1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?

Learning Outcome(s)
• Describe methods of separation and purification for the components
of mixtures.
• Suggest suitable separation and purification methods for different types
of mixtures.
• Interpret paper chromatograms.
• Explain the need for locating agents in the chromatography of
colourless compounds.

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
What is a mixture?
A mixture consists of two or more substances that are not
chemically combined.

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Solid–solid Mixtures
Using Magnetic Attraction
• Magnetic substances can be separated
from non-magnetic substances.
• Magnetic substances:
iron, cobalt, nickel and some alloys
• Waste in a landfill can be sorted
using magnetic attraction.

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Solid–solid Mixtures
Sieving
• A sieve is used to separate solids with different particle sizes.

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Solid–solid Mixtures
Using Suitable Solvents
To separate a mixture of two solids, we use a solvent in which one solid is
soluble. (The other solid is insoluble in that solvent.)
Different solids dissolve in different solvents. Some common solvents are
water and ethanol.

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Solid–solid Mixtures
Sublimation
• Sublimation is used to separate solids where
one substance changes from the solid to the
gaseous state directly.

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Solid–liquid Mixtures
Filtration is a process of separating an insoluble
solid from a liquid.

A filter funnel and a filter paper are usually used.

Examples of mixtures:
• sand and water
• chalk powder and water (suspension)
• clay and water
a mixture where solid particles
are found throughout the liquid
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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Solid–liquid Mixtures
Filtration
Filtrate: liquid that passes through the filter
Residue: solid that remains on the filter

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9

1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?

Large insoluble
Filtration solid particles are
trapped by the
filter paper in the
filter funnel.

mixture of
insoluble solid
in a liquid small particles of
liquid pass through

URL
 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Solid–liquid Mixtures
Evaporation to Dryness
Separates a dissolved solid from its solvent
The mixture is heated until all the solvent has vaporised.

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11

1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?

Not all soluble substances can be obtained by

evaporation to dryness.

Example: Sugar
decomposes on heating

The solid obtained by

evaporation to dryness is
not always pure. Any
soluble impurities will be
left together with the solid
after heating.
 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Solid–liquid Mixtures
Crystallisation
Separates a pure solid from its saturated solution
A saturated solution is one in which no more solute can be dissolved.

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Solid–liquid Mixtures
Crystallisation

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Solid–liquid Mixtures
Crystallisation

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Solid–liquid Mixtures
Simple Distillation
Separates a pure solvent (liquid) from its solution

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Homogeneous Mixture Heterogeneous Mixture
Miscible liquids that form a Immiscible liquids that do not
uniform solution. form a uniform solution.
The liquids separate into layers
known as phases.

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Liquid–liquid Mixtures
Separating Funnel
Separates immiscible liquids

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Liquid–liquid Mixtures
Chromatography
Separates a mixture of substances which have different solubilities in a
given solvent

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Liquid–liquid Mixtures
Chromatography
• The retention factor, or Rf value of a substance is a measure of its
solubility in the solvent.
distance travelled by the substance
• Rf value =
distance travelled by the solvent
• Using Rf values allows us to compare chromatograms which have been
run for different durations using the same solvent, under the same
temperature.

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Liquid–liquid Mixtures
Chromatography

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Liquid–liquid Mixtures
Chromatography
Locating agents are used for the
chromatography of colourless substances.

They are chemicals that react with the

colourless substances to form
coloured spots.

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Liquid–liquid Mixtures
Chromatography
Applications:
Identify unauthorised substances like pesticides and poisons in food
Detect small quantities of banned substances in an athlete’s urine or blood
Separate components like DNA fragments in samples for forensic
investigations

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Liquid–liquid Mixtures
Fractional Distillation
Separates miscible liquids
with different boiling points.

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 1.3 How Are Substances in Mixtures Separated?
Separating Liquid–liquid Mixtures
Fractional Distillation
Applications:
Oil refineries separate crude oil into different substances
Separation of liquefied air into different gases
Fermentation of glucose into ethanol

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 1.4 How Can the Purity of Substances Be Determined?
Learning Outcome(s)
• Explain the importance of measuring the purity of substances used in
everyday life.
• Deduce the identities of substances and their purity from given melting
point
and boiling point data.

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 1.4 How Can the Purity of Substances
Be Determined?
A pure substance has a specific melting and/or boiling point under
fixed conditions.
Mixtures melt or boil over a range of temperatures.
For example, pure water boils at 100 °C,
but adding salt to water raises its boiling point.
Similarly, pure water freezes at 0 °C,
but adding salt to water lowers its freezing point.

Impurities increase the boiling point.

Impurities decrease the melting point.

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