‭Exergy Analysis Of Thermal Power Plant‬

‭Power plant Engineering (MEL7150)‬

‭Made by‬
‭ iya Pankaj (B21ME055),‬ Rohan Kumar (B21ME056)
R

‭Abstract‬‭-‬ ‭The‬‭report‬‭is‬‭based‬‭on‬‭the‬‭exergy‬‭analysis‬‭of‬‭a‬‭thermal‬‭power‬‭plant,‬‭for‬‭which‬‭M/s.‬
‭ hushan‬ ‭Power‬ ‭&‬ ‭Steel,‬ ‭Thelkoli,‬ ‭Odisha‬ ‭has‬ ‭been‬ ‭taken‬ ‭into‬ ‭consideration.‬ ‭The‬ ‭primary‬
B
‭objective‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭work‬ ‭is‬ ‭to‬ ‭analyze‬ ‭the‬ ‭system‬ ‭components‬ ‭separately‬ ‭to‬ ‭identify‬ ‭the‬ ‭parts‬
‭responsible‬ ‭for‬ ‭having‬ ‭loss‬ ‭of‬ ‭energy‬ ‭at‬ ‭large.‬ ‭The‬ ‭conclusion‬‭of‬‭the‬‭research‬‭can‬‭enable‬‭us‬‭to‬
‭configure‬ ‭suitable‬ ‭modifications‬ ‭to‬ ‭improve‬ ‭efficiency‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭system‬ ‭components‬ ‭and‬ ‭to‬
‭minimize the exergy loss of the power plant.‬
‭Based‬ ‭on‬ ‭a‬ ‭study‬ ‭of‬ ‭exergy‬ ‭destruction,‬ ‭the‬ ‭boiler‬ ‭system‬ ‭is‬ ‭having‬ ‭a‬ ‭max.‬ ‭64.04%‬ ‭of‬‭exergy‬
‭loss.‬‭The‬‭exergy‬‭efficiency‬‭of‬‭the‬‭power‬‭plant‬‭is‬‭found‬‭to‬‭be‬‭50.41%,‬‭which‬‭is‬‭low‬‭as‬‭compared‬
‭to‬ ‭modern‬ ‭power‬ ‭plants.‬ ‭According‬ ‭to‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭found‬ ‭that‬ ‭boilers‬ ‭are‬ ‭the‬‭major‬‭source‬‭of‬
‭irreversibility‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭power‬ ‭plant,‬ ‭but‬ ‭the‬ ‭exergy‬ ‭destruction‬ ‭rate‬‭in‬‭boilers‬‭can‬‭be‬‭reduced‬‭by‬
‭introducing‬‭a‬‭reheating‬‭system.‬‭It‬‭is‬‭a‬‭suitable‬‭technique‬‭to‬‭decrease‬‭boiler’s‬‭irreversibility.‬‭The‬
‭effect‬‭of‬‭reheating‬‭for‬‭improvement‬‭of‬‭overall‬‭performance‬‭is‬‭compared‬‭to‬‭the‬‭real‬‭condition‬‭of‬
‭the‬ ‭power‬ ‭plant‬ ‭in‬ ‭this‬ ‭research‬ ‭work.‬ ‭Without‬ ‭any‬ ‭change‬ ‭of‬ ‭fuel‬‭consumption,‬‭the‬‭effect‬‭of‬
‭reheating‬‭to‬‭minimize‬‭exergy‬‭destruction‬‭has‬‭been‬‭also‬‭investigated.‬‭By‬‭introducing‬‭a‬‭reheating‬
‭system‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭found‬ ‭that‬ ‭not‬ ‭only‬ ‭boiler’s‬ ‭exergy‬ ‭destruction‬ ‭is‬‭minimized‬‭but‬‭also‬‭overall‬‭plant‬
‭efficiency and power generation has been increased.‬

‭Nomenclature -‬

h‭ Enthalpy (kj/kg)‬
‭X Exergy (KW)‬
‭M Mass flow rate‬
‭P Pressure (bar)‬
‭Q Heat transfer (kj)‬
‭S Entropy (kJ/kg)‬
‭T Temperature (k)‬
‭I X destruction‬
‭X Exergy‬
‭ST Steam turbine‬
‭In Inlet‬
‭G Gas‬
‭I Irreversibility‬
‭Greek symbols‬
‭ Exergy efficiency‬
η
‭Ψ Specific exergy (kj/kg)‬
‭S Steam‬

‭INTRODUCTION‬

‭ ow-a-days,‬ ‭electricity‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭basic‬ ‭need‬ ‭in‬ ‭human‬ ‭life.‬ ‭From‬‭personal‬‭to‬‭professional‬‭life,‬‭from‬
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‭home‬‭accessories‬‭to‬‭industrial‬‭machineries‬‭nothing‬‭can‬‭be‬‭imagined‬‭making‬‭aside‬‭the‬‭electricity.‬
‭As‬ ‭such,‬ ‭the‬ ‭power‬ ‭generation‬ ‭industry‬ ‭reflects‬ ‭a‬ ‭major‬‭role‬‭in‬‭the‬‭economic‬‭upliftment‬‭of‬‭the‬
‭country.‬ ‭Presently,‬ ‭80%‬ ‭approx.‬ ‭of‬ ‭total‬ ‭electricity‬ ‭consumed‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭world‬ ‭is‬ ‭being‬ ‭produced‬
‭from‬ ‭fossil‬ ‭fuels‬ ‭i.e.‬ ‭coal‬ ‭&‬ ‭petroleum‬ ‭products‬ ‭and‬ ‭only‬ ‭20%‬‭approx.‬‭is‬‭produced‬‭from‬‭other‬
‭sources‬‭like‬‭wind,‬‭water,‬‭hydraulic,‬‭solar,‬‭biogas,‬‭geothermal‬‭etc.‬‭Nowadays,‬‭energy‬‭analysis‬‭of‬
‭power‬ ‭plants‬ ‭is‬ ‭of‬‭scientific‬‭interest‬‭for‬‭making‬‭efficient‬‭utilization‬‭of‬‭energy‬‭resources‬‭as‬‭they‬
‭are‬ ‭constant‬ ‭in‬ ‭nature.‬ ‭The‬‭analysis‬‭of‬‭an‬‭energy‬‭conversion‬‭process‬‭is‬‭normally‬‭carried‬‭out‬‭by‬
‭the‬ ‭first‬ ‭law‬ ‭of‬ ‭thermodynamics.‬‭But‬‭nowadays,‬‭there‬‭is‬‭an‬‭increasing‬‭interest‬‭in‬‭the‬‭combined‬
‭utilization‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭first‬ ‭and‬ ‭second‬ ‭laws‬ ‭of‬ ‭thermodynamics,‬ ‭using‬ ‭both‬ ‭the‬ ‭law‬ ‭exergy‬ ‭and‬
‭irreversibility‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬ ‭calculated.‬ ‭By‬ ‭which‬ ‭one‬ ‭can‬ ‭evaluate‬ ‭the‬ ‭efficiency‬ ‭with‬ ‭which‬ ‭the‬
‭maximum‬ ‭available‬ ‭energy‬ ‭is‬ ‭consumed.‬ ‭Exergy‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭method‬ ‭is‬‭a‬‭tool‬‭for‬‭clear‬‭distinction‬
‭between the energy losses to the environment and internal irreversibility of the process.‬

‭ efinitions:‬
D
‭Exergy‬‭-‬‭a‬‭system‬‭delivers‬‭the‬‭maximum‬‭possible‬‭work‬‭as‬‭it‬‭undergoes‬‭a‬‭reversible‬‭process‬‭from‬
‭the‬‭specified‬‭initial‬‭state‬‭to‬‭the‬‭state‬‭of‬‭its‬‭environment,‬‭that‬‭is,‬‭the‬‭dead‬‭state.‬‭This‬‭represents‬‭the‬
‭useful work potential of the system at the specified state and is called exergy‬

‭1.Thermal Power Plant-‬

‭ hermal‬ ‭power‬ ‭plants‬ ‭are‬ ‭the‬ ‭backbone‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭Indian‬ ‭power‬ ‭sector.‬ ‭In‬ ‭India‬ ‭68.14‬ ‭%‬ ‭of‬
T
‭electricity‬‭is‬‭generated‬‭by‬‭the‬‭thermal‬‭power‬‭plant.‬‭A‬‭thermal‬‭power‬‭plant‬‭continuously‬‭converts‬
‭the‬ ‭energy‬ ‭stored‬ ‭in‬ ‭fossil‬ ‭fuels‬ ‭(coal,‬ ‭oil,‬ ‭natural‬ ‭gas)‬ ‭into‬ ‭shaft‬ ‭work‬ ‭and‬ ‭ultimately‬ ‭into‬
‭electricity.‬‭Thermal‬‭power‬‭plant‬‭converts‬‭heat‬‭energy‬‭of‬‭the‬‭working‬‭fluid‬‭into‬‭electrical‬‭energy.‬
‭The‬ ‭working‬ ‭fluid‬ ‭is‬‭sometime‬‭in‬‭the‬‭liquid‬‭phase‬‭and‬‭sometimes‬‭in‬‭the‬‭vapor‬‭phase‬‭during‬‭its‬
‭cyclic operations.‬
1‭ .1Working Principle of thermal power plant:‬
‭The‬‭thermal‬‭power‬‭station‬‭is‬‭a‬‭power‬‭plant‬‭in‬‭which‬‭the‬‭prime‬‭mover‬‭is‬‭driven‬‭by‬‭steam.‬‭Water‬
‭is‬ ‭heated‬ ‭in‬ ‭a‬ ‭boiler‬ ‭converts‬ ‭into‬ ‭steam‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭steam‬ ‭passes‬ ‭through‬ ‭a‬ ‭nozzle‬ ‭which‬ ‭impact‬
‭force‬‭on‬‭the‬‭turbine‬‭blade.‬‭This‬‭impact‬‭force‬‭produces‬‭turning‬‭moment‬‭to‬‭rotate‬‭the‬‭turbine‬‭shaft‬
‭which‬‭drives‬‭an‬‭electrical‬‭generator‬‭to‬‭produce‬‭electricity.‬‭After‬‭expansion‬‭of‬‭stem‬‭in‬‭the‬‭steam‬
‭turbine,‬ ‭it‬ ‭passes‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭condenser‬‭where‬‭heat‬‭is‬‭taken‬‭away‬‭by‬‭the‬‭cooling‬‭water‬‭coming‬‭from‬
‭the‬‭cooling‬‭tower‬‭or‬‭river‬‭bed.‬‭Makeup‬‭water‬‭is‬‭supplied‬‭to‬‭make‬‭the‬‭water‬‭level‬‭constant‬‭in‬‭the‬
‭boiler.‬ ‭The‬ ‭condensed‬ ‭steam‬ ‭along‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭makeup‬ ‭water‬ ‭is‬ ‭recycled‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭boiler‬ ‭by‬ ‭a‬ ‭feed‬
‭pump‬‭where‬‭it‬‭is‬‭again‬‭heated.‬‭The‬‭cycle‬‭is‬‭repeated‬‭continuously.‬‭This‬‭is‬‭known‬‭as‬‭a‬‭“Rankine‬
‭cycle”.‬

1‭ .2 Reheating cycle:‬
‭If‬ ‭higher‬ ‭steam‬ ‭pressures‬ ‭are‬ ‭used,‬ ‭in‬ ‭order‬ ‭to‬ ‭limit‬ ‭the‬ ‭quality‬ ‭of‬‭steam‬‭to‬‭0.85‬‭at‬‭the‬‭turbine‬
‭exhaust‬‭reheating‬‭system‬‭is‬‭adopted.‬‭In‬‭that‬‭case‬‭all‬‭the‬‭steam‬‭after‬‭partial‬‭expansion‬‭in‬‭the‬‭high‬
‭pressure‬ ‭turbine‬ ‭is‬ ‭brought‬ ‭back‬‭to‬‭the‬‭boiler‬‭reheater,‬‭reheated‬‭by‬‭combustion‬‭gasses‬‭and‬‭then‬
‭fed‬‭back‬‭to‬‭the‬‭low‬‭pressure‬‭turbine‬‭for‬‭further‬‭expansion.In‬‭the‬‭first‬‭step,‬‭steam‬‭expands‬‭in‬‭the‬
‭high‬ ‭pressure‬ ‭turbine‬ ‭from‬ ‭the‬ ‭initial‬ ‭state‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭steam‬ ‭is‬‭then‬‭reheated‬‭in‬‭the‬‭boiler‬‭and‬‭the‬
r‭ emaining‬ ‭expansion‬ ‭is‬‭carried‬‭out‬‭in‬‭the‬‭low‬‭pressure‬‭turbine.‬‭With‬‭the‬‭use‬‭of‬‭reheat‬‭cycle‬‭the‬
‭network output of the plant and performance will increase of as the fuel consumption is same‬

‭2. Exergy-‬

I‭ t‬ ‭is‬ ‭evident‬ ‭that‬ ‭the‬ ‭content‬ ‭of‬ ‭energy‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭universe‬ ‭is‬ ‭constant.‬ ‭But‬ ‭very‬ ‭often,‬ ‭we‬ ‭come‬
‭through‬ ‭different‬‭dialogues‬‭and‬‭articles‬‭on‬‭the‬‭topic‬‭that‬‭“How‬‭to‬‭conserve‬‭energy”.‬‭Since‬‭time‬
‭immemorial‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭known‬ ‭that‬ ‭energy‬ ‭is‬ ‭constant‬ ‭in‬ ‭nature,‬ ‭what‬ ‭need‬ ‭to‬ ‭conserve‬ ‭the‬ ‭energy‬
‭which‬ ‭is‬ ‭already‬ ‭conserved.‬ ‭The‬ ‭content‬ ‭required‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬ ‭conserved‬ ‭is‬ ‭exergy‬ ‭which‬ ‭is‬‭the‬‭vital‬
‭parameter‬ ‭and‬ ‭work‬ ‭potential‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭energy.‬ ‭Exergy‬ ‭is‬ ‭irrecoverable‬ ‭i.e.‬ ‭once‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭wasted‬ ‭can‬
‭never‬‭be‬‭recovered.‬‭Simply,‬‭it‬‭means‬‭that‬‭when‬‭energy‬‭is‬‭used,‬‭the‬‭conversion‬‭of‬‭energy‬‭in‬‭a‬‭less‬
‭powerful form i.e. exergy is used not the energy. Hence, energy is never exhausted.‬

‭ xergy‬‭defines‬‭the‬‭maximum‬‭capacity‬‭of‬‭a‬‭system‬‭to‬‭produce‬‭useful‬‭work‬‭as‬‭it‬‭proceeds‬‭from‬‭a‬
E
‭specified‬ ‭state‬ ‭to‬ ‭a‬ ‭final‬ ‭state‬ ‭which‬ ‭is‬ ‭in‬ ‭equilibrium‬ ‭with‬ ‭its‬ ‭surroundings.‬‭Exergy‬‭cannot‬‭be‬
‭conserved‬ ‭like‬ ‭energy‬ ‭as‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭destructed‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭system.‬ ‭Exergy‬ ‭destruction‬ ‭is‬ ‭the‬ ‭measure‬ ‭of‬
‭irreversibility‬ ‭that‬ ‭is‬ ‭the‬ ‭source‬ ‭of‬ ‭performance‬ ‭loss.‬ ‭Therefore,‬ ‭exergy‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭enables‬ ‭us‬ ‭to‬
‭identify‬ ‭the‬ ‭location,‬ ‭the‬ ‭magnitude‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭source‬ ‭of‬ ‭thermodynamic‬ ‭inefficiencies‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬
‭overall‬ ‭system‬ ‭The‬ ‭minimum‬ ‭exergy‬ ‭that‬ ‭has‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬ ‭rejected‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭sink‬ ‭by‬ ‭the‬ ‭second‬ ‭law‬ ‭is‬
‭called unavailable energy (U.E.). Therefore,‬
 ‭𝑄‬‭1‭‬ ‬ = ‭‭𝑈
‬ ‬. ‭𝐸.‬ ‭‬ + ‭‬‭𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦‬‭‬
‭𝑊‬‭𝑚𝑎𝑥‬‭‬ = ‭‬‭𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦‬‭‬ = ‭‭𝑄
‬ ‭1
‬ ‬‭‬ − ‭‬‭𝑈‬. ‭𝐸‬. ‭‬

‭ xergy‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭method‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭evaluation‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭performance‬ ‭of‬ ‭system‬ ‭devices‬ ‭or‬
E
‭processes.‬ ‭It‬ ‭examines‬ ‭the‬ ‭exergy‬ ‭at‬ ‭different‬ ‭locations‬ ‭of‬ ‭a‬ ‭system‬ ‭through‬‭a‬‭series‬‭of‬‭energy‬
‭conversion‬ ‭steps.‬ ‭Exergy‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭helps‬ ‭to‬ ‭evaluate‬ ‭exergetic‬ ‭efficiencies‬ ‭and‬ ‭to‬ ‭identify‬ ‭the‬
‭system‬ ‭components‬ ‭having‬ ‭max.‬ ‭exergy‬ ‭loss.‬ ‭Broadly‬‭speaking,‬‭the‬‭exergy‬‭analysis‬‭provides‬‭a‬
‭more‬ ‭authenticated‬ ‭and‬ ‭realistic‬ ‭view‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭process‬ ‭or‬ ‭system‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭to‬ ‭improve‬ ‭the‬
‭efficiencies of the power plant.‬

‭3. Methodology-‬

‭ o‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭different‬ ‭component‬ ‭of‬ ‭system,‬ ‭we‬ ‭should‬ ‭first‬ ‭calculate‬ ‭exergy‬ ‭associated‬ ‭with‬
T
‭different type of energy‬

‭3.1 The exergy of heat‬

‭ or‬‭calculation‬‭of‬‭exergy‬‭of‬‭heat‬‭(at‬‭temperature‬‭T):‬‭We‬‭are‬‭using‬‭reversible‬‭thermal‬‭power‬‭cycle‬
F
‭Heat‬ ‭is‬ ‭discharged‬ ‭only‬ ‭to‬ ‭environment‬ ‭(at‬ ‭T0)‬ ‭Maximum‬ ‭theoretical‬ ‭work‬ ‭from‬ ‭reversible‬
‭power cycle‬

‭‬
𝑇
‭𝑑‬‭𝑊‭𝑟‬ 𝑒𝑣‬‭‬ = ‭(‬ ‭1‬ − ‭𝑇‬‭0‬
)
‭With TH = T and TC = T0‬

‭‬
𝑇
‭Exergy =‬‭𝑑‬‭𝑊‬‭𝑟𝑒𝑣‬‭‬ = ‭‬(‭1‬ − ‭𝑇‭0‬ ‬
)
‭3.2 The Exergy of an amount of matter‬
 ‭Q at temperature T0‬

‭ efined‬ ‭as‬ ‭the‬ ‭amount‬ ‭of‬ ‭work‬ ‭that‬ ‭will‬ ‭be‬ ‭obtained‬ ‭when‬ ‭a‬ ‭system‬ ‭brings‬ ‭that‬ ‭matter‬ ‭into‬
D
‭equilibrium‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭environment‬ ‭by‬ ‭a‬ ‭reversible‬ ‭process.‬ ‭(Kinetic‬ ‭and‬ ‭potential‬ ‭energy‬‭is‬‭not‬
‭taken into account) applying first law on above system-‬

‭𝑄‬‭‬ = ‭‬‭𝐻‬‭0‬ − ‭𝐻‭‬‬ + ‭‭𝑊

‬ ‬‭𝑟𝑒𝑣‬
‭For reversible process‬

‭dQ = T.ds‬

‭for a system which can exchange only heat with its environment‬

‭Q =‬‭𝑇‬‭0‬(‭𝑆‭0‬ ‬ − ‭𝑆‬)
‭Combining (1) and (2)‬

‭𝑊‬‭𝑟𝑒𝑣‬‭‬ = ‭‬(‭𝐻‬ − ‭𝐻‬‭0‬) − ‭𝑇‬‭0(‭

‬
𝑆‬ − ‭𝑆‬‭0)‬

‭ his‬ ‭is‬‭the‬‭work‬‭obtained‬‭when‬‭a‬‭system‬‭reversibly‬‭bring‬‭an‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭matter‬‭into‬‭equilibrium‬
T
‭with‬‭its‬‭surrounding‬‭known‬‭as‬‭Exergy‬‭of‬‭matter,‬‭so‬‭specific‬‭exergy‬‭of‬‭amount‬‭of‬‭matter‬‭defined‬
‭as‬
 ψ‭‬ = ‭‬(‭𝐻‬‭‬ − ‭‬‭𝐻‬‭0)‬ − ‭‭𝑇
‬ ‬‭0‬(‭𝑆‬‭‬ − ‭‬‭𝑆‭0‬ ‬)

‭ ere‬‭Ho‬‭and‬‭So‬‭are‬‭enthalpy‬‭and‬‭entropy‬‭at‬‭environmental‬‭temperature‬‭and‬‭pressure.‬‭For‬‭flow‬‭of‬
H
‭mass it will be‬
‭X=m×Ψ‬

‭2.3 Calculation of Exergy Destruction of an open, Steady state, Constant Volume System‬

‭ hen irreversibility is present in system exergy loss takes place, exergy balance for irreversible‬
W
‭process‬

‭2‬ ‭𝑇‬
‬ ‬‭𝑖𝑛‬‭‬ + ‭‬∫(‭1‬ − ‭‬ ‭𝑇‭0‬‬ ). ‭𝑑𝑄‬ − ‭𝑊‬‭𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣‬
‭𝐸‬‭𝑥‬‭𝑖𝑛‬‭‬ = ‭‬‭𝐸‭𝑥
‭1‬

‭𝐸‬‭𝑥‬‭𝑖𝑛‬‭‬ = ‭‬‭𝐸‭𝑥
‬ ‬‭𝑖𝑛‬‭‬ + ‭‬‭𝑊‭𝑖‬𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣‬

‭2‬ ‭𝑇‬
‬ ‭1‬ ‬ − ‭‬‭𝐸‬‭𝑥‬‭2‬ + ∫( ‭1‬ − ‭‬ ‭𝑇‭0‬‬ ). ‭𝑑𝑄‬ − ‭𝑊‭𝑖‬𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣‬
‭𝐸‬‭𝑥‬‭𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠‬‭‬ = ‭‬‭𝐸‭𝑥
‭1‬

‭But from above equation it is clear that‬

 ‭𝐸‬‭𝑥‬‭1‬ = ‭‬‭(‬ ‭𝐻‬‭1‭‬ ‬ − ‭‬‭𝐻‬‭0‬) − ‭‬‭𝑇‬‭0(‭
𝑆‬ ‭‬ − ‭‬‭𝑆‬‭0)‬
‬ ‭1‬

‭𝐸‬‭𝑥‬‭2‬ = ‭‬‭(‬ ‭𝐻‬‭2‭‬ ‬ − ‭‬‭𝐻‬‭0‬) − ‭‬‭𝑇‬‭0(‭

𝑆‬ ‭‬ − ‭‬‭𝑆‬‭0)‬
‬ ‭2‬

‭2‬ ‭𝑇‬
‭𝐸‬‭𝑥‬‭𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠‬ = ‭‬(‭𝐻‬‭1‬ − ‭𝐻‬‭2‬) − ‭‬‭𝑇‭0‬ ‬(‭𝑆‬‭1‬ − ‭‬‭𝑆‭2‬ ‬) +‭‬∫(‭1‬ − ‭‬ ‭𝑇‭0‬‬ ). ‭𝑑𝑄‬ − ‭𝑊‭𝑖‬𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣‬
‭1‬
‭Applying first law of Thermodynamics to above system‬

‭Q =‬‭𝐻‬‭2‬ − ‭𝐻‬‭1‬ + ‭𝑊‭𝑖‬𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣‬

‭2‬
‭𝑑𝑄‬
‭𝑆‭2‬ ‬ − ‭𝑆‭1‬ ‬ = ‭‬∫( ‭𝑇‬
) + ∆‭𝑆‬‭𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣‬
‭1‬
‭Then‬ ‭𝐸‬‭𝑥 ‬‭𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠‬ ‭becomes‬

‭𝐸‬‭𝑥‬‭𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠‬‭‬ = ‭‬‭𝑇‭0‬ ‬.△‭𝑆‬‭𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣‬

‭Mass, energy balance on any control volume‬

‭Ʃ mi= Ʃ me; Q – W= Ʃ me he – Ʃ mi hi‬

‭Exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency equation for different pant component defined as‬

‭For Boiler Destruction Iboiler = Xfuel+ Xin –Xout;‬ ‭Efficiency‬‭ȵ boiler = (Xout–Xin )/ Xfuel‬
‭For pump Destruction Iboiler = Xin –Xout+ Wpump‬‭;‬‭Efficiency‬‭ȵ pump =1–Ipump/Wpump‬

‭For Heaters Destruction Iheater = X in –X Out;‬‭Efficiency‬‭ȵ heater = 1–Iheater/ Xin‬

‭For Turbine Destruction Iboiler = Xin –Xout– Welec;‬‭Efficiency‬‭ȵ pump = 1–Iturbine/Xin–Xout‬

‭For condenser Destruction Iboiler = Xin –Xout+ Wf;‬‭Efficiency‬‭ȵ pump = Xout / (Xin + Wf)‬

‭For cycle Destruction Icycle=ƩallcomponantIi;‬‭Efficiency‬‭ȵ pump = Went out/ Xfuel‬

‭Pump work done = For boiler =1.255190058 MW; For CRT = 0.460590643 MW‬