V51RSDP07001.0 4.0

ORIGIN ESBS PROJECT A350 XWB
REFERENCE
Reference Structure Design Principles (RSDP) V51RSDP07001.0
ISSUE 4.0 DATE 7 Sep 2012
Reference Structure Design Pinciple for A350 XWB

Reference Structure Design Principles (RSDP)
PREPARED FOR A350 XWB Program

SUMMARY:
Within A350 XWB program development and in compliance with Structures CoC mission, this
document is issued to be used as the reference for structural design principles for whole
A350XWB family.
This note addresses mainly structural design items. System installation design guidance is
addressed by SIDPs (System Installation Design Principles).
This note aims at assisting deployed structural designers (and stressmen) for the achievement of
a proof design, in compliance with best practices, applicable regulations, weight optimisation,
manufacturing processes and economical/environmental constraints. Its content reflects the
experience acquired by Airbus engineers previous program developments, the latest technology
progress status, and any design improvement driven by recent in-service or manufacturing
experience. Deviations from these basic principles here in, must be justified and authorized by
the Structures CoC.
This document is split in 6 volumes dealing respectively with General and Hybrid Design
principles (RSDP Vol. 1), Composite Design principles (RSDP Vol. 2), Metallic Design principles
(RSDP Vol. 3), and Fuselage (RSDP Vol. 4), Wing (RSDP Vol. 5) and Rear Fuselage and
Empennage Design principles (RSDP Vol. 6).
Confidentiality restrictions for distribution of any partial content of the whole referenced
document, or distribution of any listed cross-reference, to non-Airbus skills, are described
hereafter.
NAME SIGLUM - FUNCTION DATE SIGNATURE
OWNER BIELING U. EBKBS - Head of EBKBS

APPROVAL
NAME SIGLUM - FUNCTION DATE SIGNATURE
CHECK BY FUALDES C. ESKN - Head of A350NSDW
AUTHORIZATION HOLMES C. KES - Head of KES
© AIRBUS S.A.S. 2012. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
This document and all information contained herein is the sole property of AIRBUS S.A.S.. No intellectual property rights are granted by the delivery of this document or the disclosure of its content. This document shall
not be reproduced or disclosed to a third party without the express written consent of AIRBUS S.A.S.. This document and its content shall not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied.
AN EADS COMPANY AIRBUS S.A.S. 1, ROND-POINT MAURICE BELLONTE

SOCIÉTÉ PAR ACTIONS SIMPLIFIÉE 31707 BLAGNAC CEDEX
AU CAPITAL DE 2.704.375 EUROS FRANCE
R.C.S. TOULOUSE C 383 474 814 PHONE +33 (0)5 61 93 33 33
RSDP_FM0601977_v1.1 Page 1 of 26
Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

REFERENCE STRUCTURE DESIGN PINCIPLE FOR A350 XWB REFERENCE V51RSDP07001.0
Reference Structure Design Principles (RSDP) ISSUE 4.0 DATE 7 Sep 2012
<DIDEROT _C ARTRID GE_1_END>
NAME FUNCTION VOLUMES SIGNATURE/DATE
AUTHORING EDWARDS P. ESKBR 0
Applicable Restrictions for External Distribution

This document has been primarily established for Airbus design skills
dedicated to the A350 XWB program and contains Airbus proprietary
information.
Any distribution (whole document or parts of it) to non-Airbus companies shall
be limited to A350 XWB design activities and shall be subjected to adequate
contractual confidential rules as defined by the A350 XWB program
management. As a general rule, cross-references listed in this document shall
not be externally distributed, except for A350 XWB dedicated ones.
On a case-by-case basis, some authorizations may be given for
communication of these cross references by the Structure CoC, but it is not
intended to make the Airbus Design Manuals (knowledge repositories)
available to non-Airbus companies.
Export rules towards A350XWB Risk Sharing Partners are as follow:
• Volume 0 (Introduction): to all RSPs
• Volumes 1, 2 & 3 (Generic): to all RSPs
• Volume 4 (Fuselage): to Fuselage section RSPs only
• Volume 5 (Wing): to Wing RSPs only
• Volume 6 (Rear Fuselage and Empennage): to RFE RSPs only
AUTHORIZED FOR EXTERNAL

DISTRIBUTION BY:
Name: SCHWEIM M.
© AIRBUS S.A.S. 2012. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY DOCUMENT.
Page 2 of 26

LIST OF DISTRIBUTION
DEPARTMENT/CO NAME P.O. BOX COVER NOTE NOTE
MPANY PAGE WITHOUT WITH
ONLY ATTACH- ATTACH-
MENT MENT
ESW R. Rauh X
ESA D. Moreau X
ESV B. Rollin X
ESB K. Kalmer X
ESI F. Hashagen X
ES A. Tropis X
ESBCK P. Mattei X
ESBC JB. Estadieu X
ESKR H. Sotto X
ESKIW N. Emerson X
ESKIT JJ. Jareno-Diz-Lois X
ESKI M. Schimmler X
ESBT B. Robledo X
ESDQ JM. Schneiter X
ESDO J. Gaudin X
ESKN C. Fualdes X
ESKN N. Hellard X
ESWCG H. Wilmes X
ESKAT L. Risse X
ESBW J. Castle X
EDSWY B. Carrière X
ESKBS U. Bieling X
ESKW A. Walter X
ESBY M. Tomasi X
ESKDW B. Dawson x
ESKD F. Dubois x
ESKDB G. Joannis X
ESBY L. Michelet X
ESBY A. LeLouarn X
ESBI H. Cuminal X
ESAL H. Wellen X
ESAK D. Barthe X
ESAZ D. Fitzsimmons X
ESAS JY. Beaufils X
ESAB P. Delorme X
ESAW M. Collins X
ESAC H. Peitz X
ESAZAM JL. de la Gandara X
ESVO K. Stupperich X
ESVA G. Vittadini X
ESKV M. Van Der Zwalmen X
ESVL R. Hinrichs X
Page 3 of 26


MENT MENT
ESVB JP. Faure X
ESVI S. Raynes X
ESWN V. Cortes Testillano X
ESWA G. Lewis X
ESWB W. Lampa X
ESWC JS. Gomez X
ESWO L. Pinto X
ESW1 C. Ruckert X
ESW2 P. Fournier X
ESW3 S. Vetter X
ESDQA V. Berrue X
ESBS M. Schweim X
ESBSR J. Telgkamp X
ESBSR D. Elbracht X
ESBSR B. Sasse X
ESKBS L. Margull X
ESKIT R. Marugan-Juadenes x
ESKBS B. Rettig X
EDSBSR2 J. Dubost X
ESKBS A. Bregand x
ESKBS H. Cazeneuve x
ESKBS G. Delest x
ESKBS F. Dittmar x
ESKBS M. Hauptmann x
ESKBS G. Jarsaillon x
ESKBS S. Morvan x
ESKBS C. Rivero de la Vega x
ESKBS G. Supan x
ESKBS B. Thomas x
ESKBS S. Tiemann x
ESKB M. Tran Van x
ESBSW G. Platts x
ESBSW A. Meisner x
ESBSW M. Vernon x
ESBST CE. Frias Fuentes x
ESBST S. Mansilla Mora X
ESBST JM. Pina Lopez X
ESKN J. Millière X
KBEXD31 V. Herard X
TWEKU M. Hodkisson X
ESBT A. Postigo X
ESBT JL. Lozano-Garcia X
ESBT R. Carrasco X
ESBCK G. Becchi X
Page 4 of 26


MENT MENT
ESBCK JC. Lacombe X
ESIRBU G. Young X
ESBCS F. Dazet X
ESWYG B. Quase X
ESW2 G. Potticary X
KBEI M. Cazzola X
KBEN12 H. Bonnet X
KMC O. Koch X
TTEK A. Lozano X
KBENA G. Maixant X
TTEK JL. Cifuentes X
TWEK A. Dutton X
KBEW A. Decker X
KBEW1 H. Kirstein X
NO. OF COPIES 0 0 100
Page 5 of 26

RECORD OF REVISIONS
ISSUE DATE EFFECT ON REASONS FOR REVISION
PAGE PARA
Pre-design 14/11/2007 Initial Issue

Principle
Vol 0 - Issue 1
Reference 31/03/2008 Update of Volumes 1 to 6
Structure Design
Principle
Vol 0 - Issue 2
Reference 05/01/2009 Update of Volumes 1 to 6
Structure Design
Principle
Vol 0 - Issue 3
Reference 07/09/2012 Update and simplification of Volume 0,
Structure Design statement of applicability to whole A350XWB
Principle family,
Vol 0 - Issue 4 Update of Volumes 1 to 6
Page 6 of 26

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................8
1.1 Scope of the Document .....................................................................................................8
1.2 Contents ............................................................................................................................9
1.3 Applicability/Confidentiality ................................................................................................9
1.4 Top level Documents .......................................................................................................10
1.5 Terminology .....................................................................................................................10
1.6 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................11
1.7 Glossary ..........................................................................................................................15
Page 7 of 26

1 Introduction
Following program management request, and in compliance with the fundamental missions
and processes assigned to the ES Engineering Structure Centre of Competences, this
document shall be used as the reference for structural design principles to be considered
when initiating the A350XWB (Extra Wide Body) detailed design for all variants (-800, -900,
-1000), in the definition phase of this program (when making the "design solutions"/detailed
design principles).
As indicated by the title, mainly structural design items are addressed by this note, knowing
that system installation design guidance is already given through specific documentation.
The aim of this document is to introduce the issued RSDP Volumes 1 to 6, giving guidance of
where and how to use each document.
1.1 Scope of the Document

In accordance with the "Perform" and "Enable" macro processes held by ES in the field of
Structure Design and System Installation for compliance to the Airbus overall process map, it
is planned to provide for each new A/C or significant variant, a set of structural design
principles, known as "Reference Structural Design Principles (RSDP)” and system installation
design principles known as "System Installation Design Principles (SIDP)" that will be the
basic reference for developing the detailed definition work after MG4.
They both aim at assisting and orienting internal and external (risk sharing partner) designers
(and other involved skills) for the achievement of a proof design, in compliance with state-of-
the-art applicable regulations, manufacturing processes and economical/environmental
constraints. Their contents should reflect the experience acquired by local design offices from
previous program developments, the latest technology progress status, and any significant
design improvement driven by recent in-service or manufacturing experience. It is therefore
normal to find information that was already given in the previous publishing of such. This set of
documents, dedicated to A350XWB is now presenting the reference design principles meeting
with structure requirements.
The RSDPs are mandatory and must be followed by design offices. The deviations from these
basic design principles given in such documents must be justified and authorised by
Structures CoC (or people having the sub-delegated technical authority). The review of the
technical compliance between these generic (RSDP Volumes 1 to 3) and component (RSDP
Volumes 4 to 6) design principles and the detailed ones (from CoEs) should be done within the
frame of the Design Reviews, with the support of the CoC senior design domain
representatives (design experts).
The AP5897.2 “Create Reference Structure Design Principles” documents the design principle
definition process along the A/C development phase.
It should be particularly retained that in the "cruise phase" the A/C related RSDP documents
(same approach for SIDP’s) will be established by reference to three main know-how sources
managed by Structures CoC:
− The Airbus Structure Design Manual, ASDM, being the repository of best design
practices (access via: (http://toapp002.eu.airbus.corp/ASDMTool/HomePage.html)
internal access only).
Page 8 of 26

− The real time experience collected via RISE (Return of In-Service Experience) and
validated through an ES network for relevant subjects.
− The maturity reports issued from research and technology projects.
1.2 Contents
The design principles described below are as generic as possible, but also include component
related design details for more pragmatic assistance to the designer (Fuselage, Wing and RFE
(Rear Fuselage and Empennage)).
The typical chapter breakdown of the document is as follows. The document is generally
divided into six separate volumes:
− General Design Principles (Volume 1)
− Composite Design Principles (Volume 2)
− Metallic Design Principles (Volume 3)
− Fuselage (Volume 4)
− Wing (Volume 5)
− Rear Fuselage and Empennage (Volume 6)
Volume 1 deals with all the design considerations or requirements in common with both
composite and metallic technologies and ones specific to a hybrid composite/metallic design.
Volumes 2 and 3 present both composite and metallic design principles respectively, for which
generic rules per technologies and applications on various components are given.
Volumes 4 to 6 describe customised design rules/principles for specific types of structure in

Fuselage, Wing and RFE.
Volumes 4 to 6 will provide a customisation of Volumes 1 to 3 generic rules to specific areas of

components (eg. Door frames) and detailed design principles/concepts for each component
(frame clip, circumferential joint, etc.).
New technologies are captured when possible, and are valid for all A350XWB variants. All
corresponding Volumes are applicable to all variants of the A350XWB program.
1.3 Applicability/Confidentiality
This document has been primarily established for Airbus design skills dedicated to the
A350XWB program and contains Airbus propriety information.
Any distribution (whole document or parts of it) to non-Airbus companies shall be limited to
A350XWB design activities and shall be subjected to adequate contractual confidential rules as
defined by the A350XWB program management.
As a general rule, cross-references listed in this document shall not be externally distributed,
except for A350XWB dedicated ones. On a case by case basis, some authorisations may be
given for communication of these cross references by the Structure CoC, but it is not intended
to make the Airbus Design Manuals (knowledge repositories) available to non-Airbus
companies.
Page 9 of 26

1.4 Top level Documents

• Top Level Aircraft Requirements (TLAR) for the A350 XWB:
Ref. 731.0052/06
• Top Level Structure Requirements (TLStR) for the A350 XWB:
Ref. RQ0700510
1.5 Terminology
The following standard requirement terms shall have the meanings defined below:
− The word SHALL express a mandatory requirement. Departure from such a
requirement is not permitted without formal agreement.
− The word MUST is used for legislative or regulatory requirements that shall be
complied. It is not used to express a requirement in the Document.
− The word SHOULD express a strong recommendation or advice on implementing
such a requirement. A justification to the appropriate level of compliance is needed if
these requirements are not fully met.
− The word WILL express permissible practice or action; not requirement.
− The word MAY express guidelines and no justification is required if they are not
followed. Use of the word "may" is also used where the applicability of a requirement
is not currently known (for example where a requirement is dependent upon the
outcome of a trade study).
Page 10 of 26

1.6 Abbreviations
80-T-xx-xxxx: Airbus Deutschland Process Specification
φ/∅: Diameter
θ/α: Angle
σ: Stress
 A
a/c: Aircraft
ABD: Airbus Directives and Procedures
AC: Advisory Circular
ACMT: Aircraft Component Management Team
A-D: Airbus Deutschland
ADET: Airbus France Technical Requirements
A-E: Airbus España
A-F: Airbus France
AIMS: Airbus Industrie Material Specification
AIPS: Airbus Industrie Process Specification
AM2xxx: Airbus Means and Methods
AP2-xxx-xx: Airbus Principles Documentation
APU: Auxiliary Power Unit
ASN: xxx-xx: Airbus France Standards for Design
ATL: Automatic lay-up
A-UK: Airbus United Kingdom
 B
BITE: Built In Test Equipment
 C
CAA: Chromic Acid Anodising
CAO: Airbus France Computer Aided Design
CCD: Circumscribing Circle Diameter
CCI: Continuous Cost Improvement
CDBT: Component Design Build Team
CFC/Coff: Knock Down Factors
CFC: Carbon Fibre Composite
CFRP: Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic
CFRP: Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers
CMIT: Component Management Integration Team
CoC: Centre of Competence
CoE: Centre of Excellence
CO2: Carbon Dioxide
CSDE: Central Servicing Development Establishment
CWB: Centre Wing Box
Page 11 of 26

 D
d: Distance
DB: Diffusion Bonding
DO: Design Office
DOF: Direction Of Force
DSD: Discrete Source Damage
DSG: Design Service Goal
 E
e: Edge Distance
ECM: Enterprise Cost Management
 F
F&DT: Fatigue and Damage Tolerance
FAA: Federal Aviation Administration
FAF: Forward Aft Fuselage
FAR: Federal Aviation Requirements
Fbru: Maximum Allowable Bearing Stress
FC: Fatigue Cycles
FEM: Finite Element Modelling
FML: Fibre Metal Laminates
FP: Fibre Placement
FPO: Future Projects Office
FRP: Fibre Reinforced Plastics
FSW: Friction Stir Welding
 G
GFRP: Glass Fabric Reinforced Plastic
GPL: Airbus France Lock Bolts, Tensile Rivets
 H
HS: Standard Modulus (applied to fibres)
HTP: Horizontal Tail Plane
 I
ICE: Integrated Cost Environment
ICY: Interchangeability
IM: Intermediate Modulus (applied to fibres)
IPDA xx-xx: Process Instructions Aircraft Documentation
IQF: Indice de Qualité en Fatigue/Fatigue Quality Index
IVD: Ion Vapour Deposits
 J
JAR: Joint Aviation Requirements
Page 12 of 26

 K
K: Multiplication Factor/Knock Down Factor
Ke: Kinetic Energy
 L
L: Length
LBW: Laser Beam Welding
LE: Leading Edge
LRI: Liquid Resin Infusion
LRU: Line Replacement Units
 M
MP xx-xx-xx: Airbus France Manual for Manufacture
MTS xxx: Airbus France Technical Structural Manual
MU: Manufacturing Unit
MVF: Metal Volume Fraction
 N
N/C: Numerical Control
NatCo: National Company
NDT: Non-Destructive Testing
NRC: Non-Recurring Cost
NSA xxxx: Airbus France Standards for Design
 P
p: Fastener Pitch
P: Pressure
PDM: Product Data Management
PGL: Pièce de Grande Largeur (Large Width Part)
PPL: Pièce de Petite Largeur (Small Width Part)
PSD: Product Support Department
PSE: Principal Structural Element
PTFE: Poly-Tetra-Fluoro-Ethylene
Pu: Polyurethane
 R
R: Radius
RC: Recurring Cost
RDtC: Re-Design to Cost
Re: External Radius
RF: Reserve Factor
RFI: Resin Film Infusion
Ri: Internal Radius
RT: Room Temperature
RTM: Resin Transfer Moulding
Page 13 of 26

RWR: Radar Warning Receiver

 S
S: Impression Surface Area
s: Projected Surface Area of Impression
SA: Single Aisle
SDC: Structural Damage Capability
SPF: Super Plastic Forming
SRM: Structural Repair Manual
SSE: Significant Structural Element
SSI: Significant Structural Item
 T
t: Thickness
tcyl: Cylindrical Thickness in a Countersunk
TDD: Technical Design Directive
TH: Tooling Hole
t i: Thickness of Part i
TT: Total Thickness
TWI: The Welding Institute
 U
UD: Uni-Directional
UTS: Ultimate Tensile Stress
 V
VA: Value Analysis
Void content: Volume Percentage of Voids.
VTP: Vertical Tail Plane
 W
WFD: Widespread Fatigue Damage
Wt: Transverse Pitch
 Z
Zi: The far end distance of each ply (i) from the laminate mean plane
Page 14 of 26

1.7 Glossary
It is assumed that the structure designer already has a mature understanding of many of the
technical terms used within this document.
For this reason the list below is limited to the more unusual or specialist terminology used.
For an extensive list of acronyms and word definitions, please refer to Lexinet - the Airbus
Reference Language Terminological Tool (related to AP2080).
 A
Adherent: A body which is held to another body by adhesive.
Adhesion: The state in which two surfaces are held together at an interface by
mechanical or chemical or interlocking action or both.
Adhesive failure: Rupture of an adhesive bond such that the separation appears to be at the
adhesive-adherent interface.
Adhesive strength: Strength of the bond between an adhesive and an adherent.
Adhesive: A substance capable of holding two materials together by surface
attachment. Adhesive can be film, liquid, or paste form.
Agreement Letter: Contract between Programme/Decision Maker and Owner of a DtC operation
regulating agreement on the deliverables and costs (man-hours) involved.
Angle-ply laminate: A laminate having fibres of adjacent plies orientated at alternating angles.
Angle-ply: For layers at angles typically 45º, 135°, 90° and 0°.
Anisotropic One in which the properties are different in different directions. Usually
laminate: referring to in plane properties (see also quasi-isotropic laminate)
Anisotropic: Not isotropic. A material whose properties vary dependant upon its
orientation (no planes of material property symmetry exist).
Anisotropy of The difference of the properties along the directions parallel to the length or
laminates: width of the laminate on planes and perpendicular to the lamination.
Aramid: A type of highly oriented organic material derived from polyamide (nylon) but
incorporating aromatic ring structure. Used primarily as a high-strength high-
modulus fibre. Kevlar is an example of an Aramid.
Areal weight: The weight of fibre per unit area (width x length) of tape or fabric.
Autoclave: A closed vessel for conducting a chemical reaction or other operation under
pressure and heat.
 B
Balanced Equal parts of warp and fill in fibre fabric. Construction in which reactions to
construction: tension and compression strain only and in which flexure loads produce pure
bending of equal magnitude in axial and lateral directions.
Balanced laminate: A laminate with a balanced lay-up.
Balanced lay-up: A stacking sequence that contains angled plies, which for every ply at an
angle of "+q" there is a corresponding ply laid at an angle of "-q".
Page 15 of 26

Bending-twisting A property of certain classes of laminates that exhibit twisting curvatures

coupling: when subjected to bending moments.
Bi-axial load: A loading condition in which a laminate is stressed in two different directions
in its plane.
Bi-directional A reinforced plastic laminate with the fibres oriented in two directions in its
laminate: plane. For a cross laminate, see also unidirectional laminate.
BOF: Bought Out Finished (Refers to any material of detail or assembly that is
produced from an external supplier for example Aluminium billet, fasteners,
Electrical Connectors, etc.)
Bond strength: The amount of adhesion between bonded surfaces. The stress required to
separate a layer of material from the base to which it is bonded, as
measured by load/bond area.
Bonding: A joining process, where the parts to be joined are connected with each
other using surface adhesion and the inherent strength of the adhesive layer.
Brown paper It is a tool that displays the relevant information to support the idea
method: generation phase of the DtC process.
Buckling A mode of failure generally characterised by an unstable lateral; material
(composite): deflection due to compressive action on the structural element involved.
Bundle: A general term for a collection of essentially parallel filaments or fibres.
Bypass load: Loads in a joint plate, containing multiple rows of fasteners, are induced by
bearing and non-bearing (bypass) loads, with the exception of the last row of
fasteners which experience only bearing loads.
Bypass stress: This is calculated by dividing the bypass load by either the net section area
((w-d)·t) or gross section area (w·t). The specific area taken should be
commensurate with the source of any stress concentrations applied to the
resulting bypass stresses. It should be noted that for infinitely wide plates an
effective width is taken, this is generally a multiple of the bolt diameter.
 C
CA: Constituent Assembly. Aircraft sub-assembly resulting from the industrial
breakdown and associated with a production centre forming the configuration
management unit. The Constituent Assemblies are assembled on a product
line and are delivered with a delivery dossier AP2080
CADCO: Conceptual Aircraft Design Cost Optimizer
CBS: Cost Breakdown Structure. It is the PBS with the cost assigned on
percentage units to each part/sub-assembly constituting the product,
including the assembly costs. The cost percentage assigned to each
part/sub-assembly is its RC in proportion to the cost of the product scope of
the DtC operation.
From AP1002: "A pre-allocation of project costs, arranged in such way that
each work package identified in the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is
attached to a given budget. In principle, the CBS shall be directly derived
from the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)".
Co-bonding: One or several parts are fresh and the others are pre-cured.
Co-curing: Two or more uncured parts are cured together and simultaneously bonded.
Cohesive failure: Failure of an adhesive joint occurring primarily in an adhesive layer.
Page 16 of 26

Cohesive strength: Intrinsic strength of an adhesive.
Composite material: A combination of two or more materials (reinforcing elements, fillers, and
composite matrix binder), differing in form or composition on a macroscale.
The constituents retain their identities; they do not dissolve or merge
completely into one another although they act in concert. Normally, the
components can be physically identified.
Constituent: In general, an element of a larger grouping. In advanced composites, the
principle constitutes are the fibres and the matrix.
Core: Part of the sandwich structure that resists the shear loads that the structure
is subjected to and increases the stiffness of the structure by holding the
facing skins apart
Cost Book: It is the complete hierarchical product breakdown of a component containing
all the sub-assemblies and parts that compose the component, each with its
associated recurring cost. The Cost Book can be used as a basis for
identifying the cost drivers.
Cost drivers: Cost drivers are the dimensioning parameters influencing the cost of a
technical solution or technology (eg: material, a step of manufacturing
process…) with associated factors. They correspond to translation of "cost
figures" into "technical usable matter in Engineer’s language". Cost Drivers
arise from an engineering analysis of cost data of a reference solution, which
lead to a common understanding of their evolution. As a result, they enable a
better understanding of the impact of a design choice on cost. The objective
of cost driver identification and their presentation to the workgroup is to
create a common understanding of where the costs arise, in order to focus
creativity on significant areas/topics and stimulate efficient cost-reducing
alternative proposition on these identified parameters.
Coupling effect: See Bending-twisting coupling, Extensional-bending coupling and
Extensional-shear coupling
Cross-ply laminate: A laminate with plies usually oriented at 0º and 90º only.
 D
Datum: Reference position from which others dimensions are taken.
Debond: A deliberate separation of a bonded joint or interface, usually for repair or
rework purposes. Also, an unbonded or non-adhered region; a separation at
the fibre-matrix interface due to strain incompatibility. In the United Kingdom,
the term often refers to accidental damage. See also disbond and
delamination.
Degradation: The alteration of material properties (e.g. strength, modulus, coefficient of
expansion) which may result from deviations in manufacturing or from
repeated loading and/or environmental exposure.
Delamination: The separation of one or more layer of a laminate.
Design scenario: A design option combining all compatible DtC items.
Disbond: An area within a bonded interface between the adherents in which an
adhesion failure or separation has occurred. Also, colloquially, an area of
separation between two laminae in the finished laminate (in this case, the
term delamination is normally preferred). See also debond.
Page 17 of 26

Drape: The ability of pre-impregnated broad goods to conform to an irregular shape;

textile conformity.
DtC (Design to Design to Cost - is defined as an anticipating management method which,
Cost): from the start of the development programme of a product or system, takes
the production costs into account. The anticipated production cost is
considered a performance that must be attained, as is the case for technical
performances, and takes into account technical and economic constraints as
well as new technologies. It elevates cost to the same level of concern as
performance, weight and schedule in order to deliver an affordable aircraft
(without compromising quality).
DtC operation: Any of the projects where the DtC process is applied, under a certain scope
to meet a specific recurring cost target. Basically, the DtC process is the
common methodology whereas the DtC operation is the project itself where
the DtC methodology is applied.
 E
E-glass: A family of glasses with a calcium aluminoborosilicate composition and a
maximum alkali content of 2.0%. A general purpose fibre that is most often
used in reinforced plastics, and is suitable for electrical laminates because of
its high resistively.
EODT: Department: Design to Cost & Value Analysis
ETVA: Department: Technology Evaluation & Viability
Extensional- A property of certain classes of laminates that exhibits bending curvatures
bending coupling: when subjected to extensional loading.
Extensional-shear A property of certain classes of laminates that exhibit shear strains when
coupling: subjected to extensional loading.
 F
Fabric: See Woven fabric
Face sheet (also The thin laminates of a sandwich structure that transmits the shear loads
Facing skin): applied to the structure to the core material.
Fatigue: The process of progressive localized permanent structural change occurring
in a material subjected to conditions that produce fluctuating stresses and
strains at some point or points, and which may culminate in cracks or
complete fracture after a sufficient number of fluctuations.
Fettling: The removal of material from a component during assembly to facilitate
manufacture to within a tolerance requirement. The volume of material
removed is normally small (≤ 1 mm in thickness) and should be incorporated
within the component during the design phase to facilitate ease of
manufacturing tolerance requirement.
Fibre content: The amount of fibre present in a composite. This is usually expressed as a
percentage volume fraction or weight fractions of the composite.
Fibre orientation: The angle between the fibre direction and a specified datum.
Fibre volume The fibre content of a composite expressed as a percentage by volume.
fraction (Vfvf): Generally determined by combination of fibre and composite densities and
determining mass of fibres by burn-off or acid-peroxide digestion. Also
possible to do by microscopic image analysis.
Page 18 of 26

Fibre: A general term used to refer to filamentary materials. Often fibre is used
synonymously with filament. It is a general term for a filament with a finite
length that is at least 100 times its diameter, which is typically 5 to 7 microns
for carbon fibres and 10 to 25 microns for glass fibre. In most cases it is
prepared by drawing from a molten bath, spinning, or deposition on a
substrate. Fibres can be continuous or specific short lengths (discontinuous).
Fibreglass Major material used to reinforce plastic. Available at mat, roving, fabric, and
reinforcement: so forth, it is incorporated into both thermosets and thermoplastics.
Fibreglass: An individual filament made by drawing molten glass. A continuous filament
is a glass fibre of great or indefinite length. A staple fibre of relatively short
length, generally less than 430 mm, the length related to the forming or
spinning process used.
Fibre-reinforced A general term for a composite that is reinforced with cloth, mat, strands, or
plastic (FRP): any other fibre form.
Filament: The smallest unit of a fibrous material. The basic units formed during
drawing and spinning, which are gathered into strands of fibre for use in
composites. Filaments usually are of extreme length and very small
diameter, usually less than 25 microns. Normally filaments are not used
individually. Some textile filaments can function as a yarn when they are of
sufficient strength and flexibility.
Filled hole strength: This material property is generated from the results of coupon tests
comprising laminates with centrally, positioned holes filled with bolts/pins,
tested in compression which gives filled hole compressive (FHC) strength.
Airbus Industrie test method for notched compressive strength as: Maximum
compressive load experienced by the notched test specimen divided by the
initial cross sectional area within the gauge length. It should be noted that
other sources quote the strength as being based on the net section area ((w-
d)·t) rather than on the gross section area (w·t).
Flexural strength: The maximum stress that can be borne by the surface fibres in a beam in
bending. The flexural strength is the unit resistance to the maximum load
before failure by bending, usually expressed in force per unit area.
Function costs: It is the total of the expenditure predicted or incurred in providing a function
in a product. The sum of the costs of providing all the different functions
equals the total cost of the product. Determining function costs is part of the
Functional Analysis.
Function: The normal characteristic actions of part of an aircraft in relation to the
whole. AP2080. In terms of value analysis, a function is each and every
individual effect of the value analysis object (under investigation). The
conceptual content of the word "effect" includes "the cause" (as goal), the
"working" (as process), the "effect" (as result). Generally, in Value Analysis a
function is always described by the infinitive of a verb and a noun (e.g. to
move liquid). A functional approach requires the problem to be formulated in
terms of end results and not in terms of solutions.
Functional analysis: The identification of functions, the quantification of the performances to be
reached and the common understanding of the functions of those involved in
the development of the product.
Functional See "Requirements/Constraints"
requirements:
Page 19 of 26

 G
Glass fibre: A glass filament that has been cut to a measurable length. Staple fibres of
relatively short length are suitable for spinning into yarn.
 H
Hand lay-up: The process of placing (and working) successive plies of reinforcing material
in resin to reinforce on a mould by hand.
Hybrid: A composite laminate consisting of laminae of two or more composite
material systems. A combination of two or more different fibres, such as
carbon and glass or carbon and Aramid, into a structure. Tapes, fabrics, and
other forms may be combined; usually only the fibres differ.
Hygroscopic: Applied to a material, will absorb moisture from the environment over time
 I
Interlaminar shear The maximum shear stress existing between layers of a laminated material.
strength:
Interlaminar shear: Shearing force tending to produce a relative displacement between two
laminae in a laminate along the plane of their interface.
Interlaminar: Descriptive term pertaining to an object (for example, voids), event (for
example: fracture), or potential field (for example: shear stress) referenced
as existing or occurring between two or more adjacent laminae.
IQF (Indice de Stress level at R = 0.1 which gives a fatigue life of the component equal to
Qualité en Fatigue/ 105 cycles
Fatigue Quality
Index):
Isotropic laminate: One in which the strength properties are equal in all directions.
Isotropic: A Material whose properties are identical in all directions at all points and
every plane is a material plane of symmetry.
 L
Lamina: A single ply or layer in a laminate made up of a series of layers (organic
composite). A flat or curved surface containing unidirectional fibres or woven
fibres embedded in a matrix (metal matrix composite).
Laminae: Plural of lamina.
Laminate co- A reference co-ordinate system (used to describe the properties of a
ordinates: laminate), generally in direction of principal axes, when they exist.
Laminate level Established from multi-ply laminate test data and/or from test data at the
design values or lamina level and then established at the laminate level by test validated
allowables: analytical methods.
Laminate The configuration of a cross-plied composite laminate with regard to the
orientation: angles of cross-plying, the number of laminae at each angle, and the exact
sequence of the lamina lay-up.
Laminate ply: One fabric-resin or fibre resin layer of a product that is bonded to adjacent
layers in the curing process.
Page 20 of 26

Laminate: To unite laminae with a bonding material, usually with pressure and heat
(normally used with reference to flat sheets, but also rods and tubes). A
product made by such bonding. See also bi-directional laminate and
unidirectional laminate.
Lay-up: A term used to define the percentage of 0º, ± 45º and 90º plies in a laminate.
Long-Transverse The transverse direction having the largest dimension, often called the
Direction: "width" direction. For die forgings this direction is within ± 15° of the
longitudinal (predominate) grain direction and parallel, within ± 15°, to the
parting plane (both conditions must be met.)
 M
Matrix: The essentially homogeneous resin or polymer material in which the fibre
system of a composite is imbedded. Both thermoplastic and thermoset resins
may be used, as well as metals, ceramics, and glasses.
Metal Volume The fraction of metal in the material based on its volume.
Fraction:
Micro cracking: Cracks formed in composites when thermal stresses locally exceed the
strength of the matrix. Since most micro cracks do not penetrate the
reinforcing fibres, micro cracks in a cross-plied tape laminate or in a laminate
made from cloth pre-preg are usually limited to the thickness of a single ply.
Moisture The pickup of water vapour from air by a material. It relates only to vapour
absorption: withdrawn from the air by a material and must be distinguished from the
water absorption, which is the gain in weight due to the take-up of water by
immersion.
Moisture content: The amount of moisture in a material determined under prescribed
conditions and expressed as a percentage of the mass of the moist
specimen, that is, the mass of the dry substance plus the moisture present.
 N
Natco: National Company.
NRC: Non-Recurring Cost. Initial one-time costs linked to implementing the project;
non-recurring costs are always funded by project budget.
 O
ODBC: Open Data Base Connectivity (ODBC) is a data programming interface that
enables the applications to access data in a database management systems
that use Structured Querry Language (SQL) as a data access standard).
Open hole strength: Also referred to as "notched strength", this material is generated from the
results of coupon tests comprising laminates with centrally positioned holes
tested either in tension, which gives Open Hole Tensile (OHT) strength or
compression, which gives Open Hole Compressive (OHC) strength. Airbus
Industrie test method defines the notched compressive strength as:
Maximum compressive load experienced by the notched test specimen
divided by the initial cross sectional area within the gauge length. A similar
definition is given for notched tensile strength. It should be noted that other
sources quote the notched strengths as being based on the net section area
((w-d)·t) rather than on the gross section area (w·t).
Page 21 of 26

Orientation: The alignment of the crystalline structure in polymetric materials in order to

produce a highly aligned structure. Orientation can be accomplished by cold
drawing or stretching in fabrication.
Oriented materials: Materials, particularly amorphous polymers and composites, who molecules
and/or macro constituents are aligned in a specific way. Oriented materials
are anisotropic. Orientation can generally be divided into two classes,
uniaxial and bi-axial.
Outlife: Applied to a material, the total time that can be exposed to ambient
conditions, i.e. out of the freezer.
 P
Packers: Items inserted into an assembly to account for any manufacturing tolerance
build-up. They will be solid (usually metallic) and physically fixed into place
during the assembly process. In addition to this it is also normally considered
as a structural component.
PBS: Product Breakdown Structure. It is the Bill of Materials (BOM) of the product
under investigation, as detailed as required for the purpose of the exercise. It
represents the hierarchical composition of the assemblies and parts that
constitute the product scope of the DtC operation.
Peel ply: The outside layer of a laminate which is removed or sacrificed to achieve
improved bonding of additional plies.
Plastic Deformation: Change in dimensions of an object under load that is not recovered when the
load is removed, as opposed to elastic deformation.
Plastic memory: The tendency of a thermo-plastic material that has been stretched while hot
to return to its unstretched shape upon being reheated (spring-back).
Plate: Flat rolled product of rectangular cross-section and uniform thickness over 6
mm (see also Sheet).
Plugged door: A door pressed by the differential pressure against the doorstops and
therefore having inherent safety against accidental openings due to
malfunctioning of the lock. On the contrary a non-plugged door is kept in
position by the lock mechanism.
Ply: See lamina.
Pre-impregnation: The practice of mixing resin and reinforcement and effecting partial cure
before use or shipment to the used (see pre-preg).
Prepreg: Refer to see composite part (Volume 2 or GLARE chapter)
Pre-preg: Ready-to-mould material in sheet form which may be cloth, mat or paper
impregnated with resin and stored for use. The resin is partially cured to a
"B" stage and supplied to the fabricator who lays up the finished shape and
completes the cure with heat and pressure.
Project Project Management includes the planning, organizing, monitoring and
management. controlling of all aspects of the project in a continuous process to achieve its
objectives (such as performance/functionality, schedule, cost and quality). It
applies knowledge, skills, tools, techniques, resources and experience, by a
designated Project Leader, who will manage the project activities in order to:
− meet and exceed the need and expectations of stakeholders,
− achieve project objectives, whilst balancing the constraints of
performance, schedule, cost, quality and resources.
Page 22 of 26

 Q
Quasi-isotropic: Used for laminates in which there are approximately equal proportions of
fibres in the 0, ± 45, 90º directions giving "almost" isotropic behaviour.
Usually refers to in plane properties.
 R
RC: Recurring Cost. Costs directly related to the project that recurs throughout
the project’s life. Recurring costs are funded by Project budget till 31st
December following the related M13, else by Services budget
Reference solution: It is the Airbus wide standard adopted solution for some particular functions,
requirements and specifications to fulfil. The common design solution
adopted from former aircraft or knowledge gained through benchmarking
activities
Reinforcement: A strong material bonded into a matrix to improve its mechanical properties.
Reinforcements are usually long fibres, chopped fibres, whiskers,
particulates, and so forth. The term should not be used synonymously with
filler.
Requirements/ Need or expectation that is stated generally, implied or obligatory, for
Constraints: defining the system concerned (normally explained in the Technical Design
Directives and other Airbus standards). This also includes functional
requirements, which are the specific needs directly related to a particular
function, specifying how it is to be fulfilled in the system concerned.
Resin content (by The percentage by mass of resin in a pre-preg relative to the mass of the
mass): pre-preg (resin plus fibre). Generally determined by solvent extraction and
weighing before and after or by burn off of the resin (glass) with weighing.
Resin content: The amount of resin in a laminate expressed as either a percentage of total
weight or total volume.
Resin Film Infusion: This refers generally to two related processes or variations thereof: Thick
Film RFI - this process involves assembling a dry fabric, multi-layer preform
and placing a resin film of tiles on one side only (top or bottom). Thin Film
RFI (semi-preg) - in this process a resin film of desired areal weight is
applied to one side of each fabric layer and lay-up occurs similarly to pre-
preg. In both processes once the resin and fabric are combined they are
heated under vacuum and pressure. As the viscosity of the resin reduces
initially with temperature, it infuses into the fabric and is cured to form a
laminate.
Resin Transfer A closed cavity high tolerance and high cost moulding process in which a dry
Moulding (RTM): fabric "preform", usually held together with a resin binder of stitching is placed
within a machined cavity, generally of multiple components to aid assembly
and disassembly. The cavity is sealed for pressure/vacuum and heated
normally under a partial vacuum to remove volatiles until the desired injection
temperature. Pre-heated resin is introduced under pressure via a single of
multiple openings known as "ports" or "gates" and bled until all air or vacuum
is displaced by resin. The resin escape route is blocked or pressure
maintained until the resin is at least gelled. The temperature of the assembly is
raised to the cure temperature and maintained for a set time to achieve a cure.
The assembly is cooled and disassembled, (often at an elevated temperature
to minimise differential thermal expansion effects), and the component is
removed and trimmed.
Page 23 of 26

Resin: A solid, semisolid, or pseudo-solid organic material that has an indefinite and
often high molecule weight, exhibits a tendency to flow when subjected to
stress, usually has a softening.
REX (Return on The reciprocal exchange and sharing of information among different
Experience): business areas, programmes or projects and therefore apply the usable
ideas and knowledge from others for the benefit of all.
Ribbon direction: On a honeycomb core, the length of the core splice; the direction
perpendicular to the direction of cell expansion (w-direction). The direction of
one continuous ribbon.
 S
Sandwich: A structure consisting of two thin face sheets bonded to a thick, lightweight
core material.
Secondary Bonding: The joining by adhesive of two or more already cured composite parts.
S-Glass: A magnesia-alumina-glass, especially designed to provide very high tensile

strength glass filaments.
Sheet: Flat rolled product of rectangular section and uniform thickness from 0.2 up
to and including 6 mm supplied in straight lengths with slit, sawn or sheared
edges (see also Plate).
Shelf life (at The minimum time period at a temperature (typically - 18°C for pre-pregs,
specified film adhesives or 5°C for some materials such as primers) specified in the
temperature): material specification for which the material maybe stored plus the work-
life/out-life at ambient temperature and still meet the material specification
requirements.
Shims: Similar to a packer in that it is placed within an assembly to absorb
manufacturing tolerance build-up. However shims differ in that they are not
normally manufactured from a metallic material and are considerably thinner
than a packer. As a consequence they can be fixed into the assembly
through adhesion as apposed to a mechanical joint and as such are not
considered as part of the structure of an assembly. This is normally the
defining factor between the use of a packer or a shim.
Shrinkage: The linear dimensional change within a laminate during a process. Note:
This dimensional change does not include out of plane distortion.
Skydrol: Hydraulic fluid designed specifically for use within the aerospace industry.
Stacking sequence: A description of a laminate that details the ply orientations and their
sequence in the laminate.
Strand: Bundle of filaments.
Stress All structural parts have changes in section and/or shape. Common
Concentration examples. are holes and screw threads. Any discontinuity changes the
Factor: stress distribution in the vicinity of the discontinuity, so that the basic stress
analysis equations no longer apply. Such "discontinuities" or "stress raisers"
cause local increase of stress referred to as "stress concentration". The
"geometric" stress concentration factor Kt or is used to relate the actual
maximum stress at the discontinuity to the nominal stress. Kt = max
stress/nominal stress.
Structural adhesive: Adhesive used for transferring required loads between adherents exposed to
service environments typical for the structures involved.
Symmetric lay-up: The stacking sequence of the laminate is symmetric with respect to the mid-
plane.
Page 24 of 26

 T
Tack: Stickiness of an adhesive or filament reinforced resin pre-preg material.
Thermal stress Crazing and cracking of some thermoplastic resins, resulting from over
cracking: exposure to elevated temperatures.
Thermoplastic: Capable of being repeatedly softened by increase of temperature and
hardened by decrease in temperature; applicable to those materials whose
change upon heating is substantially physical rather than chemical.
Thermoset: A plastic which when cured by application of heat of chemical means
changes into a substantially infusible and insoluble material.
Tow or roving: Basic bundle of filaments or fibres. Sizes of tows are normally quoted in
numbers of fibres per tow, e.g. typically 3K, 6K or 12K.
Transverse Perpendicular to the principal direction of flow in a worked metal; may be
Direction: defined as T, LT or ST.
 U
Unidirectional or UD A reinforced plastic laminate in which substantially all of the layers are
laminate: aligned in one direction.
Unidirectional tape: Fibres held (nominally in parallel) within an appropriate partially cured matrix
(resin system).
 V
Void Volume The void content of the laminate expressed as a percentage by volume.
Fraction (Vv): Generally determined in combination with Vf by difference and knowing the
density of the resin used, but this method is prone to errors. May also be
determined by microscopic image analysis. Vv values should be as low as
possible, ideally << 2%.
Voids: Air or gas that has been trapped and cured into a laminate. Porosity is and
aggregation of micro voids. Voids are incapable of transmitting structural
stresses.
Volatile content (by The percentage change in mass from the pre-preg weight after drying in an
mass): oven, assumed to be residual solvents or moisture. Measurements are taken
at ambient temperature before and after drying and the environment is
controlled before and during cooling.
Volume fraction: Fraction of a constituent material based on its volume.
Vulnerability: Degree to which the undesirable event as defined and specified, will degrade
the flight or mission.
 W
Warp: The yarn running length wise in a woven fabric. A group of yarns in long
lengths and approximately parallel. A change in dimension of a cured
laminate from its original moulded shape.
Water absorption: Ratio of the weight of water absorbed by a material to the weight of the dry
material.
WBS: Work Breakdown Structure. From AP1002: "The WBS is a deliverable-
oriented, organized grouping of project elements which organizes and
defines the total scope of a project. Each descending level element
represents an increasingly detailed definition of project components; which
may be either products or services".
Page 25 of 26

Weave: The particular manner in which a fabric is formed by interlacing yarns.

Usually assigned a style number.
Weft: The transverse threads or fibres in a woven fabric. Those fibres running
perpendicular to the warp. Also called fill, filling yarn, or woof.
Wet lay-up: The reinforced plastic which has liquid resin applied as the reinforcement is
laid up. The opposite of "dry lay-up".
Wet strength: The strength of an organic matrix composite when the matrix resin is
saturated with absorbed moisture, or is at a defined percentage of absorbed
moisture less than saturation.
Woven fabric: A material (usually a planar structure) constructed by interlacing yarns, fibres
or filaments to form such patterns as plain, harness satin or leno weaves.
WP: Work Package. WPs are Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) elements
assignable to an individual or an organizational unit that is responsible at the
appropriate level. AP1002
 Y
Yarn: Twisted bundle of strands.
Page 26 of 26

REFERENCE V51RSDP07001.0
Validation Report
ISSUE 4.0 DATE 07 Sep 2012
Reference Structure Design Pinciple for A350 XWB

Validation Report
APPROVAL
Name [Siglum] Date
FUALDES CHANTAL [ESKN] 28 sept. 2012 Electronically validated
AUTHORIZATION
Name [Siglum] Date
Bieling Ulrich [ESKBS] 28 sept. 2012 Electronically validated
AUTHORIZATION FOR APPLICATION

Name [Siglum] Date
HOLMES CHRISTOPHER [KES] 10 oct. 2012 Electronically validated

V51RSDP07001.0 4.0

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

V51RSDP07001.0 4.0

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ORIGIN ESBS PROJECT A350 XWB

Reference Structure Design Pinciple for A350 XWB

PREPARED FOR A350 XWB Program

NAME SIGLUM - FUNCTION DATE SIGNATURE

OWNER BIELING U. EBKBS - Head of EBKBS

NAME SIGLUM - FUNCTION DATE SIGNATURE

CHECK BY FUALDES C. ESKN - Head of A350NSDW

AUTHORIZATION HOLMES C. KES - Head of KES

AN EADS COMPANY AIRBUS S.A.S. 1, ROND-POINT MAURICE BELLONTE

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

<DIDEROT _C ARTRID GE_1_END>

NAME FUNCTION VOLUMES SIGNATURE/DATE

AUTHORING EDWARDS P. ESKBR 0

Applicable Restrictions for External Distribution

AUTHORIZED FOR EXTERNAL

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

DEPARTMENT/CO NAME P.O. BOX COVER NOTE NOTE

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

DEPARTMENT/CO NAME P.O. BOX COVER NOTE NOTE

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Pre-design 14/11/2007 Initial Issue

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

1.1 Scope of the Document

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Volumes 4 to 6 describe customised design rules/principles for specific types of structure in

Volumes 4 to 6 will provide a customisation of Volumes 1 to 3 generic rules to specific areas of

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

1.4 Top level Documents

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

RWR: Radar Warning Receiver

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Bending-twisting A property of certain classes of laminates that exhibit twisting curvatures

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Cohesive strength: Intrinsic strength of an adhesive.

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Drape: The ability of pre-impregnated broad goods to conform to an irregular shape;

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Orientation: The alignment of the crystalline structure in polymetric materials in order to

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

S-Glass: A magnesia-alumina-glass, especially designed to provide very high tensile

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Weave: The particular manner in which a fabric is formed by interlacing yarns.

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

Reference Structure Design Pinciple for A350 XWB

AUTHORIZATION FOR APPLICATION

Electronically validated - Released on 10 Oct 2012

You might also like