DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN

Demonstrative pronouns “demonstrate” something; using them is the verbal

equivalent of pointing at something or someone. They draw attention to the
thing or person you’re referring to.

Demonstrative pronouns indicate number (singular or plural) and the relative

distance of the thing being referred to.

The four English demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and those.
They are used to highlight something that was previously mentioned or that is
clear from the context.

Examples of the demonstrative pronouns

Near (proximal) Far (distal)

Singular This is my friend Jamie. I don’t know about that. Let’s

discuss it tomorrow.

Plural I like all kinds of chocolates, Those are my notebooks on the

but these are my favorites. desk.

POSSESIVE PRONOUN

A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that is used to express ownership or

possession. For example, the word hers is a possessive pronoun in the
sentence Charlotte noticed that Seth’s dog was bigger than hers. The
word hers indicates that “Charlotte’s dog” (the noun phrase being replaced by
the word hers) belongs to Charlotte.

Like possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns have other uses, too. For
example, they can be used to express origin or a special relationship:

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  Origin: Chicago is Will’s home and Atlanta is ours. (Ours replaces “our
home.” This sentence says that we originate from the city of Atlanta.)

 Relationship: I brought my younger sister to the party and Mila

brought hers, too. (Hers replaces “her sister.” Mila doesn’t “own” or
“possess” her sister, but she is related to her.)

List of possessive pronouns

There are a bunch of different possessive pronouns that you can use, which can
be either singular or plural if they are referring to one person or multiple people.

Singular possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns are singular if they only refer to only one person or thing.
Singular possessive pronouns include:

 mine

 yours

 hers

 his

 its

 theirs (sometimes—more on this later)

Plural possessive pronouns

A possessive pronoun is plural if it refers to more than one person or thing.

Plural possessive pronouns include:

 ours

 yours

 theirs

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ADVERB

Adverbs are words that usually modify—that is, they limit or restrict the
meaning of verbs. They may also modify adjectives, other adverbs, phrases, or
even entire sentences.

An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb (“he sings loudly”), an

adjective (“very tall”), another adverb (“ended too quickly”), or even a whole
sentence (“Fortunately, I had brought an umbrella.”). Adverbs often end in -ly,
but some (such as fast) look exactly the same as their adjective counterparts.

Adverb examples

Adverbs are easy to recognize because they usually end in –ly, but not always.
Some of the most common adverb examples include:

 really, very

 well, badly

 today, yesterday, everyday, etc.

 sometimes, often, rarely, etc.

 early, late, soon, etc.

 here, there, everywhere, etc.

PRONOUN

A pronoun is a word that stands in for a noun, often to avoid the need to repeat
the same noun over and over. Like nouns, pronouns can refer to people, things,
concepts, and places. Most sentences contain at least one noun or pronoun.

People tend to use “pronouns” to mean personal pronouns specifically, but there
are many other kinds of pronouns that are just as important to English grammar.
The words highlighted in bold below are all pronouns.

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QUESTION 2: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SENTENCE, CLAUSE, TEXT

AND PHRASE

Phrases and clauses are the building blocks of sentences. Phrases are groups of

words that act as a part of speech but cannot stand alone as a sentence. The

words in a phrase act together so that the phrase itself functions as a single part

of speech. For example, phrases can function as nouns, verbs, adjectives, or

adverbs. If you understand how different types of phrases function, you can

avoid misplacing them or leaving them dangling in sentences. WHILE

Clauses are groups of words that have a subject and a predicate. Independent

clauses express a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.

Subordinate clauses can act as parts of speech but depend on the rest of the

sentence to express a complete thought. WHILE

A sentence expresses a complete thought and contains a subject (a noun or

pronoun) and a predicate (a verb or verb phrase). The four basic types of

sentences—simple, compound, complex, and compound‐complex—use phrases

and clauses in varying degrees of complexity. WHILE

Text A text is a passage of words that conveys a set of meanings to the person

who is reading it. It’s a body of written work, in various forms and structures,

that can be words, phrases and sentences that piece together a passage of written

work.

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QUESTION 3:

PARADOX

Paradox, apparently self-contradictory statement, the underlying meaning of

which is revealed only by careful scrutiny. The purpose of a paradox is to arrest

attention and provoke fresh thought. The statement “Less is more” is an

example.

A paradox is a statement, proposition, or concept that appears to be self-

contradictory or absurd but may contain a hidden truth. Paradoxes often

challenge our understanding of logic, perception, or reality, prompting deeper

thought and investigation.

OXYMORON

An oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two seemingly contradictory terms

are combined to create a phrase that can convey a new meaning or highlight a

particular nuance. Oxymorons often add depth and complexity to language and

can create a dramatic effect. Some common examples of oxymorons include:

 Jumbo shrimp

 Deafening silence

 Act naturally

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  Bittersweet

 Alone together

 Clearly confused

 Original copy

These expressions juxtapose opposites to create a thought-provoking or

imaginative combination. Oxymorons are frequently used in poetry, literature,

and everyday speech to express complex or ironic ideas.