GENETIC

ENGINEERING IN
ANIMAL
Biotechnology

Jihan Azhara Puteri (2100579)

 GENETICS ENGINEERING
Genetic engineering is the use of molecular biology
technology to modify DNA sequence(s) in genomes,
using a variety of approaches (Lanigan, 2020).

This process is facilitated by advances in genome

sequencing, gene expression, and metabolic profiling
of animal cells. The steps in genetic engineering of
animals include DNA extraction, gene cloning, gene
design, transformation, and cross-breeding to
introduce the transgene into the animal's genome
 STEPS IN GENETIC ENGINEERING
DNA CROSS-
GENE CLONING GENE DESIGN TRANSFORMATION
EXTRACTION BREEDING

Enzymatic digestion/mechanical using a host organism, such as

1 disruption method. 2 bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells.

Specific sequences that will enable it to be Introduced into the host animal's cells
3 incorporated into the host animal's
genome.
4 using various methods (DNA microinjection,
electroporation, or viral vectors).

5 Mating the modified animals with animals

that carry the gene of interest.
 WHAT IS CRISPR/CAS9?
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

In genetic engineering of animals, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is

used to introduce precise modifications into the animal's
genome. It works by exploiting the natural defense mechanism
of prokaryotic cells against invading viruses. The system
consists of two main components: a guide RNA (gRNA) and a
Cas9 protein.

Applied to establish genetically modified large animal models, including sheep,

goats, and dogs. These models have been instrumental in investigating disease
pathogenesis, testing potential therapies, and advancing pre-clinical research.
 APPLICATIONS OF GENETICS
ENGINEERING (RESEARCH)
Used for scientific experiments to study diseases,
develop treatments, and even grow organs suitable
for human transplantation.
Transgenic animals, such as the Oncomouse, have
been used to study cancer in mice.
Transgenic rabbits producing proteins used in a
drug to treat a dangerous tissue swelling
demonstrate the potential of genetic engineering
in animals for medical research.
 APPLICATIONS OF GENETICS
ENGINEERING (ARGICULTURE)
Genetic engineering in animals is used to improve
livestock by creating animals that are more
disease-resistant.
Animals with better growth rates can lead to
increased productivity and profitability in
agriculture.
Genetically modified animals can produce higher
quality products like milk or meat, which can
benefit consumers and the agricultural industry.
 APPLICATIONS OF GENETICS
ENGINEERING (MEDICINE)
Applied to create animals with specific traits
beneficial for human use, such as disease-resistant
pigs and tuberculosis-resistant cows.
Recombinant bovine somatotrophin (rBST), a growth
hormone used to extend the lactation cycle in dairy
cows, has potential applications in human medicine.
Create pigs resistant to diseases (porcine reproductive
& respiratory) demonstrates the potential of genetic
engineering in animals.
ADVANTAGES
Enhance food quality and quantity.
Improve animal health.
Aid in disease control.
Create animals that are more resistant to diseases.
Increase milk and meat production.
Produce transgenic animals to produce proteins in large quantities
for industrial applications.

DISADVANTAGES
Interfere with an animal's normal genetic makeup.
Unpredictable effects on behavior and well-being.
Developmental abnormalities in cloned animals.
Potential risks to the environment and ecosystems.
Ethical issues related to animal welfare.
 ETHICAL ISSUES & ANIMAL WELFARE
Interference with an animal's
natural genetic makeup.
Unpredictable effects on
behavior and well-being.
Developmental abnormalities in
cloned animals.
Potential risks to the
environment and ecosystems.
Ethical issues related to animal
welfare.
Cloned animals may suffer from
developmental abnormalities.
Genetic engineering can
negatively affect an animal's
behavior and well-being.
Potential impact on animal
rights and sentience.
Genetic engineering has the potential to improve
animal health, enhance food production, and aid
in disease control. However, it also can interfere
with an animal's natural genetic makeup, leading
to unpredictable effects on their behavior and
well-being.
REFERENCES

Thieman, W. J. (2009). Introduction to biotechnology. Pearson Education India.

Lanigan, Thomas M., Huira C. Kopera, and Thomas L. Saunders. "Principles of genetic engineering." Genes 11.3 (2020):
291. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenes11030291
Lei, T., Chen, L., Wang, K., Du, S., Gonelle-Gispert, C., Wang, Y., & Buhler, L. H. (2022). Genetic engineering of pigs for
xenotransplantation to overcome immune rejection and physiological incompatibilities: The first clinical steps.
Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 1031185.
Nicholl, D. S. (2023). An introduction to genetic engineering. Cambridge University Press.