1. Just as some animals like bees and ants are 4.

Most southern European countries have

predisposed to live in colonies, humans have a shifted from being ---- emigrant sending
natural ---- to form social units. societies to immigrant receiving ones over the
past 30 years.
A) restriction
A) suddenly
B) tendency
B) primarily
C) avoidance
C) fortunately
D) endurance
D) doubtfully
E) exception
E) eventually

2. Population ageing, a direct ---- of the

ongoing global fertility decline and of 5. Children can be assisted to perform well at
mortality decline among people of older ages, school if it is ---- that their parents play a
is among the most prominent global causal role in producing cooperative, attentive
demographic trends of the 21st century. behaviour and are included in the educational
process.
A) precaution
A) ensured
B) opportunity
B) complained
C) instruction
C) resisted
D) consequence
D) neglected
E) adjustment
E) concealed

3. Some scholars doubt that when the Italian

instrument maker Bartolomeo Cristofori 6. Like the ancient people of Sumer, Egypt,
devised his first piano in approximately 1700, and the Indus Valley, early Chinese farmers ----
he foresaw the ---- acceptance it eventually the country's rivers for transportation and
achieved. water to grow their crops.

A) reluctant A) brought about

B) demanding B) relied on

C) compulsory C) filled out

D) widespread D) fell behind

E) threatening E) left out

7. Although B. F. Skinner's radical
behaviourism---- out of fashion for several
decades, many of his core ideas ----, offering
important insights into a broad range of
behaviour.
10. Slang, which is part of casual, informal
styles of language use, serves as a mark of
membership and unity ---- a given social
group, and speakers show enormous creativity
---- their use of slang.

A) has been / survive A) for / to

B) is / will survive B) about / by

C) was / had survived C) toward / at

D) will be / have survived D) within / in

E) had been / would have survived E) against / on

11. Physical and cognitive changes associated

8. St. Albans in London ---- a cathedral
officially until 1877, but it ---- in existence
hundreds of years before that.
with ageing place demands ---the individual's
ability to adjust ---- the environment.
A) over / against

A) cannot be made / was B) at/ into

B) had not been made / has been C) on / to

C) was not made / had been D) along / with

D) could not have been made / is E) about / from

E) has not been made / would be

12. Little is known about what was worn by

the poorer members of Byzantine society ----
9. The term 'schema' refers to a mental
they were unable to afford the expensive
representation of knowledge that consists of
things that would have survived many
expectations ---- familiar objects, scenes, and
hundreds of years.
events that we construct ---- experience.
A) so that
A) about / through
B) although
B) from / over
C) because
C) for / on
D) until
D) at/beyond
E) whereas
E) with / to
13. Animals in fast-flowing streams have to
protect themselves from being swept away, ---
- those in the still waters of a pond have to
cope with low levels of oxygen and the hazard
of water freezing over in winter.
16. ---- games and simulations both foster
maximum student involvement in learning,
they differ in purpose, participant
responsibilities, and the nature of the
interaction.

A) at least A) As long as

B) while B) Even though

C) as C) Because

D) so D) Once

E) only if E) Provided that

14. Sometime around 2300 BCE, along the 17. ---- the well-documented importance of
Indus River of northern India, water buffalo parenting practices on children's
and zebu cattle were used to pull crude development, much research has been
wooden ploughs through the earth, ---- conducted in the area.
developing the practices of ploughing and
A) Contrary to
cultivating.
B) Rather than
A) instead
C) Due to
B) or
D) Unlike
C) though
E) Instead of
D) thus

E) yet
18. The civilisation of ancient Egypt was
significant for its size and longevity because it
15. ---- Spanish is the official language of retained a strong continuity of culture ----
Argentina, many other languages are spoken, several periods of turmoil.
ranging from Welsh to Basque, reflecting the
A) similar to
varied origins of Argentina's many settlers.
B) by means of
A) Once
C) due to
B) Although
D) with the aim of
C) Given that
E) despite
D) Just as

E) If
19. Language is ---- a singular component of
culture - ---also a symbol system that acts as a
glue to bind cultures together.

A) whether / or

B) both / and

C) so / that

D) the more / the more

E) as / as

20. Classical literature on community

emphasises its homogeneity in terms of the
beliefs and activities of its members, ----
loyalty and sense of belonging are clearly
defined.

A) what

B) whose

C) who

D) which

E) how
In a world filled with complexity and
communication overload, it can be very
23.
challenging to focus upon the necessary
information in order to set and meet violation
objectives. The management process tries to
make sense of information and assemble it B) destruction
(21)---- objectives can be achieved. (22)---- C) foundation
being often identified with business, good
management can also be used in a much wider D) confrontation
array of applications. There are four areas that E) fluctuation
have long been considered the (23)---- of
effective management. These areas are
planning, organising, leading, and controlling.
24.
Planning refers to setting goals, organising
requires us to think about how we will manage A) toward
our resources, leading helps us when
B) by
undertaking activities with teams or large
groups, and controlling involves monitoring C) off
progress (24)---- our goals and checking to see
if we will be able to attain them as planned. D) at
Many forms of management focus upon one E) against
area in particular; however, it is not necessary
for all four areas (25)---- with the same
intensity in order for the process involved to be
considered management.
25.

A) to be applied
21.
B) to apply
A) so that
C) having been applied
B) since
D) to have applied
C) after
E) applying
D) once

E) although

22.

A) With the aim of

B) In spite of

C) Thanks to

D) By means of

E) In terms of
Student-centred models of learning shift some 28)
of the responsibility for directing and
organising learning from the teacher to the
A) expose
student. (26)----, being student-centred does
not mean that a teacher gives up organisational B) provide
responsibilities completely. It only means a
relative shift in the teacher's role, toward one C) facilitate
with more emphasis (27)---- guiding students' D) comprehend
self-chosen directions. Teacher-directed
strategies do not take over responsibility for E) reject
students' learning completely; no matter how
much a teacher structures or directs learning,
students still have responsibility for working
and making an effort to (28)---- the new
material. For the same reasons, student-
centred models of learning do not mean (29)-- 29)
-- over all organisational work of instruction to
A) being handed
students. The teacher is still the most
knowledgeable member of the class, and still B) to be handed
has the opportunity (30)---- the responsibility
C) to have handed
to guide learning in directions that are
productive D) to be handing

E) handing

26.

A) However

B) In addition

C) Instead 30)
D) As a result A) except for
E) Otherwise B) despite

C) as well as

D) regardless of
27. E) similar to

A) with

B) in

C) on

D) at

E) by
31) Although palaeontologists have learned
extraordinary things about dinosaurs and their
development from bones, ----
A) there is a lot that skeletons and skulls cannot
disclose
B) bones are trace fossils that do not contain
any remnants of body parts
C) dinosaurs had been extinct for 65 million
years before early humans appeared on the
planet
D) palaeontologists can change the way we
look at the past with their studies on fossils
E) these discoveries have brought science as
well as creatures long dead to vibrant life
32) ---, they are more efficient than any other
form of land transportation.
A) Unless rail systems can cover long distances,
such as the Trans-Siberian Railway
B) Although railways are expensive to build and
may require a considerable amount of time to
be constructed
C) While modern electrified rail systems reach
speeds that cannot be matched on the road
D) In order that rapid transit systems can move
hundreds of people quickly to distant places
E) Even if rail networks are considered vital for
the delivery of food, fuel, and other supplies
33) Although the power of conventional
television is widely recognised, ----.
A) one of the frequently cited shortcomings of
the medium is its lack of interactivity
B) television's strong visual emphasis makes it
a much-considered medium to support
education
C) the level of the interaction is defined by the
interdependence of participants
D) the modes of interactivity are determined by
the instructional design of the communication
features
E) television broadcasts support interactivity in
live shows in which audiences can take part via
videocalls
34) Most consumers tend to discount the
information provided by an advertisement ----.
A) given that the first step of an advertiser is to
attract the attention of the consumers
B) because they recognise that the purpose of
the advertiser is not to provide facts, but to
persuade
C) although it is not very easy for an advertiser
to make an advertising message convincing
D) as advertisements with celebrities who are
the spokespersons for the product are more
captivating
E) while governments can use advertisements
to discourage particular habits, such as
smoking
35) Although the Albanians, es a people, have
been known since the 2nd century AD, ----.
A) present-day Albanian may be categorised as
a partly synthetic, partly analytic language
B) the languages of the Balkans have come to
share certain linguistic features
C) the earliest surviving records of the Albanian
language date only from the 15th century
D) Albanian is spoken today in a considerable
number of linguistic pockets in the Balkans
E) scattered communities of Albanian speakers
are to be found in southern Italy and Sicily
36) Many banks are finding it difficult to keep
up with cybercriminals ----.
A) so that a cyberattack will not leave the bank
paralysed, unable to operate for a long time
B) although bank officials are often unaware
that they have been attacked until it is too late
C) as they constantly come up with new ways
of using computers to commit banking-related
crimes
D) after they adopt countermeasures to
combat cybercriminals who seek to infiltrate
their network
E) if they warn their customers not to give out
any personal information to suspected callers
37) ----; however, by the first century CE, its
frontiers stretched from Spain in the west to
Syria in the east.
A) The Roman Empire was held together by a
strong and efficient system of provincial
government
B) The Roman Empire grew slowly at first - it
took 500 years for small city of Rome to
conquer the whole of Italy
C) During the reign of Augustus, only a tenth of
the empire's population were full citizens
D) The Romans had hundreds of gods and
goddesses associated with every aspect of life
E) The population of the city of Rome in the first
century CE reached approximately one million.
38) Historians have had a difficult time
integrating the era of foragers - those moving
around in search of food - into their accounts
of the past ----.
A) even though genetic evidence from the era
of foragers can never give us the intimate
personal details that can be found in written
sources
B) after the era of foragers began about
250,000 years ago, when modern humans,
Homo sapiens, first appeared on Earth
C) while the exceptional cultural creativity of
human foragers distinguishes their lifeways
from those of non-human species
D) because most of them lack the research
skills and expertise needed to study an era that
generated no written evidence
E) so that archaeologists and anthropologists
can better analyse the major changes that
happened during the era of foragers.
39 ----, the same type of unity does not exist 41) All spices played a role in world history, ---.
regarding the definition and how to address
A) although in the ancient world spice trading
the needs of these students.
around the known world was a daily
A) Since the principles of the cognitive learning occurrence
theory are compatible with the characteristics
B) so for centuries the West knew little of the
of gifted and talented students
spices that flowed east and west through Asia
B) When the nature versus nurture debate
C) yet by the 19th century the Dutch had
reigns and colours efforts to design
settled into maintaining their spice empire in
programmes for gifted and talented students
the East Indies
C) While the relationship between giftedness
D) but the spices that had the most significant
and intelligence has had a major impact on how
effect on global trade were chilli peppers, black
such students are viewed
pepper, and cinnamon
D) Although there appears to be consensus
E) as the Romans were the first in the Western
concerning the notion that there are students
World to use the spices of the East for culinary
who are both gifted and talented
and medical purposes.
E) As gifted and talented students have been
the focus of research by educators and scholars
in educational psychology

40) ----, the same type of unity does not exist

regarding the definition and how to address
the needs of these students.

A) Since the principles of the cognitive learning

theory are compatible with the characteristics
of gifted and talented students

B) When the nature versus nurture debate

reigns and colours efforts to design
programmes for gifted and talented students

C) While the relationship between giftedness

and intelligence has had a major impact on how
such students are viewed

D) Although there appears to be consensus

concerning the notion that there are students
who are both gifted and talented

E) As gifted and talented students have been

the focus of research by educators and scholars
in educational psychology.
42) The novels of Charles Dickens, which
mostly describe the living conditions of the
poor and the working class in Victorian
England, are still among the best-sellers today.
A) Bugün hâlâ çok satanlar arasında yer alan
Charles Dickens'in romanlarında, çoğunlukla
Viktorya dönemi İngilteresi'ndeki fakirlerin ve
işçi sınıfının yaşam koşulları tasvir edilir.
B) Çoğunlukla Viktorya dönemi İngilteresi'ndeki
fakirlerin ve işçi sınıfının yaşam koşullarını
tasvir eden Charles Dickens'in romanları,
bugün hâlâ çok satanlar arasında yer alır.
C) Bugün hâlâ çok satanlar arasında yer alan
Charles Dickens'in romanları, çoğunlukla
Viktorya dönemi İngilteresi'ndeki fakirlerin ve
işçi sınıfının yaşam koşullarını tasvir eder.
D) Charles Dickens'in romanları çoğunlukla
Viktorya dönemi Ingilteresi'ndeki fakirlerin ve
işçi sınıfının yaşam koşullarını tasvir eder ve
bugün hâlâ çok satanlar arasında yer alır.
E) Bugün hâlâ çok satanlar arasında yer alan
Charles Dickens'in romanlarında çoğunlukla
tasvir edilen şey, Viktorya dönemi İngilteresi'n
deki fakirlerin ve işçi sınıfının yaşam
koşullarıdır.
43) People who fundamentally enjoy what they
do in the workplace often perform more
efficiently than those who focus especially on
extrinsic factors like money.
A) Kişilerin iş yerinde yaptıkları şeyden
gerçekten keyif alması, onların özellikle para
gibi dış etkenlere odaklanan kişilerden çoğu
zaman daha verimli çalışmasını sağlar.
B) İş yerinde yaptıkları şeyden gerçekten keyif
alan kişiler, özellikle para gibi dış etkenlere
odaklanan kişilerden çoğu zaman daha verimli
çalışmaktadır.
C) Çoğu zaman daha verimli çalışanlar, özellikle
para gibi dış etkenlere odaklanan kişilerden
ziyade, iş yerinde yaptıkları şeyden gerçekten
keyif alan kişilerdir.
D) Özellikle para gibi dış etkenlere odaklanan
kişilere kıyasla, iş yerinde yaptıkları şeyden
gerçekten keyif alan kişiler çoğu zaman daha
verimli çalışmaktadır
E) Kişilerin iş yerinde yaptıkları şeyden
gerçekten keyif almasının nedeni, özellikle para
gibi dış etkenlere odaklanan kişilerden çoğu
zaman daha verimli çalışmalarıdır.
44) Satiric comedy highlights the deviations 45) A study done recently has shown that when
from social order by ridiculing the violators of we feel lonely, our tendency to mimic other
moral principles. people's smiles declines.

A) Ahlak krallarını ihlal edenleri gülünç hâle A) Yakın zamanda yapılan bir çalışma, kendimizi
getiren elştirel komedi, toplumsal düzenden yalnız hissettiğimizde diğer insanların
sapmalara ikkat çeker. gülümsemesini taklit etme eğilimimizin
azaldığını göstermiştir.
B) Eleştirel komedi, ahlak kurallarını ihlal
edenleri gülünç hâle getirerek toplumsal B) Yakın zamanda yürütülen bir çalışmanın
düzenden sapmalara dikkat çeker. gösterdiği gibi, kendimizi yalnız hissettiğimiz
zaman diğer insanların gülümsemesini taklit
C) Eleştirel komedi, ahlak kurallarını ihlal
etme eğilimimiz azalır.
edenleri gülünç hâle getirmekle beraber
toplumsal düzenden sapmalara dikkat çeker. C) Yakın zamanda yapılan bir çalışmada,
kendimizi yalnız hissettiğimizde başkalarının
D) Eleştirel komedi, ahlak kurallarını ihlal
gülümsemesini taklit etme eğilimimizin azaldığı
edenlerin gülünç hâle geldiği toplumsal
gösterilmiştir.
düzenden sapmalara dikkat çeker.
D) Yakın zamanda yapılan bir çalışma, kendimizi
E) Eleştirel komedide ahlak kurallarını ihlal
yalnız hissetmenin başka insanların
edenler gülünç hâle getirilip toplumsal
gülümsemesini taklit etme eğilimimizi
düzenden sapmalara dikkat çekilir.
azalttığını göstermiştir.

E) Yakın zamanda yürütülen bir araştırma

gösteriyor ki kendimizi yalnız hissetmemiz
başka insanların gülümsemesini taklit etme
eğilimimizi azaltmaktadır.
46) Linguists question whether the
communication systems used by other species
resemble human language, which has very
specific properties like creativity.
A) Dil bilimciler, diğer türler tarafından
kullanılan iletişim sistemlerinin insan diline
benzeyip benzemediğini ve insan dilindeki
yaratıcılık gibi oldukça özel niteliklere sahip
olup olmadığını sorgulamaktadır.
B) Dil bilimciler, diğer türler tarafından
kullanılan iletişim sistemlerinin, yaratıcılık gibi
oldukça özel niteliklere sahip olan insan diline
benzeyip benzemediğini sorgulamaktadır.
C) Dil bilimcilerin sorguladıkları şey, diğer türler
tarafından kullanılan iletişim sistemlerinin,
yaratıcılık gibi oldukça özel niteliklere sahip
olan insan diline benzeyip benzemediğidir.
D) Diğer türlerin kullandıkları iletişim
sistemlerinin, yaratıcılık gibi oldukça özel
niteliklere sahip olan insan diline benzeyip
benzemediği dil bilimciler tarafından
sorgulanmaktadır.
E) Dil bilimciler, diğer türlerin kullandıkları
iletişim sistemlerinin insan diline benzeyip
benzemediğinin dışında yaratıcılık gibi oldukça
özel niteliklerin bu sistemlerde de var olup
olmadığını sorgulamaktadır.
47) The Treaty of Union, passed by the
Parliaments of England and Scotland in 1707,
symbolised the birth of Great Britain by
officially uniting two separate kingdoms.
A) İngiltere ve İskoçya Parlamentoları
tarafından 1707 yılında onaylanan Birlik
Antlaşması, iki ayrı krallığı resmi olarak
birleştirerek Büyük Britanya'nın doğuşunu
simgelemiştir.
B) Birlik Antlaşması İngiltere ve İskoçya
Parlamentoları tarafından 1707 yılında
onaylandığında Büyük Britanya'nın doğuşunun
bir simgesi olarak iki ayrı krallığı resmî olarak
birleştirmiştir.
C) Büyük Britanya'nın doğuşunu simgeleyerek
iki ayrı krallığı resmi olarak birleştiren Birlik
Antlaşması, İngiltere ve İskoçya Parlamentoları
tarafından 1707 yılında onaylanmıştır.
D) İngiltere ve İskoçya Parlamentoları
tarafından 1707 yılında onaylanan Birlik
Antlaşması, Büyük Britanya'nın doğuşunu
simgeleyerek iki ayrı krallığı resmi olarak
birleştirmiştir.
E) İngiltere ve İskoçya Parlamentoları
tarafından 1707 yılında onaylanmasıyla iki ayrı
krallığı resmî olarak birleştiren Birlik
Antlaşması, Büyük Britanya'nın doğuşunu
simgelemiştir.
48) Dünya nüfusunun yüzde beşinden daha
azını barındıran Amerika Birleşik Devletleri
günümüzde herhangi bir ülkeden daha fazla ve
daha çeşitli göçmen girişini kabul eden çok dilli
bir ülkedir.
A) The United States, which contains less than
five percent of the world's population today, is
a polyglot country because it houses a greater
and more diverse inflow of immigrants than
any other country.
B) Housing less than five percent of the world's
population, the United States is a polyglot
country that accepts a greater and more
diverse inflow of immigrants than any other
country today.
C) Housing less than five percent of the world's
population, today the United States, a polyglot
country, accepts a greater and more diverse
inflow of immigrants than any other country.
D) Being a polyglot country with less than five
percent of the world's population, the United
States accepts a greater and more diverse
inflow of immigrants than any other country
today.
E) As it has less than five percent of the
world'spopulation, the United States has
become a polyglot country today by accepting
a greater and more diverse inflow of
immigrants than any other country
49. Japonya'da işgücünün yaşlanması, evrensel
ekonomik çöküntüden dolayı iş olanakları
azalsa da hükûmet yetkililerini ülkenin göçmen
işçiler konusundaki politikasını yeniden
düzenlemeye zorlamıştır.
A) Although the global economic depression
has reduced job opportunities in Japan,
government officials have been forced to
reformulate the nation's policy toward
immigrant workers because of the ageing of
workforce.
B) The ageing of workforce in Japan has forced
government officials to reshape the nation's
policy toward immigrant workers although job
opportunities have declined due to the global
economic depression
C) Due to the ageing of workforce in Japan,
government officials have been forced to
reshape the nation's policy toward immigrant
workers even though the global economic
depression has reduced job opportunities.
D) Because of the global economic depression,
job opportunities have declined in Japan;
however, the ageing of workforce has caused
government officials to reshape the nation's
policy toward immigrant workers.
E) The ageing of workforce in Japan has led
government officials to reformulate the
nation's policy toward immigrant workers
despite the decline in job opportunities caused
by the global economic depression.
50. Müşterinin markayla olan görsel
deneyimini daha hatırlanır kılmak için pek çok
marka bir ya da daha fazla duyuya hitap eden
kavramlara dayalı pazarlama kampanyaları
yürütür.
A) A number of brands run marketing
campaigns based on concepts that make the
customer's visual experience with the brand
more memorable by addressing one or more of
the senses.
B) To address one or more of the senses, a
number of brands conduct marketing
campaigns based on
concepts that make the customer's visual
experience with the brand more memorable.
C) By running marketing campaigns based on
concepts that address one or more of the
senses, a number of brands make the
customer's visual experience with their brand
more memorable.
D) In order to make the customer's visual
experience with the brand more memorable, a
number of brands run marketing campaigns
based on concepts that address one or more of
the senses.
E) Many brands conducting marketing
campaigns address one or more of the senses
of the customer in order to make their visual
experience with the brand more memorable.
51)Padişahlar ve aileleri için tasarlanan kıymetli
eşyaların yanı sıra resimli kitaplar da Topkapı
Sarayı'nın hazinesinde muhafaza edilirdi.
A) Among the precious objects designed for the
sultans and their families and kept in the
treasury of the Topkapi Palace were illustrated
books.
B) Along with precious objects designed for the
sultans and their families, illustrated books
were also preserved in the treasury of the
Topkapi Palace.
C) Precious objects designed for the sultans
and their families, such as illustrated books,
were kept in the treasury of the Topkapi
Palace.
D) Not only precious objects designed for the
sultans and their families but also illustrated
books were preserved in the treasury of the
Topkapi Palace.
E) Precious objects designed for the sultans and
their families were kept in the treasury of the
Topkapı Palace, and besides them, there were
also illustrated books.
52) Ebeveyn olma rolüne ilişkin yoğun bir
yorgunluk ve ilgisizlik durumu olarak
tanımlanan ebeveyn tükenmişliğinin, etkisizlik
hissi ve çocuklardan uzaklaşma gibi tipik
belirtileri bulunmaktadır.
A) Parental burnout, defined as a state of
intense fatigue and apathy with characteristic
symptoms like a feeling of ineffectiveness and
detachment from children, is related to the
role of being a parent.
B) Parental burnout, which has characteristic
symptoms like a feeling of ineffectiveness and
detachment from children, is defined as a state
of intense fatigue and apathy related to the
role of being a parent.
C) A feeling of ineffectiveness and detachment
from children are characteristic symptoms of
parental burnout, which is defined as a state of
intense fatigue and apathy related to the role
of being a parent.
D) Parental burnout is defined as a state of
intense fatigue and apathy that is related to the
role of being a parent and has characteristic
symptoms like a feeling of ineffectiveness and
detachment from children.
E) Parental burnout, which is defined as a state
of intense fatigue and apathy related to the
role of being a parent, has characteristic
symptoms like a feeling of ineffectiveness and
detachment from children
53) Bazı tarihçiler tarihin şekillenmesinde, tüm
karmaşıklığı ve çelişkileriyle insan duygularının
rolünün ekonomi gibi daha rasyonel güçlerinki
kadar önemli olduğunu ileri sürüyor.
A) Some historians suggest that the role of
human emotions, although they are complex
and contradictory, in shaping history is as
important as that of economics, which is one of
the more rational forces.
B) Some historians argue that in shaping
history, human emotions, with all their
complexities and contradictions, play a
significant role that is similar to the role of
more rational forces like economics.
C) Some historians argue that the role of
human emotions, with all their complexities
and contradictions, is as significant in shaping
history as that of more rational forces like
economics.
D)Some historians suggest that human
emotions, however complex and contradictory
they are, play an important role in shaping
history like economics, which is one of the
more rational forces.
E) Some historians argue that, even when they
bear complexities and contradictions, the role
of human emotions in shaping history is as
significant as the role of more rational forces
such as economics.
54) The animal story has not always been the
preserve of the nursery. Indeed, like the fairy
tale, it was an adult genre that gradually
entered the children's domain when the
boundaries between literature for children and
literature for adults were being redrawn. There
is a long cross-cultural tradition of
anthropomorphic animal stories, or 'beast
fables', in which animals are given human
speech and reason, that stretches back in
Greece at least to that legendary figure, Aesop
(c. 550 BCE) and, in India, to the stories of the
Panchatantra. ---- In the stories attributed to
Aesop, for example, various ideas about
industry, perseverance, gratitude, moderation
and prudence are being taught
A) The issue of whether animal stories are for
children or adults brings about much criticism
of the genre.
B) The beast fable provided the perfect vehicle
for a satire, because the animal disguises gave
the satirists immunity from censure.
C) Fables use animals as metaphors in order to
teach lessons about moral and social
behaviour.
D) After Aesop, many cultures developed their
own animal heroes which were designed for an
adult audience.
E) In fables for children, animals have also been
used to educate them linguistically.
55) Non-verbal communication is an area of
study that includes many disciplines -
sociology, psychology, anthropology,
communication, and even art and criminal
justice. ---- For example, psychology might
focus on the non-verbal expression of
emotions; anthropology might focus on the use
of interpersonal space in different cultures;
and communication might focus on the content
of the message. However, there is more
overlap among these fields than divergence.
A) It appears that all cultures have written or
oral traditions expressing the importance of
non-verbal communication.
B) People assume that the vast majority of non-
verbal communication is intentional.
C) Non-verbal communication serves a number
of functions such as providing a definition for
communication.
D) Each of these fields tends to address a
slightly different aspect of non-verbal
communication.
E) Non-verbal communication can also regulate
verbal communication in several ways.
56) In many cultures, older members of the
community are revered - they are considered
wise and knowledgeable teachers and leaders.
In other societies, largely those in which the
nuclear family has displaced the extended
family, this is often not the case. ---- Their
elderly people are generally treated as
relatively worthless and powerless members of
the community. Countries such as Britain, the
Netherlands, Australia and the United States
fall into this latter category.
A) The main issue of this ageism, discrimination
against the elderly, is how the elderly are
treated in terms of rights.
B) There are a range of stereotypes of the
elderly, including the perfect grandparent:
always wise, kind and happy.
C) An interesting observation is that in almost
most societies those who are extremely old
tend to be awarded a great deal of respect and
affection.
D) Social psychologists have only recently
begun to systematically investigate ageism and
its psychological drawbacks.
E) In these societies, the qualities of youth are
highly valued, and elderly people attract
unfavourable stereotypes.
57) Film and television directors work with
actors to block the action, establishing
movements that change their physical
relationships with other actors and with the
camera. Directors' careful positioning of the
actors produces meaning. ---- They may
assume a greater narrative significance as well.
Figures who tower over other characters, for
example, may dominate them in some way in
the film, whereas characters who meet each
other on the same physical level may exhibit a
more equitable relationship.
A) A visual analysis of the opening scene of
some films explains the ongoing struggle of the
film's central character.
B) Characters who occupy the foreground gain
importance through their apparent physical
closeness to the viewer.
C) Costumes display an understanding of time
and place, but more importantly, a character's
social status and personality traits.
D) Make-up and prosthetics can alter an actor's
appearance so that he or she resembles a
historical figure.
E) Figure placement may be significantly
enhanced by cinematography.
58) No one person can claim to have invented
rock and roll. ---- But if one were to narrow
down the birth of rock and roll to a specific time
and place, the most logical choice would be the
informal recording session that took place on
the evening of July 5, 1954, in the modest
studio of Sun Records on 706 Union Avenue in
Memphis, Tennessee. It was there that Elvis
Presley merged disparate strands of blues,
country and gospel into a fiercely dynamic
sound that ignited a musical and cultural
explosion whose impact is still being felt today.
The track that Presley cut that night, "That's All
Right, Mama," would quickly emerge as the
cornerstone of a musical revolution.
A) Many early pioneers of blues had personal
and professional roots in the swing era of the
1930s, including Aaron Walker and Charles
Brown.
B) The view of rock and roll as a matter of
whites co-opting and diluting black music is
simplistic and inaccurate.
C) The genre arose from a cross-pollination of
black and white musical styles, which had
already begun long before the term 'rock and
roll' was ever applied to music.
D) Rhythm and blues and rock and roll brought
forth a host of singular talents throughout the
1950s.
E) Buddy Holly took an innovative approach to
develop its electric direction that would
eventually appear in the Beatles era.
59) Career progress of various groups is one of
the central concerns in organisations,
occupations, and work. People choose careers
for different reasons. ---- People are constantly
making conscious decisions on career progress
in light of their own interests and
circumstances. At the same time, multiple
factors shape a person's career aspirations and
career trajectory.
A) The factors leading to the career success of
men may be different from those for women.
B) Occupational prestige, rewards, and
prospects for advancement are chief among
them.
C) Employers may hold the belief that personal
attributes are related to a person's
performance.
D) Successful people tend to have the ability to
build long-lasting relationships with their work.
E) Being plugged into different channels is a
crucial ingredient of career success for
educated workers.
60. (1) Although Plato is perhaps the most
influential philosopher in the Western
tradition, little is known about his life with
certainty. (II) Plato's major contribution to
philosophy was his metaphysical theory of
forms, and his forms were divine objects,
known by the mind through thought. (III) This
is partly because there was a convention in
Plato's time that philosophers writing about
their contemporaries not mention them by
name. (IV) However, there is agreement on
some broad facts about Plato's life. (V) Plato,
for instance, was present at Socrates' trial and
began his own philosophical works about 15 or
20 years later.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
61 (1) The Celts were an Indo-European people
who by 500 BCE had spread across what is now
France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the British
Isles. (II) By 200 BCE, they had expanded as far
as present-day Bulgaria and Greece. (III) When
the Romans conquered much of Europe (about
300 BCE), many Celts were absorbed into the
Roman Empire and lost their identity. (IV)
Before Europe was conquered by Rome, Celts
were themselves divided into smaller tribes
raising crops and livestock independently. (V)
However, those Celts living in Ireland, Scotland,
Wales, southwest England, and northwestern
France were able to maintain their cultures,
and it is in these regions that people of Celtic
origin still live today
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
62 (1) Ancient Egyptians invented a calendar,
created a form of hieroglyphic writing, and
developed papyrus. (II) During the last
centuries of ancient Egypt, the kingdom
increasingly came under foreign domination,
which weakened it to the point that Alexander
the Great was able to claim it without struggle.
(III) Situated along the Nile and south of the
Mediterranean Sea, Egyptians also produced
early seagoing vessels. (IV) But it is their
buildings for which this ancient group is
renowned. (V) In addition to the Great
Pyramids at Giza, the impressive relics that
have been discovered include those at Abu
Simbel and temples and other buildings at
Luxor.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
63.(1) Tattooing was practiced among
members of Native American tribes for
thousands of years. (II) Native Americans
tattooed themselves by cutting their skin with
sharp objects and rubbing dye into the cuts. (III)
Even though the practice was widespread,
tattooing faded from practice in the early 19th
century. (IV) Cactus needles, fish bones or
other sharp objects pricked the skin and
pigments such as charcoal, cedar-leaf ashes, or
other materials were used to make red, blue,
or green tattoos on the skin. (V) People,
especially men, would often tattoo themselves,
though some, such as children, would be
tattooed by someone else.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
64 (1) Almost everything that we do in our
everyday lives depends on language. (II) In fact,
it is hard to even imagine what our world would
be like without language. (III) So much of what
keeps people and societies together depends
crucially on language. (IV) We need language to
make and enforce laws, get and distribute
valued resources, create and maintain personal
and public relationships, and so on. (V) To sum
up, children do not wake up one morning with
a fully formed grammar in their heads - in
moving from first words to adult competence,
children pass through linguistic stages.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
65 (1) People have always been curious about
sociological matters - how we get along with
others, what we do for a living, and things like
that. (II) Philosophers and religious authorities
of ancient and medieval societies made
countless observations about human
behaviour. (III) Several of these early
philosophers correctly predicted that a
systematic study of human behaviour would
emerge one day. (IV) Beginning in the 19th
century, important European theorists made
pioneering contributions to the development
of a science of human behaviour sociology. (V)
Although their professional careers coincided,
Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, two of the
most influential European sociologists, never
met and probably were unaware of each
other's existence, let alone ideas.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
The Acropolis in Athens, built during the Greek 67. It is pointed out in the passage that the
Golden Age (500-300 BCE), is today such a Doric temples ----.
dominant icon that many older fine Hellenic
A) are lost beneath the modern town and
sites are often overlooked in its favour. More
cannot be seen B) are not very well-lit due to
than 100 years before the Acropolis was built,
their location by the seaside
the cities of Sicily were the richest and greatest
in all of Magna Graecia (Greater Greece). It was C) are surrounded by farmland allocated to
here that the first large-scale temples were growing olives and almonds
erected and they can still be seen on the
southwest coast in Agrigento's glorious Valle D) are not clearly seen at night and therefore
must be visited during the day
dei Templi (Valley of the Temples) and at
Selinunte. The acropolis at Agrigento, which is E) are very modern compared to other classical
known as Akrakas in Greek, is now lost beneath Works.
the modern town, but a series of stunning
Doric temples remain on a ridge on the
southern side of the town, bringing the classical 68. What is the primary purpose of the author?
world to life. These ancient monuments, which
rise above picturesque Arcadian fields of olive A) To explain some of the great works that
and almond trees on one side and the were completed during the Greek Golden Age
Mediterranean coastline on the other, are a
B) To convince the reader as to why they should
spectacular sight, especially at night, when
learn more about the Acropolis
they are atmospherically illuminated.
C) To entertain the reader with artefacts that
hint at what life was like during the Greek
66. Which of the following is true according to Golden Age
the passage?
D) To compare and contrast the major cities in
A) The Acropolis in Athens has been admired Magna Graecia
more than many other Hellenic sites.
E) To inform the reader about the lesser known
B) The richness of the cities of Sicily surpassed beauty of some Sicilian Hellenic sites.
that of Athens even after the Acropolis was
built.

C) A considerable number of the first large-

scale Greek temples can no longer be seen.

D) Akrakas receives as much attention as the

Acropolis does because of its importance in
ancient Greece.

E) Agrigento and Selinunte differed greatly

from one another in the number of temples
they housed.
Homer is the name given to the man credited
with composing the Iliad and the Odyssey,
great Greek epic poems that are the earliest
surviving examples of European literature.
Almost nothing is known about Homer,
including whether he truly existed, but the
ancient Greeks in the centuries that followed
the poems' composition considered him a
distinct individual and depicted him in
sculpture. Many scholars are convinced that
the two epic poems were created by the same
person, as they seem stamped with a single
artistic sensibility, sharing such traits as
individualised characters. In addition, Homer's
poems were accepted as models which all
poets must imitate but none could equal. It is
not known whether Homer was literate or
composed the poems orally while others wrote
them down. It is known that what has come to
us of the Iliad is not entirely the original
composition. The ancient Athenians altered
the narrative to enhance their role in the Trojan
War. Of the two distinguished Homeric epics,
the Odyssey was probably composed first,
although the events it relates to take place at a
later date than those in the Iliad.
69. It is understood from the passage that
Homer -
A) is a famous literary figure whose existence in
the past as a real person is still being doubted
B) had a hard time convincing people that he
himself wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey
C) is believed by many scholars to be an
illiterate man with a sophisticated command of
artistry
70. Which can be concluded from the passage
about the Iliad and the Odyssey?
A) They are considered to have passed from
generation to generation orally until they were
written down.
B) They kept their originality thanks to the
importance given to their literary worth by
scholars.
C) They are thought to have been written by
the same person although they have different
artistic features.
D) The Iliad was a follow-up epic that covered
the actions taking place after the Odyssey.
E) They were considered as great guides for
other poets because of their unique literary
quality.
71. What is the primary purpose of the author?
A) To clarify whether the Iliad or the Odyssey
was composed first
B) To highlight the contribution of the ancient
Greeks to Homer's popularity
C) To introduce the earliest surviving examples
of European literature
D) To give brief information about Homer,
focusing on his works the Iliad and the Odyssey
E) To explain how Homer influenced poems
who imitated him in the following centuries.

D) was regarded as a great poet in later

antiquity although his artistic skills were not
initially recognised on a large scale

E) accounted the Trojan War in the Iliad,

putting special emphasis on the role of the
ancient Athenians
For more than two millennia, domestic cats 73. It is pointed out in the passage that the
remained almost entirely exclusive to Egypt. Phoenicians-----
Here, they became so admired that their
A) brought about the rapid spread of
export to other countries was, in theory at
domesticated cats throughout Britain
least, strictly banned. But, with their strongly
independent natures, domesticated Egyptian B) were considered as the seafarers who
cats most likely drifted away into other regions. offered cats to Roman Empire as precious gifts
The cats of ancient Egypt were valuable
commodities. It is thought that the Phoenicians C) convinced the Egyptians about the
acquired them and carried them for sale or commercial value of cats
exchange on their commercial voyages along D) domesticated cats and banned their export
the sea routes to Spain, Italy, and the to different countries
Mediterranean islands. It is speculated that this
nation of seafarers may in fact have started E) might have begun to transport cats because
transporting cats, tame or otherwise, at a much of their commercial value
earlier date. The Egyptians themselves may
have perhaps presented some of their cats as
prestigious gifts to the Romans. After domestic 74. It can be understood from the passage that
cats reached Rome, the advance of the Roman before the Middle Ages, ---
Empire carried them farther throughout
A) the number of domesticated cats found in
Western Europe. By the end of the Roman
Britain was too low
Empire, cats were probably widespread in
Britain, where they were to enjoy hundreds of B) cats were not seen as prestigious gifts by the
years of peaceful coexistence with people until Egyptians
they fell out of favour in the Middle Ages.
C) cats were not highly favoured throughout
72. According to the passage, domestic cats Western Europe
were almost entirely exclusive to 'Egypt for a
D) British people did not consider cats to be a
long time because-----
precious commodity like the Egyptians did
A) they were not admired in other parts of the
E) cats became popular in a large area thanks
world until the Middle Ages
to the advance of the Roman Empire.
B) they were not allowed to be transferred to
other countries as they were greatly adored

C) the Egyptians controlled their independent

nature so that they could not move ve to to
other other regions

D) no other nation of seafarers than the

Egyptians considered them as valuable
commodities

E) there were no peaceful environments where

they could live in harmony with people
The Hundred Years' War is the name modern
historians have given to what was actually a
series of related conflicts, fought over a 116-
year period, between England and France. In
battles fought from 1337 to 1453 for control of
France and the French Crown, England initially
had the advantage, but in 1429, the French,
inspired by Joan of Arc, regained all areas of
France that they had lost up to that point in the
war, except for Calais. In fact, England and
France had been at war several times before
the Hundred Years' War because of the
landholdings of the English Crown in France.
With the beginning of the Hundred Years' War,
the French found themselves losing ground
against the English. Militarily, the English
longbow proved especially devastating to the
French and led to the English victories at Crécy
and Agincourt. The English believed that they
were secure in their victory, but found that the
situation began to change in 1429. With
France's control over all the lands previously
held by the English, the war finally ended in
1453
75. It is clear from the passage that before
1429, the English ---,
A) were uncertain of their victory against the
French despite their remarkable military power
B) failed to conquer Calais because of the
vigorous fight supported by Joan of Arc
C) captured many areas in France despite the
strong military resistance by the French
D) managed to occupy some areas in France
thanks to their overwhelming military power
E) did not use the devastating longbow because
the French did not pose a serious threat to their
victory
76. According to the passage, the Hundred
Years' War----
A) is the official name used by the English
Crown to refer to the armed conflicts between
England and France from 1337 to 1453
B) was preceded by a number of military
conflicts between England and France due to
the landholdings of the English Crown in France
C) inspired quite a lot of military leaders from
both England and France in the centuries that
followed
D) broke out because of the efforts made by
Joan of Arc to retake the control of the French
lands, including Calais
E) was more destructive in Calais than it was in
Crécy and Agincourt due to the use of the
devastating English longbow
77. It can be inferred from the passage that
Joan of Arc-----
A) changed the course of the war between
England and France
B) believed that the war would last much
longer than the French thought
C) found a way to use the devastating English
longbow against the English
D) was responsible for the onset of the military
conflicts before the Hundred Years' War
E) objected to the English oppression following
the occupation of Calais in 1337.
During the Second World War, the US
government found itself wrestling with a meaty
problem. It was trying to encourage citizens to
eat offal (liver, intestines, heart, etc.) so that
better cuts of meat could be shipped to the
troops abroad, but the message was not
getting through. Therefore, the government
recruited some serious brainpower: renowned
anthropologist Margaret Mead and the father
of social psychology, Kurt Lewin. Instead of
telling people that eating offal was a patriotic
duty, Mead and Lewin tried to understand their
psychological resistance to eating it in the first
place. They found that offal was seen as the
food of the poor, and also that people were
unsure how to cook it. And so they launched a
new campaign to rebrand offal 'variety meat'
and teach the public how to prepare it. As more
people experimented with it, offal lost its bad
reputation and became a dietary mainstay. It
may sound like a straightforward marketing
campaign, but for today's psychologists the
initiative has gained near-legendary status.
Many cite it as a forerunner to something they
call 'wise psychological interventions' --
apparently simple actions that produce long-
lasting changes in behaviour.
78. How did Mead and Lewin succeed in
changing public attitude toward offal?
A) They effectively exploited people's patriotic
feelings.
B) They focused on the underlying motives in
rejecting offal.
79. According to today's psychologists, the
campaign
A) was more like a financial initiative although
it was used as a psychological intervention
B) functioned as a true pioneer of wise
psychological interventions
C) did not stimulate considerable interest to
maintain long-lasting effect
D) gained near-legendary status as it helped
the US troops eat offal instead of meat in
wartime
E) was heavily criticised by the public despite
being successful
80. What is the passage mainly about?
A) The dietary problems the US troops went
through during the Second World War
B) Mead and Lewin's collaboration to evoke
patriotic feelings of the US citizens
C) The way a wise psychological intervention
changed people's attitude toward something
unfavourable
D) A comparison between today's
psychologists and those of the Second World
War in terms of their interventions
E) The differences between marketing
campaigns and psychological interventions

C) They told the public that cooking offal was

much easier and faster than they thought.

D) They became role models by including offal

in their own diet.

E) They suggested that eating offal had as many

health benefits as meat had.
CEVAP ANAHTARI 47. A
48. B
1. B
49. B
2. D
50. D
3. D
51. B
4. B
52. E
5. A
53. C
6. B
54. C
7. A
55. D
8. C
56. E
9. A
57. B
10. D
58. C
11. C
59. B
12. C
60. D
13. B
61. D
14. D
62. B
15. B
63. C
16. B
64. E
17. C
65. E
18. E
66. A
19. B
67. C
20. B
68. E
21. A
69. A
22. B
70. E
23. C
71. D
24. A
72. B
25. A
73. E
26. A
74. E
27. C
75. D
28. D
76. B
29. E
77. A
30. C
78. B
31. A
79. B
32. B
80. C
33. A
34. B
35. C
36. C
37. B
38. D
39. D
40. C
41. D
42. B
43. B
44. B
45. A
46. B
1. Over the last 20 years, the ----- of food 4. As of 2002, some researchers think that
allergy appears to have risen sharply all over Alzheimer's disease may be more -----
the world. described as a group of diseases rather than a
single disease.
A) implementation
A) peculiarly
B) convenience
B) notoriously
C) prevalence
C) severely
D) validity
D) accurately
E) requirement
E) temporarily

2. Apathy, the feeling of not being interested

in something, can be a ----- of dementia many 5. The B-vitamins, vitamin C, magnesium, iron,
years before symptoms start, so do not ignore and zinc are necessary for the brain and
it in family and friends and tell them when nervous system, and children with ADHD may
they seem apathetic. be deficient in such nutrients, which can -----
proper brain function and affect behaviour
A) constraint
seriously.
B) precaution
A) fulfil
C) predictor
B) elaborate
D) violation
C) sustain
E) failure
D) operate

3. As the types and causes of wounds are
highly -----, health care professionals have
several different ways of classifying them.
A) avoidable
B) compulsory
E) disrupt
6. Diseases related to stress, which is linked to
the six leading causes of death, ----- between
75 percent and 90 percent of all visits to the
doctor.

C) preliminary A) account for

D) diverse B) turn over

E) appropriate C) make out

D) take up

E) go through
7. -----a sedentary lifestyle can make you think 10. The use of artificial intelligence ----- the
the prospect of getting active is intimidating, analysis of microscopic images is nothing new
so you should see a certified personal trainer ----- the cancer field, which has been applying
for guidance on proper exercise techniques machine learning approaches for more than a
and help in designing a workout ----- to your decade.
needs.
A) for / to
A) To lead / to be tailored
B) against / at
B) Having led / tailoring
C) through / by
C) Led/being tailored
D) within / over
D) Leading / tailored
E) on/into
E) To be leading / having been tailored

11. Many mass public health campaigns

8. A study at the University of Glasgow designed to educate young people ----- the
involving almost 265,000 participants ----- that dangers of tobacco use have been launched
going to work by bike ----- your chance of ----- the globe, some of which have been
dying from cardiovascular disease. demonstrated to be effective.

A) had found / is reducing A) on / across

B) has found/reduces B) with/to

C) found / will reduce C) by/for

D) finds / reduced D) at/through

E) would find / has reduced E) from /in

9. Efficient breathing ----- speech lessens the 12. People with eye issues such as bacterial
tension of muscles the the muscles ----- the infections no longer need to deal with eye
throat that control the vocal cords and flow of drops or injections; -----, they can use smart
air. contact lenses which can release medications
over days or weeks.
A) by / from
A) conversely
B) during / in
B) instead
C) with / on
C) otherwise
D) over / for
D) similarly
E) about / against
E) even so
13. ----- medical problems including thyroid 16. The human body is the most well-
disease, Parkinson's disease, head trauma, and researched area in science; -----, experts have
brain infections can cause psychological only just discovered how its powers of self-
symptoms, a thorough medical history must healing work.
be taken.
A) however
A) Although
B) in addition
B) Because
C) in brief
C) As soon as
D) in other words
D) By the time
E) likewise
E) Unless

17. ----- the intricate structure and the

14. ----- most individuals with autism have overriding importance of the hand, any hand
deficits, there are affected individuals that infection must be treated promptly and
display unusual talents in areas such as maths, competently.
music, and art.
A) Along with
A) In case
B) Due to
B) While
C) Regardless of
C) Since
D) In comparison with
D) Given that
E) Instead of
E) So long as

18. ----- the belief that avocados should be

15. Chewing gum bases provide no nutritive omitted from calorie-controlled diets, a 2013
value, ----- added sugar may contribute to study by nutrition scientists found that they
calorie intake (four to six calories per stick). can play a useful role.

A) because A) Owing to

B) just as B) Contrary to

C) although C) In terms of

D) as long as D) Similar to

E) if E) By means of
19. ----- you are intolerant to dairy ----- simply
do not like the taste of cow's milk, you might
be looking for a nutritious alternative, so
Australia's pea milk could be the best option
for you.

A) No sooner / than

B) Such / that

C) Whether / or

D) The more / the more

E) As / as

20. Dehydration affects the ability to think,

concentrate and solve problems, and as the
body loses water, the blood thickens, -----
slows delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells
and may cause dizziness.

A) what

B) which

C) how

D) where

E) when
Obesity is the leading nutritional disorder in 23.
our modern world, and the number of people
A) having produced
who are obese has dramatically increased over
the past decades. Now a small implant that B) being produced
(21)----- the craving to eat might help change
that. (22) this implant, which is placed on the C) to produce
outside of the stomach in a simple surgery, the D) to have produced
patient feels full earlier. When the stomach
receives food, it starts to move, and this E) to have been produced
motions sufficient to generate an electrical
current in the implant (23)----- a small signal.
The signal continues to the brain and is
interpreted as a sign of fullness. The new
24.
implant can also be removed, returning the
patient to normal eating rhythms (24)----- A) once
sufficient weight has been lost. (25)-----
B) whereas
millions of people considered severely obese,
this is a promising step in our fight against C) although
obesity.
D) unless

E) even if

21.

A) regulates
25.
B) promotes
A) By

B) Upon

C) Into
22.
D) With
A) Similar to
E) Through
B) Contrary to

C) Unlike

D) By comparison with

E) Thanks to
………………………………………………………………………. 28.
prematurely, scientists have announced they
A) about
successfully removed lamb foetuses from their
mother's wombs and raised them into healthy B) on
sheep. Their survival is ensured (26)---- an
artificial placenta, called a BioBag, created by C) along
researchers at the Children's Hospital of D) through
Philadelphia. The fake womb (27)-- a clear
plastic bag filled with electrolytes. The lamb's E) for
umbilical cord pulls in nutrients, and its heart
pumps blood (28)---- an external oxygenator.
The success crowns a decades-long effort
toward a working artificial placenta. The
29.
BioBag (29)---- human infant mortality rates,
and also the chances of a premature baby A) may have improved
developing lung problems or cognitive
B) would improve
disorders will diminish. (30)----, there are still
challenges to scaling the device for human C) has to improve
babies which are much smaller than lambs.
The scientists are also refining the electrolyte D) should have improved
mix and studying how to connect human E) could improve
umbilical cords. They expect human trials in
three to five years.

30.

26. A) In other words

A) despite B) Therefore

B) with the help of C) Yet

D) For example

E) Likewise

27.

A) cuts off

B) gets over

C) gives in

D) sets back

E) consists of
31. The cause of cell death associated with
Parkinson's disease is unknown -----.
A) although environmental toxins and an
inherited inability to deal with toxins are
hypothetical factors
B) so that certain drugs can control the
symptoms of Parkinson's disease in some
cases
C) as Parkinson's disease is an incurable
neurological disorder leading to muscle rigidity
D) given that there is a progressive loss of
brain cells that produce dopamine, a type of
brain chemical that helps nerves communicate
E) since there are hints that nutrition can play
a role in the development of Parkinson's
disease
32. Although bronchitis is more often related
to a viral or bacterial infection, -----.
A) the chronic form can be associated with the
consumption of tobacco
B) the disease usually affects the large- and
medium-sized bronchi
C) in many cases, respiratory-tract
obstructions can cause severe complications
D) the common symptoms are cough, which
increases the need to salivate
E) noisy breathing is a common finding in
patients with bronchitis
33. Without an examination, an ear doctor is
limited to information gained from
questioning; however, ----.
A) the most likely age group to have a foreign
body in the ear canal is children
B) certain symptoms can help decide what
structure of the ear the problem originates
from
C) ears are actually self-cleaning and typically
require little attention in most people
D) it is common for people to use all manner
of instruments to try and clean their ears of
wax
E) to self-administer ear drops, the head
should be kept in a tilted position for several
minutes
34. -----, it was not until 1846 that a patient
was successfully rendered unconscious during
a surgical procedure.
A) Given that medical tests that would
otherwise be impossible to perform were
carried out with pain control
B) Even though the practice of surgery initially
struggled to make considerable progress
C) As the need for specialists in anaesthesia
was sparked by two world wars in the 20th
century
D) While the search for pain control during
surgery dates back to the ancient world
E) Although a number of complications are
likely to occur under general anaesthesia
nowadays
35. There is no absolute rule about how much
sleep the average person needs per night -----.
A) as it is certainly best to sleep at night to
follow the body's natural rhythms
B) if threats to long-term health caused by a
lack of sleep are experienced by shift workers
C) even though everybody needs different
amounts of sleep a day
D) although there is a minimum threshold
below which you are endangering your health
E) since lack of enough sleep leads to lapses in
attention, memory and problem solving
37. Although a 1985 US Food and Drug
Administration study group concluded that
aloe vera did not heal burns, -----.
A) very rarely, aloe vera may cause a rash in
sensitive people
B) recent clinical studies indicate burn
recovery is sped up by aloe, possibly by
improving collagen formation
C) it is a succulent plant with long pointed
leaves that produces a juice with medicinal
properties
D) there is limited data whether aloe may help
heal ulcers and gastrointestinal inflammation

E) patients with burns, obviously, have the

longest period of increased energy needs

36. The average age of onset of bipolar

disorder is from adolescence to the early
twenties; -----.
38. Dietary supplements of biotin are not
A) for instance, over half of patients diagnosed
routinely recommended for pregnant women;
with bipolar disorder have a history of
-----.
substance abuse
A) in other words, blood levels of biotin tend
B) consequently, the majority of bipolar
to drop in pregnant women, causing concern
individuals experience alternating episodes of
among researchers
depression
B) on the other hand, the amount of biotin is
C) however, a correct diagnosis can be delayed
stable and little is lost when foods are exposed
for several years or more due to its complexity
to heat, light, or air
D) thus, symptoms of bipolar depressive
C) however, they should make a special effort
episodes may include low energy levels, and
to get an adequate intake of 30 mcg biotin
difficulty in concentrating
daily through diet
E) conversely, it is usually diagnosed and
D) still, breastfeeding women should not take
treated by a psychiatrist or a psychologist with
a biotin dietary supplement unless directed by
medical assistance
their healthcare provider

E) similarly, biotin is often promoted as a

dietary supplement to help improve the
strength of fingernails
39. No scientific study has conclusively proven 41. Depression, anxiety disorders, and other
strict avoidance of certain food Catégories is mental illnesses often are presentin people
effective in preventing the onset of food who have eating disorders -----.
allergies; -----.
A) although it is not clear whether these cause
A) in fact, a certain amount of exposure at the the eating disorder or are a result of it
right time may be considered a preventive
B) while they result in abnormal eating
strategy
patterns that have a negative effect on health
B) what is more, preventive strategies mainly
C) even if people who have anorexia nervosa
focus on the first two years of an infant's life
constantly starve themselves to become thin
C) therefore, some doctors recommend that
D) as anorexia nervosa begins primarily
breastfeeding mothers avoid eating high-risk
between the ages of 14 and 18 and affects
food
mainly girls
D) likewise, parents in families that have a
E) unless the association between these
strong history of food allergy often take
psychiatric disorders and eating disorders is
immediate action
strong
E) however, a majority of children, even with
the most severe food allergies, often outgrow
their allergy

40. ----- it may be too late to prevent

significant visual impairment or blindness.

A) Provided that people have regular eye

examinations

B) Even if glaucoma manifests symptoms in

the later stages

C) Because those with vision problems must

see an ophthalmologist

D) Although myopia is one of the leading

causes of vision impairment worldwide

E) By the time vision-related symptoms clearly

appear
42. Neurologists once thought that the brain
inevitably atrophied with age, but they now
recognise that neurons retain the potential to
establish new connections throughout the
entire life span.
A) Nörologlar bir zamanlar beynin yaş aldıkça
kaçınılmaz olarak zayıfladığını düşünüyorlardı,
ancak şimdi nöronların hayat boyu yeni
bağlantılar kurma potansiyelini koruduğunu
kabul ediyorlar.
B) Bir zamanlar beynin yaş aldıkça kaçınılmaz
olarak zayıfladığını düşünen nörologlar, şimdi
nöronların hayat boyu yeni bağlantılar kurma
potansiyelini koruduğunu kabul ediyorlar.
C) Nörologlar artık nöronların hayat boyu yeni
bağlantılar kurma potansiyelini koruduğunu
kabul etseler de bir zamanlar beynin
yaşlanmayla birlikte kaçınılmaz olarak
zayıfladığını düşünüyorlardı.
D) Nörologlar tarafından bir zamanlar beynin
yaşlandıkça kaçınılmaz olarak zayıfladığı
düşünülse de şimdi nöronların hayat boyu yeni
bağlantılar kurma potansiyelini koruduğu
kabul ediliyor.
43. If your blood pressure stays elevated even
when you are at rest, it can damage the
arteries and delicate organs like the brain,
heart, and kidneys.
A) Yüksek seyreden kan basıncınız,
atardamarlara ve beyin, kalp ve böbrekler gibi
hassas organlara hareketsiz olduğunuzda bile
zarar verebilir.
B) Kan basıncınız hareketsiz olduğunuzda bile
yüksekse, atardamarlara ve beyin, kalp ve
böbrekler gibi hassas organlara zarar verebilir.
C) Kan basıncınızın yüksek olması,
atardamarlar ile beyin, kalp ve böbrekler gibi
hassas organlara zarar verir ve bu hareketsiz
olduğunuz zaman bile olabilir.
D) Hareketsiz olmanıza rağmen kan basıncınız
yine de yüksekse, atardamarlar ve beyin, kalp
ve böbrekler gibi hassas organlar bundan zarar
görebilir.
E) Kan basıncınız, hareketsizken bile yüksek
seyredebilir ve bu, atardamarlar ile beyin, kalp
ve böbrekler gibi hassas organlara zarar
verebilir.
44. Since a large number of people with high
cholesterol are overweight a healthy diet and
regular exercise are probably the most
beneficial natural ways to control cholesterol
levels.
A) Fazla kilolu birçok kişinin aynı zamanda
kolesterolü de yüksek olduğu için, sağlıklı
beslenme ve düzenli egzersiz kolesterol
seviyelerini kontrol etmede muhtemelen en
faydalı ve doğal yöntemlerdir.
B) Yüksek kolesterolü olan birçok kişi fazla
kilolu olduğundan kolesterol seviyelerini
kontrol altına almakta kullanılan muhtemelen
en etkili doğal yöntemler sağlıklı beslenme ve
egzersizdir.
C) Sağlıklı beslenme ve düzenli egzersiz
kolesterol seviyelerini kontrol etmek için
muhtemelen en faydalı doğal yöntemlerdir,
çünkü yüksek kolesterolü olan birçok kişi fazla
kiloludur.
D) Yüksek kolesterolü olan birçok kişi fazla
kilolu olduğundan, sağlıklı beslenme ve düzenli
egzersiz kolesterol seviyelerini kontrol etmek
için muhtemelen en faydalı doğal
yöntemlerdir.
45. Collagen production diminishing as we age
results in thinner and weaker nails, sp it is very
important to consume foods rich in vitamin C
to keep them strong and healthy.
A) Yaşlandıkça azalan kolajen üretimi daha ince
ve güçsüz tırnaklara neden olur, bu yüzden
onları güçlü ve sağlıklı tutmak için C vitamini
yönünden zengin besinler tüketmek çok
önemlidir.
B) Yaşlandığımızda kolajen üretimi azaldığı için
tırnaklarımız daha ince ve güçsüz hâle
gelebilir; dolayısıyla C vitamini yönünden
zengin besinler tüketmek onları güçlü ve
sağlıklı tutmak için çok önemlidir.
C) Yaşlandığımızda azalan kolajen üretimi
tırnakları daha ince ve güçsüz hâle getirdiği
için C vitamini yönünden zengin besinler
tüketerek tırnakları güçlü ve sağlıklı tutmak
çok önemlidir.
D) Yaşlandıkça azalan kolajen üretimi daha ince
ve güçsüz tırnaklara sebep olur; bu yüzden C
vitamini yönünden zengin besinler tüketerek
tırnakları güçlü ve
46. Even though the herb called anemarrhena
can effectively reduce the fever associated
with tuberculosis, it is a poor substitute for
conventional antibiotics, which can cure the
disease and prevent death.
A) Tüberküloz ile ilişkili ateşi etkili bir şekilde
düşüren anemarena adlı bitki, hastalığı
iyileştirebilen ve ölümü engelleyebilen
geleneksel antibiyotiklerin yerini almak için
zayıf bir alternatiftir.
B) Anemarena adlı bitki tüberküloz ile ilişkili
ateşi etkili bir biçimde düşürebilse de hastalığı
iyileştirebilen ve ölümü engelleyebilen
geleneksel antibiyotiklerin yerini almak için
zayıf bir alternatiftir.
C) Anemarena adlı bitki tüberküloz ile ilişkili
ateşi etkili bir biçimde düşürmesine rağmen,
hastalığı iyileştiren ve ölümü engelleyen
geleneksel antibiyotiklerin yerini alamaz,
çünkü onlara kıyasla zayıf bir alternatiftir.
D) Hastalığı iyileştirebilen ve ölümü
engelleyebilen geleneksel antibiyotiklerin
yerini almak için zayıf bir alternatif olan
anemarena adlı bitki tüberküloz ile
47. As many sunscreens contain nanoparticles,
which make them less visible, some people
think that these particles disrupt hormones,
and thus they avoid using sunscreens.
A) Çoğu güneş kremi, onları daha az görünür
yapan nanoparçacıklar içerir ve bu da bazı
insanların bu parçacıkların hormonlara zarar
verdiğini düşünmesine ve güneş kremi
kullanmaktan kaçınmasına yol açmaktadır.
B) Bazı insanlar, çoğu güneş kreminin içindeki
onları daha az görünür hâle getiren
nanoparçacıkların hormonlara zarar verdiğini
düşündüğü için güneş kremi kullanmaktan
kaçınmaktadır.
C) Bazı insanlar, birçok güneş kreminin içinde
onları daha az görünür yapan nanoparçacıklar
olduğunu ve bu parçacıkların hormonlara zarar
verdiğini düşünür ve bu yüzden güneş kremi
kullanmaktan kaçınmaktadır.
D) Birçok güneş kremi, onları daha az görünür
yapan nanoparçacıklar içerdiği için bazı
insanlar, bu parçacıkların hormonlara zarar
verdiğini düşünmekte
48. Bireyler uzun bir süre kirliliğe maruz
kaldığında akciğer dokusu, esnekliğini
kaybedecek bir şekilde zarar görür.
A) In case individuals are exposed to pollution
over a long period of time, the lung tissue
might be damaged and even lose its elasticity.
B) When individuals are exposed to pollution
over a long period of time, the lung tissue is
damaged in such a way that it loses its
elasticity.
C) Owing to the pollution individuals are
exposed to over a long period of time, it is
likely that the lung tissue is damaged in such a
way that it loses its elasticity.
D) If individuals are exposed to pollution over
a long period of time, the lung tissue loses its
elasticity as it has been damaged.
E) When individuals are exposed to pollution
over a long period of time, the lung tissue may
lose its elasticity due to the damage.
49. Bilim insanları, beynin nasıl yaşlandığından
tam olarak emin değiller ancak beyni nasıl
onarabileceklerini ya da en azından tahribatı
nasıl yavaşlatabileceklerini bulmaya
çalışıyorlar.
A) Although scientists are not sure exactly how
the brain ages, they are trying to understand
how they can repair it or at least slow down
the destruction.
B) Scientists are trying to figure out how they
can repair the brain or at least slow down the
destruction, but they are still not exactly sure
how the brain ages.
C) Scientists, who are not sure exactly how the
brain ages, are trying to figure out how the
brain can be repaired or at least how the
destruction can be slowed down.
D) Not sure exactly how the brain ages,
scientists are at least trying to understand how
they can repair the brain and slow down the
destruction.
E) Scientists are not sure exactly how the brain
ages, but they are trying to figure out how
they can repair the brain or at least slow down
the destruction.
50. Duyma işlevine geçici ya da kalıcı olarak 51. Modern tıbbın soğuk algınlığına tedavi
zarar verebilen gürültüye aşın maruz kalma, bulma konusunda yaşadığı zorluk, çok sayıda
duyma kaybının en önlenebilir sebebidir ama farklı tür virüsün bulunmasından
aynı zamanda bu hastalığın yaklaşık %60'ının kaynaklanmaktadır.
da sorumlusudur.
A) As the number of viruses is dramatically
A) Excessive exposure to noise, which can high, modern medicine has had difficulty in
temporarily or permanently damage hearing, finding a cure for the common cold.
is the most preventable cause of hearing loss,
B) The difficulty modern medicine has had in
but it also accounts for almost 60 percent of
finding a cure for the common cold is due to
the condition.
the fact that there are so many different types
B) Excessive exposure to noise, accounting for of viruses.
almost 60 percent of the hearing loss, can
C) Modern medicine has had difficulty in
temporarily or permanently damage hearing,
developing a cure for the common cold
but it is also the most preventable cause of the
because there are so many different types of
condition.
viruses.
C) Although it accounts for almost 60 percent
D) There are so many different types of
of the hearing loss, excessive exposure to
viruses, and this is why modern medicine has
noise, which can temporarily or permanently
had difficulty in finding cure for the common
damage hearing, is the most preventable
cold.
cause of the condition.
E) The extremely high number of viruses has
D) Being exposed to excessive noise can
caused modern medicine to have difficulty in
temporarily or permanently damage hearing,
developing a53/97 cure for the common cold.
and also, it accounts for almost 60 percent of
hearing loss, which would, otherwise, be
preventable.
52. Bazı çalışmaların işaret ettiği gibi, beta- 53. Hava yoluyla insandan insana bulaşan bir
karoten E vitamini gibi başka bir antioksidan virüsten kaynaklanan çiçek hastalığı bir
tarafından korunmadığı takdirde vücutta zamanlar en çok korkulan hastalıklardan biriydi
hasara yol açabilir. ve tedavisi yoktu.

A) Several studies suggest that if beta- A) Caused by a virus spread from person to
carotene is not person through the air, smallpox was once one
of the most feared diseases, and there was no
protected by antioxidants like vitamin E, it may
treatment for it.
cause damage in the body.
B) Smallpox, caused by a virus spread from
B) As shown by several studies, beta-carotene
person to person through the air, was once
may cause damage in the body without the
one of the most feared diseases because there
protection of another antioxidant like vitamin
was no treatment for it.
E.
C) Smallpox, which was once one of the most
C) As for some studies on beta-carotene, they
feared diseases and had no treatment, was
suggest that it may cause damage in the body
caused by a virus spread from person to
until it is protected by another antioxidant,
person through the air.
such as vitamin E.
D) Smallpox, which was once one of the most
D) According to several studies, beta-carotene
feared diseases, was caused by a virus spread
may cause damage in the body if it is not
from person to person through the air, and
prevented by another antioxidant, such as
there was no treatment for it.
vitamin E.
E) Caused by a virus spread from person to
E) As some studies suggest, unless beta-
person through the air, smallpox had no
carotene is protected by another antioxidant,
treatment even though it was once one of the
such as vitamin E, it may cause damage in the
most feared diseases.
body.
54. Anorexia nervosa (AN) affects females
more commonly than males - 90% of those
affected are female. Typically, the disorder
begins when an adolescent or young woman
of normal or slightly overweight stature
decides to diet. As weight falls, the intensity
and obsession with dieting increases. Affected
individuals may also increase physical exertion
or exercise as weight decreases to lose more
pounds. Weight loss and avoidance of food is
equated in these patients with a sense of
accomplishment and success. ----- Eventually,
the affected person becomes increasingly
focused on losing weight and devotes most
efforts to dieting and exercise.
A) The current thinking about AN is that it is
caused by multiple factors.
B) Weight gain is viewed as a sign of weakness
and as failure.
55. In traditional Chinese medicine,
acupuncture treatment begins with a
thorough physical examination. The
practitioner then takes the patient's pulse at
six locations and three depth levels on each
wrist. These thirty-six pulse measurements
will tell the practitioner where the qi - natural
energy through the body in the patient's body
might be blocked or unbalanced. ----- Up to
ten or twelve acupuncture needles will be
inserted at strategic points along the relevant
meridians.
A) After collecting this information, the
acupuncturist will identify the acupuncture
points that should be stimulated to unblock
the qi or restore harmony.
B) Many patients feel nothing at all during this
procedure, although others experience a
prickling or mild aching sensation.
C) Patients seeking acupuncture treatment
should provide the practitioner with necessary
information about their health conditions
56. For decades, experts have refused to
accept the idea that gut bacteria affect our
mental health. ----- Yet mounting evidence
suggests that intestinal microbes profoundly
shape our thinking and behaviour. Human
trials are now underway to investigate how
these microbes boost our overall well-being. If
the results prove to hold out, new bacteria-
based therapies could expand a mental health
treatment landscape that has been mostly
stagnant for decades.
A) Indeed, doctors have speculated about this
particular linkage since ancient times.
B) It has, in fact, been referred to by many
medical specialists as a nonsense theory.
C) Over a century ago, doctors argued
melancholia arose from an overgrowth of
intestinal microbes.
D) As an aside, Hippocrates was credited with
saying "all disease begins in the gut".
57. Like most medicines, sleeping pills can be
of value if they are used wisely. Occasional use
of sleeping pills for a few nights or even weeks
may be appropriate if sleep is disturbed by jet
lag, a stressful event or a medical problem. In
these situations, sleeping pills may help
prevent short-term insomnia (sleeplessness)
from evolving into chronic insomnia. -----
Others maintain that short-term use of
sleeping pills may also be appropriate to break
the cycle of anxiety and disturb sleep in
severe, chronic insomnia
A) Unfortunately, some people begin by taking
sleeping pills a few nights a week, but often
end up taking them much more frequently.
B) One can choose a weekend's night when
there is little pressure or work obligations the
following day to start decreasing the dose of a
sleeping pill.
C) Because the active ingredient found in
coldmedications produce sleepiness as a side
effect, they are sometimes marketed as sleep-
promotion agents.
D) Sleep experts believe keeping a small
supply ofsleeping pills can be helpful for those
who suffer from insomnia because the
knowledge that it is available provides a sense
of security.
E) Those that rely on sleeping pills should
decrease their use of the medication gradually,
rather than abruptly which can backfire and
increase anxiety and insomnia.
58. Fasting as an effective weight-loss strategy
with a potential to improve health is not the
first dietary approach to excite researchers.
Before fasting, there was caloric restriction, or
CR. The methods, in fact, have much in
common since both drastically reduce energy
intake and bring about similar health benefits.
----- Now, many former CR researchers are
exploring fasting, often setting the two against
each other in the laboratory.
A) To better understand today's fascination
with fasting, it is essential to get a broader
view in respect of CR.
B) In addition, fasting is being studied as a
supplemental treatment for brain injury,
various cancers, and metabolic syndrome.
C) They are like siblings in a sense, especially
since fasting studies eventually emerged from
work on CR
D) Although CR never caught on with the
public like fasting has, it remains an important
scientific dieta. experiment.
59. Feelings of anxiety trigger the body to
release stress hormones that prepare you to
react to a threat. This is called the fight-or-
flight response. ----- Hundreds of years ago,
this response was experienced occasionally
and was vital to pur survival. Today, however,
stress and anxiety can be persistent and
debilitating, with far-reaching consequences
on health, leading to high blood pressure and
cholesterol, insomnia, mood swings,
depression, and other health problems.
A) Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder
include flashbacks, persistent frightening
thoughts and memories.
B) There are various lifestyle strategies and
supplements that can be helpful in reducing
anxiety and improving well-being.
C) The heart pumps stronger, breathing is
increased, digestion slows down so that the
body can reserve resources.
60. (I) Appendicitis, inflammation of the
appendix, is one of the most common surgical
diseases affecting young people. (II) Although
it can affect infants and the elderly, it generally
manifests itself in young, otherwise healthy
individuals. (III) It can pose a diagnostic
dilemma since many other abdominal
processes can mimic the findings. (IV) The
appendix is believed to be a vestigial organ,
without a functional purpose in humans. (V)
However, recent medical advances have
helped doctors to diagnose it more accurately.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
61. (I) Acupuncture can be useful in preventing
chronic bronchitis attacks and in resolving
colds that lead to acute attacks. (II) When no
secondary infection is present, acute
bronchitis is treated in the same way as the
common cold. (III) Home care includes
drinking plenty of fluids, resting, not smoking,
and taking medicine that has acetaminophen
for fever and pain. (IV) Cough syrups, for
example, are recommended to reduce
coughing, soothe irritation, and increase
expectoration of mucus. (V) Aspirin, however,
should not be given to children with acute
bronchitis because of its association with
seizures in children.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
62. (I) Until recently, it was assumed that the
appearance of drug-resistant bacteria was the
result of a predictable phenomenon: the
spontaneous mutation of a bacterium to drug
resistance and the selective multiplication of
the resistant strain in the presence of the
drug. (II) Because drug-resistant strains of
bacteria do not respond to standard
treatments, illnesses last for longer periods of
time. (III) In actuality, a more serious
phenomenon is at work, which is called
'infectious drug resistance'. (IV) It is a process
through which the determinants of resistance
to a number of drugs are transferred together
and at one stroke from a resistant bacterial
strain to another bacterial strain that was
previously drug-sensitive. (V) This
phenomenon was discovered in Japan in 1959,
and since then, it has been detected in many
countries.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
63. (I) There have been thousands of famines
over the last several centuries. (II) The causes
have included natural disasters such as
droughts and floods; war, and population
displacement; and economic failure. (III)
Famine is defined as an extreme shortage of
food or lack of access to food by a population,
accompanied by an increase in death rates.
(V)h spite of the fact that worldwide food
production has improved in the past several
decades, an estimated 20 percent of people in
developing countries lack access to enough
food on a regular and predictable basis. (V)
Indeed, the number of countries experiencing
severe food shortages has almost tripled since
1990.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
64. (I) Milk provides nearly all the essential
nutrient groups since it contains proteins,
carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, fats, and
water. (II) The most important element of milk
- and cheese and yogurt - is calcium, which is
vital for healthy teeth and bones. (III) If you
cannot eat dairy products, you can get calcium
from other milks, such as almond, rice, oat, or
soy, and other soy products, such as tofu. (IV)
If you do not get enough calcium, your body
will take it from your bones, which can cause
rickets in children or osteoporosis in later life.
(V) Some of these are fortified with calcium
because they do not have as much as cow's
milk.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
65. (I) Eating while feeling stressed could mean
extra weight gain, and it is not just that snack
bar one eats as comfort food. (II) A new study
has revealed, even with eating the same food,
chronic stress actually leads to more weight
gain. (III) Rather than stress itself, faulty coping
mechanisms to deal h stress lead individuals to
eat more, and thus they need to be addressed.
(IV) The researchers found that stress led to a
tenfold increase in insulin, which, in turn, not
only caused an increase in cravings, but
decreased the body's ability to burn energy.
(V) The good news is that now scientists
understand this pathway, and they are looking
into ways they may be able to block this
process.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V

Doctors performed the first successful lung
transplantation in 1983 and now perform
several hundred lung transplantations each
year. A lung transplantation may involve one
lung or both lungs. Less commonly a lung
transplantation includes both lungs and the
heart. Donor lungs come primarily from
people who donate their organs upon death.
Live lobular donation, in which a living donor
undergoes surgery to have one lobe of the
lungs removed for transplantation, is
occasionally a viable option for people who
can find a tissue match among two
prospective donors, usually family members,
willing and medically capable of donating a
healthy lung lobe Doctors most commonly
consider living lobular donation as an option
for children who have aggressive cystic
fibrosis. Many circumstances influence
whether an individual is an appropriate
candidate for lung transplantation. Because
donor lungs are in short supply, the criteria for
transplantation are strict though vary
somewhat among transplant centres. In
general, lung transplantation recipients must
be under age 65, in good health except for
their pulmonary conditions, and demonstrate
willingness and ability to comply with the
post-transplantation care regimen.
Transplantation criteria nearly always exclude
patients who have cancer and
immunodeficiency disorders.
D) has become more common due to the
increase in donatione
67. It is understood from the passage that
donor lungs ----.
A) should be taken from people who are under
age 65
B) are matched with recipients through strict
transplantation procedures
C) can be more successfully transplanted when
the recipient is a child
D) are mainly preferred to be taken from
people who are alive
E) are taken from candidates with consent
from their
68. It is understood from the passage that
donor lungs ----.
A) should be taken from people who are under
age 65
B) are matched with recipients through strict
transplantation procedures
C) can be more successfully transplanted when
the recipient is a child
D) are mainly preferred to be taken from
people who are alive

E) are taken from candidates with consent

66. It is clearly stated in the passage that lung from their
transplantation ----.

A) is generally carried out with the organs

donated upon death

B) is performed for children before they

develop

immunodeficiency disorders

C) was very challenging and usually resulted in

deaths before 1983
It is no surprise that the always 'on-work'
attitude that prevails in many cultures
inevitably leads to burnout, but the solution
for the weary may not always be in kicking
back to relax. As counter-intuitive as it sounds,
people often feel less tired at school or work
when they find the time to squeeze in a daily
training session. Hitting the gym in the
morning, for example, can maintain one's
energy levels throughout the day. And here is
another surprise: according to psychologists at
the University of New England in Australia,
higher-intensity training is effective at helping
one avoid burnout, which is the state of
emotional, physical and mental exhaustion
caused by excessive and prolonged stress. A
combination of tough cardio and strength
training is a viable prescription for the
chronically overworked because each kind of
training confers different benefits on one's
emotional well-being. In their study, lifting
weights scored highly for boosting feelings of
personal accomplishment, while cardio was
better at reducing indicators of emotional
exhaustion. Both kinds of training were found
to be equally beneficial for expelling stress.
70. The underlined word 'confers in the
passage is closest in meaning to --
A) affects
B) conceals
C) provides
D) determines
E) advances
71. What is the primary purpose of the
author?
A) To discuss how excessive and prolonged
stress affects one's emotional well-being
B) To introduce the higher-intensity training as
a way to cope with burnout
C) To draw attention to the always 'on-work'
attitude that prevails in many cultures
D) To explain why people experience burnout
in excess levels
E) To compare the research by psychologists at
the University of New England with previous
studies on burnout.

69. It is clearly stated in the passage that ----.

A) relaxing is an effective way to reduce stress

if one is mentally and physically exhausted

B) cardio activities are more effective at

reducing stress than strength training

C) people who practice cardio with weight

lifting tend to be more successful

D) cardio and strength training are more

beneficial when done as two separate
workouts

E) a mixture of exercises is better than one

type alone to reap the greatest benefit
 E) the number of cells that are detected as
cancerous. which ensures the chemotherapy
as the only option
The reason why cancers have been very difficult to
73. It is clear in the passage that surgery ----.
treat is because once a cancer cell has formed, it
often moves, unlike a normal cell. This process, A) is used to treat more than half of the
called metastasis, means that surgery often cannot known cancer types
remove all the cancerous cells. If the cancer is
detected early, it may be possible to excise the B) is the only efficient way to remove the
cancerous area - a process known in ancient and affected area from a limb
medieval times. This has always been possible if
the cancer occurs in areas that can be excised, such C) can only be conducted after the patient has
as the breast or a limb. Nowadays, some 65 complete
percent of cancers are treated with it, although this
is sometimes not the sole method of treatment.
For cancer in inner organs, surgery has been made
possible as of the flexible fibreoptic endoscope,
which has made it easier to spot the location of
cancers. However, if the cancer is not detected
early enough, surgery becomes more difficult, and
if the cancer is well developed and has spread,
74. It is understood from the passage that
surgery is ineffective. Treatment using radiation
therapy, essentially radiation using high-energy
radiation therapy ----.
particles or waves, may destroy cells that are too A) may be deadly for some patients because of
small to be seen and removed. Chemotherapy is
other health issues they have
also used, with powerful anticancer drugs entering
the bloodstream with the aim of reaching places B) is dramatically less effective than using
that cannot be reached by surgery or radiation powerful anticancer drugs
therapy, or when the latter may prove fatal to a
patient for other health reasons. C) is not as harmful as chemotherapy, which is
the final step of cancer treatment today

D) has been efficiently used for some 65

72. According to the passage the reason why
percent of
surgery for cancer treatment may fail is due to
---. cancers

A) the constant movement of the cancerous E) was predicted years ago although it has
cells that makes removal process almost begun to be widely used only recently.
impossible

B) the complex structure of the cancerous cells

which has not been fully understood yet by
the majority

C) the fact that some doctors may take the

early symptoms of cancer for granted, leaving
the patient with only a few options

D) the lack of flexible fibreoptic endoscopes

that make it easier to spot the location of the
cancer
 E) pro-social people are better at coping with
depression than individualistic ones

There are many simple ways to be nicer to

people, and we like to believe that all that
kindness and consideration will be
appreciated. However, being nice may not do
us any favours down the line. According to a
study published in a scientific journal, people
who are nice - defined as sensitive to
unfairness or inequity - are more likely to
show symptoms of depression than people
who tend to be selfish and egocentric.
Researchers looked at whether the pattern of
thinking that is considered 'pro-social'
(meaning self-sacrificing and willing to
promote equity) was linked with longer term
clinical symptoms of depression. They started
by giving nearly 350 people a personality test
to determine whether they were more 'pro-
social' or 'individualistic (selfish and primarily
concerned with maximising their own
resources). Then, they measured people's
desire to share financial resources with those
less fortunate. Lastly, they used MRI to see
which areas of the brain were activated during
specific situations. What they found was that
the brain images were quite different between
the two types of people, and that nicer people
are more vulnerable to depression because
they experience extreme empathy, guilt and
stress.
76.It can be understood from the passage that
----.
A) selfish people feel guilty as a result of their
misbehaviour
B) egotism is very common in people who are
sensitive to inequity
C) people who are highly concerned with their
profits feel more stressed out
D) humans are likely to have concerns about
expanding their resources
E) extreme empathy, guilt and stress may lead
to depression
77.Which could be the best title for this
passage?
A) Daily Sources of Stress in Selfish People
B) Who Are More Prone to Depression?
C) The Advantages of Being Pro-social
D) Can Depression Change Egocentric People?
E) Patterns of Thinking Shown by MRI Results

75.It is clearly stated in the passage that ----.

A) in MRI scans, the same areas of the brain

were activated in pro-social and individualistic
people

B) individualistic people become sensitive to

unfairness when they suffer from depression

C) selfish people are more open to depression

because they feel alone and stressed out

D) nicer people are more likely to suffer from

depression than egocentric ones
 have already been aware of the risks posed by
plastic teabags

E) plastic teabags release billions of

microplastics when steeped in hot water
Tea drinkers have been urged to avoid plastic
teabags after tests found they release billions
of particles of microplastic. A team in Canada 79. It is pointed out in the passage that the
has found that steeping a plastic teabag at a World Health Organization -
brewing temperature of 95°C releases around
A) points to the lack of evidence on whether
11.6 billion microplastics - tiny bits of plastic
plastic particles in drinking water poses a risk
between 100 nanometres and 5 millimetres in
to human health
size. That is several orders of magnitude
higher than the number found in other foods B) proposes that plastic teabags are safe to
and drinks, such as bottled water. Nathalie use unless they are cut open
Tufenkji at McGill University and her team
bought four different teabags from shops and C) wars people not to use plastic teabags if
cafes in Montreal, cut them open and washed they want to avoid health risks posed by
them, steeped them in 95°C water and microplastics
analysed the water with electron microscopes D) suggests that research on water fleas can
and spectroscopy. A control of uncut teabags help identify the health risks of plastic teabags
was used to prove that it was not the cutting for humans
that was causing the leaching of microplastics.
While tiny bits of plastic are also increasingly E) states that people can experience
found in drinking water, the World Health developmental malformations if they are
Organization says there is no evidence that highly exposed to microplastics released by
this is a health risk for people. To test the plastic teabags
possible effect of the particles released by
fleas to the water from the washed bags. "The
particles did not kill the water fleas, but did 80. It can be inferred from the passage that ----
cause significant behavioural effects and .
developmental malformations," she says.
A) the World Health Organization has focused
However, she says that more research into
more on the issue of microplastics in drinking
teabags is needed to understand possible
water following the study by Tufenkji
health impacts in humans.
B) the consumption of drinking water led to
78. According to the passage Tufenkji and her
behavioural changes in fleas
team have found that ----.
C) the exact damage of plastic teabags on
A) the number of the microplastics released by
human health is still unknown
plastic teabags is similar to the ones found in
other foods and drinks D) Tufenkji's team have decided to conduct
further research on other foods and drinks in
B) the cutting of teabags is responsible for the
addition to plastic teabags
seeping of microplastics into the water
E) plastic particles will only cause slight
C) plastic teabags discharge too many
behavioural changes if consumed by humans
microplastic particles even in drinking water at
any temperature D) tea drinkers in Montreal
 43. B
44. D
45. A
46. B
47. D
CEVAP ANAHTARI 48. B
1. C 49. E
2. C 50. A
3. D 51. B
4. D 52. E
5. E 53. A
6. A 54. B
7. D 55. A
8. B 56. B
9. B 57. D
10. A 58. C
11. A 59. C
12. B 60. D
13. B 61. A
14. B 62. B
15. C 63. C
16. A 64. D
17. B 65. C
18. B 66. A
19. C 67. B
20. B 68. B
21. A 69. E
22. E 70. C
23. C 71. B
24. A 72. A
25. D 73. A
26. B 74. A
27. E 75. D
28. D 76. E
29. E 77. B
30. C 78. E
31. A 79. A
32. A 80. C
33. B
34. D
35. D
36. C
37. B
38. C
39. A
40. E
41. A
42. A
1. Almost all the major improvements to the 4. For many farmers, the use of genetically
United Kingdom's environmentalsin ----- modified seeds is simply the continuation of
recent decades, from clean beaches to plastic the productive, high-tech approach to farming
bags, came from the European Union. that has increased food production ---- over
the past 20 years.
A) observations
A) spontaneously
B) occupations
B) severely
C) distributions
C) enormously
D) regulations
D) offensively
E) confirmations
E) incidentally

2. Thanks to a lack of protein in their muscle

fibres, up to a fifth of people have to---- low 5. Human activities are to blame for the
temperatures, which allows them to increase in extinction rates, including
withstand extreme degrees ofcold. increased resource consumption and climate
change ---- by fossil fuel burning.
A) appearance
A) triggered
B) expansion
B) suspended
C) resilience
C) relieved
D) obligation
D) diminished
E) fluctuation
E) implied

3. Though the Amazon River boasts ----

biological richness, much of the river is either 6. The continents that ---- most of the Earth's
inaccessible or expensive to reach. land surface are always on the move, shifted
around by forces deep inside the Earth.
A) deceptive
A) find out
B) remarkable
B) depend on
C) cautionary
C) make up
D) ambiguous
D) turn out
E) reversible
E) put forward
7. The flowers of irises ---- as a yellow dye and, 10. Most marine invertebrates have salinities -
when mixed with iron sulphate, the roots ------ their bodies that are very similar to the
produce a black dye that is black enough ---- salinity of the water them.
as a printing ink.
A) for / against
A) had been used / being used
B) on/into
B) are being used / to have been used
C) through / towards
C) were used / using
D) within /around
D) have been used / to be used
E) from behind
E) will be used / having been used

11. After the eruption of Mount St. Helens in

8. Melting ice is a concern ---- if the entire 1980, a fine ash dust was propelled ---- the
Western Antarctic Ice Sheet ----, ito a three- upper atmosphere ----- heights reaching up to
metre sea level rise, which is enough to cause 22 kilometres.
serious flooding in many coastal areas.
A) into / at
A) had melted / may result in
B) toward / with
B) melted / is going to result in
C) along / from
C) were to melt/ would result in
D) on / to
D) can melt/ resulted in
E) over / around
E) would melt/ results in

12. The Amazon may be bigger and better

9. Many researchers are working---- building known, ------ does not provide direct access to
computers that take inspiration ---- neurons in South America's most astonishing wildlife and
the brain. scenery like the Orinoco does.

A) about / to A) and

B) over / by B) as

C) on / from C) so

D) into / for D) but

E) at/ with E) instead

13. --- antibiotics have greatly reduced the 16. The blue light-emitting diode, also known
effects of infectious disease, their very success as LED lighting, has great promise in reducing
has led to the problem of resistant bacteria. energy costs and light pollution ---- it is so
efficient and highly programmable.
A) While
A) although
B) Unless
B) because
C) In case
C) until
D) Until
D) unless
E) Because
E) so that

14. According to federal laws, US airports

must be open 24 hours per day, 7 days per 17. According to some researchers, the Earth
week, ---- there is another facility within the has undergone a decline in mammal
region which can take the traffic. populations over the last century ---- human
overconsumption and overpopulation.
A) unless
A) due to
B) as if
B) rather than
C) once
C) contrary to
D) so
D) despite
E) given that
E) for the sake of

18. ---- the use of pesticides and improved

15. Most of the elements in the periodic table
varieties of crops, fertilisers have greatly
have symbols derived from their English
increased the quality and yield of such
name; ----, a few symbols have different
important foods as corn, rice, and wheat.
sources.
A) Together with
A) instead
B) Regardless of
B) however
C) In case of
C) therefore
D) Unlike
D) for instance
E) Instead of
E) in other words
19. If the waves breaking directly in front of a
surfer or a swimmer are higher than four
metres, the power of the water becomes----
strong ---- it could pull everything along with
it.

A) so that

B) as / as

C) either / or

D) less / than

E) whether / or

20. In 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope was

launched into Earth's orbit, ---- it has allowed
us to see things like dying stars and distant
galaxies in detail.

A) where

B) whose

C) what

D) when

E) how
The Great Lakes account for about 20 percent 23)
of the freshwater on Earth's surface. For
A) For example
perspective: That amount (21)---- the entire
United States in nearly 10 feet of water. The B) Similarly
lakes' geographical footprint is also hard to
grasp. Their combined surfaces span more C) Thus
than 94,000 square miles, (22)---- the size of D) Yet
the United Kingdom. The presence of all that
water was shaped by natural changes in E) In short
Earth's climate through time. (23)----, the
lakes now face unprecedented change, and
this time, humans are behind it. The planet 24)
has warmed by an average of nearly 2 degrees
A) thanks to
Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) since the
1880s. The Great Lake region is affected by B) in place of
this global trend: Within the basin, air
C) by means of
temperatures have risen by an average of 1.6
degrees Fahrenheit (24)---- the first 60 years D) compared to
of the 1900s. And much of that warming has
E) with the help of
been concentrated in the winter months,
pushing the ice ever closer to its melting
point. Lake ice is an important (25)---- of
climate change and people have recorded it, 25)
in some cases, for centuries. A) precaution

B) privilege

C) rejection
21. D) deficiency
A) may have covered E) indicator
B) had to cover

C) would cover

D) used to cover

E) must have covered

22.

A) into

B) with

C) toward

D) along

E) about
In science, individual facts can be weak. No
idea can be correctly called a proven scientific
27.
theory (26)---- it is confirmed by experiments
or observations. For example, how do we A) With the aim of
know that the general theory of relativity is
true? The general relativistic formulation of B) In spite of
gravity predicts that light, as well as matter, C) In addition to
will follow the path of space that is bent by
massive objects. If the general theory of D) Instead of
relativity was correct, then the light from E) Regardless of
distant stars would follow a curved path
through space caused by the gravity of the
Sun. The apparent positions of the stars in the
28.
part of the sky near the Sun's location,
therefore, should be different from their A) into
apparent positions when the Sun is not in that
B) against
place. (27)---- testing this prediction, British
astrophysicist Arthur Eddington organised a C) onto
major scientific expedition in 1919 to observe
D) towards
the sky. This was done purposefully (28)---- a
solar eclipse. With the Moon (29)---- the Sun's E) during
bright light octronomore moncured the
relative positions that time. Then they
compared them to those positions measured
at night. The apparent positions were indeed
different, and these differences were (30)----
with the results predicted by Einstein's theory.
29.
This observational confirmation of the general
theory of relativity changed the field of A) to have blocked
physics forever.
B) blocked

C) being blocked

D) blocking
26.
E) to be blocked
A) provided that

B) as though

C) until

D) since

E) so that
 31. Although China burns more fossil fuels
than any other country, ----.
A) the average carbon footprint of each
Chinese citizen is relatively small
B) the main source of all carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere is the burning of fossil fuels
C) gases adding to the greenhouse effect are
rarely released by natural processes
D) the biggest consumers of fossil fuels are the
US, China, and the EU
E) some countries release a lot more carbon
dioxide than others, partly because they are
larger
32. The Internet has revolutionised the
computer and communications world like
nothing before ------
A) even if the main purpose of this network is
to interconnect hundreds or, in some cases,
thousands of small-sized and local area
networks
B) whereas the importance of the Internet is
increasing and the strategies of constructing
the infrastructure are becoming more and
more critical
C) while the design of the Internet
architecture with a set of control and
management strategies has been a focus of
research in industry and academia
D) although it has changed the lifestyles of
humans by providing at once a worldwide
broadcasting capability and a mechanism for
information dissemination
E) since it has provided a medium for
collaboration and interaction between
individuals and their computers regardless of
geographic location.
33. Some animal kinds are as soft as jelly, and
hardly look like animals at all,-------
A) because some others have nerve cells,
which keep their bodies coordinated
B) just as an animal's body has millions or
billions of cells that are divided into different
types
C) while many have much more complex
bodies, with tough skeletons, keen senses and
weapons, such as teeth, claws or stings
D) as much as the animal kingdom contains
plenty of creatures that spend their adult lives
fixed in one place
E) since most animals feed either on plants or
on other animals based on leftovers or dead
remains
34. Although the sounds and gestures made
by some animals may serve functions
comparable to those of human language, ----.
A) wolves howl to let other pack members
know where they are, and to tell rival packs to
stay out of their territory
B) communication also helps social animals
such as wolves and bees to live and work in
groups
C) no other living being has developed a
system of symbolic communication as
complex as that of humans.
D) animal behaviourists agree that many
creatures convey their fear through some
instinctive reactions
E) animals with high learning capacity and
communication skills can be trained
successfully
35. Instead of consuming other organisms to
obtain the energy and the basic elements they
need to live, grow, and reproduce, ----.
A) some plants thrive in many habitats,
becoming the basis of support for more
complex organisms
B) a number of environmental factors are
responsible for the productivity of the
photosynthetic cells in plants
C) plants use the processes of photosynthesis
to get energy and absorb vital elements from
the environment
D) a few exceptional species of plants get the
energy that they need to survive by
consuming other organisms
E) plants have an important place in the
natural world as a provider of food sources for
other organisms
36. Coral reefs suffer from even small rises in
ocean temperatures ----.
A) because the heat reduces the quantity of
algae on which the corals feed
B) while the most species-rich ecosystems of
the oceans are under threat
C) although it is harder for the small creatures
to build their calcium skeletons
D) whereas some 89% of the world's biggest
coral reef is thought to be affected
E) even if the corals are affected by increased
ocean acidity resulting from carbon dioxide
emissions
37. Plague is mostly spread to humans when
infected flea faeces are inadvertently
scratched into the skin, ---
A) if fleas were to serve as alternate hosts of
several tapeworms that can infect humans
B) though fleas can generally survive for a long
time without feeding, while waiting for a
suitable opportunity to parasitise a host
animal
C) but transmission can also occur more
directly while the fleas are feeding, or when a
host accidentally ingests an infected flea
D) so the human flea is an important pest of
worldwide distribution that can be quite
common in human habitations
E) thus Bubonic plague is mostly a disease of
rodents, which serve as a longer-term
reservoir for this disease
38. Whereas the discovery of new dwarf
planets has become relatively common, ----.
A) a new major planet has not been identified
since Neptune's discovery
B) astronomers have searched for bacteria
outside the Solar System
C) the Kuiper Belt includes millions of pebbles
and dwarf planets such as Pluto
D) we must continue the journey towards the
undiscovered outer bodies
E) the theory of a ninth Solar System planet is
based on computer simulations
39. Since negative impacts of desertification
are confined to a given region and do not
affect directly all countries, ----.

A) it is characterised by a declining
groundwater table and salt accumulation in
topsoil and water

B) it is often perceived differently from other

global environmental problems

C) the introduction of irrigation water has

made cultivation possible in many new areas

D) it is remarkable that many important food

crops such as wheat originated in arid lands

E) population growth in dryland areas has

often been branded the primary reason for
land degradation.

40. Famous for being one of the world's

deadliest animals, the blue-ringed octopus is
actually quite docile and spends most of its
time hiding in shells.

A) Dünyanın en ölümcül hayvanlarından biri

olmasıyla bilinen mavi halkalı ahtapot, aslında
vaktinin çoğunu deniz kabuklarının içinde
saklanarak geçirdiği için oldukça uysaldır.

B) Dünyanın en ölümcül hayvanlarından biri

olmasıyla bilinen mavi halkalı ahtapot, aslında
oldukça uysaldır ve vaktinin çoğunu deniz
kabuklarının içinde saklanarak geçirir.

C) Vaktinin çoğunu deniz kabuklarının içinde

saklanarak geçiren mavi halkalı ahtapot,
aslında oldukça uysaldır ancak dünyanın en
ölümcül hayvanlarından biri olarak bilinir.

D) Mavi halkalı ahtapot dünyanın en ölümcül

hayvanlarından biri olarak bilinir ancak
vaktinin çoğunu deniz kabuklarının içinde
saklanarak geçirdiğinden aslında oldukça
uysaldır.
CEVAP ANAHTARI

1. D
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. D
8. C
9. C
10. D
11. A
12. D
13. A
14. A
15. B
16. B
17. A
18. A
19. A
20. A
21. C
22. E
23. D
24. D
25. E
26. C
27. A
28. E
29. D
30. B
31. A
32. E
33. C
34. C
35. C
36. A
37. C
38. A
39. D
40. B
1.The ----- of chocolate with romance is 4.Today we take the appearance of dinosaurs
probably responsible for the creation of boxes for granted, but it has taken centuries of
in the shape of hearts, filled with chocolates, careful study to learn how to ------ read the
being the gift of choice for lovers every clues in the fossil record.
Valentine's Day.
A) disputably
A) enrichment
B) incidentally
B) association
C) reluctantly
C) proposal
D) accurately
D) advent
E) implicitly
E) resolution

5.Among the problems stemming from space

2.A mere 7 percent of the world's oceans has activity, 'space junk' is a growing concern as
any protection- mostly weak rules, with disused satellites and other objects ----- in our
multiple exceptions and only 2.5 percent is planet's orbit.
highly protected from ----- .
A) perpetuate
A) exploitation
B) overtake
B) diversion
C) accumulate
C) fragmentation
D) facilitate
D) distinction
E) precede
E) supervision

6.Chlorophylls are complex molecules

3.Because some African proverbs are often ---- exquisitely suited to the light absorption,
to listeners unfamiliar with African cultures, energy transfer, and electron transfer
they are sometimes used as a secretive type of functions that they ----- in photosynthesis.
language to keep outsiders from
A) pull down
understanding.
B) carry out
A) undeniable
C) take up
B) irreversible
D) draw up
C) inconsistent
E) get off
D) unintelligible

E) insufficient
7.To appeal to our desire for lower-fat 10.Adolescents and adults ----- insecure
substitutes for our favourite high-fat foods, patterns of attachment exhibit higher rates of
the commercial food industry ----- lower-fat affective disorders than securely attached
versions of many foods ----- various fat peers, and this insecure attachment is also
substitutes. seen as a risk factor for poor relational quality
----- marriage.
A) is developing / used
A) for / at
B) developed / to use
B) against / to
C) has developed / using
C) under / on
D) would develop / being used
D) with / in
E) develops / to be used
E) about / through

8.In dentistry, much of the work -----

preventive, administered through regular
check-ups and cleaning although from time to
time, dentists ----- reactive surgery, such as
filling the dental cavities.
A) is / need to perform
B) was / should perform
C) had been / must perform
D) has been / had to perform
E) would be / could have performed
11.Foundations ----- linguistics in the
ontological sense are established -----
identifying and describing the ultimate
constituents or aspects of reality which
linguistic theories seek to refer to and to
characterise.
A) about / from
B) for / through
C) in / against
D) at / by

E) beyond / into
9.During the 20th century, numerous
technological breakthroughs in
pharmaceutical therapy made it possible ----- 12.----- autism can be a gift to higher
most of the diseases that ----- millions of functioning individuals, improving their ability
people each year. in subjects such as mathematics and software,
it is hardly true to say that everyone with the
A) to be curing / would kill
condition is a genius.
B) having cured / had killed
A) Because
C) to cure / have killed
B) Although
D) curing / killed
C) Once
E) to have cured / might have killed
D) If

E) Until
13.Some materials are common and not very 16.-----the red haemoglobin in human blood,
special, such as ordinary rocks and soil ----- which has an iron atom in its molecule,
others such as diamonds, rubies, and other lobsters and other large crustaceans have blue
jewels are prized because they are rare and blood containing hemocyanin.
have beautiful colours.
A) Such as
A) unless
B) Instead of
B) once
C) By means of
C) as if
D) In conjunction with
D) while
E) As a result of
E) just as

14.It is a strange twist of fate that both the

Ötzi, an ancient iceman, and Helmut Simon
were found dead on the ice ----- Helmut Simon
was the man who discovered the Ötzi's
remains in 1991.

A) until

B) given that

C) only when

D) unless

E) provided that

15.Air conditioning and heating systems today

----- change the temperature of a room, -----
remove dust, pollen, and other particles that
may cause respiratory problems for humans.
A) no sooner / than

B) as / as

C) whether / or

D) not only / but also

E) the more / the more

Almost 3 billion birds have vanished from the 18.
US and Canada since 1970 due to human
A) about
activities. Scientists are calling it an
'overlooked biodiversity crisis'. Studies suggest B) in
that the continent (17)----- more than a
quarter of its birds disappear in recent C) at
decades. Kenneth Rosenberg at Cornell D) with
University in New York estimated population
shifts (18)----- 529 species between 1970 and E) upon
2017. The most common species, (19)-----
starlings, have been hit the hardest. More
than 90 percent of the net loss of 2.9 billion 19.
birds (20)----- across just 12 families, including
A) according to
sparrows, warblers and blackbirds. Habitat loss
and degradation are the biggest drivers of B) for the sake of
declines. Novelist and birder Jonathan Franzen
C) such as
says we need to pay a lot more attention to
these kind of present-day threats to the D) due to
natural world (21)----- they can often be
addressed at the local level. E) on the basis of

20.

17. A) raised

A) has seen B) glided

B) is going to see C) settled

C) sees D) occurred

D) was seeing E) obtained

E) had seen
21.

A) only if

B) unless

C) whether

D) as if

E) as
The earliest scientific system for identifying 23.
people by their physical appearance was called
A) absolute
Bertillonage, after its French inventor
Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914). This system B) fundamental
used measurements of the body, such as the
lengths of arms and legs, the diameter of the C) descriptive
head, and other statistics, (22)----- body D) complicated
markings such as scars or tattoos, and
photographs of the suspect. Although the E) feasible
system was slow and (23)-----, and could not
always tell people apart, it was used by many
police forces for years. It suffered a blow in 24.
1903 when an American called Will West was
A) from
sent to prison, before it was discovered that
another prisoner there had almost the same B) for
Bertillon measurements - and was named
C) about
William West. Bertillon measurements were
supplemented (24)----- photographs, which D) into
came to be called 'mugshots'. Usually a
photograph (25)----- from the side ('in profile') E) with
and from the front. If the person committed a
crime at some future time, his mugshot would
be widely distributed, (26)----- he could be 25.
recognised by policemen on the beat or by the A) might have been taken
public.
B) must have been taken

C) would be taken

D) can be taken
22.
E) should have been taken
A) as a consequence of

B) as well as
26.
C) as opposed to
A) even if
D) because of
B) after
E) similar to
C) so that

D) while

E) as if
27.While ancient astronomers noticed some
spots on the Sun's surface, -----.
A) Christoph Scheiner's suggestion that
sunspots were satellites of the Sun was later
dismissed
B) they tried to devise sophisticated tools to
observe celestial bodies
C) it was not until the invention of the
telescope that scientists could look
systematically at the Sun
D) they advanced an interest in sunspots,
developing a number of theories
E) Galileo Galilei debated on the nature of
sunspots through letters to Marc Welser
28.-----, scientists are turning to this area as a
potential screening target for early signs of
Alzheimer's, an incurable neurodegenerative
disease.
A) Even if the still-growing brain branches off
to form the retina during an embryo's
development
B) As evidence builds that changes in the brain
can manifest in the retina
C) Although retina is closely related to brain
tissue and can be examined through the pupil
D) While the retina, composed of several
layers of neurons, is a part of the nervous
system
E) Unless retinal screenings are used to mark
the onset of symptoms for neurological
disorders
29.While 'literacy' is basically thought of as the
ability to read and to write, -----.
A) the central role of language in the
emergence of key literacy-related skills raises
important questions about the nature of
literacy development
B) children's literacy development is a product
of both early experiences, such as parent-child
book reading, and later experiences, such as
reading instruction at school
C) those in poor countries must be supported
to acquire literacy so that they can take an
active part in the development of their
countries
D) the definition of literacy has been
expanded, involving the use of various sources
such as audio-visual materials and computers
E) most students and their parents are still not
aware of the importance of developing digital
literacy to improve school success
30.-----, although it did not have as much
impact in the scientific arena as the
development of still photography, which had
wrought a revolution in astronomy.
A) Astronomy was regarded as a way of
recording the outer world through our senses
and observation capability
B) Cinema takes advantage of optical illusions
of continuous movement from a series of still
images
C) The advent of cinema in the 1890s was a
highly significant advancement in recording
technology
D) Cinematography was limited in the accurate
representation of mundane life until the late
1920s
E) The employment of cinema as documentary
reportage was always secondary to its role as a
medium of entertainment
31.-----, but it took centuries to grow into the
ferocious force that would strike fear across
the then known world.
A) The myth involving the Roman way of living
endured long after the last soldiers of the
empire died
B) The Roman army is remembered today as
the mightiest fighting machine that the
ancient world had ever seen
C) Soldiers in the Roman army continued to
erect forts and collect taxes even at times of
war
D) Rome's army was raised on an as-need
basis from the citizenry based on property
qualifications
E) Roman soldiers were more literate than the
general population and were more likely to
leave records of their lives
32.Although no single security technology can
make a system completely safe, -----.
A) using them together with recognised
security practices provides many impediments
to intruders and malware
B) the cyber security community has failed to
respond to the growing threat with new
technologies and guidelines
C) companies whose computer systems get
attacked are more often held liable for the
harm it causes their customers
D) software developers now take security
more seriously than they did at the turn of the
century
E) many see security not as the top priority
but as a trade-off with other objectives, such
as functionality and performance
33. Although cholera, one of the most
devastating of all human diseases, is endemic
in some areas of the world, -----.
A) treatment strategies have been devised
that have cut the fatality rate of cholera to 1%
in the last decades
B) severe diarrhoea and vomiting that
characterise this disease can lead to death due
to dehydration
C) it is usually associated with massive
migrations of people, such as those occurring
during war or famine
D) people recovering from it continue to shed
the organism in their faeces for weeks to
months after the initial infection
E) one of the ways to prevent cholera is to
identify and treat cholera carriers in areas
where it is endemic
34. It is easy to get distracted halfway through
a newspaper article, -----.
A) but reading long novels is not a challenge
when the narrative structure is easier to follow
B) since news agencies deliberately choose
thought-provoking articles that hook their
readers
C) even though the newspapers write about
dull and uninteresting topics such as trivial
disputes between individuals
D) so that narratives can be a universal form of
communication and much has been written
about them
E) while a best-selling and critically-acclaimed
novel can only deal with the society's
dilemmas
35. -----, there are also great environmental
benefits such as advances in productivity that
has been brought about by chemical use.

A) Before the direct importance of climate's

effect on agriculture has been a key focus of
studies on the potential agriculture policies

B) Because considerable uncertainty remains

about the global influence of chemical use on
agricultural production

C) While it is easy to see some of the

environmental harm caused by modern
chemical-intensive agricultural production

D) As long as human activities negatively affect

the fertility of soil and agricultural production

E) Given that agriculture is thought to be a

principal source of water pollution, especially
in developed nations

36. Small, blood-sucking bugs native to the

American continent seriously afflict thousands
of people every year with various diseases, ---.

A) but none of the infections carried by them

have garnered as much attention as the
widely-known Zika virus

B) even if they are thought to be

predominantly impactful on those who have
been already struggling with serious health
issues

C) so the rates are overwhelmingly high

among immigrants, many of whom live in
poverty with limited access to health care

D) though health professionals need more

studies to be done to eradicate the threats
posed by these bugs

E) yet the damage they bring to the health-

care systems in South America harms a great
number of people
37. Acupuncture generally helps alleviate the
symptoms of chronic ailments, such as
asthma, that cannot be completely cured by
Western drugs, or that would produce an
overdependence on those drugs.
A) Akupunktur, genellikle Batı kökenli ilaçlarla
tamamen tedavi edilemese de bu ilaçlara aşırı
bağımlılık yaratan astım gibi kronik
hastalıkların belirtilerinin hafifletilmesine
yardımcı olur.
B) Akupunktur, Batı kökenli ilaçlarla tamamen
tedavi edilemeyen ya da bu ilaçlara aşırı
bağımlılık yaratan astım gibi kronik
hastalıkların belirtilerinin hafifletilmesine
genellikle yardımcı olur.
C) Batı kökenli ilaçlarla tamamen tedavi
edilemeyen ya da bu ilaçlara aşırı bağımlılık
yaratan astım gibi kronik hastalıkların
belirtileri, genellikle akupunktur yardımıyla
hafifletilir.
D) Astım gibi kronik hastalıklar, Batı kökenli
ilaçlarla tamamen tedavi edilemeyebilir ya da
bu ilaçlar aşırı bağımlılık yaratabilir ancak
akupunktur, bu gibi hastalıkların belirtilerini
hafifletmeye genellikle yardımcı olur.
E) Akupunkturun, belirtilerini hafifletmeye
yardımcı olduğu hastalıklar, genellikle Batı
kökenli ilaçlarla tamamen tedavi edilemeyen
ya da bu ilaçlara aşırı bağımlılık yaratan astım
gibi kronik hastalıklardır.
38. In low-income countries, most food goes
bad before ever getting to market but this
waste can be minimised by improving
professional training for farmers and
producers, along with innovative technologies.
A) Düşük gelirli ülkelerde çoğu yiyecek daha
satışa sunulmadan bozulur ancak bu israf,
yenilikçi teknolojilerin yanı sıra üretici ve
çiftçilere sunulan mesleki eğitimi geliştirerek
azaltılabilir.
B) Düşük gelirli ülkelerde çoğu yiyeceğin daha
satışa sunulmadan bozuluyor olmasından
ortaya çıkan israf, yenilikçi teknolojilerin yanı
sıra çiftçi ve üreticilere verilen mesleki
eğitimlerin geliştirilmesiyle azaltılabilir.
C) Düşük gelirli ülkelerdeki çoğu yiyecek satışa
sunulmadan bozulur fakat bu israf, sadece
geliştirilen yeni teknolojilerle değil çiftçi ve
üreticilere verilen mesleki eğitimlerle de
azaltılabilir.
D) Düşük gelirli ülkelerde, çoğu yiyecek satışa
sunulmadan bozulur ancak bu israfı yenilikçi
teknolojilerin vanı sıra üretici ve ciftcilere
verilecek mesleki eğitimlerle azaltmak
mümkündür.
E) Düşük gelirli ülkelerdeki çoğu yiyeceğin
daha satışa sunulmadan bozulmasıyla oluşan
bu israf yenilikçi teknolojilerin yanı sıra üretici
ve çiftçilere sunulan mesleki eğitimi
geliştirerek azaltılabilir.
39. While some scientists think that we must
protect ecosystems, not specific species,
others believe that allowing a species to go
extinct is wrong as genetic diversity can make
ecosystems resilient to climate change.
A) Bazı bilim insanları belli türleri değil
ekosistemleri korumamız gerektiğini
düşünürken diğerleri, genetik çeşitlilik,
ekosistemleri iklim değişikliğine dayanıklı
kılabildiği için bir türün yok olmasına izin
vermenin yanlış olduğuna inanmaktadır.
B) Genetik çeşitlilik, ekosistemlerin iklim
değişikliğine dayanıklı olmasını sağlar ve bu
nedenle belli türler yerine ekosistemleri
korumamız gerektiğini düşünenlerin aksine
bazı bilim insanları bir türün yok olmasına izin
vermenin yanlış olduğuna inanmaktadır.
C) Bazı bilim insanları belli türlerden ziyade
ekosistemleri korumamız gerektiğine inansa da
bir türün yok olmasına izin vermenin yanlış
olduğunu düşünenler, genetik çeşitliliğin
ekosistemleri iklim değişikliğine kareı dayanıklı
kıldığını ileri sürmektedir.
D) Belli türler yerine ekosistemleri korumamız
gerektiğine inanan bazı bilim insanlarının
aksine diğerleri bunun yanlış olduğu
görüşündedir çünkü bir türün yok olmasına
izin verildiğinde genetik çeşitlilik yok olur ve
ekosistemler iklim değişikliğine karşı dayanıksız
hale gelir.
E) Bazı bilim insanları belli türleri değil
ekosistemleri korumamız gerektiğine
inanmaktadır ancak diğerlerine göre, iklim
değişikliği ekosistemleri dayanıklı kılan genetik
çeşitliliğin yok olmasına neden olduğu için bir
türün yok olmasına izin vermek yanlıştır.
40. Çevrimiçi alışverişin faydaları, evden
çıkmadan istediğiniz zaman alışveriş
yapabiliyor olmaktan ağır teslimatları çoğu
zaman ücretsiz olarak kapınıza getirtme
kolaylığına kadar çeşitlilik gösterir.
A) The benefits of shopping online range from
being able to shop whenever you want
without leaving home, to the convenience of
having heavy deliveries brought to your door
often for free.
B) The advantage of shopping online is not
only shopping whenever you like without
leaving your home but also having heavy
deliveries brought to your door generally for
free.
C) Shopping online has a variety of benefits
such as shopping whenever you want without
leaving your home and easily having heavy
deliveries brought to your door often for free.
D) From the advantage of shopping without
leaving home to the comfort of having
deliveries carried to your door whenever you
want and often for free, the benefits of
spending online vary substantially.
E) Being able to shop whenever you want and
without leaving home as well as having heavy
deliveries carried to your door often for free
are among various benefits of shopping
online.
41. Kanaat önderleri toplumun içerisinde bilgi
birikimleri ve kültürel nitelikleriyle diğer
kişilerden daha önde olan ve bu nedenle de
çevrelerindeki insanlar tarafından bilgilerine
başvurulan kişilerdir.
A) As opinion leaders are people who are
more at the forefront than other people
within a society due to their accumulation of
knowledge and cultural qualifications, people
in their surroundings consult these people on
their knowledge.
B) Opinion leaders are people who are more at
the forefront than other people within society
due to their accumulation of knowledge and
cultural qualifications, and thus consulted on
their knowledge by the people in their
surroundings.
C) Opinion leaders are consulted on their
knowledge by the people in their surroundings
given that they are more at the forefront than
other people within society due to their
accumulation of knowledge and cultural
qualifications.
D) As a result of their accumulation of
knowledge and cultural qualifications, opinion
leaders are more at the forefront than other
people within society, which leads people in
their surroundings to consult them on their
knowledge.
E) Opinion leaders are people who are
consulted on their knowledge by the people in
their surroundings due to their accumulation
of knowledge and cultural qualifications,
which puts them more at the forefront than
other people within society.
42. Ortaçağ Çinli bilim insanları yaşam süresini
uzatacak bir içecek yapma umuduyla
kimyasalları karıştırırken barutu kazara icat
ettiler ancak yaklaşık yarım yüzyıl sonra, bu
icat yaşamı kısaltan bir şeye dönüştü.
A) Chinese scientists in medieval times were
hoping to find a life-lengthening drink by
mixing chemicals when they accidentally
invented gunpowder, however, after nearly
half a century this invention turned out to be
something life-shortening.
B) Medieval Chinese scientists invented
gunpowder by mistake when they were mixing
chemicals with the aim of finding a life-
lengthening drink; however, it took nearly half
a century to realise that this invention is
something life-shortening.
C) Although Chinese scientists in medieval
times invented gunpowder by accident when
they were mixing chemicals in the hope of
finding a life-lengthening drink, after nearly
half a century this invention turned out to be
something life-shortening.
D) Gunpowder was invented accidentally by
Chinese scientists in medieval times when
they were mixing chemicals in the hope of
finding a life-lengthening drink, but after
nearly half a century this invention turned out
to be something life-shortening.
E) Medieval Chinese scientists invented
gunpowder by accident when they were
mixing chemicals in the hope of finding a life-
lengthening drink, but after nearly half a
century this invention turned out to be
something life-shortening.
Rome's 11 aqueducts, some extending for more
than 80 kilometres, transported enough water to
feed the city's 591 public fountains, as well as
countless private residences. However, experts
have long been divided about how much water
each aqueduct could actually convey. "Many
assumptions have been made based on some
pretty unreliable ancient data concerning the size
of the flows of Rome's aqueducts, giving some very
inflated figures," says archaeologist Duncan
Keenan-Jones of the University of Glasgow. "We
thought it was important to adopt a more scientific
approach." Keenan-Jones is part of a team of
scientists who evaluated the amount of residual
mineral deposits in the Anio Novus aqueduct to
accurately gauge the depth and flow rate of water.
By analysing travertine -a type of limestone
deposit- that was left on the aqueduct's interior
walls and floor, the researchers calculated a flow
rate of between 100,000 and 150,000 cubic meters
per day a number below traditional flow. "Our
work has shown that often, even shortly after the
aqueducts were built, the flow rates were well
below the capacity estimates," says Keenan-Jones.
"Ancient Rome had a lot of water, but not nearly as
much as has often been claimed."
43.Which of the following is true according to
the passage?
A) Residents in Rome kept records of their
water consumption, which has allowed to
make precise presumptions.
B) Roman engineers were aware of the fact
that the amount of water was in decrease due
to accumulation of travertine.
C) Experts have shared dissimilar opinions
about the amount of water transported
through each aqueduct
D) In Rome, public fountains had the biggest
share in the consumption of water resources.
E) The previous data combined with more
scientific methods and approaches ensured
the success of Duncan Keenan-Jones' study.
44.According to the passage, water flowing
through a channel ---
A) creates sediments which are formed on
account of the materials used in aqueduct's
structure
B) may leave some traces that might be used
later on to make some estimates regarding the
channels' capacity
C) will erode the materials that convey the
water to the private residences in the course
of time
D) can be measured precisely just by looking
at an aqueduct's maximum water transport
capacity
E) will become richer in minerals as the
channel transporting it gets longer
45.The water flow rate assumptions based on
ancient data is much higher than the assumptions
based on more scientific approaches because ---.
A) modern civil engineering allows building of
more efficient water transportation systems
B) Roman citizens had different water
consumption habits in the past
C) the composition of water was different at
the time of the calculations
D) water resources around the city were
irregular at those times
E) the former did not take travertine formation
into consideration
46.The underlined word ‘gauge’ in the passage
is closest in meaning to –
A) stimulate
B) measure
C) alter
D) accelerate
E) compensate
A persuasive message should have its greatest 48.Why does the author mention the findings
impact just after it is presented. It is counter- of the Yale attitude changing programme?
intuitive to think that its power might increase
A) To provide supportive evidence for the
with the passage of time, and yet this is
sleeper effect theory
precisely what the sleeper effect suggests. An
early finding in the Yale attitude changing B) To exemplify the sympathetic attitude of the
programme was that films promoting more American soldiers
positive attitudes among American soldiers
towards their British allies in the Second World C) To mention an effective military tactic used
War became more effective well after they in World War II
had been viewed. Kelman and Howland D) To emphasise the impact of films on morale
reasoned that we initially associate the during a war
conclusion of a message with the quality of its
argument and other cues such as the E) To show the importance of positive
credibility of its source. Of these, memory of attitudes among allies
the argument becomes more enduring as time
goes by. Were we to take a measure of the
impact of an extreme message about a month 49.The underlined word 'enduring' in the
later, the sleeper effect predicts that the less passage is closest in meaning to --.
credible source would probably be as
A) recurring
persuasive as the more credible source: the
message survives but the source does not. B) lasting
Crano and Prislin have described the sleener
C) concealed
effect usually associated with studies in mass
communication, as an "old chestnut". Its D) realistic
reliability has long been questioned, but it has
been replicated under quite strict conditions. E) widespread

47.According to the passage, the sleeper effect 50.Based on the sleeper effect, in the long run,
indicates that---- the credibility of the source ----

A) the initial effect of a message fades away as A) is not as important as the quality of the
time goes by argument presented

B) powerful messages need to be conveyed B) becomes less influential compared to the

immediately recollection of the event

C) a straightforward message is the most C) determines the credibility of the message

persuasive one that was conveyed

D) needs to be established by replicating the

D) as time passes, the exact message is better
understood study under strict conditions

E) in time, the impact of a message becomes E) is more significant than what is

more powerful remembered about the occasion
Throughout its history, the fertile region
situated at the heart of central Europe, known
today as Germany, has attracted repeated
waves of migrants. With few natural barriers
to the movement of peoples, it has been
home to a variety of cultures. The most
widespread and advanced culture that called
Germany home during the prehistoric period
was the Celts, a remarkable people who came
to the region at some point during the Bronze
Age and remained there until the classical
period, when Greek and Roman writers
described their civilisation. While their origins
are obscure, some scholars argue that a
people known as the Urnfeld culture, because
they cremated their dead and buried them in
urns, may have been the ancestors of the Celts
who lived in central Europe. The Celts were a
tribal society geared toward war. Celtic
warriors, led by an aggressive military
aristocracy, were feared throughout the
classical world for the ferocity of their attacks
and frequency of their raids. Their society was
tribal and clan-based, founded upon a rigid
hierarchy of warrior aristocrats, druids
(practitioners of a mysterious animist religion),
and commoners. Interestingly, Celtic women
enjoyed more autonomy than either their
Roman or Greek contemporaries, serving as
warriors and even as rulers in some cases.
51.According to the passage the territory of
modern Germany ----
A) has always been barren and its people were
unwelcoming towards migrants
B) attracted many waves of migration because
of its dense population
52.As some scholars claim, the Celts, who
inhabited Germany, ----
A) may have been the descendants of the
Urnfeld culture which adopted the method of
burning and burying their dead in urns
B) described Greek and Roman civilisations in
their records, which have come down to the
present time in buried urns
C) were widely accepted as the most
developed culture of their time because of
their tribal society structure
D) had to move from one region to the other
from the Bronze Age until the classical period,
when they settled in Europe
E) used to cremate their dead just as it was
done in the Umfeld culture
53.It is pointed out in the passage that the
Celts ----
A) escaped wars and attacks because of their
weak military clans that usually consisted of
aristocracy
B) had a tribal social structure that dismisses
the ones who were not able to fight
C) allowed their women to participate in wars
that were basically against the aristocratic
warriors
D) started to disappear after attacks and
frequent raids into their territories during the
classical era
E) had a particular strict aristocratic social
structure and fought often

C) has a rich cultural heritage due to its varied

migrant background

D) moved from the fertile territory to the

central regions of the continent

E) has natural barriers that made the

migration challenging
54.One can conclude from the passage that
today's Germany ----

A) was mainly established by the cultures

represented in detail by the Celtic and Umfeld
historians

B) still preserves the Celtic culture that first

originated on this territory before the Bronze
Age

C) has been home to several different cultures,

one of which was the Celtic culture with its
fearsome warriors

D) used to be the location of Urnfeld culture,

which was feared for their violent attacks on
the Celts

E) is believed to have been home

simultaneously to the Celtic culture and the
Umfeld culture
What exactly do actors contribute to film
artistry, and how do they do it? Lee Strasberg,
a teacher, theorist of acting, and a leader of
the Actors Studio, suggested that the most
effective film performers were those who did
not act. "They try not to act, but to be
themselves, to respond or react", he said.
Strasberg used the Stanislavski method from
Konstantin Stanislavski, who was a director at
the Moscow Art Theatre and wrote a number
of books on acting. A central tenet of the
Stanislavski method was that actors were not
to show emotion in the traditional manner of
the stage, but to speak and gesture in a
manner one would use in private life. In the
context of the Actors Studio, the Stanislavski
method emphasised an individualised and
psychological approach to acting. It required a
performer to draw on his or her own self,
experiences, and memories that could inform
a characterisation and shape how a character
might speak or move. Characters were thus
shown to have an inner life rather than being
stereotyped figures representing a single
concept (the good girl, the brutish boss, etc.).
They could become complex human beings
with multiple and contradictory feelings. It
was the ability to convey the complexity of a
character's inner feelings that made Actors
Studio-trained successful performers Marlon
Brando, Montgomery Clift and James Dean
such iconic figures of the 20th century.
55.Which of the following is true of the
Stanislavski method?
A) It established a set of strict acting principles
to which all performers and directors must
conform.
B) It provided a similar approach to film
artistry, in line with what most books on acting
previously suggested.
C) It encouraged performers to act as they
normally would do in their private lives.
D) It was first developed by Konstantin
Stanislavski and then reformulated by Lee
Strasberg, who had many books on acting.
E) Its contribution to film artistry was poorly
understood despite its popularity among
actors.
56.The approach adopted in Stanislavski
method requires performers to -----.
A) control how they speak or move according
to the director's demands
B) make a distinction between their own
emotions and those of the character they will
play
C) overcome their contradictory feelings about
other characters in the same film
D) make predictions about the inner life of
stereotyped figures like the good girl or the
brutish boss
E) benefit from their own personality to shape
the features of the character they are to
portray
57.According to the Stanislavski method,
which of the following contributes to an
actor's performance?

A) Learning how to play stereotyped

characters

B) Ignoring his or her own feelings when

reflecting the inner life of a character

C) Comparing his or her performance with that

of an iconic figure

D) Trying to display the intricate feelings of a

character

E) Acting based on traditional manners of the

stage

58.What does the passage mainly focus on?

A) The advantages and limitations of the

Stanislavski method

B) How to play a stereotyped character with

the Stanislavski method

C) The use of emotions to accurately portray a

character

D) The Stanislavski method and its basic

requirements

E) Successful performers from the Actors

Studio
Since the first scholarly conference on artificial
intelligence (AI), a large number of successful
Al programs and robots have been built.
Robots routinely explore the depths of the
ocean and distant planets, and the Al program
called Deep Blue was able to defeat the grand
master chess champion Garry Kasparov after a
series of highly publicised matches. As
impressive as these accomplishments are,
critics still maintain that Al has yet to achieve
the goal of creating a program or robot that
can truly operate on its own for any significant
length of time. Al programs and robots are not
yet advanced enough to survive on their own,
or interact with the world in the same way
that a natural creature might. So far Al
programs have not been able to succeed in
solving problems outside of narrowly-defined
domains. For instance, Deep Blue can play
chess with the greatest players on the planet
but it cannot do anything else. What scientists
really crave for achieving in Al studies is to
create programs that not only play world-class
chess but also hold conversations with people,
interact with the outside world, plan and
coordinate goals and projects, have
independent personalities, and perhaps
exhibit some form of consciousness. However,
critics claim that Al will not achieve these
latter goals in years to come.
59.Which of the following is true about Deep
Blue?
A) It failed to exhibit satisfactory performance
in areas other than chess.
B) It was considered more successful than
research robots exploring oceans and space.
C) It was closely controlled by a human when
it defeated the grand master chess champion.
D) It suffered from some major setbacks
despite its ultimate success in defeating a
chess master.
E) It was originally created to fulfil some
functions other than playing chess matches.
60.According to the passage, which of the
following is a major weakness of Al robots?
A) Lacking the necessary capacity to be
reprogrammable
B) Poor performance in some popular sports
matches
C) Inability to interact with the environment
naturally
D) Imitating the interaction in the real world
E) Inability to function for long periods of time,
despite the current scientific endeavour
61.According to the passage, which of the
following is not one of the goals about future
Al robots?
A) Robots that behave autonomously
B) Robots that can explore the outer space
C) Robots that are aware of their surroundings
D) Robots with genuine communication skills
E) Robots with some organisational skills
62.Which of the following is the main idea of
the passage?
A) Throughout the short
have been achieved by scientists who have been
carrying out studies on it.
B) Al robots like Deep Blue are currently not
capable of achieving multi-purpose tasks and they
will not be able to do so without vast amount of
funding.
C) Although scientists have made significant
progress in the field, Al robots will not be able to
accomplish a wide range of tasks in the foreseeable
future.
D) Scientists' future projections about Al robots
hardly resemble those made by the general public
as far as the future of robots and Al are considered.
E) One of the greatest dreams of scientists running
Al programs is to create robots that can reciprocally
communicate with other robots.
63.
Silvia:
- I am drowning in a sea of papers, documents,
old photographs, and other research
materials. What should I do?
Peter:
- I know, all that stuff can clutter your home or
office and overwhelm you. There is a
technique called 'keep or toss' to help you.
Silvia:
- What is that? Sounds like a game to me.
Peter:
- -----
Silvia:
- But what about things in between? I mean
those which belong to neither category.
Peter:
- Keep them if you feel you will need them in
the future.
A) So many office workers used this technique
in the 1950s in USA, but it's rather obsolete
these days.
B) It's easy. Hold onto the necessary ones and
throw away what you don't really need.
C) It comes from a Chinese philosophy of life
which advises people not to collect things they
don't really need.
D) To be honest, I don't know much about it. I
guess we'd better search for it on the internet.
Who knows, maybe it can help you.
E) I have been using it since I started my job to
keep only the crucial ones for a couple of
years.
64.
Jenny:
- I can't stop worrying about things. Every
time I do something, I get super anxious.
Steve:
- Worry is just a waste of time; it steals your
joy.
Jenny:
- I know it ruins my life, but I can't help it. It
seems like a trait which is difficult to change.
You know, I always see the grass greener on
the other side of the fence. I can't look at the
bright side.
Steve:
- -----
Jenny:
- It's worth giving it a try. At least this way if I
recognise my worries, they won't spiral out of
control.
A) If you frame your thoughts and let
negativity take over. it'll be much more
problematic.
B) It's the problem of overthinkers I guess.
They think about issues over and over again,
even by creating unrealistic scenarios.
C) It's OK to worry about the unpleasant
outcomes of an event that had already
happened. But why do you worry about the
future? You never know what will happen.
D) There're some techniques to ease your
worries. I know it may not be easy to stick to
them but it'll pay off in the end.
E) Worrying doesn't change the result, it just
complicates the issues further. You'll learn how
to stop it when you realise this.
65.
Clive:
- People say they're sick of targeted ads on social
media because they feel like they are always being
tracked. But, the more certain companies learn
about us, the better they can create products and
services that match our needs.
Anna:
- How about medical companies asking for consent
to keep our medical data? We sign lengthy consent
forms without fully understanding their terms or
implications.
Clive:
- -----
Anna:
- What if such confidential data is leaked and
shared with third parties? I've heard about people
prevented from purchasing life insurance or
charged exorbitant fees by hospitals.
Clive:
-Hmm, then these targeted ads could be a cause
for concern.
A) We may think we contribute to the field of
medical science by doing so, but there're
many people trying to deceive others.
B) They need this information for statistics and
it helps them understand the prevalence of
certain conditions. Why are you so suspicious
of them?
C) I think seeing ads that match our needs is
time-saving. Isn't it great not to go through the
trouble of searching for exactly what you
need?
D) Everything related to the internet is loaded
with uncertainty anyway which is why one has
to do online shopping only from the most
secure devices.
E) More and more people use applications
that prevent ads, which I think will make a
difference as to how much and what kind of
information can be collected about us
66.
Jamie:
- As far as I see, you are quite good at
communicating with your plants in the garden.
You never return with an empty basket and
your vase is always shining with new flowers.
Sandra:
- Yeah, you have a point. And more
importantly, it's not random. I always know
the correct time to gather a new bunch of
flowers from certain plants.
Jamie:
- ------
Sandra:
- Strikingly, the order of species leafing out any
one garden is almost identical from year to
year, with some species always starting the
process early and others always late.
Jamie:
- So, it means that a gardener just needs to
observe her plants to learn their usual
flowering times.
A) How can you make sure that your plants
will give you the same number of flowers
every year?
B) How is it possible that you can be so sure
of the best time to expect a plant to flower?
C) How do you keep your plants always in
good condition to make them produce
flowers?
D) How do you protect your plants from
warming temperatures at certain times of the
year?
E) How have you learnt which colours each
plant flowers in a given time in your garden?
67.

Sheila:

- Look at this advert, Jerry. It is advertising a

tour to Alaska, land of bitter cold
temperatures and driving blizzards.

Jerry:

- But that's not the whole reality. Alaska has its

own attractions which grab tourists' attention.

Sheila:

- Really? Like what?

Jerry:

- The northern lights, pristine wilderness, and

eight magnificent national parks, just to name
a few.

Sheila: -----

Jerry:

- If so, you can read this atlas to gain more

information about them.

A) Still, many people don't seem to be

interested in visiting such a cold place.

B) When you think about it, it's a pity that not

many people prefer to visit this place.

C) I've also heard of its rich natural resources

which make the place quite attractive for
investors.

D) So, I reckon I need to raise my geographical

knowledge on tourist destinations.

E) Alaska is one of the states of USA, not an

independent country.
68.Because of a decrease in the sense of taste,
older people often increase their salt intake as
well as sugar, which can contribute to high
blood pressure and nutrient loss.
A) The rise in salt and sugar intake might lead
to high blood pressure and nutrient loss as
well as a decline in the sense of taste in older
people.
B) A decline in the sense of taste in older
people frequently results in more salt and
sugar consumption, potentially contributing to
high blood pressure and nutrient loss.
C) Older people frequently tend to have a
decreased sense of taste as a result of the
increase in their salt and sugar intake, leading
to high blood pressure and nutrient loss.
D) The contribution of high blood pressure and
nutrient loss to the decline in the sense of
taste in older people often manifests itself in
increased salt and sugar consumption.
E) An increased intake of salt and sugar, and
therefore a decreased sense of taste often
contribute to high blood pressure as well as
nutrient loss in older people.
69. The Crusaders have been suspected of
returning to their countries with novel
microorganisms, but it was the Portuguese,
with their African exploration, who brought
many in Europe into contact with tropical
diseases for the first time.
A) Although the Crusaders are thought to have
brought new microorganisms when they
returned to their countries, the Portuguese, in
fact, introduced tropical diseases to a large
number of people in Europe through their
exploration of Africa.
B) Despite the widespread suspicion that the
African exploration by the Portuguese led
many Europeans to be struck by tropical
diseases, the Crusaders are thought to have
brought unknown microorganisms when they
returned to their countries.
C) Tropical diseases in Europe first appeared
when the Crusaders returned to their
countries with microorganisms new to the
Europeans; however, the Portuguese are
believed to have introduced them through
their African exploration.
D) The Crusaders were not blamed for
transferring tropical diseases to many in
Europe because it was the Portuguese who
returned to their countries from their African
exploration with unfamiliar microorganisms.
E) It has long been thought that the
Portuguese, with their African exploration,
caused tropical diseases to hit Europe, yet it
was the Crusaders who had contact with new
microorganisms for the first time and
transmitted them to many people when they
returned to their countries.
70. Red supergiants form when a massive star
runs out of hydrogen in its core and can no
longer convert hydrogen into helium via
nuclear fusion.
A) Red supergiants are the outcome of a
massive star's depleting its hydrogen supplies
in its core, due to its inability to turn helium
into hydrogen through nuclear fusion.
B) Red supergiants are created by a process in
which a massive star fails to turn hydrogen
into helium through nuclear fusion and
therefore uses up its existing deposit of
hydrogen.
C) The emergence of a red supergiant leads to
a massive star's depleting the hydrogen in its
centre and losing its ability to turn hydrogen
into helium through nuclear fusion.
D) The depletion of hydrogen at the centre of
a massive star and its inability to produce
helium out of hydrogen through nuclear fusion
lead to the emergence of red supergiants.
E) Red supergiants emerge if there is no longer
enough hydrogen in the core of a massive star
as it fails to make use of nuclear fusion to turn
hydrogen into helium.
71. The use of natural gas is integrated into
the economy of developed countries in many
areas ranging from manufacturing to cooking,
so decarbonising the natural gas systems is
crucial to limit climate change.
A) Although developed countries are aware of
the importance of decarbonising natural gas
systems to limit climate change, the use of
natural gas is integrated into their economy in
many areas of manufacturing and cooking.
B) To limit their influence on climate change,
many developed countries have given
importance to decarbonise natural gas
systems and integrated it into their economies
in the areas ranging from manufacturing to
cooking.
C) Even if developed countries reduce the use
of natural gas in their main economic fields
such as manufacturing and cooking, it is still
important for them to find ways of
decarbonising the natural gas systems to
control climate change.
D) Given that the use of natural gas is an
integral part of the economy of developed
countries in many fields from manufacturing
to cooking, it is essential to decarbonise the
natural gas systems to keep climate change
under control.
E) Though developed countries keep using
natural gas in many economic areas, among
which manufacturing and cooking are the
most important ones, they need to
decarbonise natural gas systems due to
climate change.
72. Unlike chemistry, physics, or biology,
astronomy is not a hands-on science-
astronomers cannot experiment on the
objects they study. ----- Today's technology,
however, has improved the process of
observing enormously. Once restricted to
logging the light coming from celestial objects,
astronomers can now tune into everything
from radio waves to gamma rays, which all
reveal what is going on in the cosmos.
Electronics and computers have also
revolutionised the collection of data and its
analysis, meaning that astronomers have more
information at their fingertips about the
universe than ever before.
A) The bigger the mirror in a telescope, the
more light it can collect and the more detail
that can be seen.
B) Space probes sent to other worlds have
changed this a little, but stars and galaxies are
so far away that professional astronomers
continue to observe at a distance.
C) The ultimate telescope for astronomers
seeking pin-sharp views of the depths of the
universe is the James Webb Space Telescope,
launched in 2022.
D) Most modern professional telescopes are
reflectors with mirrors, situated on
mountaintops.
E) Telescopes capture light from objects, such
as stars, or galaxies, with sensitive electronic
cameras that build up an exposure over hours
if the object is very faint.
73. Sleep tips are not straightforward. There
are lots of tips to increase our chances of a
good night's sleep, and avoiding caffeine tops
the list. However, sleep researchers do not
consider caffeine to be all bad. Another key tip
is that getting exercise might help us nod off,
but many people avoid doing exercise in the
evening due to concerns that it might interfere
with sleep. ----- On the contrary, we should go
ahead if that is the time that suits us.
A) For example, the advantage of having a nap
before a long night sleep has been widely
publicised as it reduces our stress.
B) Yet, studies suggest that a workout done at
a late hour is not necessarily problematic for
our sleep.
C) However, a recent review has highlighted
that even a short walk outside can sometimes
lead to an undesirable sleep state.
D) Similarly, what matters is to take time to
have a full rest to ensure a transition to sleep
after a hectic working day.
E) To illustrate, not only can it increase your
alertness, it can also be used as a treatment
for sleep apnoea, a kind of breathing disorder.
74. Anticipatory socialisation is a term used to
describe a variety of programmes offered by
organisations that allow prospective
employees to gain work experience prior to
full-time employment. Each programme is
designed to help individuals, usually high
school or college students, develop an
accurate self-concept, gain a realistic
understanding of various career fields and
organisational environments, and allow a
check for a fit between individual
characteristics and the demands of different
jobs. ----- They also allow participants to
become accustomed to the informal side of an
organisation through exposure to the less
structured employee networks and norms that
exist within the hiring company.
A) Through these programmes, prospective
employees can become acclimated to an
organisation's formal mission, policies and
culture prior to fully joining the organisation
as a regular employee.
B) Research into these programmes has
expanded recently, reflecting greater interest
in the design of these programmes.
C) Current employees that assist students
during their stay in the organisation report
feeling satisfied because they think that their
organisation approves their skills as mentors.
D) Such programmes are quite appealing to
most organisations as they have additional
workforce but they do not need to pay for it,
though it sometimes leads to exploitation.
E) It is estimated that three quarters of all
college students complete an internship
during their academic careers.
75. In the television news industry, the short
blurb aimed at getting you to watch a
programme is called a 'tease'. The tease is
designed to be very effective, very quick,
lasting about ten seconds or less, and the
information it contains works like a headline.
Viewers are enticed to keep watching with
promises of exclusive stories and footage,
good-looking hosts, and good journalism. -----
And it does not cease with the end of the
programme since when the news is over, you
are still pleaded with to return the next day for
an early morning newscast, which in turn will
entice the next news programme and so on. If
news programmers had it their way, you
would watch a steady diet of news
programmes 24/7 with only brief breaks for
advertising.
A) In the world of news and entertainment,
where actors who have played lawyers on a
television series are even called to give
speeches at lawyer's conventions.
B) Television broadcasters are trained to
identify the errors made when creating a
programme.
C) The best news programme may not have
ratings as high as a news programmes with a
very effective tease.
D) The whole system is designed to stop you,
the audience, from using the remote-control
button to switch channels.
E) There are bright men and women who are
knowledgeable journalists and who can and
do work as TV newscasters.
76. (I) The vertical farming concept is simple:
growing crops on vertically-stacked levels,
rather than side by side in a field. (II) It costs
hundreds of thousands of sterlings to erect a
mid-sized vertical farm, and its energy use is
prohibitively high. (III) Instead of the Sun, the
vertical farm uses artificial light, and where
there is ordinarily soil, growers use nutritious
water, or evenly-dispersed mist. (IV) Vertical
farms take up an insignificant amount of land
compared to conventional farms. (V) They use
almost no water, do not flush contaminants
into the ecosystem, and can be built where
people actually live.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
77. (I) In the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE,
Eurasian networks of commercial and
information exchanges reached further than
ever before. (II) By 2000 BCE, there existed
trading cities in Central Asia that had contacts
with Mesopotamia, northern India, and China,
linking vast areas of Eurasia into loose
networks of exchange. (III) Late in the first
millennium BCE, goods and ideas began
travelling regularly from the Mediterranean to
China and vice versa along what came to be
known as the Silk Roads. (IV) The appearance
of agricultural technologies supported larger,
denser, and more varied communities and
created first urban civilisations. (V) The scale
of these exchange networks may help explain
the universalistic claims of religions of this era,
such as Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and
Christianity.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
78. (1) Venus is the same size as Earth, and has
an atmosphere, but it is too close to the Sun
for oceans to form. (II) On Earth the oceans
absorb carbon dioxide from the air, reducing
the greenhouse effect. (III) But on Venus there
are no oceans, so all the carbon dioxide
erupted by the planet's volcanoes has stayed
in its atmosphere. (IV) When plants, soil, and
water warm up, more water evaporates from
their surfaces and ends up in the atmosphere
as water vapour. (V) The result is a hugely
powerful greenhouse effect that raises the
surface temperature of Venus to above 500°C
hot enough to melt lead.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
79. (1) More than 300 ways to convert widely
available chemical waste into a range of drugs
and fertilisers have been identified by a
software program. (II) The software created a
vast database of all the possible combinations
of chemicals and the processes that could be
used to combine them. (III) The researchers
behind the tool believe it will optimise the
chemical industry and allow the recycling of
by-products that would otherwise need to be
stored. (IV) Running on a single high-end
server, the program took about a month to
calculate the hundreds of billions of
combinations. (V) These were then narrowed
down to only those processes that led to the
creation of drugs, fertilisers or other useful
molecules.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
80. (I) Dogs both faithful and frightening have
featured in classical myths, legends, and folk
tales throughout the ages and in all countries.
(II) People have been writing about dogs for
around 2,000 years, but the earliest books
were practical guides for people who kept
dogs for working, primarily hunting. (III) None
is more loyal than Argos, Odysseus's hunting
dog, who waits 20 years to welcome his
master home. (IV) When Odysseus arrives
back to his homeland, Ithaca, Argos is the first
to recognise him. (V) And possibly none is
more monstrous than the three-headed
hound Cerberus, keeper of the entrance to
Hades, whose capture was the 12th and most
dangerous Labour of Hercules.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
CEVAP ANAHTARI 47. E
48. A
1. B
49. B
2. A
50. B
3. D
51. C
4. D
52. A
5. C
53. E
6. B
54. C
7. C
55. C
8. A
56. E
9. C
57. D
10. D
58. D
11. B
59. A
12. B
60. C
13. D
61. B
14. B
62. C
15. D
63. B
16. B
64. D
17. A
65. B
18. B
66. B
19. C
67. D
20. D
68. B
21. E
69. A
22. B
70. D
23. D
71. D
24. E
72. B
25. C
73. B
26. C
74. A
27. C
75. D
28. B
76. B
29. D
77. D
30. C
78. D
31. B
79. C
32. A
80. B
33. C
34. A
35. C
36. A
37. B
38. A
39. A
40. A
41. B
42. E
43. C
44. B
45. E
46. B