Note of chapter 11

Certainly, the motivations behind policies that restrict religious expression and discriminate
against minority religious groups can be multifaceted. Here are three potential types of
motivation:

Religious Supremacy: One motivation may stem from a desire to uphold the supremacy of the
dominant religion. In countries where a particular religion is established as the official or
dominant faith, policymakers may seek to preserve this status by suppressing competing
religious beliefs or practices. This motivation reflects a belief in the superiority of one religion
over others and a desire to maintain its privileged position within society.

Political Control: Policies restricting religious freedom may also be driven by political
considerations, particularly in authoritarian or repressive regimes. Governments may use
religion as a tool to control the population, suppress dissent, or consolidate power. By targeting
minority religious groups, authorities can marginalize potential sources of opposition and
maintain their grip on authority.

Social Cohesion and Stability: Some policymakers may justify restrictions on religious expression
as necessary for maintaining social cohesion and stability. They may argue that allowing
religious diversity or dissenting beliefs could lead to social unrest, inter-religious conflicts, or
challenges to the existing social order. Consequently, policies aimed at homogenizing religious
practices or beliefs may be perceived as essential for fostering unity and harmony within
society.

These motivations are not mutually exclusive and can often intersection or interact in complex
ways. Additionally, the specific motivations behind discriminatory policies may vary depending
on factors such as the historical context, political environment, and social dynamics of each
country. Nevertheless, understanding these potential motivations can provide insight into the
underlying reasons behind policies that restrict religious freedom and discriminate against
minority religious groups.

On the another hand, the example of Pakistan and Malaysia demonstrates how states with an
official religion may seek to maintain its dominance by imposing restrictions on other religious
groups. In Pakistan, where Islam is the official religion, the Ahmadi minority faces severe
restrictions on public expressions of their faith. Despite considering themselves Muslims,
Ahmadis are considered as heretical by many mainstream Muslims, including those in power.
Consequently, Ahmadis in Pakistan are prohibited from identifying themselves as Muslims,
displaying Quranic inscriptions in their mosques or on graves, or publicly reading the Quran.
Since 1983, they are even barred from holding conferences or gatherings.

Similarly, in Malaysia, where Islam holds official status, authorities have taken action against
Ahmadis and Shia Muslims, arresting them for participating in religious festivals and prayers.
These actions demonstrate how states with an official religion may use their power to suppress
religious diversity and maintain the dominance of the majority faith, leading to discrimination
and persecution of minority religious groups.