System Engineering

ECE 451

Professor Dr. Hanan Ahmed Kamal

.
 Lec 1
Introduction to System Engineering
and modeling
What is System:
Set of Equipment that act together to perform a certain objective.

>>Examples of engineering systems:

 System
input output

𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … … … , 𝑋𝑛

>>System approach: Modeling

Mathmatical
(1) Modeling:- Sys.
Physical Model
 Classical mdeling (representation) sys. Analysis
[External Modeling] I/P, O/P relation. Solution Design

Ex: Transfer Function

 Modern representation
[Internal Modeling] I/P, O/P and system relation.
Ex: State Space Representation
(2) Analysis:-
 Quantative analysis:
 T.F → for any I/P solve to get O/P.
 SSR → for any I/P solve to get sys. Variables and O/P.

 Qualitative analysis:
 Study system Properties. [Stability].

(3) Design:-
 Add dynamic block to system to achieve desired response.
 Types of System
• Natural System
– Universe
– Human Body
 Types of System
• Manmade System
– Aeroplanes
– Chemical Process
 Types of System

• Finite-dimensional system (lumped-parameters system described by differential equations)

– Linear systems and nonlinear systems
– Continuous time and discrete time systems
– Time-invariant and time varying systems
• Infinite-dimensional system (distributed parameters system described by partial
differential equations)
– Power transmission line
– Antennas
– Heat conduction
– Optical fiber etc….
 Types of System
Linear Vs Nonlinear System

• A Control System in which output varies linearly with the input is called a linear control system.

u(t) Process y(t)

y(t )  2u(t )  1 y(t )  3u(t )  5

y=3*u(t)+5
y=-2*u(t)+1
35
5

30
0
25
-5

y(t)
y(t)

20
-10
15

-15
10

-20 5
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
u(t) 9
u(t)
 Types of System
Linear Vs Nonlinear System

• When the input and output has nonlinear relationship the system is said to be nonlinear.

Adhesion Characteristics of Road

0.4
Adhesion Coefficient

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Creep

10
 Linear system
A system is said to be linear in terms of the system input
x(t) and the system output y(t) if it satisfies the following
two properties of superposition and homogeneity.

Superposition：
 Types of System
Time invariant vs Time variant

• When the characteristics of the system do not depend upon time itself then the system is said
to time invariant control system.

y(t )  2u(t )  1

• Time varying control system is a system in which one or more parameters vary with time.

y(t )  2u(t )  3t

12
 Time invariance
A system is said to be time invariant if a time delay or
time advance of the input signal leads to an identical time
shift in the output signal.
x(t ) y (t )
Time invariant
system

x(t  t0 ) y (t  t0 )

t0 t0
Example

x1 (t )
y1 (t ) 
R(t )
x2 (t )  x1 (t  t0 )
x2 (t ) x1 (t  t0 )
 y2 (t )  
R(t ) R(t )
x1 (t  t0 )
but y1 (t ) 
R(t  t0 )
y1 (t  t0 )  y2 (t ), for t0  0
Time varying system
SysteTypes of System
Continuous vs Discrete System
Classification
Continuous system

Discrete system
 Types of System
Deterministic vs Stochastic System

• A control System is deterministic if the response to input is predictable and repeatable.

x(t) y(t)

t t

• If not, the control system is a stochastic control system

z(t)

t 16
 Classification of Systems
Systems

Natural Man-made

Non-Linear Linear

Discrete Continuous

Stochastic Deterministic
Non-linear linear

Time variant Time invariant

Time variant Time invariant
17
 Control system analysis and design
• Step1: Modeling
– By physical laws
– By identification methods
• Step2: Analysis
– Stability, controllability and observability
• Step3: Control law design
– Classical, modern and post-modern control
• Step4: Analysis
• Step5: Simulation
– Mat lab, Simulink etc….
• Step6: Implement
 Course outline
• System Modeling
• External Modeling (Transfer function)
• Block Diagram
• Signal Flow Graph
• Internal Modeling (State Space Representation)
• System Analysis
• System Solution
• System Properties (Stability, Controllability, and Observability)
 Reference

• 1-Modern Control Engineering, (5th Edition)

• By: Katsuhiko Ogata.

 Transfer Function
(T.F)

Input u(t) y(t) output

System
U(s) Y(s)

Y(s)= G(s)u(s)+F(I,s)
Initial condition Assume Zero Initial Condition

𝒀(𝒔)
∴ 𝑻. 𝑭 = ቚzic
𝑼(𝒔)
Ex: 1 Find T.F
Input u(t) the input voltage source
Output y(t) volt on the resistance
Ans:

𝐢 𝒕 𝟏
∵𝒖 𝒕 =𝑹𝒊 𝐭 +𝐋 + න 𝒊 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒕 𝒄 ∵ y(t) = R i(t)

∴ Taking laplace transform (ZIC)

𝑹𝑼(𝒔)
∴Y(s) = R I(s) = 𝟏
𝟏 𝑹+𝑺𝑳+ 𝑪𝑺
∴ 𝑼 𝒔 = 𝑹 𝑰(𝒔) + LSI(s) + 𝑰(𝒔)
𝑪𝑺

𝑼(𝒔) 𝒀(𝒔) 𝑹 𝑺𝑪
∴ 𝐈(s) = 𝟏 = ×
𝑹+𝑺𝑳+ 𝑼(𝒔) 𝑹 + 𝑺𝑳 + 𝟏 𝑺𝑪
𝑪𝑺 𝑪𝑺

𝑺𝑪𝑹
= 𝟐
𝑺 𝑳𝑪 + 𝑺𝑪𝑹 + 𝟏