCRIS P., SACLOLO,
STEPHEN KURT V. Impact of Excessive Labor Towards the Health and Well-being of
Construction Workers. a Senior-high School thesis at The Valley Cathedral
Academy Inc, Labac, Naic, Cavite.
Working overtime is widespread among construction workers in the
construction industry. This qualitative study examined the impact of extensive
working hours towards the health and well-being of construction workers in the
province of Cavite within Naic, Ternate, and Tanza. The beneficiaries of this study
included the people such as: construction workers, employers, health institutions,
community, and future researchers. The major goal of this study is to gain deeper
insights and determine the impact of working long hours towards the
psychological well-being of construction workers. Descriptive qualitative
research design was used by the researchers, the researchers also used
purposive sampling technique.
Before the interview was conducted, consent forms were first handed out
to the selected participants before proceeding. Face-to-face interview was
conducted by the researchers to ask participants regarding experiences about
overtime and its influence on their psychological well-being throughout the
interview process, a video recorder was used for easy data collection.
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According to the results, majority of the construction workers of the Province of
Cavite around Naic, Ternate, and Tanza, who worked overtime, did not have
any problems on their quality of sleep. In addition, majority of the participants still
have time for themselves and enjoy their time with their own respective families.
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Table of Contents
Approval Sheet……………………………………………………….……………………………
Acknowledgement............................................................................................................ii
Abstract..............................................................................................................................iv
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………...………………
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................1
Background of the Study..................................................................................................1
Research Questions...........................................................................................................3
Significance of the Study..................................................................................................3
Scope and Limitation........................................................................................................4
Conceptual Framework....................................................................................................6
Definition of Terms..............................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..................................................................9
Foreign Literature...............................................................................................................9
Foreign Studies.................................................................................................................12
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Local Literature................................................................................................................15
Local Studies.....................................................................................................................17
Summary of Review of Related Literature....................................................................19
CHAPTER 3 - METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................21
Research Design..............................................................................................................21
Sampling Technique........................................................................................................21
Participant Selection.......................................................................................................22
Data Collection................................................................................................................23
Data Analysis Procedure……………………………………………………………………...23
Data Gathering Procedure............................................................................................23
Instrumentation................................................................................................................24
Ethical Consideration......................................................................................................24
CHAPTER 4 - RESULT AND DISCUSSION...........................................................................25
Research Question 1.......................................................................................................30
CHAPTER 5 – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION............................35
Summary...........................................................................................................................35
Conclusion........................................................................................................................36
Recommendations..........................................................................................................37
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................39
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APPENDICES......................................................................................................................42
FIGURE AND TABLES
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework………………………………………………….……...

…..6
Table 1: Thematic Analysis for Research Question 1……………………………..………

29
Table 2: Thematic Analysis for Research Question 2………………………………..……

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CHAPTER 1
This chapter presents the general explanations of what the researchers
would discuss in this research. The introductory part contains several
subheadings, including the background of the study, research questions,
significance of the study and definition of terms.
Background of the Study
Construction is one of the most dominant and well-known industries in the
world. They have a large contribution to the development and modernization of
cities and other landscapes such as urban areas. Construction workers are often
exposed under the sun, vigorous physical labor, and different types of weather.
They are known for their hard work, strength, and skills on building complex
structures such as bridges, roads, buildings and many more. Besides that,
construction workers are also composed of a wide range of roles such as
masons, plumbers, electricians, carpenters and countless more.
According to the Transient Workers Count Too (2017), more than half of
the construction workers from different countries experiences way too much
working overtime or working long hours in the construction industry. It was so bad
to the point that the construction workers would almost surpass the limit of
working extensively in a month. What is also not good is that these construction
workers do not even let their voices out to be heard, they do not say anything
about how much working hours they have done.
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According to Li (2022), psychological well-being of construction workers is
increasing with occurrences of mental health problems. Which is why
psychological well-being play an important role in the health of a construction
worker. When a construction worker is doing their job while feeling stressed,
depressed, or full of negative emotions then this could seriously affect their
performance in their job. Besides that, psychological well-being is also one of the
reasons to keep a construction worker stay in their best possible state to perform
well in their job.
Sadly, long work hours of construction workers have a huge impact on
their psychological well-being. it causes them to be stressed and depressed
since they are working way too much than the required and normal time for
working. According to Chan et al (2020), just like in Australia, construction
workers that are working overtime or working for excessively long hours suffer
from stress. Working overtime has a huge toll on the psychological health
condition of construction workers, in fact being stressed can even cause burnout
which is very bad for construction workers since this can affect their work.
This study was conducted by the researchers to determine and expand
the understanding of the impact of overtime towards the psychological well-
being of construction workers. Also, other than the reason of only perceiving the
effects of working overtime of construction workers to their psychological well-
being, the researchers would also provide information and data from the
outcome and findings of this study. The researchers searched through relevant
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literatures to further examine the impact of too much working hours to the
psychological well-being of construction workers because way too much
working hours of construction workers has an influence on the psychological
state of the construction workers.
Research Questions
This study prioritized on determining the impact of working overtime. To
acquire the necessary data and details, the researchers pursued to answer the
following questions:
1. How can they say that they have been exposed to overtime as a
construction worker?
2. How does extensive working hours have an impact on the psychological
well-being of construction workers?
Significance of the Study
This study was conducted to know the significant impact of working
beyond regular hours of construction workers towards their psychological well-
being. The findings of this study would be beneficial to the following:
Construction workers. This study would enable to inform construction workers
about the possible impact of overtime towards their health whenever they are
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working. This will lead future construction workers to reduce their chances of
engaging in longer work hours.
Employers. This study would also act as a reference for employers to avoid
making their construction workers experience overtime when they are working, it
was also to provide them a deeper understanding on how to manage their
construction workers.
Health Institutions. This study would prove to be beneficial to many health
institutions as they can come up with prevention methods upon knowing the
results of the research for extensive working of construction workers.
Community. It would also help other people in becoming knowledgeable as it
would serve as an awareness of the impact of extended working hours towards
the health and well-being of construction workers.
Future Researchers. This study would surely help future researchers who are
interested in enhancing the parts of the study or any other details that are also
related to the topic.
Scope and Limitations
This study only focuses on knowing the impact of working overtime to the
psychological well-being of the construction workers, the researchers were only
focused on the psychological well-being of construction workers. Additionally,
the data collection of this research was implemented to the construction workers
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only and only within the vicinity of the province of Cavite within the area of Naic,
Ternate, and Tanza. A face-to-face interview was conducted by the researchers.
A video recorder was also used for easy data collection from the respondents.
This study was limited only to the construction workers that are required to work
eight hours during weekdays by their employers. The study was conducted
during the year 2024. Lastly, instead of providing solutions or methods of
prevention, this research only determined and found out the impact of working
additional time on construction workers.
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Conceptual Framework
INPUT OUTPUT
PROCESS
Research Questions:
a) The researchers use
• Impact of
1. How can they say Extensive working

purposive sampling
that they have been hours to the
technique as their
exposed to Psychological Well-
sampling technique
excessive labor as a being of
b) The researchers
construction worker? Construction
Conceptual
make use of consent
2. How does extensive Workers in the
form asking permission
working hours have province of Cavite
to conduct an
an impact on the within Naic, Ternate,
interview to
psychological well- and Tanza.
construction workers
being of
construction c) Face-to-face
mn
workers? interview
Dependent Variable: d) Data gathering
Psychological well- e) Data analysis
being
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Independent Variable:
Extensive working hours

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Figure 1
Conceptual Framework
The figure above shows the input which consists of the research questions
such as (1) How can they say that they have been exposed to overtime as a
construction worker? (2) How does extensive working hours have an impact on
the psychological well-being of construction workers? On the other hand, the
process consists of sampling technique, consent form asking permission to
conduct an interview, face-to-face interview, data gathering, and data analysis.
Lastly, the output involves the outcome of the research, this is where the
researchers would gain a deeper understanding of the impact of extensive
working hours to the psychological well-being of construction workers in the
province of Cavite around Naic, Ternate, and Tanza.
Definition of Terms
Construction Workers - The researchers define this word as a specific individual
who works, does manual labor, and belongs to any construction projects such as
constructing bridges or buildings.
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Employers - Refers to certain individual/individuals who has the capability to
employ or hire construction workers to construct or build different types of
infrastructures.
Extensive Working Hours- The researchers interpret this where construction worker
overwork or take too much time during construction hours.
Health - The researchers refer to this as the psychological condition or state of a
person that has the possibility to change due to a certain action that may affect
it negatively or positively.
Impact - The researchers define this word as the effect or influence of something
by performing an action that can change outcomes.
Psychological Well-being – Deals about the general health condition of a person
in terms of their mental and emotional health.
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CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature
The review of related literature can provide related information and data that
can serve as evidence that can support to the study of the researchers entitled
as “The Impact of Extensive Working Hours Towards the Health and Well-being of
Construction Workers”.
Foreign Literature
People that are working long hours while also dealing with chronic stress
will result into a long-lasting effect towards an individual’s well-being and health
according to Pelc (2022). When we fail to prioritize and give importance to our
self but instead overwork our body as well as our brain would not be able to rest.
This will lead to physical and mental discomfort. Even though a human body is
extremely capable and flexible, it is still not perfect to withstand the primary
concerns that are associated with excessive work hours. Increased stress can
develop an abundant amount of health problems such as heart attacks, strokes,
burnout due to stress and many other more. The researchers found out that
having chronic stress which is caused by working longer durations can lead to
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mental health issues and can result in serious health problems like heart attacks,
strokes, burnout due to stress, and many other more. This shows that maintaining
this kind of bad habit can lead to serious matters like death. To cope with these
issues, we need to help ourselves, time management and patience are the key
factors and trying new things like unwinding can help reduce stress.
Furthermore, according to Kessler (2021), long work hours are much more
dangerous than people think, people tend to overlook working overtime. Long
work hours usually cause diseases, in fact, long work hours tend to cause more
diseases than occupational hazards. It was also stated that working for more
than 55 hours per week increases the chances of the worker to have stroke as
well as heart diseases rather than working with a lower time like 40 hours per
week. Working for more than 55 hours per week also affects their sleep, diet, and
amount of physical activity which are negative. Hence, this shows that working
excessively by working for longer work hours have extremely bad and negative
effects to the worker that engages in overtime. It ranges from strokes, suicides,
and bad sleep quality.
According to Nagial (2021), working overtime has a bad effect towards
the health of an individual who works long hours. long hours of work results into
thousands of deaths due to ischemic heart disease and stroke. Working
extensively are of one of the main causes of diseases and is considered as a risk
factor. People that are working overtime are just increasing day by day and is
growing which will lead to more people that will have diseases. There are still
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numerous negative effects of long work hours such as in their mental state which
are depression, stress, and suicidal cases. Too much working hours also causes
diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. This shows that working
overtime is extremely bad for the overall health of an individual and should be
avoided at all cause due to its devastating effects. Not only it shows the effect
on the mental state, but it also showed the effects on the other aspects of the
psychological well-being of the individual that engages and performs overtime
and some of these are diabetes and hypertension.
According to Ryall (2023), there are numerous reasons why long work
hours is very common and why it is becoming worse, but the main reason why
this is happening is because of the unreasonable sense of competition in the
society of Japan. Full-time workers were expected to experience longer work
hours, it became normal for the Japanese to have shorter holidays, unpaid
wages, and many other more. Japanese people lack the confidence and
feared that they might lose their status if they did not overwork by spending
more time in their job. Therefore, they just persisted on enduring their
circumstance. The researchers found out that that the reason of overworking by
working extensive hours of workers which is due to unreasonable sense of
competition and cultural norms in their society that's why they have shorter
holidays and they feared that they might lose their job if they do not overwork.
This also examines that there is a big impact to individuals because they would
not be able to live normally due to stress. Addressing this issue and promoting
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healthier work culture can potentially help to stop this harmful practice of
treating and pressuring workers. therefore, it discusses the reason why working for
longer hours is occurring by providing explanation.
On top of that, according to Ishida & Tang (2024), Japanese youth
workers are one of the unhappiest workers in the world happiest report. Although
the country of Japan has a term for death from overwork which is karoshi, but
the Japanese youth workers are making balance in their life priority and life at
work. These youths are changing their working culture which composes of long
work hours, parties, and hierarchy. In a country where people are focusing on
their work, the Government data shows that there are now less people that work
60 hours a week. This fails to enumerate the effects on the psychological well-
being and only shows the state of the young workers in the country of Japan that
is serious when it comes into their work. The young workers are changing their
culture of working overtime and is balancing their life and their work.
Foreign Studies
According to Palaniappan et al (2022), it is said that depression, anxiety,
and lastly stress are commonly occurring to the construction workers as if they
are already used to it. It is necessary to implement various safety awareness and
effective measures which are needed for the proper environment of the
construction workers and provide less hazard to the working environment. If
these safety measures are applied, then it would be a safer place for the
construction to work at and it reduces their symptoms in their mentality.
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Researchers discovered that the occurrence of depression, anxiety, and stress
are already common among construction workers according to this study. this
examines that that implementation of safety awareness in the workplace can
help to address the mental health needs of construction worker. Also, a strong
support system can lead to improved mental health outcomes among
construction workers because it aids which they need to cope with stress,
anxiety, and depression so they can feel better mentally and happy with their
jobs.
Corresponding to the previous study, it was also stated by Kim et al (2021)
that sleeping is just as important as the overall health of a person for the
betterment of their condition or status in their own respective lives. However,
when an individual especially construction worker is experiencing bad sleep
quality then there might be problems that will occur to their health such as mood
problems, increased chances of injuries while working and might even sadly lead
to cases of death. it is also stated that besides the effect of bad quality of sleep
in the overall health of a construction worker, it also has a negative impact
towards a country’s development and growth. Sleep deprivation is an extremely
common experience for construction worker due to extended working hours and
vigorous activities within the construction site. Disturbances in sleeping of
construction worker is associated with their mental health, having problems with
their sleep can have a high chance of causing anxiety, depression, and many
more psychological health problems. That is why it’s important to identify the
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relationship between poor sleep quality and the general health of construction
workers. This study proves that extensive hours of work really affect the health of
the construction workers. This causes poor sleep quality that can lead to high
chance of having psychological health problems and the general health of the
construction workers and sadly, even death.
Furthermore, according to Sathvik (2020), lack of sleep will eventually lead
to problems to an individual’s well-being such as stress and might have impact
on their behavior and actions during work. This is connected to construction
workers as they mostly experience sleep deprivation. Lack of sleep will have a
negative impact to the productivity in labor of a construction worker, it will also
affect the focus and the state of mind of a sleep deprived worker. It is
recommended for construction worker to sleep 7.5 hours per night by the help of
many researchers and doctors since people or workers that have adequate
sleep will perform normally and will lessen the chances of risks and accidents
during work. The researchers found out that construction workers must sleep on
the appropriate time since this would affect their productivity while working. It is
also stated lack of sleep would lead to stress and many other more. Therefore,
this study fails to interpret how long work hours have an impact on the
psychological well-being of construction workers.
Additionally, according to Shourav (2022), job quality has an effect
towards the well-being and the health of a regular construction worker. It is also
stated that the job quality depends on the nation where the construction
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workers are currently located and working at. Being a construction worker can
be exhausting as it is very demanding in an individual’s health, construction
workers that are experiencing unfair conditions at work will only lead to a
negative impact to the general health and well-being of a construction worker.
This discusses about the importance of job quality to influence health and overall
well-being of workers because having a poor job quality can lead to negative
impact on the physical and mental health of construction workers.
Furthermore, as stated by Chang & Woo (2017), punctual time completion
is one of the most significant matters in the field of construction. Working
overtime is one of the most effective and mostly used method whenever the
schedule did not go well as planned. Although its effective, it has an abundant
number of negative drawbacks especially toward the health and productivity of
an individual that is why too much work or having longer working time can be a
serious issue to a person. This study shows that working overtime is a good
method when the schedule did not go as planned, however people will have
serious drawbacks like negative impact on mental health issues like increased
stress level. Therefore, it proves that the psychological well-being of construction
workers is seriously affected when they work overtime.
Local Literature
According to Jaymalin (2022), the job of construction workers in the
construction industry causes tremendous amount of stress, not only that, but it is
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also stated here that low income of the construction workers can affect their
health and can be a reason for stress. Besides that, there are still numerous
reasons for stress such as traffic and pandemic, they are always worried and
stressed since they think that they would not be able to provide for their families.
This failed to show that workers in the construction industry are experiencing stress
due to working overtime but instead, to low income. It is also stated that they are
stressed because they think that they would not be able to provide for their
families.
Furthermore, according to Royandoyan (2022), in a Gallup survey, almost
500 15 years old Filipinos were surveyed and asked whether they experience
stress, the results showed that they do. In fact, it was the highest in Southeast
Asia. There are multiple reasons why construction workers are unhappy, this
includes the duration of their work and unstable location. It is also stated here
that construction workers in the Philippines are ranked higher than other
countries in terms of dealing with sadness and anger. According to this study, it
proves that long work hours is one of the factors that affects the mental health
such as stress of a construction worker. It was also stated that 15 years old
Filipinos was experiencing stress and construction worker was dealing with
sadness because of unstable location and duration of their work.
On top of that, according to Mateo (2022), stress of Filipino workers is on
another level since it is higher than the global average with 50% of the
respondents saying that they feel and experienced being a lot more stressed in
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the previous days. Also, Philippines reached another high record last year in the
whole world having the highest stressed workers among Southeast Asian nations.
this show that the construction worker in the Philippines has experiencing a high
level of stress based on the results of this study. In conclusion, this study shows that
there are many construction workers in the Philippines that is experiencing stress
whenever the construction workers engage in work.
As stated by Patinio (2024), billions of construction workers are forced and
have at least experienced to work while in the presence of too much heat in the
construction industry. Effects of too much exposure to intense heat may cause
heat stroke and heat stress. These are not the only effects of too much exposure
to heat of construction worker, their mental state is also affected. It also causes
depression, anxiety, stress, and might even lead to suicide which is extremely not
good. While working in their own respective workplace, construction workers also
tend to have a higher chance of job tension and workplace hostility. This fails to
discuss about how overtime influence the psychological well-being of
construction workers. although their mental state and psychological well-being
was discussed, intense heat is the factor that is being focused on.
Working long hours can be fatal to an individual who always overwork in
their job according to Quismundo (2017). For the past 20 years, Filipino workers
that exceeds working for working more than the optimal time for their work
which is 8 hours. It is vital to have a stability regarding on their life and work, one
shall not only focus on working but also have time for their own personal health
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and their families. Companies should ensure to provide their workers with the
right and proper conditions for their workers such as not requiring their workers to
overwork by working overtime. this study shows that people should avoid working
long hours or exceed 8 hours of work time. It also states that implementing work-
life balance for their own personal and manage their well-being. Balancing work
and life are important because they need to recharge, unwind, and make time
for their families and friends that result to preventing mental health issues.
Local Studies
According to Lu (2022), the country of the Philippines, several industries
that lie in that specific country began to understand the importance and the
crucial role of occupational health and safety of their workers. It is proven that
the Philippines has the presence of several unsafe conditions of the workplace
and the job itself. To keep up with other countries, the Philippines should try to
improve more and develop working conditions for the safety and health of their
workers. It is stated in this study that the Philippines contains unsafe workplace for
their workers and the country should improve for the health and safety of their
workers. Hence, this study failed to specify what type of health is being affected,
and what specific factors affect the health of the workers.
As stated by Bautista et al (2023), the surrounding environment of a
construction worker in the construction industry should be perfect for a
construction worker to be productive at their working hours. But there are
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numerous factors that affects the productivity of a construction worker and some
of those are direct control and excessive working hours, due to this it will affect
the productivity of the worker and will lessen their engagement in their field of
work. It is stated here in this study that factors like working longer than the normal
time affects the productivity of construction workers. It examines the productivity
and engagement among workers and promotion of a healthy work-life balance
can enhance their job satisfaction and better performance.
According to Martinez et al (2017), all the Filipinos in the world does not
usually seek help in terms of the psychological stress but instead they ask for help
towards the people that they are close with. Mental illness is already not a
surprising disability of the people that lives in the Philippines since it is already
common. The state of mental health of the Filipinos are already bad to the point
that calculations for suicide rates of people might be higher than what is
calculated. This study examines about the state of the psychological health of
the people in Philippines. It states here that it is already in a bad shape due to
the number of suicidal rates.
Furthermore, as stated by Aguillon et al (2017), working for long hours
really has a significant negative effect towards the daily lives and its sectors of an
individual that is a worker, in fact there are numerous impacts on the human
body that engages in work. This includes stress, small time to rest, quality of work,
and many other more. This study shows that there would be a negative effect if
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an individual worked for long hours. It was also mentioned that excessive work
with overtime has a negative impact to the well-being of a worker.
On top of that, according to Wong et al (2019), some studies have
demonstrated that long working hours contribute to the psychological stress and
work stress. Working 10 or more hours per day, 60 or more hours per week or
working for 40 or more overtime hours per month tends to create stressful feelings
when working longer than the normal time. It is stated working excessively such
10 or more hours per day would contribute to the psychological stress of a
worker. Therefore, this study shows that long working hours will have a higher
chance of having work or psychological stress.
Summary of Review of Related Literature
The researchers concluded that long hours of work among
construction workers have been proven for many years now. People who
overwork by working for long hours or overtime are also dealing with chronic
stress and will result into serious negative effects on health that leads to various
illnesses like strokes, heart problems, and mental health issues such as depression
and stress. Overworking instead of prioritizing, caring, and giving importance to
the body and mind leads to physical and mental discomfort that can even lead
to taking their own life or suicide. Even though the human body is flexible and
capable, it is still not perfect, it has it limits to withstand primary concerns that are
associated with working overtime. Additionally, being a construction worker is
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truly exhausting as it demands individuals’ health. Construction workers that are
likely experiencing unfair condition at work will only lead to a negative effect or
impact to the construction workers general health and well-being. It stated that
overtime or overworking is one of the best and most efficient way to do when
the schedule did not go well. However, even if its effective, it is not
recommended due to its numerous negative effects. Regular construction
workers health and well-being are also impacted by the job quality. It is also
mentioned that the quality of a construction workers job depends on the nation
where the construction workers are located at. It is a must to not only focus on
their work but also have time or make time for their families and personal health.
This is particularly true when it comes to the importance of maintaining a
balanced work-life routine for overall well-being.
CHAPTER 3
Methodology
This chapter specifically explains the procedure that is used in the study in
examining the impact extensive working hours towards the psychological well-
being of construction workers.
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Research Design
A descriptive qualitative study is implemented in this research which is
mainly subjective and focuses on obtaining essential details that was vital for the
purpose of this research. It would provide greater understanding to the
experiences and insights of twenty (20) construction workers about the impact of
extensive working hours to their psychological well-being that would be
beneficial for the results of this research. This is carried out due to the reason that
this is the most suitable approach in this research because it mainly focused on
the individual experiences of the selected participants as they would answer
questions that are already prepared beforehand in the face-to-face interview
that was executed to acquire information. Before the interview, request
approval for conducting the interview and informed consent paper were
considered.
Sampling Technique
The sampling technique that researchers used was purposive sampling
technique. Purposive sampling is a technique or method that is used by
numerous researchers in their research studies to select a particular group of
individuals or units for analysis. Purposive sampling technique was used to obtain
twenty (20) selected participants, it is also a non-probability sampling where the
participants are “purposely selected” and not randomly.
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Participant Selection
The researchers encouraged the selected participants to be involved in
the data gathering for this certain study by determining which construction
workers possess the proper characteristics that the researchers need. Before
proceeding to the interview, the researchers would provide the chosen
participants with consent forms for the inquiring of data to be fully optional and
voluntary from the construction worker. They would have the option and rights to
accept or refuse to be part of the interview process. If the selected participant
agrees to participate in the interview and has fully understood the purpose and
all the necessary information of the study, then the inquiring will commence.
A purposive sampling technique was used to the data gathering
procedure, the respondents are only particular individuals that could answer the
questionnaire that the researchers have prepared. The selected participants
consist of twenty (20) construction workers that are at the age of eighteen (18) to
fifty (59) years old that are earning provincial rate salary. These construction
workers are located within the Province of Cavite within Naic, Ternate, and
Tanza, all the chosen participants must have experienced being exposed to
working overtime.
Data Collection
The researchers used a type of data collection which is called face-to-
face interview where the researchers and their respondents would meet their
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participants personally. The investigators or representatives from the researchers
would ask their respondents questions from their questionnaire that is required for
the data collection of this study.
Data Analysis Procedure
The types of data analysis procedure that the researchers would make
use of is thematic analysis which emphasizes identifying, analyzing, and
interpreting qualitative data patterns since this type of data analysis procedure
was the most appropriate for our study. This was necessary for understanding the
impact and relationship between the extensive working hours and the
psychological well- being of construction workers.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers handed out consent papers before conducting their
qualitative research to the construction workers to let them know that all their
confidential information was protected and was not published to the public. The
face-to-face interview will then be proceeded after the respondents received
and agreed with what is written in the consent paper. All the information and
data that was gathered from the interview will be thoroughly examined.
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Instrumentation
In this qualitative study, the researchers handed out consent forms first to
their respondents to ensure that the participants fully understand the objective of
the interview. The researchers’ representatives/investigators also intended to use
face-to-face interview to their selected respondents to gather information
without difficulty as this is possibly the best way for the researchers to acquire the
necessary data that the researchers need. The investigators also used a video
recorder for the purpose of efficient data gathering and the participants for the
interview may answer the questions in the language that they are confident with
to allow them to effortlessly present their responses clearly.
Ethical Consideration
The researchers handed out informed consent papers to their chosen
respondents who are the construction workers within the Province of Cavite
within Naic, Ternate, and Tanza. The consent paper includes details where the
personal information of respondents who volunteered will be kept in private and
confidential. All the rights of the respondents were entirely protected. This is
important because this enabled the selected participants to understand the
purpose and benefits of the interview by providing consent forms or papers.
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CHAPTER 4
Result and Discussion
This chapter contains the responses of the participants to the research
questions and provide results and findings that appeared from the interview
process and associated data analysis. By doing this, it makes it much more
effective and easier to identify direct responses and patterns from the
participants of the interview.
Research Question 1
How can they say that they have been exposed to excessive labor as a
construction worker?
The 1st Research Question explored the insights and experiences about
extensive working hours of the construction workers in the Province of Cavite
around Naic, Ternate, and Tanza. Based on the participants’ responses, the
results showed that all the participants have experienced working for more than
8 hours in a day. Majority of the construction workers stated that the tasks that
frequently results to overtime is because they are being forced to finish their
duties immediately on a specific date so that the construction of their project.
On top of that, it was also stated by some participants that there were time
consuming activities that leads to overtime such as mixing of cement and
finishings. it was also stated that majority of the construction workers do
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experiences difficulties when working overtime in the construction such as
exhaustion and body pain. Three interview questions below presents responses of
the informants:
When they are asked if they ever experienced working for more than 8 hours in a
day, they mentioned:
"Oo nakaranas na ako oo.""
"Oo kahit helper lang ako."
"Oo, mga ano, lagpas pa. umaga hanggang gabi na."
"Talagang nakaranas naako non."
"Oo, natural na yon, natural."
"Opo, overtime na po yon paglumagpas sa 8 hours."
"Oo, natural na, natural."
""Abay nagbubuhos kami dalawang araw walang tulog, pag I slab sa
second floor kasi matagal talaga yon kasi derederetso yon eh.”
""Oo, pagka talagang maraming trabaho ay inoovertime na ang mga
tao kasi nira rush."
"Oo naabot pa nga ng 12 eh."
"Oo kasi overtime yon eh."
"Oo ganon talaga nakaranas na ako."
""Oo isang- meron din naman."
"Malimit naman."
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“Yes, naman OT yan."
"Opo nakaranas na ako."
"Oo pag overtime nga."
"Oo pag kailangan mag overtime talaga."
"Oo sa ibang condtruction den."
"Oo. Nakaranas na, mga 11 hours."
The participants were also asked about what tasks or duties in construction that
they need to do that typically leads to longer hours at work, the participants
answered:
“Paghahalo, pagbubuhos, matagal yon.”
“Pag nagpapala ng buhangin kasi matagal yon.”
“Pag sira yung mga makina, sirang mga makina kasi matagal yon ayusin
eh.”
“Pagkailangan na tapusin yung halo sa araw na yon at pag maraming
sobrang pinapagawa talaga.”
“Mga halo, gaya ng pag nadedelay yung paghahalo kasi kailangan
yon.”
“Para sobra yung pinapagawa at pag kailangan na tapusin yon sa araw
na yon pati pag matagal dumating yung materyales.”
“Pag delay yung mga gamit na dinadala.”
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“Ayan yon nga yung pag slab at finishing kasi yan yung matagal eh. Pag
tayo lang yan ang madali pero pag finishing yon yung matagal.”
“Mahirap yan kasi tinitignan yung oras kung kailan matatapos na yung
proyekto.”
“Pagkailangan na tapusin na agad yung bagay na kailangan nang
tapusin.”
“Kapag naghahabol kasi may target date ang contractor jan kaya
naggiging sobra.”
“Depende yon pero pag lahatan ay kailangan talaga matapos namin
yung pinapagawa sa araw na yon kasi parang may deadline noon e.”
“Kailangan tiyagain na tapusin lahat nung pinapagawa sa araw na iyon.”
“Kaya lang naman nag oovertime kasi naghahabol sa deadline.”
“Tapusin on time yung ginagawa.”
“Para po mahabol yung deadline sa paggawa ng bahay.”
“Pag kailangan agad na matapos yung trabaho pagkailangan matapos
yung buhos.”
“Pag tapos ng mga halo at kailangan na tapusin sa araw na iyon.”
“Pag ginagawa ko ay mahirap at sinabayan pa ng init tapos pag naulan
pa doon natagal talaga.”
“Paghalimbawa ay pagbubuhos kasi kailangan yon eh.”
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When asked what challenges or difficulties that they experience when working
long work hours, they uttered:
“nasakit yung katawan, hindi na kaya.”
“napapagod.”
“sa pagbuhos ako nahihirapan kasi nakakapagod.”
“wala naman ayos lang.”
“wala na, nung baguhan lang, ngayon sanay na kaya wala na.”
“hindi naman, wala naman.”
“minsan napapagod, ganon.”
“wala, wala akong problema pag lagpas kami sa oras, walang problema
pag sumobra.”
“yung hirap ng tao kasi napapagod katulad kami kapag napapagod ay
nagtutulungan kami.”
“napapagod kasi mahirap ganon.”
“kapag nag kakaroon ng delay sa mga ginagawa don nagiging
mahirap.”
“hindi naman ako nagkakaroon ng mga problema.”
“naho-homesick agad kahit kaunting sobrang oras lang yung nasobrahan
sa pagtatrabaho para kasama ko na yung pamilya ko.”
“syempre minsan nakakaramdam pa din ng pagod.”
“minsan lang pero pag uminom ka ng alaksan FR, pag meron ka nito
wala kang tao. Alaksan baka naman.”
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“sakit sa katawan.”
“sakit ng katawan tapos mainit pa.”
“pananakit ng katawan.”
“hindi naman.”
“wala naman.”
Working more than 8 hours

Key Themes
Causes for working overtime
Encountered difficulties
Table 1: Thematic Analysis for Research Question 1
Research Question 2
How does excessive labor have an impact on the psychological well-being of
construction workers?
The 2nd Research Question number two is focused on the extensive
working hours and its influence on the psychological well-being of construction
workers. The findings showed that most of the participants are not really affected
by extensive working hours in terms of their quality of sleep. Most of the
participants said that they are still being able to sleep without trouble, a
participant even stated that their quality of sleep is not affected because it is
only extensive working hours and not excessive amount of work. Additionally,
majority of participants still spend time for themselves and is not really affected
by working too much in the construction industry. Lastly, majority of the
participants are still able to perform family boding despite working way too
much. Three interview questions below showed the responses of the participants.
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When asked about if working for longer hours at work have any effect on their
sleep quality, they replied:
“Oo naaapektuhan, hindi na makatulog"
“Hindi naman, oo.”
“Oo, OT OT, kasi gigising ka ulit ng umaga, hindi ka pwede umabsent.”
“Hindi naman.”
“Minsan, nangyayari pero bihira lang.”
“Hindi naman po.”
“Oo naaapektuhan kasi nga pagod kana tapos bukas overtime nanaman.”
“Abay hindi makatulog kasi pagod na.”
“Minsan naaapektuhan kasi iniisip mo na gusto mo na matapos.”
“Oo pero para naman ito sa pamilya.”
“Oo kasi maraming iniisip at naistress kaya di makatulog ng maayos.”
“Hindi naman.”
“Hindi naman, sakto lang.”
“Abay hindi naman siya nakakaapekto kasi oras lang naman, hindi naman
marami yung ginagawa naming.”
“Medyo.”
“Opo.”
“Syempre naapektuhan pa din naman pero minsan lang.”
“Hindi naman.”
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“Hindi din.”
“Hindi naman.”
The participants were also asked if they still have time for themselves despite
working overtime, they mentioned that:
“Oo meron pa.”
“Meron naman, hanggang alas singko lang kasi ang pasok ko.”
“Oo meron naman tuwing linggo.”
“Meron.”
“Meron paglinggo, paglinggo.”
“Meron naman.”
“Paglinggo meron.”
“Wala na kasi puro trabaho, minsan pag linggo, free time ko ay linggo
lang talaga.”
“Oo kasi syempre kailangan yan kasi kapag wala nan wala kanang ligalig
sa buhay.”
“Meron pa din naman.”
“Minsan, meron naman pero pag talagang paspasan edi wala na.”
“Oo meron panaman sarili ko ito eh.”
“Meron para sa pamilya, linggo, isang araw lang. isang araw lang
makakapagpahinga.”
‘Oo minsan.”
“Yes, oo meron naman.”
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“Meron pa din naman po.”
“Meron naman.”
“Oo meron pa din naman.”
“Oo may oras.”
“Oo may oras.”
Lastly, the participants were also asked if they can still have family bonding even
if they are working for longer hours, the participants uttered:
“Hindi na masyado, kasi dahil sa trabaho ko na din.”
“Oo meron pa naman.”
“Ano rin depende kasi.”
“Pagod na ako edi hindi na.”
“Wala na, ang time mahirap ang time kasi bihira lang tayo
magkaganon.”
“Meron din naman.”
“Meron.”
“Bay syempre meron, sa gabi nalang kasi sa umaga trabaho lang kasi 8
ng umaga hanggang 5 ng gabi ang trabaho ko kaya sa gabi nalang.”
“Syempre kailangan din, kapag sa sabado ay andon ako sa pamilya ko
tapos pag lunes ay babalik na ako sa trabaho.”
“Oo nakakagawa pa naman ako.”
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“Minsan, kasi nagtatrabaho ako lunes hanggang biyernes tapos sa linggo
sana kaso may pasok pa din sila sa linggo eh.”
“Minsan lang.”
“Meron ganon pag linggo meron.”
“Hindi naman masyadong nakakaapekto sa oras sa pamilya. Syempre
kahit paano kailangan mo pa din ng time para sa kanila.”
“Hindi naman nakakaapekto.”
“Meron pa din naman kaming family bonding.”
“Oo nakakapaggawa pa din naman kami.”
“Oo nakakagawa pa kami ng family bonding.”
“Meron pa din naman.”
“Meron din naman.”
Sleep quality
Key Themes
Self-time
Time for family Bonding
Table 2: Thematic Analysis for Research Question 2
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CHAPTER 5
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
This chapter presents the summary of the whole research, and the result of the
study is fully discussed and interpreted.
Summary
The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the impact
of extensive working hours towards the health and well-being of construction
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workers. It is aimed to find out the influence of working overtime on the
psychological well-being of construction workers. The sampling method that was
used on this study is purposive sampling. The respondents for this study are
construction workers of the province of Cavite around Ternate, Naic, and Tanza,
they are purposely selected since they fit the characteristics that the researchers
need for their study. Construction workers were inquired about their insights
about working for long hours at work and its effect on their psychological well-
being.
A 9-item questionnaire was used to the participants in the interview, the
questionnaire contains questions that asks about experiences as a construction
worker that would answer the effects of extensive working hours to their
psychological well-being. Before the participants were inquired, using a face-to-
face interview, a consent form was firstly handed out to for them to understand
the purpose of the study and their identity was not released to the public. A
video recorder was also used during the interview for efficient and convenient
data gathering.
Furthermore, the findings of this study showed that all the participants in
the study, who are the construction workers in the province of Cavite within the
area of Ternate, Naic, and Tanza, have experienced working for 8 hours or more
in their job. It was also showed that majority of the construction workers stated
that they are experiencing extensive work hours since they are being forced to
rush and immediately finish their task so that the construction project would not
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be delayed. Furthermore, some participants stated that time consuming
activities such as finishings and mixing of cements contributes to longer hours of
work. Lastly, most of the construction workers experience difficulties and
challenges such as body pain and exhaustion when working overtime in their
job.
The researchers also concluded that the results and finding also showed
that majority of the participants’ quality of sleep were not really affected by
working for long hours. In fact, a participant even stated that their quality of
sleep is not affected because they are only just working for long hours and not
experiencing excessive amount of work as if their quality of sleep will only be
affected if they are exposed to too much work. Lastly, it was concluded that
majority of the participants still have time for themselves and still engages in
family bonding despite working excessively.
Conclusion
Overall, this study will help to fully understand the impact of extensive
working hours towards the health and well-being of construction workers. Based
on the findings of the study, it was concluded that the construction workers in the
Province of Cavite within Ternate, Naic, and Tanza in the year 2024 were
experiencing overtime in their work. Majority of participants had experience
working for more than 8 hours a day because of the pressure to meet project
deadlines to avoid project delays and time-consuming activities. When working
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for long hours most participants stated that they experience challenges such as
exhaustion and body pain. multiple participants stated that working overtime
does not really affect their sleep quality furthermore, the participants still have
time for themselves and still perform family bonding, some during Sundays. Being
a construction worker is truly hard job that comes with great opportunity and
considerations for time management. This gave them to take responsibilities to
their actions and choices. Construction worker is an exhausting job that uses
their body and strength to fulfill their work. Working helps them to improve their
job and can have a lot of experiences and opportunity for future projects.
Working have made them realize on how they should manage their emotions
when they feel down and exhausted.
Recommendations
The researchers recommend the following:
1. The researchers advise to not be hesitant and nervous when collecting
data or interviewing the respondents, this can mostly hinder and have a
negative effect on the interview process that will lead to lack of
comprehensive and rich data.
2. Researchers must seek guidance and help from teachers. Never be
reluctant when seeking for assistance when conducting your research.
This will be extremely helpful for your advancement of your research and
will greatly help revise your mistakes in your research.
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3. The researchers advise to manage your time well. It will always be better
to have time management as this can help you handle your tasks and
responsibilities that you must finish. It will have a significant impact on your
other activities and the progress of your study if there is no of time
management.
4. Make sure to repeat your questions when interviewing. The participants
sometimes do not understand the questions which results into answers with
uncertainty or responses that are completely not connected at all to the
question.
5. Observe your research carefully. When the study is not meticulously
checked, this can create gaps and confusions in your study. Therefore,
you must always verify your sources if it is related to your topic.
6. The researchers also advise to study how to create a research paper if it is
possible. You must be prepared to create your study since this will greatly
enhance the outcome of your research study.
7. It is advisable to contribute to your research. Members should always be
active. Members should give each other support, refrain from idling and
not doing anything.
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Appendices
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Appendix 1. Approval Letters
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Appendix 2. Consent Form
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Appendix 3. Interview Schedule
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Appendix 4. Photo Documentation
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Appendix 5. Coded Analysis
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Appendix 6. Grammarian Approval
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Appendix 7. Timetable
Target Dates Activities Conducted People Involved
March Title preparation Steven Distor, Naomi
Villar, Vhie Jay Eslabon,
Melnycris Madriaga,
Von Lester Magno,
Stephen Kurt Saclolo,
and Matt Deiniel Lindo
March Making chapter 1-3 Steven Distor, Naomi
Melnycris Madriaga,
Von Lester Magno, and
Stephen Kurt Saclolo
March Pre-Defense Steven Distor, Naomi
Melnycris Madriaga,
Von Lester Magno,
April Conducting interview Steven Distor, Naomi
Melnycris Madriaga and
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Senior High School
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Von Lester Magno
April Revising chapter 1-3, Steven Distor, Naomi
Melnycris Madriaga,
Von Lester Magno, and
Stepehen Kurt Saclolo
April Making chapter 4-5, final Steven Distor, Naomi
defense, and revision Villar, Vhie Jay Eslabon,
Melnycris Madriaga,
Von Lester Magno,
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Department
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Department
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Research Paper g3 Engineering Revised

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The Valley Cathedral Academy, Inc.

#o63 HL Labac, Naic, Cavite

“Impact of Extensive Working Hours Towards the Health

In partial fulfilment of the requirements in

Steven Marville Distor

Health and Well-being of Construction Workers” is prepared and submitted by

Group 3 – Engineering of G11–Isaiah which has been reviewed and

recommended for acceptance and approval for ORAL EXAMINATION.

Mrs. Rebecca Cyrene J. Lozenzana

Research Adviser, Practical Research I

Approved by the COMMITTEE ON ORAL EXAMINATION with a grade of ___on

Dave Homer H. Morales

Genalyn N. Tablada Tristan Kim B. Apostol

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the researchers’ requirements

on the subject Practical Research I for School Year 2023-2024

Mrs. Daisy E. Apinado

The researchers would like to express their sincere thanks and

thank everyone who provided suggestions, gave us the motivation, inspiration

and lastly their support throughout the creation of this study.

the constant presence, guidance, patience, protection, and strength upon us

during the research project.

motivation, patience, and guidance throughout the making of chapters.

by approving our request to conduct a face-to-face interview.

to improve on our research paper.

effort to review the grammar of the researchers’ study.

suggestions, advice, as well as guidance to further improve the study. On top of

that he gave us to progress in the study.

To Ms. Edralyn Padua for encouragement and guidance during the

making of our research study.

To our parents, who continuously give us never-ending love, guidance,

and support to us financially and most importantly, understanding the busy

schedules of their loving sons and daughter.

To our respondents, for supporting us by cooperatively and honestly

answered our survey questionnaires.

Construction Workers. a Senior-high School thesis at The Valley Cathedral

Academy Inc, Labac, Naic, Cavite.

Working overtime is widespread among construction workers in the

construction industry. This qualitative study examined the impact of extensive

psychological well-being of construction workers. Descriptive qualitative

purposive sampling technique.

to the selected participants before proceeding. Face-to-face interview was

conducted by the researchers to ask participants regarding experiences about

overtime and its influence on their psychological well-being throughout the

Background of the Study..................................................................................................1

Significance of the Study..................................................................................................3

Scope and Limitation........................................................................................................4

CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..................................................................9

Summary of Review of Related Literature....................................................................19

Data Analysis Procedure……………………………………………………………………...23

Data Gathering Procedure............................................................................................23

CHAPTER 4 - RESULT AND DISCUSSION...........................................................................25

Research Question 1.......................................................................................................30

CHAPTER 5 – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION............................35

FIGURE AND TABLES

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework………………………………………………….……...

Table 1: Thematic Analysis for Research Question 1……………………………..………

Table 2: Thematic Analysis for Research Question 2………………………………..……

This chapter presents the general explanations of what the researchers