2

Instantaneous and Average

Power, RMS value

Dr. Mohd Hafizi Ahmad

IVAT UTM
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Revision: AC vs DC
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Revision: AC vs DC
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E-learning (AC vs DC)
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E-learning (AC vs DC)
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E-learning (AC vs DC)
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Power (DC analysis)

calculate power in DC
analysis? List down all
possible equations.
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Learning Outcome

After completing this lesson, you should able to:

 Differentiate Instantaneous and Average Power in

AC circuit
 Understand the type of AC power available in R, L
and C elements
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Presentation Outline

 Introduction
 Derivation of Instantaneous Power
 Average Power and Reactive Power
 Types of power in passive elements
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Power Calculation

i(t)

+ Element or
(t) Network
-

Passive sign convention:. power absorbed by an element is given by:

p(t)=v(t)·i(t)
where:
v(t) is the instantaneous voltage;
i(t) is the instantaneous current;
p(t) is the instantaneous power,
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Power Calculation

i(t)

+ Element or
(t) Network
-

Thus, if v(t)=VMcos(ωt +v) and i(t)=IMcos(ωt +i)

instantaneous power is given by:

p(t)=v(t)·i(t)
p(t) = VMcos(ωt +v)· IMcos(ωt +i)
or
p(t) = VMcos(ωt +v–i)· IMcos(ωt)
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Power Calculation

Using trigonometric identity

cosA cosB = ½[cos(A-B)+cos(A+B)]
thus, VM I M V I
p(t )  cos( v   i )  M M cos( 2t   v   i )
2 2
Thus, again using trigonometric identity
cos(+) = cos cos – sin sin
VM I M VM I M
p (t )  cos( v   i )  cos( v   i ) cos 2t
2 2
VM I M
 sin( v   i ) sin 2t
2
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Power Calculation

The instantaneous power can be written as

p(t )  P  P cos 2t  Q sin 2t
where,
VM I M ; is called Average or Real
P cos(v  i ) W or Active power.
2
P is measured in ‘Watt’
and

Q
VM I M
sin(v  i ) Var
; is called Reactive power.
2 Q is measured in ‘VAR’
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P (W) vs Q (Var)
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Power Calculation

The instantaneous power p(t )  P  P cos 2t  Q sin 2t

can be plotted as follows:
v(t)=VMcos(ωt +v) i(t)=IMcos(ωt +i)

p(t)
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Power Calculation

Power for purely Resistive Circuits

• Current and voltage are in phase, (v - i ) = 0 ;
 sin (v - i ) = 0 and cos (v - i ) = 1
• P = (½)Vmax Imax W and Q = 0 var. p(t) = P + P cos 2t
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Power Calculation

Power for purely Inductive Circuits

• Current lag voltage by 90 , (v - i ) = 90
 sin (v - i ) = 1 and cos (v - i ) = 0
• P = 0 W and Q =( ½ )Vmax Imax var. p(t) = - Q sin 2t
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Power Calculation

Power for purely Capacitive Circuits

current lead voltage by 90o, v – i = -90o,
 sin (v – i) = -1 and cos (v – i) = 0.
P = 0 W and Q = – (½) Vmax Imax var. p = – Q sin 2t
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Power Calculation

Active power = +ve, Reactive power = 0

Active power = 0, Reactive power = +ve

Active power = 0, Reactive power = -ve

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Power Calculation

AVERAGE
POWER…
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Example 1

Calculate the instantaneous power and average power

absorbed by a passive linear network if:

v(t )  80 cos (10 t  20)

i (t )  15 sin (10 t  60)
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Example 2

A current, I  1030 A max flows through an impedance,

Z  20. 22

i- Find the average power delivered to the impedance.

ii- Find also reactive power in the system.
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Group Exercise

Consider the circuit below. Let V 1max  1200 V and frequency of the
system is 50 Hz;

i- Find the average power P absorbed by the load before the switch is
closes.

ii- Find also reactive power Q in the system before the switch is closes.

iii- Find reactive power supplied by

capacitor after the switch is closes
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Summary

Component DC Analysis AC Analysis

Resistor, R
Inductor, L
Capacitor, C
Power Formula -
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Summary

Formula: Formula:

Component Real Power Reactive Power

Resistor, R
Inductor, L
Capacitor, C
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Reflection

What we have learnt today:

1. Instantaneous Power
2. Average Power and Reactive Power in AC circuit
(based on instantaneous equation)
3. Type of AC power available in R, L and C elements
4. Effect of C element to reactive power in AC system
Effective or RMS value
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Effective or RMS Value

 The idea of effective value arises from the need to measure

the effectiveness of a voltage or current source in delivering
power to a resistive load

The effective of a periodic current is the dc

current that delivers the same average power
to a resistor as the periodic current.

The circuit in (a) is AC while that of (b) is DC.

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Effective or RMS Value

To find Ieff that will transfer the same power to resistor, R as the
sinusoid i. The average power absorbed by the resistor in the ac
circuit is

1 T R T 2
P  i Rdt   i dt  I rms
2 2
R
T 0 T 0

While the power absorbed by the resistor

in the dc circuit is

PI R 2
eff
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Effective or RMS Value

 Equating the eq. and solving for Ieff ,we obtain

T
1
I eff 
T 
0
i 2 dt  I rms

 The effective value of the voltage is found

in the same way as current, that is,
1 T 2
Veff   v dt  Vrms
T 0
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Effective or RMS Value

For the sinusoid i(t)=Imcost, the effective or rms value is

1 T 2 2
I rms   I m cos t dt
T 0
I m2 T 1
  1  cos 2 t dt 
Im
T 02 2

Similarly, the effective or rms value for voltage is

Vm
Vrms 
2
Effective or RMS Value
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 This indicates that the effective value is the square root of

the mean (or average) of the square of the periodic
signal.
 Thus the effective value is often known as the root-mean-
square value, or rms value
 For any periodic function x(t) in general, the rms value is
given by

T
1 Xm
X rms  0 x dt  2
2

T
Effective or RMS Value

The average power can be written in terms of the rms values:

1
P Vm I m cos (θ v  θ i )
2
 Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )

Similarly, the average power absorbed by a resistor, R

2
Vrms
P I 2
rms R
R
Note: If you express amplitude of a phasor source(s) in rms, then 36
all the answer as a result of this phasor source(s) must also be in
rms value.
Effective or RMS Value

The reactive power can be written in terms of the rms values:

1
QL @ C  Vm I m sin (θ v  θ i )
2
 Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θ i )

Similarly, the reactive power absorbed / supplied by a

inductor, R / Capacitor , C
2
V
QL  I 2rms X L  rms
XL
2 37
V
QC  - I 2rms X C   rms
XC
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Effective or RMS Value

 Power engineers conventionally say a voltage and current in

terms of its RMS value

 So if power engineers say the voltage is 240 V, it is a RMS

value of 240 V and it means that it peak value is 339.4 V

 This is only valid for sinusoidal signal

 For non-sinusoidal waveform, the expression must be modified

to include the non-sinusoidal waveform such as by using
Fourier series to represent the non-sinusoids.
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In Practice

 Power engineers conventionally say a voltage and current in

terms of its RMS value

 So if power engineers say the voltage is 240 V, it is a RMS

value of 240 V and it means that it peak value is 339.4 V
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In Practice

 This is only valid for sinusoidal signal

 For non-sinusoidal waveform, the expression must be modified

to include the non-sinusoidal waveform such as by using
Fourier series to represent the non-sinusoids.
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Example 3

A current, I  1030 A max flows through an impedance,

Z  20. 22 . By using RMS value,

i- Find the average power delivered to the system.

ii- Find also reactive power in the system.
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Example 4

a) An inductive AC load draws 13.4 amps of current at a voltage of 208

volts. The phase shift between line voltage and line current is
measured with an oscilloscope, and determined to be 23o.
Calculate:
i. True power (P)
ii. Reactive power (Q)

b) An electrician suggests to you that the lagging power factor may be

corrected by connecting a capacitor in parallel with this load. If the
capacitor is sized just right, it will exactly offset the reactive power of
the inductive load, resulting in zero total reactive power. Calculate
the size of the necessary capacitor in Farads, assuming a line
frequency of 50 Hz.