X Chem Master Key Differences 22 - 23

FALGUNI MISS
02. DIFFERENCES (101) (2022 – 2023).
01. PERIODIC PROPERTIES AND VARIATIONS OF

PROPERTIES.
1. Difference between alkali metal and halogen:

Alkali metal Halogens
Elements Lithium, Sodium, Potassium Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine,
rubidium, Caesium, Francium. Iodine, Astatine.
Valency Univalent [1 valence electron]. Univalent [7 valence electrons].
Nature Highly reactive. Highly reactive.
Highly electropositive. Highly electronegative.
Light, soft metals. Non – metals.
[metallic in nature] [Non-metallic in nature]
Metals – are soft and hence can Gaseous – F and Cl.
be cut with a knife. Liquid – Bromine.
Solid at room temp – Iodine.
Conductivity Good conductor of heat and Bad conductors of heat and
electricity. electricity.
Reducing / Strong reducing agents. Strong oxidizing agents
Oxidizing [alkali metals – electron donors] [halogen – electrons acceptors].
nature Have one valence electron Have one electron less in the
which is easily removed from outermost shell, so easily
outer shell. accepts.
Reaction with: Electrovalent compounds are Covalent compounds are formed
Non – metals formed [NaCl, KBr]. [HCl, PCl3, S2Cl2].
Hydrogen Ionic hydrides are formed Covalent hydrides are formed
[LiH, NaH]. [HF, HCl, HBr, Hl].
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2. Difference between periods and groups of modern periodic table:
Periods Groups
Periods are the horizontal rows of the Groups are the vertical columns of the
periodic table. periodic table.
Period numbers signifies the number Group numbers signifies the number of
of electron shells of an element. valence electrons of an element.
There are 7 periods. There are 18 groups.
Elements in the same period have Elements in the same group have same
same no. of valence shell and different valence electrons (valency) and similar
chemical properties. chemical properties.
The elements show transition in The elements show transition in properties
properties like: like:
Nuclear charge – Increases. Nuclear charge – Increases.
Atomic size – Decreases. Atomic size – Increases.
Electro positivity – Decreases Electro positivity – Increases.
Electro negativity – Increases. Electro negativity – Decreases.
Electron affinity – Increases. Electron affinity – Decreases.
Ionization potential – Increases. Ionization potential – Decreases.
Density: Increases gradually, then Density: Increases gradually.
decreases (gases).
Melting point: First increases then Melting point: Decreases gradually.
decreases.
Periodicity in chemical properties: Periodicity in chemical properties:
Varies from – ACROSS A PERIOD DOWN A GROUP
Oxides Strongly basic to Strongly acidic Oxides Acidic to Basic
Hydroxides Strongly basic to Amphoteric Hydroxides Less basic to Strongly basic
Oxy-acids Weak oxy-acids to strong oxy-acids Oxy-acids Strong oxy-acids to Weak oxy-acids
Hydrides Strongly basic to strongly acidic Hydrides Less acidic to More acidic
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02. CHEMICAL BONDING.
3. NH4+ and H3O+:

NH4+ H3O+
When NH3 added to water: When any acid (HCl) added to water: Acid
Water dissociate to H+ and OH-. dissociates to form H+ and Cl-.
The H+ combines with NH3 to form The H+ combines with H2O to form H3O+.
NH4+.
4. Properties of CCl4 and NaCl:

CCl4 (covalent compound) NaCl (electrovalent compound)
Bonding is covalent. Bonding is electrovalent.
Weak Force of attraction. Strong Force of attraction.
Volatile. Non-volatile.
Low melting and boiling point. High melting and boiling point.
Cannot be electrolyzed in normal Can be electrolyzed in molten / aq. Soln.
state. state.
Insoluble in water. Soluble in water.
Undergo ionization. Undergoes electrolytic dissociation.
5. Covalent compounds - methane (non-polar) & HCl (polar):

Non Polar Methane Polar – HCl
Shared pair of electrons are equally Shared pair of electrons is unequally
distributed between the two atoms. distributed between the two atoms.
No charge separation takes place. Charge separation takes place.
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6. Electrovalent and Covalent compounds:
Electrovalent Covalent compounds
It consists of metallic or non-metallic It consists of molecules.
ions.
It exhibits strong electrostatic forces of It exhibits Weak Vander Waal’s forces of
attraction between the ions. attraction between the molecules.
It exists as crystalline hard solids at It exists as gases, liquids or soft solids at
room temperature. room temperature.
They are Non – volatile. They are Volatile.
They have high melting point and They have Low melting point and boiling
boiling points. points.
They are good conductors of heat. They are bad conductors of heat.
In solid state electrovalent compounds In solid, liquid or gaseous state, non-polar
are non-conductors of electricity. covalent compounds are non-conductors of
electricity.
In Molten or aqueous state Polar covalent compounds are good
electrovalent compounds are good conductors of electricity.
conductors of electricity.
They can be electrolyzed in molten/aq. Non polar covalent compounds cannot be
soln. state. electrolyzed in normal state.
Polar covalent compounds can be
electrolyzed in aqueous state.
They are soluble in water and insoluble They are soluble in organic solvents [non-
in organic solvents. polar] and Insoluble in water [polar].
They undergo high speed ionic They undergo slow speed molecular
reactions. reactions.
They undergo electrolytic dissociation They undergo ionization on passage of
on passage of the electric current. electric current in aqueous state.
It is separation of ions which are It is formation of ions from molecules which
already present in the ionic are not in ionic state.
compound. HCl → H1+ + Cl1-
NaCl ⇌ Na1+ + Cl1-
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7. Carbon tetrachloride & sodium chloride with regard to solubility in
water & electrical conductivity:
Carbontertra chloride Sodium chloride
Solubility in water Insoluble in water. Soluble in water.
Electrical conductivity Soft solid state – Solid state –
non-conductor. non-conductors.
Gaseous or liquid state – Molten or aqueous state –
non-conductor. good conductors.
03. ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.
8. Acids and Bases:

Acids Bases
Acid is a compound which when Bases is a compound which reacts with
dissolved in water yields hydronium hydronium ions of an acid to give salt and
ions [H3O+] as the only cation. water as the only compound.
9. Basicity of acids and acidity of bases:

Basicity of Acids Acidity of Bases
Basicity of acids is a measure of no. of Acidity of bases is the measure of no. of
hydrogen ions [H+] which can be hydroxyl ions [OH-] which can be produced
produced per molecule of an acid in its per molecule of the base in its aqueous
aqueous state. OR The no. of hydroxyl state. OR The no. of hydrogen ions with
ions with which a molecule of an acid which a molecule of a base combines.
combines.
10.Monobasic acid and Monoacidic base:

Monobasic acid Monoacidic base
Monobasic acid is an acid which ionizes Monoacidic base is a base which ionizes in
in aqueous state to produce one aqueous state to produce one hydroxyl ion
hydrogen ion per molecule of the acid. per molecule of the base. OR It contains
OR It contains one replaceable one replaceable hydroxyl ion per molecule
hydrogen ion per molecule of an acid. of the base.
Examples: HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH. Examples: NaOH, KOH, NH4OH.
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[Acetic acid [CH3COOH] has 4 hydrogen
atoms in it, but in aqueous state it
ionizes to produce only 1 hydrogen ion /
molecule of the acid.]
11.Dibasic acid and Di acidic base:

Dibasic acid Di acidic base
Di basic acid is an acid which ionizes in Di acidic base is a base which ionizes in
aqueous state to produce two aqueous state to produce two hydroxyl ions
hydrogen ions per molecule of the per molecule of the base. OR It contains
acid. OR It contains two replaceable two replaceable hydroxyl ions per molecule
hydrogen ions per molecule of the of the base.
acid.
Examples: H2SO3, H2SO4, H2CO3. Examples: Ca(OH)2, Zn (OH)2, Cu(OH)2.
12.Tribasic acid and Tri acidic base:

Tribasic acid Triacidic base
Tribasic acid is an acid, which ionizes in Tri acidic base is a base, which ionizes in
aqueous state to produce three aqueous state to produce three hydroxyl
hydrogen ions per molecule of the ions per molecule of the base. OR It
acid. OR It contains three replaceable contains three replaceable hydroxyl ions
hydrogen ions per molecule of the per molecule of the base.
acid.
It forms three salts- two acids, one
normal [NaH2PO4 Na2HPO4 Na3PO4]
Example: Phosphoric acid. Examples: Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3.
13.Common acid – base indicators and Universal indicators:

Common acid – base indicators Universal indicators
Acid base indicators are complex Universal indicators are complex
compounds which indicates whether a compounds which indicates the strength or
solution is acidic or alkaline by giving pH range of the acidic or alkaline solution,
one type of colour, but cannot by giving different colors with different pH
determine its strength. values.
Examples: Litmus, methyl orange, Examples: pH paper or solution (mixture of
phenolphthalein. organic dyes).
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14.Organic and inorganic acid:
Organic acid Inorganic acids
Organic acids are acids derived from Inorganic acids are acids derived from
plants. minerals [mineral acids].
Example: Citric acid Examples: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
15.Hydracids and oxy acids with examples:

Hydra acid Oxy acids
Hydra acids are acids containing Oxy acids are acids containing hydrogen
hydrogen and a non-metallic element and oxygen along with another element.
other than oxygen. Examples: HNO3, H2SO4
Examples: HCl, HBr, HI
16.Strong and Weak acid:

Strong Acid Weak Acid
Strong acid is an acid which almost Weak acid is an acid which dissociates
completely dissociates into H+ in an partially into H+ in an aqueous solution.
aqueous solution.
Examples: Hydrochloric, Sulphuric & Examples: Acetic, Citric, Carbonic & Formic
Nitric acid. acid.
17.Strong and Weak alkali:

Strong Alkali Weak Alkali
Strong alkali is an alkali which almost Weak alkali is an alkali which dissociates
completely dissociates into OH- in partially into OH- in an aqueous solution.
aqueous solution.
Examples: Lithium, Sodium and Examples: Ammonium hydroxide and
Potassium hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide.
04. MOLE CONCEPT AND STOICHIOMETRY.

– No Differences
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05. ELECTROLYSIS.
18.Metal and Electrolyte:

Metal (Cu) Electrolyte (CuSO4)
The flow of electricity is by flow of The flow of electricity is by flow of ions.
electrons.
The metal does not decompose, so the The electrolytic solution decomposes so the
chemical properties are intact. chemical properties are altered.
Metals are good conductors of Electrolytes are good conductor of
electricity in the solid and molten state electricity in aqueous solutions or in molten
state but not in solid state.
No transfer of matter takes place, no Transfer of ions takes place, new products
new products are formed and heat are formed and heat energy is produced.
energy is produced.
19.Metallic Conduction and Electrolytic Conduction:

Metallic Conduction Electrolytic Conduction
Flow of electricity is by flow of Flow of electricity is by flow of ions.
electrons.
Metals conducts electricity in solid and Electrolytes conducts electricity in aqueous
molten state. solution or molten state.
No transfer of matter takes place. Transfer of ions takes place.
20.Copper sulphate solution & Copper metal:

Copper sulphate solution [CuSO4] Copper metal [Cu]
The flow of electricity takes place by The flow of electricity takes place by flow of
flow of ions which are dense electrons, which have negligible mass.
compared to electrons.
Electrolyte are good Conductors of Metals are good conductors of electricity in
electricity in aq. soln. the solid state than in the molten state.
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21.Nickel wire and Nickel sulphate solution:
Nickel wire Nickel sulphate soln.
Ni wire is a good conductor of NiSO4 solution is an electrolyte since it
electricity but is a non-electrolyte decomposes on passage of electric current
since it does not undergo chemical forming nickel ions and sulphate ions. The
decomposition due to flow of electric Ni2+ ions are discharged at the cathode as Ni
current through it. metal when nickel electrodes are used.
06. ANALYTICAL AND PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY.
22.Iron (III) chloride and Copper chloride solution:

Iron (III) Chloride solution Copper Chloride solution
Add NH4OH, first little and then in Add NH4OH, first little and then in excess, it
excess, it forms a reddish brown ppt. forms a pale blue ppt. which is soluble in
which is insoluble in excess. excess forming a deep inky blue solution of
tetra amine copper chloride.
23.Ammonium hydroxide and Sodium hydroxide using CuSO4 soln.:

Ammonium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide
A pale blue ppt. of copper hydroxide is A pale blue ppt. of CuSO4 is formed which is
formed with little ammonium insoluble in excess.
hydroxide and this ppt. is soluble in
excess of NH4OH forming a deep inky
blue soln. of tetra amine copper
compound.
24.Sodium chloride solution and Sodium nitrate solution:

Sodium chloride soln. Sodium nitrate soln.
Add conc. H2SO4 to sodium chloride Add conc. H2SO4, to sodium nitrate solution,
solution, it gives out colorless gas HCl it gives out colorless vapors of nitric acid
which gives dense white fumes of which does not form dense white fumes
NH4Cl when a glass rod dipped in when a glass rod dipped in ammonia is
ammonia is brought near it. brought near it.
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25.Sodium sulphate solution and Sodium chloride solution:
Sodium sulphate solution Sodium chloride solution.
Add barium chloride, it forms a white Add barium chloride, it forms no ppt.
ppt. of barium sulphate, which is
insoluble in dil. HCl.
26.Calcium nitrate soln. & Zinc nitrate soln.:

Calcium nitrate soln. Zinc nitrate soln.
Add NH4OH to calcium nitrate solution, Add NH4OH to zinc nitrate solution, first
first little and then in excess, it forms little and then in excess, it forms a
no ppt. gelatinous white ppt. of zinc hydroxide
which is soluble in excess forming tetra
amine zinc compound.
27.Calcium nitrate & Zinc nitrate:

Calcium nitrate Zinc nitrate
Heat calcium nitrate, it dissociates to Heat zinc nitrate, it dissociates to give a
give a colorless residue of calcium residue of zinc oxide which is yellow when
oxide, reddish brown fumes of hot and white when cold and reddish-
nitrogen dioxide and a colorless gas brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide and a
oxygen which rekindles the glowing colorless gas oxygen which rekindles the
splinter. glowing splinter.
28.Zinc sulphate soln. and Zinc chloride soln.:

Zinc sulphate soln. Zinc chloride soln.
Add BaCl2 to zinc sulphate solution, it Add BaCl2 to zinc chloride solution, it forms
forms a white ppt. of barium sulphate, no ppt.
which is insoluble in dil. HCl.
29.Iron (II) chloride soln. and Iron (III) chloride soln.:

Iron (II) chloride soln. Iron (III) chloride soln.
Add NH4OH to ferrous chloride Add NH4OH to ferric chloride solution, first
solution, first little and then in excess, little and then in excess, it forms a reddish
it forms a dirty green ppt. of ferrous brown ppt. of ferric hydroxide which is
hydroxide which is insoluble in excess. insoluble in excess.
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30.Calcium nitrate soln. and Calcium chloride soln.:
Calcium nitrate soln. Calcium Chloride soln.
Add conc. H2SO4, to calcium nitrate Add conc. H2SO4 to calcium chloride
solution, it gives out colorless vapors solution, it gives out colorless vapors of HCl
of nitric acid which does not forms which gives dense white fumes of NH4Cl
dense white fumes when a glass rod when a glass rod dipped in ammonia is
dipped in ammonia is bought near it. bought near it.
31.Hydrogen chloride gas & Hydrogen sulphide gas:

Hydrogen chloride gas Hydrogen sulphide gas
Dip lead acetate paper in it, it has no Dip lead acetate paper in it, it turns silvery
effect on the paper. black.
Add Lead metal, it forms white lead Add Lead metal, it forms black lead sulphide
chloride and gives out a colorless gas and give out a colorless gas hydrogen which
hydrogen which puts off a burning puts off a burning splinter with a pop
splinter with a pop sound. sound.
Get a rod dipped in ammonia at the Get a rod dipped in ammonia at the mouth
mouth of the test tube; it gives dense of the test tube; it does not give dense
white fumes of ammonium chloride. white fumes of ammonium chloride.
32.Sodium carbonate & Sodium sulphite:

Sodium carbonate Sodium Sulphite
Add dil. HCl, it gives colorless gas Add dil. HCl, it gives colorless gas sulphur
carbon dioxide which turns lime water dioxide which turns lime water milky and
milky and has no effect on potassium turns orange potassium dichromate paper
dichromate paper. green.
33.Ferrous nitrate & Lead nitrate:

Ferrous nitrate Lead nitrate
Add NH4OH to ferrous nitrate solution, Add NH4OH to lead nitrate solution, first
first little and then in excess, it forms a little and then in excess, it forms a curdy
dirty green ppt. of ferrous hydroxide white ppt. of lead hydroxide which is
which is insoluble in excess. insoluble in excess.
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34.Manganese dioxide & Copper (II) oxide:
Manganese dioxide Copper (II) oxide
Add conc. HCl, black MnO2 turns to Add conc. HCl, black CuO turns to greenish
colorless solution of manganese blue solution of copper chloride and give
chloride and give out a greenish yellow out no gas.
gas chlorine.
35.Carbon dioxide gas & Sulphur dioxide gas:

Carbon dioxide gas Sulphur dioxide gas.
Add few drops of potassium Add few drops of potassium permanganate
permanganate solution, it remains solution, it turns from pink to colorless.
unchanged.
Add few drops of potassium Add few drops of potassium dichromate
dichromate solution, it remains solution, it turns orange to green.
unchanged.
Introduce burning Mg ribbon; it forms Introduce burning Mg ribbon; it forms
black particles of carbon. yellow particles of sulphur.
36.A neutral, acidic and a basic gas:

Neutral gas Acidic gas Basic gas
Dip moist red litmus in it – Dip moist blue litmus – Dip moist red litmus – it
no change, it turns red. turns blue.
Dip moist blue litmus in it –
no change.
37.Oxygen and Hydrogen gas:

Oxygen gas Hydrogen gas
Bring a glowing splinter near it, it Bring a glowing splinter near it; it puts off
continuous to burns with a bright the glowing splinter with a pop sound.
flame.
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38.Chlorine and Hydrogen chloride gas:
Chlorine gas Hydrogen chloride gas
Bring moist blue litmus paper near it, it Bring moist blue litmus paper near it, it
turns blue litmus red and then turns blue litmus red. Does not bleaches it.
bleaches it.
Bring moist starch iodide paper near Bring moist starch iodide paper near the
the mouth of the test tube, it turns mouth of the test tube, it remains
from colorless to black. unchanged.
Chlorine gas on reaction with iron, Hydrogen chloride gas on reaction with
gives reddish brown ferric chloride and iron, forms green ferrous chloride and
does not give out any gas. colorless gas hydrogen which puts off a
burning splinter with a pop sound.
39.Hydrogen sulphide and Nitrogen dioxide gas:

Hydrogen sulphide gas Nitrogen dioxide gas.
Dip lead acetate paper in it, it turns Dip lead acetate paper in it, it remains
silvery black. unchanged.
40.Ammonia and Carbon dioxide gas:

Ammonia gas Carbon dioxide gas
Dip a moist blue litmus – it turns blue. Dip a moist red litmus – it turns red.
41.Zinc carbonate and Potassium nitrate:

Zinc carbonate Potassium nitrate
Heat zinc carbonate, it dissociates to Heat potassium nitrate, it dissociates to
give a residue of zinc oxide which is give a colorless residue of potassium nitrite
yellow when hot and white when cold and gives out a colorless gas oxygen, which
and gives out colorless gas carbon rekindles the glowing splinter.
dioxide which turns lime water milky.
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42.Hydrated copper sulphate and Anhydrous copper sulphate:
Hydrated copper Sulphate Anhydrous copper sulphate
On heating the blue crystals of copper On heating the white powder of copper
sulphate, it first turns white and then sulphate it dissociates to give black residue
dissociates to give black residue of of copper oxide, gives colorless gas sulphur
copper oxide, gives colorless gas dioxide, which turns moist orange
sulphur dioxide which turns moist potassium dichromate paper green and also
orange potassium dichromate paper gives colorless gas oxygen, which rekindles
green and also gives colorless gas the glowing splinter.
oxygen, which rekindles the glowing
splinter.
43.Ammonium sulphate and Sodium sulphate:

Ammonium Sulphate Sodium sulphate
Add calcium hydroxide solution and Add calcium hydroxide solution and heat it,
heat it, it will give a pungent smelling it will give a white ppt. of calcium sulphate
gas ammonia and no ppt. will be and no pungent smelling gas will be given
formed. out.
44.Potassium chloride and Potassium nitrate:

Potassium chloride Potassium nitrate
Add conc. H2SO4 to potassium chloride Add conc. H2SO4, to potassium nitrate
solution, it gives out colorless vapors solution, it gives out colorless vapors of
of HCl which gives dense white fumes nitric acid which does not forms dense
of NH4Cl when a glass rod dipped in white fumes when a glass rod dipped in
ammonia is bought near it. ammonia is bought near it.
45.Copper carbonate and Copper sulphite:

Copper carbonate Copper sulphite
milky and has no effect on potassium turns moist orange potassium dichromate
dichromate paper. paper green.
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46.Lead chloride and Lead sulphide:
Lead chloride Lead sulphide
Add dil. HCl, it gives out no gas. Add dil. HCl, it gives colorless gas hydrogen
sulphide, which turns moist lead acetate
paper silvery black.
47.Iron (II) sulphate and Iron (III) sulphate:

Iron II Sulphate Iron III Sulphate
Add NH4OH to ferrous sulphate Add NH4OH to ferric sulphate solution, first
48.Calcium sulphate and Zinc sulphate:

Calcium Sulphate Zinc sulphate
Add NaOH to calcium sulphate Add NaOH to zinc sulphate solution, first
solution, first little and then in excess, little and then in excess, it forms a
it forms a chalky white ppt. of calcium gelatinous white ppt. of zinc hydroxide
hydroxide which is insoluble in excess. which is soluble in excess forming sodium
zincate solution.
49.Lead nitrate and Zinc nitrate [Using liquor ammonia]:

Lead nitrate Zinc nitrate
Add NH4OH to lead nitrate solution, Add NH4OH to zinc nitrate solution, first
first little and then in excess, it forms a little and then in excess, it forms a
curdy white ppt. of lead hydroxide gelatinous white ppt. of zinc hydroxide
which is insoluble in excess. which is soluble in excess forming tetra
amine zinc compound.
50.Lead nitrate and zinc nitrate [Using dil. HCl]:

Lead nitrate solution Zinc nitrate solution
Add dil. hydrochloric acid, it forms a Add dil. hydrochloric acid, it forms a soluble
white ppt. of lead chloride, which is solution of zinc chloride. No ppt. is formed.
soluble in hot water.
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51.Copper sulphate and Calcium sulphate:
Copper Sulphate Calcium Sulphate
Add NaOH to copper sulphate solution, Add NaOH to calcium sulphate solution,
first little and then in excess, it forms a first little and then in excess, it forms a
pale blue ppt. of copper hydroxide chalky white ppt. of calcium hydroxide
which is insoluble in excess. which is insoluble in excess.
52.Manganese dioxide and Copper [II] oxide:

Manganese dioxide Copper [II] oxide
Add conc. HCl, black MnO2 turns to Add conc. HCl, black CuO turns to greenish
colorless solution of manganese blue solution of copper chloride and give
chloride and give out a greenish yellow out no gas.
gas chlorine.
53.Dil. nitric acid, dil. sulphuric acid and dil. Hydrochloric acid:
Dil. nitric acid Dil. sulphuric acid Dil. hydrochloric acid.
Add lead nitrate solution, Add lead nitrate solution, Add lead nitrate solution,
no reaction. it reacts to form white reacts to form white ppt. of
ppt. of lead sulphate, lead chloride, which is
which is insoluble in hot soluble in hot water.
and cold water.
54.PbCl2 and PbSO4:

PbCl2 PbSO4
It is soluble in hot water and insoluble It is insoluble in hot and cold water
in cold water.
55.Na2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4:

Na2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
Add NaOH and heat, no gas liberated. Add NaOH and heat, it liberates a pungent
smelling gas NH3; which forms dense white
fumes of NH4Cl with HCl.
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56.Pb (NO3)2 and CaSO3:
Pb (NO3)2 CaSO3
Add NaOH, first little and then in Add NaOH, first little and then in excess, it
excess, it forms a curdy white ppt. of forms a chalky white ppt. of Ca (OH)2 which
Pb (OH)2 which is soluble in excess is insoluble in excess.
forming sodium plumbate solution.
On heating it decomposes to give a On heating it decomposes to give a white
yellow residue of PbO, reddish brown residue of CaO, and a colourless gas sulphur
fumes of nitrogen dioxide and dioxide, which turns moist orange
colourless gas oxygen, which rekindles potassium dichromate paper green.
the glowing splinter.
57.Action of heat on lead carbonate and lead sulphate:

Lead carbonate Lead sulphate
On heating white lead carbonate, it On heating white lead sulphate, it
dissociates to give a yellow residue of dissociates to give a yellow residue of lead
lead oxide and a colourless gas carbon oxide and gives out a colourless gas which
dioxide which turns lime water milky turns moist orange potassium dichromate
and has no effect on acidified KMnO4 paper green and gives out a colourless gas
or K2Cr2O7 solutions. O2 which rekindles the glowing splinter.
PbCO3 → PbO + CO2 2PbSO4 → 2PbO + 2SO2 + O2
58.Action of heat on silver sulphate and ferrous sulphate:

Silver sulphate Ferrous sulphate
On heating white silver sulphate, it On heating pale green Ferrous sulphate, it
dissociates to give a silvery residue of dissociates to give a dirty green residue of
solid silver, colorless gas sulphur ferrous oxide, colorless gas sulphur dioxide
dioxide which turns moist orange which turns moist orange potassium
potassium dichromate paper green dichromate paper green and a colorless gas
and a colorless gas oxygen which oxygen which rekindles the glowing
rekindles the glowing splinter. splinter.
Ag2SO4 → 2Ag + SO2 + O2 2Fe SO4 → 2FeO +2SO2 + O2
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59.Strontium chloride and Sylvite:
Strontium chloride Sylvite (KCl)
It is a soft silver-white metal It is a colorless crystal compound, which
compound, which gives a brilliant red gives a lilac flame in flame test.
light in flame test.
60.Action of heat on mild heating of copper sulphate and strong heating

of copper sulphate:
Mild heating of copper sulphate Strong heating of copper sulphate
On mild heating of blue copper On strong heating of blue copper sulphate,
sulphate, it dissociates to give a white it dissociates to give a black residue of
anhydrous amorphous residue of copper oxide, a colourless gas sulphur
copper sulphate. dioxide which turns moist orange
potassium dichromate paper green and a
colourless gas oxygen which rekindles the
glowing splinter.
CuSO4.5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O 2CuSO4 → 2CuO +2SO2 + O2
61.Action of heat on mild heating of aluminium bicarbonate and strong

heating of aluminium bicarbonate:
Mild heating of aluminium Strong heating of aluminium bicarbonate
bicarbonate
On mild heating of white aluminium On strong heating of aluminium
bicarbonate, it dissociates to give a bicarbonate it dissociates to give a white
white residue of aluminium carbonate, residue of aluminium oxide, and a colorless
water vapour and a colourless gas CO2 gas CO2 which turns lime water milky and
which turns lime water milky. has no effect on acidified KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7
solutions.
2Al(HCO3)3 → Al2(CO3)3 + 3H2O + 3CO2 Al2(CO3)3 → Al2O3 + 3CO2
FALGUNI MISS
62.Action of heat on sodium sulphite and sodium nitrate:
Sodium sulphite Sodium nitrate
It does not decompose on heating. On heating white sodium nitrate, it first
melts & dissociates to give a creamish
residue of sodium nitrite and a colourless
gas O2 which rekindles a glowing splinter.
Na2SO3 → Na2SO3 2NaNO3 → 2NaNO2 + O2
63.Action of heat on ferrous nitrate and ferric sulphite:

Ferrous nitrate Ferric sulphite
On heating of pale green ferrous On heating of yellowish brown ferric
nitrate, it dissociates to give a dirty sulphite, it dissociates to give a reddish
green residue of ferrous oxide, reddish brown residue of ferric oxide and colorless
brown fumes of NO2, and a colorless fumes of SO2 which turns moist orange
gas O2 which rekindles the glowing K2Cr2O7 paper green.
splinter.
2 Fe(NO3)2 → 2FeO + 4NO2 + O2 2Fe2(SO3)3 → 2Fe2O3 + 6SO2 .
64.Action of heat on sodium nitrate and Action of heat on zinc nitrate:

Sodium nitrate Zinc nitrate
On heating white sodium nitrate, it On heating white zinc nitrate, it dissociates
first melts & dissociates to give a to give a yellow when hot & white when
creamish residue of sodium nitrite and cold residue of zinc oxide, reddish brown
a colourless gas O2 which rekindles a fumes of NO2 and colourless oxygen which
glowing splinter. rekindles the glowing splinter.
2NaNO3 → 2NaNO2 + O2 2Zn(NO3)2 → 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2
FALGUNI MISS
65.Compound salts of ammonium carbonate and copper carbonate:
Ammonium carbonate Copper carbonate
On exposing to air white ammonium On heating green copper carbonate, it
carbonate completely dissociates, dissociates to give a black residue of copper
leaving no residue to give vapours of oxide, and a colourless gas CO2 which turns
ammonia, water and a colourless gas lime water milky and has no effect on
carbon dioxide which turns lime water acidified KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7 solutions.
milky and has no effect on acidified
KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7 solutions.
(NH4)2CO3 → 2NH3 + H2O + CO2 CuCO3 → CuO + CO2
66.Action of heat on Lead sulphate and sodium sulphate:

Lead sulphate Sodium sulphate
On heating white lead sulphate it It does not decompose on heating.
dissociates to give a yellow residue of
lead oxide and gives out a colourless
gas SO2 which turns moist orange
potassium dichromate paper green
and gives out a colourless gas O2 which
rekindles the glowing splinter.
2PbSO4 → 2PbO + 2SO2 + O2 Na2SO4 → Na2SO4
67.Action of heat on lead nitrate and lead sulphate:

Lead nitrate Lead sulphate
On heating white lead nitrate, it On heating white lead sulphate it
dissociates to give a yellow residue of dissociates to give a yellow residue of lead
lead oxide, reddish brown fumes oxide and gives out a colourless gas which
ofNO2 and a colourless gas oxygen turns orange potassium dichromate paper
which rekindles the glowing splinter. green and gives out a colourless gas O2
which rekindles the glowing splinter.
2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 2PbSO4 → 2PbO +2 SO2 + O2
FALGUNI MISS
68.Action of heat on sodium carbonate and sodium nitrate:
Sodium carbonate Sodium nitrate
It does not decompose on heating. On heating white sodium nitrate, it first
melts and dissociates to give a creamish
residue of sodium nitrite and a colourless
gas O2 which rekindles a glowing splinter.
Na2CO3 → Na2CO3 2NaNO3 → 2NaNO2 + O2
69.Sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate:

Sodium carbonate Sodium bicarbonate
Add water it is sparingly soluble Add water it is soluble forming a clear
forming a turbid solution of sodium solution of sodium bicarbonate.
carbonate.
70.Sodium sulphite and sodium sulphate:

Sodium Sulphite Sodium sulphate
Add Barium chloride solution to Add Barium chloride solution to sodium
sodium sulphite, it forms a soluble sulphate, it forms white ppt. of barium
solution of barium sulphite. sulphate.
BaCl2 + Na2SO3 → BaSO3 + 2NaCl BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl
71.Potassium sulphide and sodium sulphate:

Potassium Sulphide Sodium Sulphate
Add dil. HCl, it forms a soluble solution Add dil. HCl, it forms a soluble solution of
of potassium chloride and gives out a sodium chloride and give out a colorless gas
colorless gas H2S, which turns lead sulphur dioxide which turns moist orange
acetate paper silvery black. potassium dichromate paper green.
72.Zinc chloride and lead nitrate:

Zinc chloride Lead nitrate
Add NH4OH first little then in excess, it Add NH4OH first little then in excess, it
forms a gelatinous white ppt. of zinc forms a curdy white ppt. of lead hydroxide
hydroxide which is soluble in excess of which is insoluble in excess of NH4OH.
NH4OH forming tetra amine zinc
compound.
FALGUNI MISS
73.Lead Hydroxide and Zinc Hydroxide:
Lead hydroxide Zinc hydroxide
Add NH4OH, first little and then in Add NH4OH first little and then in excess, it
excess, it forms a curdy white ppt. of forms a gelatinous white ppt. of zinc
lead hydroxide which is insoluble in hydroxide which is soluble in excess of
excess of NH4OH. NH4OH forming tetra amine zinc compound.
74.Ammonium Chloride and Potassium Chloride:

Ammonium chloride Potassium chloride
On adding sodium hydroxide to On adding sodium hydroxide to potassium
ammonium chloride, it gives a chloride, no gas is evolved.
colorless pungent smelling gas
ammonia, which turns red litmus blue.
75.Silver chloride and lead chloride:

Silver chloride Lead chloride
Add ammonium hydroxide, a little Add ammonium hydroxide, a little then in
then in excess, it forms a white ppt. of excess it forms a white ppt. of lead
silver hydroxide, which dissolves in hydroxide, which is insoluble in excess of
excess forming a soluble solution of a ammonium hydroxide.
complex compound Diamine silver
chloride in excess.
AgCl + 2NH4OH → Ag(NH3)2Cl + 2H2O PbCl2 + 2NH4OH → 2NH4Cl + Pb(OH)2
(Diamine silver chloride) (white, insoluble in excess NH4OH)
76.Sodium sulphite and potassium sulphite:

Sodium sulphite Potassium sulphate
Burn Sodium Sulphite on a flame, it Burn Potassium Sulphite on a flame, it
burns with a golden yellow flame. burns with a lilac flame.
77.Potassium chloride and sodium chloride:

Potassium chloride Sodium chloride
Burn Potassium chloride on a flame, it Burn Sodium chloride on a flame, it burns
burns with a lilac flame. with a golden yellow flame.
FALGUNI MISS
78.Manganese dioxide and copper oxide:
Manganese dioxide Copper oxide
Black manganese dioxide on heating Black copper oxide on heating with conc.
with conc. HCl gives a brownish color HCl gives a bluish color solution of copper
solution of manganese chloride and chloride and does not release any gas.
releases a greenish yellow gas,
chlorine. CuO + 2HCl → CuCl2 + H2O
MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
On adding NH4OH to the solution of On adding NH4OH to the solution of copper
manganese chloride, no ppt. is formed. chloride, a pale blue ppt. of copper
hydroxide is formed, which is soluble in
excess of ammonium hydroxide forming a
deep inky blue solution of tetra amine
copper compound.
CuCl2 + 2NH4OH → Cu(OH)2 (pale blue ppt.)
+ 2NH4Cl
Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 + 2NH4OH
(in excess) → [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 (deep inky
blue) + 4H2O
79.Copper ions and Ferrous ions:

Copper ions Ferrous ions
On adding NH4OH to copper chloride On adding NH4OH to ferrous chloride (Fe2+),
(Cu2+), a pale blue ppt. of copper a dirty green ppt. of ferrous hydroxide is
hydroxide is formed, which is soluble formed, which is insoluble in excess of
in excess of ammonium hydroxide ammonium hydroxide.
forming a deep inky blue solution of
tetra amine copper compound.
80.Hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide:

Hydrogen Hydrogen sulphide
Hydrogen gas is an odorless gas, Hydrogen sulphide has a rotten egg smell,
neutral to litmus and puts off a turns blue litmus red and turns lead acetate
burning splinter with a pop sound. paper silvery black.
FALGUNI MISS
81.Sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide gas:
SO2 H2S
Turns moist K2Cr2O7 paper green. No effect on moist K2Cr2O7 paper.
No effect on lead acetate paper. Turns lead acetate paper black.
82.Sulphur dioxide and chlorine gas:

SO2 Cl2
Colorless gas. Greenish yellow gas.
No effect on starch iodine paper. Turns starch iodine paper bluish black.
It turns moist blue litmus red. It turns moist blue litmus red and then
bleaches it.
83.Chlorine and hydrogen chloride gas:

Chlorine gas Hydrogen chloride gas
It turns moist blue litmus red and then It turns moist blue litmus red and does not
bleaches it. bleaches it.
84.Oxygen and Nitric oxide:

O2 NO
On exposure to air it rekindles the On exposure to air it puts off the splinter
glowing splinter. and turns reddish brown due to the
formation of NO2.
85.Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide:

CO2 CO
It turns lime water milky. No effect on limewater.
It is non-combustible. It is combustible, burns in air with a blue
flame to form CO2.
FALGUNI MISS
86.Sodium carbonate and sodium sulphate:
Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate
milky and has no effect on potassium turns orange potassium dichromate paper
dichromate paper. green.
87.Ferrous sulphate solution and ferric sulphate solution. [using sodium

hydroxide solution]:
Ferrous sulphate solution Ferric sulphate solution
Add NaOH to ferrous sulphate Add NaOH to ferric sulphate solution, first
07. METALLURGY.
88.Metals & non–metals with examples on the basis of:

a. Valence electrons.
b. Melting and boiling point.
c. Type of oxide.
d. Hardness.
e. Oxidizing/reducing nature.
f. Luster
g. Brittleness
h. Density
i. Ductility
FALGUNI MISS
Properties Metals Non metals
1. Valence electrons 1, 2 or 3 electrons. 4, 5, 6, 7 electrons.
2. MP and BP High MP and BP. Low MP and BP.
3. Type of oxide Basic oxides. Acidic or neutral oxides.
4. Hardness Hard solids. Soft solids.
5. Oxidizing/reducing Reducing agents – Donate Oxidizing agents – Accept
nature electrons. electrons.
6. Luster Lustrous. Non lustrous.
7. Brittleness Not brittle. Brittle.
8. Density High density. Low density.
9. Ductility Ductile – can be drawn Non ductile – cannot be
into wires. drawn into wires.
89.Roasting and Calcinations:

Roasting Calcination
Roasting is a process of heating the Calcination is a process of heating the
concentrated ore in the presence of concentrated ore in a limited supply or
excess air at high temperature to absence of air at a temperature not
form metallic oxide. sufficient to melt the ore, ie. just below its
melting point.
90.Mineral and Ore:

Mineral Ore
Minerals are compounds of various Ore is a naturally occurring large mineral
metals found in nature with their deposit from which metals can be extracted
earthly impurities. profitably and conveniently.
91.Matrix and Flux:

Matrix Flux
Matrix or gangue is the earthly Flux is a substance added to the ore to get
impurities present in the ore. rid of the matrix.
08. HYDROGEN CHLORIDE.

– No Differences
FALGUNI MISS
09. AMMONIA.
– No Differences
10. NITRIC ACID.

– No Differences
11. SULPHURIC ACID.
92.Dilute Sulphuric acid and dil. Nitric acid:

Dilute sulphuric acid. Dilute nitric acid.
Add Barium chloride solution to dil. Adding Barium chloride solution to dil.
H2SO4, it gives a white ppt. of Barium HNO3, it gives a soluble solution of Ba
sulphate. (NO3)2; and no ppt. is formed.
93.Dilute hydrochloric acid and Dilute sulphuric acid using lead nitrate
solution:
Dilute hydrochloric acid Dilute sulphuric acid
Add dil. HCl to colourless solution of Add dil. H2SO4 to colourless solution of
lead Nitrate, it forms a white ppt. of lead Nitrate, it forms a white ppt. of lead
lead chloride which is soluble in hot sulphate which is insoluble in hot or cold
water, insoluble in cold water. water.
94.Formic acid and oxalic acid:

Formic acid Oxalic acid
Add conc. sulphuric acid, it gives out a Add conc. sulphuric acid, it gives out a
colorless gas carbon monoxide, which colorless gas carbon dioxide, which turns
burns in air with a blue flame to form lime water milky.
carbon dioxide.
H2 SO4 , conc. H2 SO4 , conc.
H.COOH → CO + H2O COOH–COOH (C2H2O4) → CO +
CO2 + H2O
FALGUNI MISS
95.Dil. sulphuric acid from dilute HCl and dilute HNO3:
Dil. sulphuric acid Dil. HCl Dil. nitric acid
Add ammonia gas and Add ammonia gas and Add ammonia gas and heat
heat the residue. heat the residue. the residue.
It forms ammonium It forms ammonium It forms ammonium nitrate,
sulphate, which chloride, which sublimes which decomposes to form
decomposes on heating on heating. Thus can be nitrous oxide (laughing gas)
to give NH3, SO2, N2O & condensed and recovered. and water vapor on
water vapour. heating. Thus disappears.
12. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
96.Butane and Butene:

Butane Butene
On adding bromine to butane, brown On adding bromine to butene, brown
color of bromine is not discharged. color of bromine is discharged.
C4H10 + Br2 → C4H9Br + HBr. C4H8 + Br2 → C4H8Br2.
97.Alkene and Alkyne:

Alkene Alkyne
Alkenes are unsaturated aliphatic Alkynes are unsaturated aliphatic
hydrocarbons containing a carbon- hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon
carbon double bond. triple bond.
On adding potassium permanganate to On adding potassium permanganate to an
an alkene, it first converts to K2MnO4 alkyne, purple color of KMnO4 is
which is unstable in alkaline medium discharged or it turns green.
and gets converted to brown MnO2,
the supernatant liquid being
decolorized.
FALGUNI MISS
98.Saturated and unsaturated organic compounds: (2 points)
Saturated organic compounds Unsaturated organic compounds
Saturated hydrocarbons are those Unsaturated hydrocarbons are those
compounds in which the carbon atoms compounds in which the carbon atoms
have all its valence electrons satisfied have some of its valence electrons
with any other compound except satisfied with another carbon atom
another carbon atom. forming a double or a triple bond.
In saturated organic compounds, the In unsaturated organic compounds, the
carbon atoms are joined by a single carbon atoms are joined by double
covalent bond >C – C< covalent bonds >C = C< or triple covalent
bonds >C≡C <
The non-availability of electrons in the The availability of electrons in the double
single covalent bond makes them less or triple bond makes them more reactive
reactive and therefore they undergo and therefore undergo characteristic
characteristic substitution reactions addition reactions only.
only.
99.Ethene gas & ethane gas:

Ethene gas Ethane gas
Add bromine water, Brown color gets Add bromine water, Brown color remains
discharged due to the formation of as no addition product is formed.
addition product.
Add potassium permanganate solution, Add potassium permanganate solution,
the purple color gets decolorized or the purple color remain purple as no
turn green due to the formation of the addition product is formed.
addition product.
100. Molecular formula and Structural formula:

Molecular formula Structural formula
Molecular formula indicates actual Structural formula indicates the
number of each kind of atoms in a arrangement of various atoms in a
molecule of an organic compound. molecule of an organic compound.
FALGUNI MISS
101. Chain isomerism and Position isomerism:
Chain isomerism Position isomerism
Chain isomerism is a property Position isomerism is a property exhibited
exhibited by hydrocarbons due to by hydrocarbons due to difference in
difference in arrangement of C atoms position of functional group on a chain.
in the chain, leading to branching.
Alkanes: They exhibit chain isomerism. Alkanes: Do no exhibit position isomerism.
Ex butane, n-butane and iso-butane.
Alkenes: It exhibits chain isomerism. Alkenes: It exhibits position isomerism.
Ex: 2-methyl propene and 2-butene. Ex: 2-butene [cis], 2-butene [trans].
Alkynes: Do not exhibits chain Alkynes: It exhibits position isomerism.
isomerism. Ex: 1-butyne, 2-butyne, 1-pentyne, 2-
pentyne.

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FALGUNI MISS

02. DIFFERENCES (101) (2022 – 2023).

01. PERIODIC PROPERTIES AND VARIATIONS OF

1. Difference between alkali metal and halogen:

3. NH4+ and H3O+:

4. Properties of CCl4 and NaCl:

5. Covalent compounds - methane (non-polar) & HCl (polar):

03. ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

8. Acids and Bases:

9. Basicity of acids and acidity of bases:

10.Monobasic acid and Monoacidic base:

11.Dibasic acid and Di acidic base:

12.Tribasic acid and Tri acidic base:

13.Common acid – base indicators and Universal indicators:

15.Hydracids and oxy acids with examples:

16.Strong and Weak acid:

17.Strong and Weak alkali:

04. MOLE CONCEPT AND STOICHIOMETRY.

18.Metal and Electrolyte:

19.Metallic Conduction and Electrolytic Conduction:

20.Copper sulphate solution & Copper metal:

06. ANALYTICAL AND PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY.

22.Iron (III) chloride and Copper chloride solution:

23.Ammonium hydroxide and Sodium hydroxide using CuSO4 soln.:

24.Sodium chloride solution and Sodium nitrate solution:

26.Calcium nitrate soln. & Zinc nitrate soln.:

27.Calcium nitrate & Zinc nitrate:

28.Zinc sulphate soln. and Zinc chloride soln.:

29.Iron (II) chloride soln. and Iron (III) chloride soln.:

31.Hydrogen chloride gas & Hydrogen sulphide gas:

32.Sodium carbonate & Sodium sulphite:

33.Ferrous nitrate & Lead nitrate:

35.Carbon dioxide gas & Sulphur dioxide gas:

36.A neutral, acidic and a basic gas:

37.Oxygen and Hydrogen gas:

39.Hydrogen sulphide and Nitrogen dioxide gas:

40.Ammonia and Carbon dioxide gas:

41.Zinc carbonate and Potassium nitrate:

43.Ammonium sulphate and Sodium sulphate:

44.Potassium chloride and Potassium nitrate:

45.Copper carbonate and Copper sulphite:

47.Iron (II) sulphate and Iron (III) sulphate:

48.Calcium sulphate and Zinc sulphate:

49.Lead nitrate and Zinc nitrate [Using liquor ammonia]:

50.Lead nitrate and zinc nitrate [Using dil. HCl]:

52.Manganese dioxide and Copper [II] oxide:

54.PbCl2 and PbSO4:

55.Na2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4:

57.Action of heat on lead carbonate and lead sulphate:

58.Action of heat on silver sulphate and ferrous sulphate:

60.Action of heat on mild heating of copper sulphate and strong heating

61.Action of heat on mild heating of aluminium bicarbonate and strong

63.Action of heat on ferrous nitrate and ferric sulphite:

64.Action of heat on sodium nitrate and Action of heat on zinc nitrate:

2NaNO3 → 2NaNO2 + O2 2Zn(NO3)2 → 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2

66.Action of heat on Lead sulphate and sodium sulphate:

67.Action of heat on lead nitrate and lead sulphate:

69.Sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate: