INTRODUCTION

Self-medication is a common practice worldwide and the irrational use of drugs is a cause of concern because of major consequences it produces. The world self-

medication industry (WSMI, 2010.) describes self-medication as the treatment of common health problems with medicines especially designed and labeled for

use without medical supervision and approved as safe and effective for such use. Medicines for self-medication are often called non-prescription or over the

counter (OTC) and are available without a doctor’s prescription through pharmacies and this has led to misuse of drugs.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the international pharmaceutical federation define self- medication as a run through which a human being selects and

uses medicines to treat signs/symptoms or minor health problems, recognized as such by themselves.

The practice of self-medication is a global phenomenon (Danshana, 2014), and it has become an issue under debate in health care (Almasdy, 2011). Evidence has

shown that self-medication is not restricted to a region or race since both developing and developed countries are experiencing the menace of inappropriate self-

medication (Sarahrood, 2010).self –medication among developing and developed nations may be due to the disparities in the cultural, economic, health care

system and policies in each nation. Self–medication as a behavior could be classified as responsible or non-responsible and as a result, the behavior cannot be

considered entirely harmful (Kalaiselvi, Ganesh & Archana, 2014).

Responsible self-medication entails using approved and available medicine in a safe and effective way as directed though without prescription. This is possible in

developed nations because of high quality of education, accessibility to health information, safety and quality health care including government policies on health

coupled with the health-seeking behavior and skeptical expert knowledge (Talevi, 2010).

The most common drugs used without prescription include antimalarial, analgesics, antipyretics, antibiotics and cough syrup. The sources of the drugs people use

without prescription, sometimes are from pharmacy and left over drugs from previous medication. Students have reasonable information about drugs through

print media, pharmacy, medicine dealers, internet, family and friends and this has led many students to involve in self- medication especially, female students.

Gender, age, knowledge, attitude and perception were discovered to have influence on self-medication (Awosusi & Konwea, 2015).

In the world of today, the issue of self-medication has become a major public health problem. These is invariably due to the fact that, there is increasing number

of individuals involved in this practice and likewise increase the risk of adverse reactions and other potential risks such as incorrect self-diagnosis, delay in

seeking medical advice when needed, dangerous drug interaction, incorrect dosage, risk for dependence and abuse. The aim of this study is to investigate the

effect of self-medication.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Effect: the negative result or outcome gotten from an action

Self-medication: This is the selection and use of medicines by individuals (or a member of the individuals’ family) to treat self-recognized or self-diagnosed

conditions or symptoms.

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CONCEPT OF SELF-MEDICATION

Self-medication is defined as the use of medications by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of consulting a

medical practitioner (WHO 2018). Self-medication is commonly practiced by students especially those in the medical related courses.

WHO (2018) considers self-medication as obtaining and consuming medication without professional supervision which comprises of acquiring medicines

without a prescription, purchasing drugs by resubmitting/reutilizing an old prescription, taking medicine on advice of others or relatives or consuming left-over

medicine already available at home.

As earlier stated, self-medication could be dangerous if not controlled, some problems associated with self-medication according to Pagane(2017) cited by Rohit

(2010) is wastage of resources, increase resistance to pathogen and generally entails enormous health hazard. Such as adverse reaction and prolong suffering

(Rohit 2010).

Self-medication was defined as the use of drugs with therapeutic intent but without professional advice or prescription and also use of non-prescription medicines

by people on their own initiative (Jamison, 2012).. It involves the use of medicinal products by the individuals to treat self-recognized disorders or symptoms.

Self-medication involves acquiring medicines without a prescription, resubmitting old prescriptions to purchase medicines, sharing medicines with relatives or

members of one’s circle or using left over medicines stored at home (Loyola 2013). However in contrast to other elements of self-care, self-medication is

practiced by a considerable proportion of the world population and some healthcare providers have attached to it negative connotations (Martins, et al, 2011).

Contrary to this the World Health Organization (2011) most notably has marked the existence of the valid role of self-medication and it has subsequently become

an increasingly important area within healthcare. (WSMI, 2010) The enormously increasing health care costs in the past few decades, resulting largely in health

care needs exceeding the available financial resources, and the continued improvement in people's education, general knowledge and socio-economic status has

led to the successful integration of self-medication into many health care systems throughout the world. (WHO,2011).

PERCEPTION TOWARDS SELF-MEDICATION

Worldwide, particularly in developed countries, World Self Medication Industry

(2010) surveys reveal that modern consumers wish to take a greater role in the maintenance of their own health and are often competent to manage

(uncomplicated) chronic and recurrent illnesses (not merely short-term symptoms) after proper medical diagnosis and with only occasional professional advice,

particularly with the use of analgesics, antibiotics, histamine, topical corticosteroid, antifungal, and oral contraceptive. They are understandably unwilling to

submit to the inconvenience of visiting a doctor for what they rightly feel they can manage for themselves, given adequate information.

In economically deprived communities, most episodes of illnesses in both the old and young are treated by self-medication. Poor socio-economic status and high

cost of modern drugs were highlighted as the commonest reasons for this in one study. Other studies showed minor illnesses, convenience and lack of time to be

the most familiar reasons across socioeconomic classes for the practice of self-medication (Sclafer, 2011). Students often self-medicate with over-the-counter

(OTC) agents for common problems such as fever, mild pain, colds, allergies, indigestion and gas, constipation, and insomnia.

The major reason for self-medication in studies by (Omolase,2012), in Nigeria and Shankar in Nepal proved to be their perception of the simplicity of the health

condition, Socio-demographic and socio-economic factors have proven to be main contributing factors affecting self-medication in a few studies. Conversely,

there appears to be a positive attitude towards self-medication, with reports from two separate literatures KayalvlizhiI, R Senapathi, (2011) recording up to 80%

of the respondents favoring self-medication and considering it has as an acceptable practice.

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Various studies on the relationship between educational status and attitude towards self-medication commonly found that differences in educational levels may

be responsible for the finding that more young and middle-class patients regard medication as not always being essential for every illness and concluded that the

difference between social classes is statistically significant. (Afolabi, 2013).

The vital role played by the educational status of drug users in their attitude towards self-medication was also highlighted in an adult Nigerian population study

carried out by Afolabi.

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KNOWLEDGE OF SELF-MEDICATION

Self-medication with drugs is an economical choice of treatment for common self-limiting illnesses all over the world. In spite of this, the knowledge of the

benefits as well as hazardous effects is not as popular as the practice itself. Certain studies amongst different populations reveal that the populace had a fairly

good knowledge on the advantages of self-medication, as they correctly perceived it as time-saving and economical, doing away with the need to go to a doctor

for minor illness and providing quick, easy and convenient relief. These perceptions are similar to those reported by the WHO that provides a cheaper and

convenient alternative for treating common minor illnesses. The same however can be said concerning the knowledge of consumers with respect to drugs being

used, the right indications, dosages, and duration of use as well as the side effect of drugs.

SOURCES OF SELF-MEDICATION KNOWLEDGE

The sources of self-medication can vary widely, encompassing both formal and informal channels of information dissemination:

1. Pharmacists: Pharmacists play a crucial role as a primary source of information for self-medication. They provide guidance on over-the-counter

medications, advise on proper usage, and offer recommendations for minor health issues (KayalvlizhiI & Senapathi, 2011). In many surveys,

pharmacists have been identified as one of the main sources of knowledge on drug use among consumers (KayalvlizhiI & Senapathi, 2011).

2. General Medicine Dealers: Alongside pharmacists, general medicine dealers serve as accessible points of contact for individuals seeking

medications without a prescription. They often offer advice on common ailments and provide medications to alleviate symptoms (KayalvlizhiI &

Senapathi, 2011).

3. Medical Practitioners: Both general and private medical practitioners contribute to the pool of knowledge regarding self-medication. Patients may

consult these practitioners for minor ailments and receive prescriptions for medications that can be subsequently used for self-medication

(KayalvlizhiI & Senapathi, 2011).

4. Household Members: Within families and households, there exists a transfer of knowledge and practices related to self-medication. Individuals

may learn about medications and their usage from older family members or those with prior experience (KayalvlizhiI & Senapathi, 2011).

5. Product Information Leaflets: Product information leaflets accompanying medications serve as a written resource for consumers. These leaflets

contain details about the indications, dosages, potential side effects, and precautions associated with specific medications (KayalvlizhiI & Senapathi,

2011).

6. Friends and Relatives (Non-Healthcare Professionals): Informal networks of friends and relatives also contribute to the dissemination of

information about self-medication. Individuals may seek advice or recommendations from peers who have experience with similar health issues

(KayalvlizhiI & Senapathi, 2011).

7. Media Advertisements: Advertising through various media channels, including television, radio, print media, and online platforms, influences

consumer behavior and knowledge regarding medications. Advertisements often highlight the benefits and indications of specific products, shaping

consumer perceptions (KayalvlizhiI & Senapathi, 2011).

These sources collectively contribute to the knowledge base and practices surrounding self-medication, influencing individuals' decisions regarding medication

use and healthcare-seeking behavior.

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REASONS FOR SELF MEDICATION

the reasons for self-medication include:

1. Perception of Illness Simplicity: One of the primary reasons for self-medication is the perception of the simplicity of the health condition. Many

individuals may self-medicate for minor ailments that they believe do not require professional medical attention (Omolase, 2012). This perception is

often fueled by a sense of familiarity with the symptoms and a belief in the effectiveness of over-the-counter remedies.

2. Convenience and Accessibility: Self-medication offers a convenient and accessible solution for individuals seeking relief from common health

issues. Over-the-counter medications are readily available in pharmacies, supermarkets, and convenience stores, allowing individuals to address their

healthcare needs without the hassle of scheduling a doctor's appointment (Sclafer, 2011).

3. Cost Considerations: Economic factors also play a significant role in driving self-medication practices. Many individuals opt for self-medication to

avoid the expenses associated with doctor's consultations, prescription medications, and healthcare services (Sclafer, 2011). Self-medication is often

perceived as a cost-effective alternative for managing minor ailments.

4. Time Constraints: Busy lifestyles and hectic schedules may deter individuals from seeking professional medical help for minor health issues. Self-

medication offers a quick and efficient way to address symptoms without the need for time-consuming visits to healthcare providers (Sclafer, 2011).

5. Previous Experience and Familiarity: Individuals may resort to self-medication based on their past experiences with similar health issues. Those

who have successfully treated minor ailments with over-the-counter medications in the past may feel confident in their ability to self-diagnose and

manage similar symptoms (Shankar, 2015).

6. Preference for Autonomy in Health Management: Some individuals prefer to take control of their healthcare decisions and treatment options.

Self-medication allows them to exert autonomy over their health without relying solely on professional medical advice (Shankar, 2015).

7. Cultural and Social Norms: Cultural beliefs and social norms can influence attitudes towards self-medication. In communities where self-care

practices are widely accepted and encouraged, individuals may be more inclined to self-medicate for minor health issues (Sclafer, 2011).

These reasons collectively contribute to the widespread practice of self-medication among various populations.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES SELF MEDICATION

Here's a discussion on the factors that influence self-medication:

1. Socioeconomic Status: Socioeconomic factors play a significant role in influencing self-medication practices. Individuals from lower

socioeconomic backgrounds may resort to self-medication due to limited access to healthcare services and the high cost of medical care (Sclafer,

2011). Conversely, those from higher socioeconomic strata may have greater access to healthcare resources and may be less inclined to self-

medicate.

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 2. Education Level: Educational status has been identified as a crucial determinant of self-medication behavior. Studies have shown that individuals

with higher levels of education tend to have better knowledge about medications and healthcare practices, leading to more informed decisions

regarding self-medication (Afolabi, 2013).

3. Availability of Healthcare Services: The availability and accessibility of healthcare services in a given area can influence self-medication practices.

Individuals residing in remote or underserved areas with limited access to healthcare facilities may be more likely to engage in self-medication as a

primary means of managing health issues (Sclafer, 2011).

4. Cultural Beliefs and Practices: Cultural factors can significantly impact attitudes towards self-medication. In some cultures, self-care practices are

deeply ingrained, and individuals may rely on traditional remedies or self-medication for minor ailments as part of cultural norms (Sclafer, 2011).

5. Healthcare System Factors: The structure and organization of the healthcare system can also influence self-medication behavior. In countries

where healthcare services are overstretched or where there are long wait times to see a healthcare provider, individuals may turn to self-medication

as a more convenient and immediate solution (Sclafer, 2011).

6. Advertising and Media Influence: Marketing and advertising of over-the-counter medications can impact self-medication practices. Promotional

messages highlighting the effectiveness and accessibility of certain medications may encourage individuals to self-medicate for common health

issues (Sclafer, 2011).

7. Peer Influence and Social Networks: Peer pressure and social networks can play a role in shaping self-medication behavior. Individuals may be

influenced by the self-medication practices of their friends, family members, or social circles, leading to emulation of such behaviors (Shankar,

2015).

These factors interact in complex ways to influence individuals' decisions regarding self-medication, highlighting the need for comprehensive approaches to

healthcare delivery and education.

EFFECTS OF SELF MEDICATION

The consequences of self-medication, are:

1. Adverse Reactions and Side Effects: One of the primary consequences of self-medication is the risk of adverse reactions and side effects from

improperly used medications. Without professional guidance, individuals may misuse or overuse medications, leading to adverse reactions ranging

from mild discomfort to severe health complications (Pagane, 2017).

2. Drug Interactions: Self-medication increases the risk of drug interactions, where medications taken concurrently may interact with each other in

unexpected ways, diminishing their effectiveness or causing harmful reactions. Lack of professional oversight may result in individuals

unknowingly combining medications that can interact negatively (Pagane, 2017).

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 3. Delayed Diagnosis and Treatment: Engaging in self-medication may lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment of underlying health conditions. By

relying on self-diagnosis and symptom management, individuals may overlook or underestimate the seriousness of their symptoms, delaying

appropriate medical intervention and potentially worsening their condition (Pagane, 2017).

4. Masking of Symptoms: Self-medication can mask underlying symptoms of more serious health conditions. Instead of addressing the root cause of

their symptoms, individuals may use medications to alleviate discomfort temporarily, leading to a false sense of improvement while the underlying

condition continues to progress unchecked (Pagane, 2017).

5. Antibiotic Resistance: Misuse and overuse of antibiotics through self-medication contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance, a serious

public health concern. Inappropriate use of antibiotics can render them less effective over time, leading to the proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria

and making infections more difficult to treat (Rohit, 2010).

6. Wastage of Resources: Self-medication practices may result in the wastage of healthcare resources, including medications and medical supplies.

Misuse or overuse of medications not only leads to unnecessary expenses for individuals but also strains healthcare systems by increasing the

demand for medical services to address complications arising from self-medication (Pagane, 2017).

7. Prolonged Suffering: In some cases, self-medication may prolong an individual's suffering by delaying appropriate medical intervention. Without

professional assessment and treatment, health conditions may worsen over time, leading to prolonged discomfort, reduced quality of life, and

potential complications (Rohit, 2010).

These consequences underscore the importance of responsible medication use and the need for comprehensive healthcare strategies to promote safe and effective

treatment practices.

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RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY TO NURSING PRACTICE

The study on the effects of self-medication holds significant relevance for nursing practice due to its direct implications on patient care, safety, and healthcare

outcomes. Nurses are often at the forefront of patient interaction, serving as advocates for health promotion, education, and medication management.

Understanding the effects of self-medication allows nurses to effectively educate and counsel patients on the importance of responsible medication use.

Firstly, nurses play a crucial role in assessing patients' medication histories, identifying potential drug interactions, and monitoring for adverse effects.

Knowledge of the consequences of self-medication enables nurses to conduct comprehensive medication assessments and provide tailored interventions to

mitigate risks.

Secondly, nurses serve as educators, empowering patients with information on proper medication use, adherence, and the importance of seeking professional

healthcare advice. By understanding the risks associated with self-medication, nurses can effectively communicate the importance of consulting healthcare

providers before initiating any new medications.

Moreover, the study informs nursing practice by highlighting the need for ongoing patient education and monitoring. Nurses can utilize the findings to develop

targeted interventions, such as educational materials or counseling sessions, to promote safe medication practices and prevent adverse outcomes related to self-

medication.

Overall, the study's relevance lies in its capacity to enhance nursing practice by equipping nurses with the knowledge and tools necessary to support patients in

making informed decisions regarding their medication management, thereby improving patient safety and healthcare outcomes.

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SUMMARY

The study on the effects of self-medication investigates the implications of individuals treating themselves for common health issues without professional

supervision. It explores the various factors influencing self-medication practices, including socioeconomic status, education level, cultural norms, and healthcare

system factors. The study highlights the consequences of self-medication, such as adverse reactions, drug interactions, delayed diagnosis, antibiotic resistance,

wastage of resources, and prolonged suffering. Additionally, it underscores the importance of responsible medication use and the need for comprehensive

healthcare strategies to promote safe and effective treatment practices.

Through a review of existing literature and empirical research, the study provides insights into the prevalence of self-medication worldwide and its impact on

public health. It emphasizes the role of healthcare providers, including nurses, pharmacists, and medical practitioners, in educating patients about the risks

associated with self-medication and promoting responsible medication use. Furthermore, the study suggests avenues for future research and interventions aimed

at addressing the challenges posed by self-medication and improving healthcare outcomes. Overall, the study contributes to our understanding of self-medication

as a global phenomenon and calls for collaborative efforts to ensure safe and appropriate medication practices.

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

multifaceted and pose significant challenges to public health and healthcare delivery systems worldwide. The practice of self-medication can lead to adverse

reactions, drug interactions, delayed diagnosis, antibiotic resistance, wastage of resources, and prolonged suffering. These consequences underscore the

importance of promoting responsible medication use and enhancing patient education and healthcare access.

To address the issues surrounding self-medication, several recommendations can be made:

1. Education and Awareness: Implement comprehensive educational campaigns to raise awareness about the risks associated with self-medication and

the importance of consulting healthcare professionals for proper diagnosis and treatment.

2. Regulatory Measures: Strengthen regulations on the sale and distribution of over-the-counter medications to ensure that they are used appropriately

and safely.

3. Healthcare Access: Improve access to healthcare services, particularly in underserved communities, to reduce the reliance on self-medication as a

primary means of managing health issues.

4. Healthcare Provider Training: Provide training and support for healthcare providers, including nurses, pharmacists, and physicians, to effectively

counsel patients on medication use and safety.

5. Research and Surveillance: Conduct further research to better understand the factors influencing self-medication practices and monitor trends in self-

medication to inform targeted interventions.

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