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 Page No.

Systems:Analog and Digital

488 Communication
Theu-la
8.5 COMPANDING
levels(L
quantization error depends
chapter that the
amplitude signals will have a poorer upon the
introductory portion of this TheA-1la
We have seen in the size, the small Signal to
quantization noise ratio are the
stepsthan largeinamplitude signals, because in both the cases the denominator
uniform
step size. When the
numerator is small for small amplitude signal, and
(quantization noise)isthe same:
whereas, the
fixed number of quantization levels, the only waylarge
signals. As we have to use a to
for large amplitude ratio is to adjust the step size in such a way that the ratio
quantization noise small amplitude signals and large for
have a uniform signal to should be small for large
the step size
remains constant. Thus, where A
amplitude signals. disto.,
may also be achieved in a more feasible way by
step size receiver to malk For a gI
The effect of an adaptive inverse distortion has to be introduced at the W.r.t.
signal before quantization. An
distortionless. This Transmitter compression
overall transmission
output
is explained in Fig. 8.5.1. The Vo A
amplitudes
is enhanced more at low dashed Vo (max)
the
than at high amplitudes (see to the
curve). This output is then applied No compression
quantizer. Thus, the low amplitude signal
For bo
levels than
will carry more quantization 1ncreas
line).
the undistorted signal (see the solid Vi (min) . . .

Vi (mas, V the ex
non-linear
A signal transmitted through a shown by compro
network with the characteristic Receiver expansion of SNR
extremities
the dashed curve will have its
compressed. Hence, such a network is
side, Vo (min)
known as a compressor. At the receiver
to
an inverse operation is to be performed Fig. 8.5.1 Companding
recover the original signal. This is achieved Since
between
by an expande, connected is shown by the dotted curve in Fig. 8.).1. I
two tyE
the decoder and holding circuit, whose characteristic (COMPressor + expANDEN)
COMPANDER
combination of compressor and expander is known as Syne
which performs the companding operation.
As in t
Two forms of compression law, known as u-law and 4-law, are in use. are ex
possib
The -law is defined by
(8.51)

|v| = log1o(1+ 4|m)

(1)
log1o(1+ u) positive
constant.
where vand mare the normalized output and input voltage respectively; and u is a/
The case of uniformquantization corresponds to =0. (i)
derivativeof/m
by the
For agiven value of , the reciprocal slope of the compresion curveis given
with respect to lv; i.e.
(8.52) A syn
and de
d|m|
d|v|
log,o(1+ P)0+p\m)
 DOMS Page No.
Date
Dat
i bno ot Pulse Code Modulation 489
l-lawis neither strictly linear nor strictly
)and approximately logarithmiclogarithmic.
It is
G [e approximately
for high input levels (ujm >>
linear for low input
the by
1),t
to TkA-lawis defined
tor A|m|
0s|m|s A
rge 1+logo A (8.5.3)
to
atio
1+log,o(A|m) 1 m|s1
1+logoA A
rge
corresponds to 4 =1.
skere Ais given by A2 1.The case of uniform quantization
the the compression curve is given by the derivative of |n|
the fira given value of 4, the reciprocal slope of
Kt |v; i.e.
[1+log1o 4 0slm|s (8.5.4)
d |m| A
d|v| (+4) |m| A 3
with
sion the companderimproves at
of
capability Low-level signals increases
dynamic range for requirements are met
by
for both the -law and 4-law, the
other hand, the SNRconflicting value
On the constant
! and A respectively. Thesetwo valuesgive a nearly25leoseodT(dl 20
ncreasing
e expense of the SNR for
high-level signals.
87.6
respectively. These
oi dt iobnoo0e
To0
and A = dB.
= 255 dynamicrange of 40
ompromising
of SNR
values of u
over ran input signal power MULTIPLEXING OF PCM
SIGNALS
are
70 X 5

TDM. There
DIVISION giving rise to
8.6
TIME
the AsynchronousTDM.
time scale,
share
signals can TDM,and(ii)
variousSynchronous
The Since PCM is a digital system, (i) thesame
ER), ypes of multiplexing, namely Multiplexing also. The
methodis
multiplexingis
PCM The
in severalbits.
Division multiplexingispossible
Synchr o nous
Astein the case
Time
of PAM, ime
division
that
hereeach
sampleis
codedinto

code.
Afterthe
first
channel
channel
fromall so.on-
bits
samples,and
exxcept
Wssiexplbleaininedtwo ways
in Sec. 7.1, sample tromall second
channel bits
3.5.1) second bits of the
than
thot
each allcode
from takesthe less
) one followedby speedis
by commutator
stant. Bits are taken, one
the
commutator
taken between the commutator

Sampl
Ihis ises 'bit interleaving ·
are taken, are desired
samples the
d
oranyother)