FND/BLD DAY 3

Station1 pathology
Anaplasia
Dysplasia
Metaplasia
Hyperplasia
1st intention healing
2nd intention healing
Inflammatory cells
Growth factors
Cytokines
Hypersensitivity
Station 2
Bone histology OSpe
Sec /primary cartilaginous joints
Primary cartilaginous joints examples
Secondary cartilaginous joints examples
Recognise point A,B,C etc. In ospe
Range of movement of different joints
Station 3 embryology
Ospe
Primitive streak, primitive node and muscle histology
Primitive streak remnant
Notochord remnant
Type of filaments in muscle
Actin, myosin function
Light and dark band
Gastrulation
Station 4 biochemistry
Codon
Anticodon
Translation process
Transcription
Nucleotide
Gene
Protein classification
Lipids in brain
Polysaccharides
Station 5 Pathology
Chronic acute inflammation
Oxidative stress
Pathogenesis and etiology difference
Malaria: plasmodium
Carcinoma Insitu
Oxidation
Enzymes of peroxisomes and lysosomes
Station 6: Physiology
Cell membrane composition
Cotransport with examples
Difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion
Types of passive transport
Gene translation
Station 7 Physiology

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Blood groups
Agglutination
Immune complexes
Coagulation cascade
Intrinsic/extrinsic pathway
Prothrombin time/bleeding time/clotting time
Role of platelets in clotting
Clotting factors
Station 8
Ospe bilurbin
Diagnosis
Heme synthesis
Porphyria
Symptoms of porphyria
Difference between direct indirect bilurbin
Prehepatic hepatic jaundice reasons
Erythropoietic porphyria
Heme degradation
Enzyme for converting bilerverdin to bilurbin
Malaria
Plasmodium
Oxidation reaction
FM Patho

What are opportunistic infections?

What is a vector? Examples?
What is a carrier?
What is cell injury?

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Examples of causes of cell injury (3)?
Hyperplasia vs Hypertrophy?
Apoptosis vs Necrosis?
What is oxidative stress?
What is the role of P53?
FM Physio
Structure and composition of cell membrane (give %)?
Active transport vs. facilitated? Examples (symport only)?
Functions of peripheral proteins?
What is a gene?
Blood Physio
If WBCs are elevated (30K ig), what is it called (cells are normal)?
If there is elevation of WBCs, what is called (cells are abnormal)?
What happens to cells in hyper and hypotonic solutions?
What do mast cells contain & functions?
What is cellular v humoral immunity?
What are the types of Immunoglobulins?
What Ig crosses the placenta?
What is hemolytic disease of newborn? Can it be prevented?
Blood Biochem
What are the starting components of Heme?
What are the break down products of Hb?
What is the cause of sickle cell anemia?
Interpret the following lab values? (high bilirubin)
What is the issue here? (Jaundice)
What kinda of jaundice is this? (Hemolytc)
What are the other types of jaundice?
Why is beta-thallasemia much more common?

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What is the stem cell of Erythroblasts?
What hormone stimulates its formation? Where is it made?
Blood Patho
What is neoplasia?
What is a cytokine?
What is a growth factor?
Differentiate between the two?
What is carcinoma in situ?
FM Anatomy
Explain the labelling? (OSPE of bone)
What are primary cartilgenous joints?
What are secondary cartilagenous joints?
Where are they located?
When are they formed?
FM Anatomy
Two OSPEs (Sarcomere & Gastrulation 3rd week)
What is this structure? (primitive streak)
What is gastrulation? Explain?
What is this germ layer? Why? (Epiblast - 2nd week only hypo & epiblast)
If the primitive streak remains, what does it form? (Saccrocygeal
teratoma)
What does notochord do? What does it form later? What happens in disc
hernia ;) (teasingly)
What is the basic contratile unit of a muscle cell?
Sarcomere OSPE, what are these called? (A band, I band)
Explain how muscle contraction happens?
FM Biochem
What are polysacharides?

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What are the sulfur containing amino acids?
What are lipids found in brain?
What is the structure of the lipid bi-layer?
What is a gene?
What is a codon? Anti-codon?
How many bases are there in codon? How many total?
What is ETC?
How many complexes are in ETC?
Shift 1
* Hall Number # 6

* Station #1: Foundation Embryology

- OSPE of primitive streak
- What is this structure ? Where does it end ? What is the function of
primitive streak
- Ooropharyngeal membrane was also marked
- What is notochord ? What is the remnant of notochord ?
- What is gastrulation ?
- Another OSPE of skeletal muscle fiber.

- H band was marked but sir somehow said ke this is sarcomere 🤷🏻‍♂️. How
does sarcomere shorten ?

* Station #2: Foundation Biochemestry

- Classification of carbohydrates ? Examples of disacchirides
- Classification of proteins ? What is primary, secondary and tertiary
structure of proteins ?
- How do we classify Lipids ? Which lipids are present in CNS ?

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- What is electron transport chain ? How many ATP are generated in it ?
- Difference between DNA and RNA ?

* Station #3: Foundation Pathology

- What is cell injury ? How many types of cell injury are there ? What are
the hallmarls of irreversible injury ?
- What is a vector ? How is malaria transmitted ?
- Differences between apoptosis and necrosis

* Station #4: Foundation Physiology

- What is a gene ? What is a codon ?

- What is transcytosis ? Baqi yaad nahein aarahay 😅

* Station #5: Blood Physiology

- Steps of erythrocyte formation ?
- What is hemostasis ? Name all the clotting factors ?
- How are extrinsic and intrinsic pathways activated ? Give an example of
trauma to the blood.
- Name examples of normocytic anemias ?
- Physiological conditions in which the reticulocyte count increases ?

* Station #6: Blood biochemistry

- Steps in heme synthesis ? Final step ?
- What are porphyrias ?
- What is thalassemia ? Types ? What is the defect that causes sickle cell
anemia ?
- Active form of Folic Acid ? Funtion of Vitamin K ?

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- OSPE of serum bilirubin, direct and indirect bilirubin ( all were
elevated ). What do these values indicate ?

* Station #7: Blood Pathology

- What is dysplasia ?
- What is invasion and metastasis ?
- Examples of normycytic amemias ? Details of Heriditary Spherocytosis
and G6PD deficiency.
- Something about blood group inheritance. Person inherits the group
from both parents, so what is that type of inheritance called ?

* Station #8: Foundation Histology

- OSPE of bone ( epyphysis and diaphysis were marked )
- Name the labelling.
- What is primary and secondary ossification center ? When do they first
appear ?
- What is Hilton’s law ?
- What are secondary cartilaginous joints ? Examples ?
* Station 3
What is immune system ?

*Station 5
How many types of immunity are there ? What is acquired immunity ?
What’s a vector
Blood typing and cross matching
P53 ( how does it regulate the cycle)
Components of cell membrane by percentage
Function of RER/SER
What’s ETC

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function of Vit K
Opportunistic infection
Examples of primary and secondary cartilaginous joints
Carcinoma in situ
What’s aplastic anemia
How to treat it
RBG pathway (idk)
Plasma protein functions
Hypertrophy vs hyperplasia
What’s osmotic fragility test
Hilton’s law
Gastrulation
Lipids in the CNS
milk sugar
Uses of nucleotides
What are porphyria’s
Etiology vs pathogensis
Neoplasia , anaplasia , metaplasia, dysplasia
Substrates of heme synthesis
Sulfur containing amino acids
Antigen on blood grp O
Erythrobloetails foetalis
Malignant vs benign tumours
Basophils vs mast cells
Station 1:
what are opportunistic pathogens
what are obligate parasites
what is hypertrophy

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what is hyperplasia
what is metaplasia
Give examples of metaplasia
what is primary and secondary immune response
difference bw apoptosis and necrosis

Station 2:
What are plasma proteins
what are cell membrane proteins
what is the function of peripheral proteins
what is the function of integral proteins
differentiate bw active transport and facilitated diffusion
examples of Active transport
what is the purpose of Na/K pump
How does Na/K pump maintain cell volume

Station 3:
what is hemolysis
describe whole process of destruction of rbcs
what can cause macrocytic anemia
what is the difference bw macrocytic and megaloblastic anaemia
what is MCHC
what is MCH
secretions of basophils and eosinophils
difference bw basophils and mast cells

Station 4:
OSPE of Hemolytic jaundice

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Enzymes in heme synthesis
what are porphyrias
functions of Vitamin B12
what is hyperbilirubinemia

Station 5:
What is anaplasia
What are cytokines and examples
What are chemokines
What is carcinoma in situ
What is healing by primary intention
Most frequent cancer that occur in females and males
What causes cancer the most in Pakistan (smoking)
Diagnostic tests to see Antibody production

Station 6:
OSPE of bone
What is primary ossification
what is secondary ossification
which limb part’s secondary ossification occurs before birth (knee)
What are primary and secondary cartilaginous joints and their differences
What is Hilton’s law

Station 7:
OSPE of sarcomere and primitive streak + epiblast labels
where does primitive streak derive from
if primitive streak doesnt disappear, what does it form (sacrococcygeal
teratoma)

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what is gastrulation
what does primitive node later become in adults
what is a sarcomere
Examples of contractile cells (myoepithelial cells, myofibroblast)

Station 8:
examples of lipids found in CNS
difference bw gangliosides and cerebrosides
what lipid is present in lung surfactant
low levels of this lipid cause what disease
which ratio is measured in ARDS
which prenatal diagnosis technique is required for this
what is milk sugar
what is milk protein
what is a genetic code
characteristics of nucleotides
biochem blood: ospe w elevtaed bilirubin, elevated unconjugated
bilirubin
1) what disease do you suspect
2) which enzyme is deficient
3) porphyria definition
4) how do u test porphyria what part of the body (???) do u test for
porphyria (urine duh)

muzaffar blood physio

1) what disorder do u get when u dont have spectrin and ankyrin
2) function of folate and b12 - tell me whole pathway of dna synthesis
3) isotonic solution example - saline 0.9%

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4) give another example of isotonic
5) what is dilute water – hypotonic
1) dna structure
2) dna vs rna
3) rna types (mrna trna rrna hnrna waghaira)
fnd biochem:
1) post translation modification
2) what is etc, how many complexes
3) essential fatty acids
4) what are heteropolysaccharides and give one example
5) what are exons and introns
Primitive streak ospe
Sarcomere ospe
Long bone ospe
embryo fnd had a somite diagram and a simple cuboidal diagram
1) what are these structures - somite
2) how many are formed per day - 3
3) what do they develop into
4) ectodermal derivatives
5) what cell type is this - simple cuboidal
6) where is it located
7) what are the structural modifications - cilia microvilli stereocilia
anatomy knee ospe
1) what type of joint - condylar
2) what movement - biaxial
3) other examples of condylar - craniomandibular
4) what is gomphosis - fibrous joint connecting tooth to socket
Blood anatomy- patho

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What is neoplasia
What is carcinoma,sarcoma and lymphoma
What is barret's oesophagus
What is metaplasia
What is dysplasia and an example

Blood biochem
What are porphyrias
Ospe on conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin
What is hyperbilirubinemia
What are the substrates of heme synthesis
Opportunistic pathogen
What is etiology
What is pathogenesis

Anatomy
Primary and secondary ossification centres
Secondary cartilaginous joints and examples
Ospe on epiphyses and diaphysis

Primitive streak ospe

Sarcomere ospe
Contractile cells eg

Biochem
Comp of cell membrane with the percentages
Transcription process
What is a codon

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What are heteropolysacc
Essential amino acids
Sulfur containing amino acids
Func of methionine
Func of nucleotides

Patho
Megaloblastic anemia causes
What is MCHC
Diff between serum and plasma
What will happen to a RBC in a hypotonic solution
How do u check osmotic fragility
What are hemolytic anemia and egs
What is aplastic anemia

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