Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101454

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Results in Engineering
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Bearing capacity and settlement of inclined skirted foundation resting

on sand
Tamer AL-Shyoukhi a, *, Mahmoud Elmeligy b, Ayman Altahrany c
a
Researcher at Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Egypt
b
Professor of Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering - Mansoura University, Egypt
c
Associate Professor of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Egypt

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Shallow foundations behavior is improved by using skirts to confine the soil under the foundation beneath. The
Skirted foundation bearing capacity and settlement of the skirted foundation resting on sand are affected by the angle of the skirt’s
Inclined skirts inclination. Numerical analysis using Plaxis-3D software was conducted on an axially loaded square-skirted
Bearing capacity
footing in this investigation. In addition, experimental modelling was carried out to validate the numerical
Settlement
Sand
analysis findings. The experimental findings revealed an acceptable agreement with the numerical analysis
conclusion. The results of the investigation showed that the bearing capacity of the skirted foundation enhances
as the skirt’s inclination and embedded skirt length increase. Settlement reduction exceeds the value of 80% in
the case of inclined skirts with the same skirt length/footing width of 1.0. The deformation shape showed the
collapse of the top surface surrounding the soil of the skited foundation. Charts are provided to evaluate the
bearing capacity and settlement of the inclined skirted foundation.

1. Introduction
The shallow foundations of the building must meet the structural and
geotechnical criteria to transfer the building loads to the underlying soil.
For geotechnical criteria, the foundation must have a sufficient ultimate
bearing capacity to support the load of the building, and the settlement
resulting from this load must be within the allowable limits.
Researchers and engineers were interested in how to improve the
ultimate bearing capacity and load-settlement of the foundations, such
as utilizing methods to improve the soil beneath the foundations or to
structurally reinforce the foundation, or in other situations, the use of
deep foundations. In recent years, however, the idea of adding circum­
ferential walls-known as skirts-to the foundations’ base has emerged to
improve the ultimate bearing capacity and load-settlement relationship.
The skirted foundations were a good and economical solution for
improving the geotechnical properties of the shallow foundations in
addition to the structural properties such as making them stiffer. The
skirts confine the soil under the foundations and make them act as one
unit with the footing, which in turn push the failure surface downward
into the soil under the skirts, improving the ultimate bearing capacity
[1].
The structures-residential or commercial-resting on sand with
different relative densities have been studied to find out the degree of
improvement in the ultimate bearing capacity and the reduction in the
ultimate settlement [2,3]. Numerical studies based on a small-scale
model and backed by experimental data were carried out for changes
in load-settlement behavior caused by added skirts [4–6]. The inclusion
of skirts at various normalized skirt depths in a T-shaped footing resulted
in a notable enhancement in the footing’s bearing capacity [7].
Furthermore, an investigation was conducted on the performance of ring
footings with skirts on clay soil overlaid by dense sand. The findings of
the study indicated that ring footings with double skirts exhibited a
greater bearing capacity compared to circular footings [8]. However,
investigations on skirted foundation patterns with inclined skirts are few
in the literature.
In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical analysis for an
inclined skirted shallow foundation (foundation with inclined skirts) to
find out the load-settlement behavior. In addition, various experiments
on a physical model were performed to back up the numerical analysis
conclusions. The study is performed to demonstrate the effect of incli­
nation in skirts by comparing the behavior of modeled inclined skirted
foundation with that of modeled vertically skirted foundation. Vertically
skirted foundations resting on sand have been studied frequently
[9–12]. The skirted foundation behavior is easily estimated and utilized

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: shtamer@outlook.com (T. AL-Shyoukhi), eggroup_egypt@yahoo.com (M. Elmeligy), Atahrany@hotmail.com (A. Altahrany).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101454
Received 3 May 2023; Received in revised form 8 August 2023; Accepted 21 September 2023
Available online 22 September 2023
2590-1230/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
T. AL-Shyoukhi et al. Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101454

in current study such as a reference case. The study will cover 1- the
load-settlement behavior of the skirted foundation with different angle
of inclination of the skirts, 2- the comparison in load-settlement
behavior between inclined skirted foundation with that of vertically
skirted foundation, and 3- the numerical analysis supported by experi­
mental work.
This paper on the behavior of skirted foundations, concentrating
specifically on skirt inclination effects, provides novel insights that
refine design guidelines and improve load-settlement performance. This
research contributes to safer and more innovative skirted foundation
designs for real-world construction projects by extending design possi­
bilities, advancing scientific knowledge, and providing applicable Fig. 2. Surface footing behavior using different mesh sizes.
solutions.

2. Numerical simulation Table 1

Material properties used as reported in [17].
Plaxis-3D software [13] was used to perform the 3-D finite element Parameter Soil Footing &Skirts (steel)
analysis to investigate the effects of the inclined skirts on the behavior of Material model Hardening soil Linear elastic
the axially loaded skirted foundation. Fig. 1 illustrates the shape and Unit Weight (kN/m3 ) 15.60 78
dimensions of the skirted foundation used in the analysis. Based on finite Poisson’s ratio 0.2 0.2
element meshing, the sand, the footing, the skirt, and the interface were Void ratio 0.719 N/A
presented by 10-node, 6-node, 6-node, and 12-node triangular elements Young’s Modulus (kN/m2 ) N/A 2 × 108
ref
E50 (kN /m2 ) 2 × 104 N/A
respectively. The geometry model was assigned the same as the exper­
ref
Eoed (kN /m2 ) 2 × 104 N/A
imental model, 354 mm wide, and 400 mm deep from the footing’s base,
ref
Eur (kN /m2 ) 6 × 104 N/A
which will lessen the boundary impact.
Peak friction angle (degrees) 34.5 N/A
Proper mesh generation guarantees that numerical simulations
Dilatancy angle (degrees) 4.5 N/A
accurately and reliably represent the system’s primary characteristics Interface strength factor 0.70 N/A
and behaviors. More efficient and well-structured meshes produce faster
and more accurate simulation results. Thus, several numerical models
were created with different mesh dimensions, each time with smaller
mesh dimensions, until the displacement changes became too small [14, greater stiffness) caused by applied stresses. The foundation and skirt
15]. To improve computation accuracy, element density is higher closer materials were represented using the linear elastic model. Based on the
to the foundation. Numerical modelling was done on 60 mm surface typical range, Poisson’s ratio was assumed to be 0.2 [19]. Secant stiff­
footing using coarse, medium, and fine meshes. According to Fig. 2, a ref ref
ness, E50 , was 2.0E4 [20]. Tangent stiffness, Eoed , and unloading/­
medium mesh size with a finer local mesh surrounding the footing will ref ref
reloading stiffness, Eur , were equal to and three times the value of E50 ,
be used.
respectively [18]. The relative density of sand, Dr , was reported to be
Due to a shortage of supplies, the investigation was based on the
0.35. According to Ref. [21], the stress-settlement relationship does not
materials accessible in the laboratory. Table 1 displays the parameters of
have a peak value for Dr of 0.35. The interface reduction factor, Rinter was
the materials as reported by Refs. [16,17]. The hardening-soil model
assigned a value of 0.7 as concluded by Ref. [17]. The skirted foundation
(HS) was employed to characterize soil behavior. The use of the HS
will be loaded gradually with a load rate of 1 mm/min in experimental
model was motivated by its capacity to effectively depict the nonlinear
work. However, the utilized hardening-soil model is a time-independent
characteristics of sand, specifically with regards to soil stiffness and
model, the ultimate bearing capacity was taken corresponding to a
strength, as suggested by Refs. [5,18]. The HS model is a widely
prescribed displacement. This displacement was defined as 20% of the
employed constitutive model utilized for the purpose of describing the
settlement/footing width, Ss/B.
mechanical characteristics exhibited by soil. The HS model considers the
On a 60 mm surface foundation, a validation investigation was
impact of soil compression, dilatation ψ, and hardening (resulting in
conducted, see (Fig. 3). Fig. 4 depicts the findings as a typical example.

Fig. 1. Square skirted foundation: (a) vertical skirted, (b) inclined skirted.

2
T. AL-Shyoukhi et al.
Fig. 3. Verification analysis of surface foundation (case study as concluded
by Ref. [17].
Fig. 4. Load-Settlement relationship numerically obtained for the inclined
skirted foundation of various angles, and L= 1.0B (case θ= 0⁰ as concluded
by Ref. [17].
Fig. 5. Total displacement obtained from the numerical analysis.
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Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101454
Due to the inclined skirt, there are distinct changes in the behavior of
skirted foundations. In addition, the total displacement of the skirted
foundation was affected by the skirts’ inclination, see Fig. 5. These
differences in behavior will be discussed further in the next sections.
3. Experimental program
3.1. Testing setup
In the laboratory, a test tank, dial gauge, and loading system were
employed to determine the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of
the inclined skirted foundation, see Fig. 6. The test tank was 354 mm in
diameter and 550 mm in height. The applied load was determined using
a proving ring with a capacity of 4.5 kN and a division of 0.002 mm.
While the settlement was measured using an electronic dial gauge with a
0.001 mm precision. Three different physical models were used: 10⁰,
15⁰, and 20⁰ inclined skirt. The skirt was 2 mm thick, while the footing
was 20 mm thick.
In physical modelling, the available sand was employed. The sand’s
mean particle size was 0.29 mm. The maximum, emax and minimum, emin
void ratios were 0.809 and 0.551, respectively. Based on the direct shear
test, the peak friction angle, ∅ was 34.5⁰. As suggested by Ref. [22], the
dilatancy angle, ψ was assumed to be 4.5⁰. The Dr of 0.35 corresponded
to a dry density, γ of 15.60 kN/m3 .
3.2. Testing Procedure
Skirted foundation models were installed in the test tank and resting
on the sand. The sand was set layer by layer in a total of five layers, each
layer 80 mm thick. Compaction was performed to reach the desired
relative density. The skirted foundation was placed at the proper
elevation, and then sand was added. Extensive care was considered
within the installation to reduce changes in relative density. Before the
loading process began, the load and settlement measurement gauges
were fixed and reset to zero. The load was incrementally applied with a
rate of 1 mm/min. Because there was no ultimate bearing capacity peak
value, the loading ceased at the prescribed settlement of 20% of the
footing’s width, B. The entire sand was replaced with fresh sand at the
end of each test. There was a total of 47 tests performed. Fig. 7 depicts
typical findings from testing 10⁰ inclined skirted foundation models.
4. Results and discussion
On a 60 mm square surface footing, a verification modelling simu­
lation was conducted. Fig. 3 depicts very identical behavior between the
current research case and the case study used by Ref. [17]. As a result,
the numerical analysis can be reliable and adopted for further cases in
this investigation. The inclined skirts enhance the bearing capacity and
settlement of the skirted foundation, according to both numerical
analysis and experimental findings. The degree of improvement rises
when the angle of inclination and length of the skirt is increased. The
magnitude of the improvement is shown in the coming sections.
4.1. Bearing capacity
The influence of the inclined skirts on the skirted foundation
behavior was observed in the bearing capacity enhancement. With the
same embedded skirt length, the bearing capacities of the inclined
skirted foundation, qis , were compared to those of the vertical skirted
foundation (θ= 0⁰), qs . The enhancement is defined in terms of the
bearing capacity ratio qur = qis /qs as defined along the same terms as
[23]. The numerical findings showed that inclined skirts enhance the
bearing capacity of the skirted foundation by around 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 for
T. AL-Shyoukhi et al.
Fig. 6. Illustrative graphic of the apparatus used in the experiments [16].
inclination angles of 10⁰, 15⁰, and 20⁰, respectively, for L/B= 0.25.
However, with L/B= 1.0, these factors have higher values of 2.1, 2.4,
and 2.7, as shown in Fig. 8(a). Fig. 8(b) shows experimental work
findings that support these behaviors. Inclined skirts considerably
enhanced the bearing capacity of skirted foundations with a high angle
of inclination.
The size and shape of the skirt cell influence the bearing capacity of
the skirted foundation [23,24]. The present study’s skirt cell is shaped
like a truncated square pyramid, see Fig. 9. The inclined skirted foun­
dation has a larger skirt cell size than the skirted foundation at the same
L/B. As a result, the sand between skirts is more confined and a larger
confinement zone beneath the surface foundation in the case of inclined
skirts than in the case of vertical skirts. Fig. 5 shows the differences in
the shape of the confinement zone for the skirted and the inclined skirted
foundations. As the inclination increases, so does the relative density of
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Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101454
the sand, which enhances bearing capacity, as reported by Ref. [11].
The failure mechanism of the skirted foundation follows three
modes, surface footing failure, plugged deep failure, and coring deep
failure as concluded by Ref. [1]. Because of the inclined skirts, the
failure mechanism is pushed deeper into the sand, potentially resulting
in stronger sand. Surface footing failure is the most relevant mode to
describe the behavior of the skirted foundation as observed from the
failure surface of the inclined skirted foundation, see Fig. 5. In addition,
at a value of settlement of 0.1B, the failure load becomes nearly linear
and has an approximately constant value of stress for further increase in
foundation settlement, see Fig. 4. A similar conclusion was suggested by
Ref. [25] on the load-settlement behavior of foundation resting in loose
sand.
T. AL-Shyoukhi et al. Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101454

Fig. 8. Effect of the inclined skirts on the bearing capacity of the skirted
foundation: (a) numerical results, (b) experimental results.
Fig. 7. Stress-Settlement relationship of 60 mm square skirted foundation with
10⁰ inclined skirts obtained from experimental work.

4.2. Settlement

The literature concluded that the skirts reduce the footing’s settle­
ment. The terms of settlement reduction, Sr is defined as the ratio be­
tween the settlement of the inclined skirted foundation, Sis , and the
settlement of the skirted foundation, Ss , (Sr = Sis /Ss ) [5,26]. The set­
tlement of the inclined skirted foundation is measured corresponding to
the ultimate bearing capacity of the skirted foundation (θ= 0⁰). The
settlement reduction depends on the angle of inclination and the
embedded skirt’s length, see Fig. 10(a). The settlement reduction value
of L/B= 1.0 is 0.18, 0.15, and 0.13 for the angle of inclination of 10⁰,
15⁰, and 20⁰, respectively. It should be noted that the highest values of
the reduction settlement observed were at L/B= 0.25. This behavior
may be to the stiff response in the initial period of loading. The exper­
imental work results were plotted in Fig. 10(b), which are in reasonable
agreement with numerical findings except in the case of (θ= 10⁰). This
could be attributed to errors made during the installation of the physical
models.
The sand between the skirts is constrained by inclined skirts, but the
sand over the outside surface of the inclined skirts becomes loose. As a
result, the sand surrounding the skirted foundation collapsed. Fig. 11
shows the deformed shape experimentally resulted from the inclined
skirted foundation resting on the sand, which is consistent with the
deformed shape yielded from the numerical analysis (Fig. 5).
Fig. 9. 3-D finite model of inclined skirted foundation.
4.3. Comparison with literature
Comparing inclined and vertically skirted foundations (reference
case) reveals a critical role of skirt inclination in load-bearing capacity.
This paper, as seen in Table 2, demonstrates that bearing capacity im­
proves with increased skirt length and inclination angle. This highlights
the influence of skirt geometry on load-carrying capabilities. Notably,
inclined skirted foundations outperform vertically skirted ones, indi­
cating potential for optimized design. These findings offer engineers
valuable insights into enhancing foundation performance.
The practical significance of this study’s findings on inclined skirted
footings extends to tangible applications in foundation engineering.
Optimized skirt angles and enhanced load-bearing capacities offer direct
benefits, enabling more stable and efficient foundation designs. The

5
T. AL-Shyoukhi et al. Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101454

Table 2
Bearing capacity ratio of inclined skirted foundation at different skirt-length/
footing-depth and skirt inclination.
Skirt inclination Skirt-length/footing-width (L/B) Bearing Capacity Ratio (qur )

10⁰ 0.0 1.00

0.25 1.37
0.50 1.79
0.75 2.01
1.0 2.15
15⁰ 0.0 1.00
0.25 1.56
0.50 1.99
0.75 2.21
1.0 2.38
20⁰ 0.0 1.00
0.25 1.80
0.50 2.60
0.75 2.59
1.0 2.72

5. Conclusion

The following conclusions may be drawn from this investigation into

the inclined skirted foundation behavior.

1. Numerical and experimental studies were performed in this investi­

gation. The findings of the study revealed that the use of inclined
skirts improves the bearing capacity of the skirted foundation.
2. The magnitude of the improvement increases with the increasing of
the angle of the skirt’s inclination of the same skirt length/footing
width. These improved capacities are estimated using the provided
charts. Bearing capacity ratio of inclined skirted foundation was
2.15, 2.38, and 2.72 for skirt angle 10⁰, 15⁰, and 20⁰, respectively for
the L= 1.0B.
Fig. 10. Effect of the inclined skirts on the settlement of the skirted foundation:
3. The inclined skirts reduce the settlement of the skirted foundation
(a) numerical results, (b) experimental results.
significantly. The settlement reduction of the tested models was
found to be somewhat similar. The estimated behaviors are pre­
sented in charts. The settlement reduction value exceeded 80% for all
cases of inclination.
4. The inclined skirts loosened the top surface sand, consequently the
sand surrounding the skirted foundation collapsed.
5. This investigation offers novel insights into skirted foundation
behavior, refining design guidelines, enhancing load-settlement
performance, and empowering practitioners to create safer, more
innovative foundation designs for real-world construction projects.
6. This investigation was developed for a square skirted foundation
resting on loose sand and having an angle of inclination up to 20⁰.
Therefore, the findings of the investigation may not be applicable to
other skirted foundation shapes or soil conditions.

Fig. 11. Deformed shape in top surface sand for 60 mm inclined square skirted Declaration of competing interest
foundation (θ= 20⁰), and L/B= 0.25.
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
observed increase in bearing capacity with heightened skirt length and the work reported in this paper.
inclination presents opportunities for improved load-carrying capabil­
ities in practical scenarios. This research empowers geotechnical engi­ Data availability
neers, designers, and practitioners to make informed decisions that
enhance construction safety, minimize settlement, and ensure stability Data will be made available on request.
in various projects. By addressing practical implications, a contribution
to the advancement of reliable and effective foundation design practices
for real-world contexts.

6
T. AL-Shyoukhi et al. Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101454

Acknowledgements cooperation from the staff are gratefully acknowledged. The author also
acknowledges Eng. Kyrillos Magdy of Mansoura University for providing
The experimental part of this work was conducted in the soil and experimental data of testing skirted foundations.
foundations laboratory at Mansoura University. This support and

7. Notations

B = footing width
L = embedded skirt length
θ = angle of skirts inclination
Dr = relative density of sand;
γ = unit weight of sand;
∅ = peak friction angle of sand;
ψ = angle of dilatancy of sand;
ref
E50 = secant stiffness of sand;
ref
Eoed = tangent stiffness of sand;
ref
Eur = unloading/reloading stiffness of sand;
emax = maximum void ratio of sand;
emin = minimum void ratio of sand;
Ss = settlement of skirted foundation
Sis = settlement of inclined skirted foundation
Srs = settlement reduction
qs = bearing capacity of skirted foundation
Rinter = interface reduction factor
qis = bearing capacity of inclined skirted foundation; and
qur = bearing capacity ratio

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