AP CS Principles, Vocabulary

AP CS Principles, Global Impact

I. Complete the table by defining each term.

Term Definition
A computing innovation is the process of translating an idea or invention utilizing a computer or
1. Computing
computing technology into a good or service that creates value or for which customers will pay. The
innovation(s)
idea must be replicable at an economical cost and must satisfy a specific need.
Email is electronic mail or a letter or message transmitted by electronic or computer means.
SMS is Short Message Service which is a messaging service provided by phones, world wide web
2. Email; SMS; chat
and mobile telephony systems.
Chat is a live or real time communication messaging system.

3. Video conferencing; Video conferencing is a real-time or live session allowing people to talk and view each other via
video chat computer and/or video display.

Online Web sites and services, such as Facebook, Twitter, and Linkedln, that help users create
4. Social media
content and share it with others.

Productivity and storage areas including software that is located on a remote server, usually on the
5. Cloud computing
internet, rather than on a local storage device.

6. Dissemination Is the act of spreading something, especially information, widely: circulation

7. Public data Data or information that is made available to the public through some means of dissemination.

8. GPS (global GPS is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites place into orbit by
positioning system) the US Department of Defense.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or
9. Sensor networks environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively pass their
data through the network to a main location.

10. “Smart” Smart technologies are system of concept mapping software that allows you to visually represent
technologies ideas and the relationships computers.

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol
suite (TCP/IP to link devices worldwide.
11. Internet vs. WWW
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a network of online content that is formatted in HTML and
accessed over the Internet.

12. e-commerce Commercial transactions conducted electronically on the Internet.

The state or quality of producing something that is made possible using computers or computing base
13. Productivity
technologies.

Distributed Computing is field of computer science that studies distributed systems. A distributed
14. Distributed system is a model in which components located on networked computers communicate and
solutions coordinate their actions by passing messages. The components interact with each other to achieve a
common goal.

The collection and analysis of data relating to the natural world by members of the general public.
15. “Citizen science”
Scientific research conducted, in whole or in part, by amateur or nonprofessional scientists.
AP CS Principles, Vocabulary
Human computation is an international and interdisciplinary forum for the electronic publication and
16. Human print archiving of high-quality scholarly articles in all areas of human computation, which concerns
computation the design or analysis of information processing systems in which humans participate as
computational elements.
Digital collaboration is using digital devices, open source data and cloud technology to share
17. Digital
knowledge, manage information and contribute user-generated content to communities of people
collaboration
regardless of time or place.

Crowdsourcing involves obtaining (information or input into particular task or project) by enlisting
18. Crowdsourcing
the services of a number of people, either paid or unpaid, typically via the Internet.

Mobile computing is a technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a computer or
19. Mobile computing
any other wireless enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed physical link.

Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides computers with the ability to
20. Machine learning learn without being explicitly programmed. It focuses on the development of computer programs that
can teach themselves to grow and change when exposed to new data.

Data mining is the practice of examining large databases in order to generate new information. It is
21. Data mining
the process of finding correlations or patterns among dozens of fields in large relational databases.

22. Scientific Scientific computing (Computational science) is a rapidly growing multidisciplinary field that uses
computing advanced computing capabilities to understand and solve complex problems.

Open Access (OA) refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access and free
23. Open Access
of many restrictions on use.

A Creative Common (CC) license in one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free
24. Creative Commons
distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work. A CC license is used when an author wants to give
(CC) license
people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created.
Moore’s Law refers to an observation made by Intel confounder Gordon Moore in 1965. He noticed
25. Moore’s Law that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since their
invention.

The ability to make use of a computer product or service because it was purchased or rights were
26. Commercial access
given because they were purchased.

27. Download Download is to copy (data) from on computer system to another, typically over the Internet.

Streaming is a method of transmitting or receiving data (especially video and audio material) over a
28. Streaming computer network at a steady, continuous flow, allowing playback to proceed while subsequent data
is being received.

A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is created when two or more PCs are connected and share resources
29. Peer-to- networks
without going through a separate server computer.

Authenticated access is any process by which a system verifies the identity of a user who wishes to
30. Authenticated
access it. Since access control is normally based on the identity of the user who request access to a
access
resource, authentication is essential to effective security.
Anonymous access is a process that allows a user to login to a system or website anonymously, often
by using “anonymous” as the username. In some cases the login password can be any text, but it is
31. Anonymous access
typically a user’s email address. Users are often able to access general services or public information
by using anonymous logins.
AP CS Principles, Vocabulary

32. Censorship (of Censorship is the control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the
digital info) Internet.

Open source software (OSS) is computer software with its source code made available with a license
33. Open source
in which the copyright holder provides the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to
software
anyone and for any purpose.

34. Licensing of Licensing of software is a legally binding agreement that specifies the terms of use for an application
software and defines the rights of the software producer and of the end-user.

Data aggregation is any process in which information is gathered and expressed in a summary form,
35. Aggregation of
for purposes such as statistical analysis. A common aggregation purpose is to get more information
information
about particular groups based on specific variables such as age, profession or income.

36. Anonymity Anonymity is the state or condition of being anonymous.

A proxy server is a dedicated computer or a software system running on a computer that acts as an
37. Proxy server intermediary between an endpoint device, such as a computer, and another server from which a user
or client is requesting a service.

Exploitation is the action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work. The
38. Exploitation
action of making use of and benefiting from resources.

39. Curation of Content curation is the process of gathering information relevant to a particular topic or area of
information interest.

40. Targeted Targeted advertising is a form of advertising that focuses on certain traits of the consumer, there traits
advertising are based on the product or person the advertiser is promoting.

Intellectual property is a work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a manuscript or a
41. Intellectual property design, to which someone has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark,
etc.

Copyright is the exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform,
42. Copyright
film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same.

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act is a United States copyright law that implements two 1996
43. Digital Millennium treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization. It criminalizes production and dissemination
Copyright Act of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent digital rights management that control
access to copyrighted works.
An innovation is the process of translating an idea or invention into a good or service that creates
44. Innovation(s) value or for which customers will pay. The idea must be replicable at an economical cost and must
satisfy a specific need.

Wireless is broadcasting, computer networking, or other communication using radio signals,

45. Wireless
microwaves, etc.

Digital divide refers to the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the Internet,
46. “Digital divide”
and those who do not.

Socioeconomic is an adjective relating to or concerned with the interaction or social and economic
47. Socioeconomic
factors.
AP CS Principles, Vocabulary

Infrastructure is the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation
48. Infrastructure
of a society or enterprise.

49. Commercial Commercial refers to products or services that are make or intended to make profit.

An online database/library is accessible from a local network or the Internet, as opposed to one that is
50. Online
stored locally on an individual computer or its attached storage. Online databases are hosted on
database/libraries
websites, made available as software as a service products accessible via a web browser.

Primary source are the first hand evidence left behind by participants or observers at the time of an
51. Primary source
event.

A secondary source of information is one that was created later by someone who did not experience
52. Secondary source
first-hand or participate in the events or conditions you’re researching.

53. Plagiarism The practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own.

54. Credibility of Credibility of sources are ones that the reader can trust. We trust that the author’s ideas are his or her
source(s) own and can be backed up with evidence.