Section A

Answer all questions.

1 One of the aims of the study by Bandura et al. (aggression) was to test if
there will be a difference in the aggression levels between boys and girls.

(a) Write a one-tailed/directional hypothesis for this aim

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(b) Write a null hypothesis for this aim

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2 In the study by Hassett et al. (monkey toy preferences), the magnitude of

preference of the male monkeys for the wheeled toys was calculated.

(a) Describe how the magnitude of preference of the male monkeys for
wheeled toys was calculated

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(b) The standard deviation of interactions with wheeled toys for the
male monkeys was calculated. Explain why it was better to calculate the
standard deviation rather than the range

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3 The following graph represents the distress ratings relative to manipulation
of buttons in treatment exposure sessions from the study by Saavedra and
Silverman (button phobia):

Based on the graph above, outline two conclusions from the study

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4 (a) Explain what is meant by random sampling

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(b) Outline one strength of random sampling

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5 The study by Holzel et al. (mindfulness and brain scans) was a longitudinal
study that also used a self-report in the form of the FFMQ.

(a) Describe the FFMQ

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 (b) (i) Outline what is meant by a longitudinal study, using this study
as an example

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(ii) Outline one strength of a longitudinal study, using this study as

an example

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6 Describe the different types of experimental designs, using any examples

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7 Rabiya is conducting a study on cats to see how responsive they are to

different cues. The cues she will use include the following: whistling,
tapping, knocking, and clapping. Every time a cat responds to any cue, and
comes towards her, she will reward the cat with a treat.

(a) Outline one ethical guideline in relation to animals that Rabiya is

following in her study

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(b) Outline which measure of central tendency would be most

appropriate for Rabiya to use in determining the frequency of responses of
cats to each cue

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 (c) Describe how Rabiya can operationalize any two cues that she will be
using in her study

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8 Soha is investigating a relationship between a person’s intelligence, and

kindness. She has decided to measure intelligence by using an IQ test.

(a) (i) Outline one way she can measure kindness. Do not refer to self-
report

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(ii) Explain one problem with the way she is measuring kindness that
you described in part (a)(i)

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(b) (i) State the type of correlation Soha would find if people with higher
intelligence were kinder than people with lower intelligence

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(ii) Draw a scattergraph to show the relationship identified in part

(b)(i). You must label the axes

[3]
9 Amaan is conducting an observational study to see the different types of
behaviours students show when taking an exam. He has decided to use a
structured observation.

(a) Outline two behaviours that he could include in his behavioural

checklist

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(b) Outline one weakness of using a structured observation

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(c) Describe what Amaan could do to be a participant observer

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 Section A
Answer all questions.

10 Daniyal believes people with different levels of empathy have different

ways of interacting with people they are familiar and unfamiliar with.

(a) Describe how Daniyal could conduct a questionnaire-based study to

investigate how people with different levels of empathy interact with other
people.

Do not describe sample/sampling technique or ethical issues/guidelines in

your answer.

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(b) (i) Describe one practical/methodological strength of the procedure
you have described in your answer to part (a).

Do not refer to sampling or ethics in your answer.

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(ii) Explain why the feature of the procedure you have identified in
part (b)(i) is a strength.

Do not refer to sampling or ethics in your answer.

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