REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINE

MATERNITY NURSING
Arranged to Fulfil the Maternity Nursing Group Assignment
Supporting Lecturers:
Mrs. Kurnia Puji Lestari, S.Kp, M.Kes

Arranged by Group II :
Fradiska Fitri Ardiyanti P1337420622053
Sela Amalia P1337420622081
Vera Mus’adatun Nafar P1337420622083
Nasywa Afrillia Dhiyaa Ulhaq P1337420622106
Andrea Fourleony P1337420622117

INTERNATIONAL CLASS
BACHELOR OF APPLIED NURSING SEMARANG
SEMARANG POLYTECHNIC OF HEALTH MINISTRY OF HEALTH
2024

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

pg
COVER ……………………………………………………………………. i
FOREWORD ...............………………………………………………….... ii
TABLE OF CONTENT …….......………………………………………… iii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background......…………………………………………………………. 1
1.2 Problem Formulation....………………………………………………… 1
1.3 Purpose of Writing.……………………………………………….......... 1
CHAPTER II: DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition of endocrine glands……………………………….............. 3
2.2 ⁠Function of the Endocrine Glands………………………………........ 4
2.3 ⁠Endocrine glands and the hormones they produce…………………… 4
2.4 ⁠Reproductive system………………………………............................. 9
2.5 ⁠Relationship of the endocrine and reproductive systems…………….. 16
CHAPTER III: CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….... 17
3.2 Suggestion …………………………………………………………….... 17
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………......…………………………………………... 18

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 FOREWORD
Praise be to God Almighty, because for the abundance of grace the compiler
was able to complete this paper on time without any significant obstacles and in
accordance with expectations.
The basic nursing paper entitled Reproductive Endocrtine was conceived in
order to broaden the knowledge for readers and writers about urinary catheter insertion
and procedures. I would like to express our gratitude to Mrs. Kurnia Puji Lestari, S.Kp,
M.Kes as a lecturer in Maternity Nursing courses who has helped provide direction
and understanding in the preparation of this paper.
I realize that in the preparation of this paper there are still many shortcomings
both in terms of writing techniques, and in terms of content. Therefore, the compiler
really expects criticism and suggestions to improve this paper. Hopefully, what is
written can be useful for all parties in need.

Semarang, 26 January 2024

Group 2

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 CHAPTER I
BACKGROUND

1.1 Background
Reproductive endocrine is the hormonal system that regulates various
activities in the body, including growth, development and reproduction. The
endocrine system consists of endocrine glands, which do not have specialised
ducts to release their secretions, and hormones, which are chemical compounds
produced by one part of the body that affect the activity of another gland or
tissue.
Reproductive hormones, such as oestrogen and progesterone, affect a
woman's menstrual cycle and reproductive ability. The menstrual cycle is a
process that occurs in women, where the hormones oestrogen and progesterone
play an important role in regulating the various phases of the cycle, such as the
menstrual flow phase, proliferation phase, and secretion phase.
Endocrine diseases, such as disorders of the endocrine system, can
cause abnormalities in the reproductive system. Examples of endocrine
diseases that can cause disorders in the reproductive system are disorders in the
secretion of the hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which can cause
delayed menarche and menstrual cycle disorders.
Reproductive health education is important to reduce or prevent the
abuse of free sex and unexpected negative impacts, such as unwanted
pregnancy. Reproductive health education should start early and be delivered
continuously to help adolescents understand and control their reproductive
abilities and the hormones that regulate them.
1.2 Problem
a). What is the definition of endocrine glands?
b). What are the functions of endocrine glands?
c). What do endocrine glands produce and hormones?
d). What is the reproductive system?
e). What is the relationship between the endocrine and reproductive systems?
1.3 Purpose
a). To understand the meaning of endocrine glands
b). To understand the function of endocrine glands
c). To understand the endocrine glands and the hormones they produce
d). To understand the reproductive system

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e). To understand the relationship between the endocrine system and
reproduction

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The endocrine system is a regulatory system in the human body which
plays an important role in maintaining balance and coordinating the activities
of all organs. This system consists of a number of endocrine glands that
produce hormones, special chemicals that are carried by the bloodstream to all
parts of the body to regulate various physiological functions. This hormone
plays a role in regulating growth, metabolism, sexual development, immune
response, and a number of other vital functions. The endocrine system consists
of glands that secrete chemical signals in the form of hormones to the body's
circulatory system (Seeley, Stephens, & Tate: 2003).
Endocrine glands are a group of cells that have a very simple
microscopic structure. This group consists of rows of cells, plates or clumps of
cells supported by fine connective tissue which contains many capillaries.
The endocrine system, in conjunction with the nervous system, controls
and integrates body functions. These two systems work together to maintain
body homeostasis. Their functions are related to each other, but can be
distinguished by certain characteristics. For example, the adrenal medulla and
posterior pituitary gland have neural origins. If both are destroyed or removed,
the function of these two glands is partially taken over by the nervous system.
Endocrine glands do not have ducts, the results of secretions are not
delivered through ducts, but from endocrine cells directly into the blood
vessels. Next, the hormone is carried to target cells (responsive cells) where
the hormone effect occurs. Meanwhile, exocrine gland excretions leave our
body through special channels, such as the urethra and salivary gland ducts.
Our body has several endocrine glands. Among these glands, there are
those that function as mummy endocrine organs, meaning they only produce
hormones, for example the pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
parathyroid gland, suprarenal adrenal gland and thymus gland.

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2.2 FUNCTION OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The function of the endorin system is as follows:
• Metabolism and tissue maturation. The endocrine system regulates
metabolic rate and influences tissue maturity.
• Ion regulation. The endocrine system helps regulate blood pH and levels
of Na+, K*, and Ca?+ in the blood.
• Maintain fluid balance by controlling the concentration of solutions in the
blood.
• Regulates the production of immune cells.
• Regulates heart rate and blood pressure.
• Regulates levels of sugar and other substances in the blood.
• Regulates reproductive function in men and women.
• Regulates uterine contractions and milk production from the mammary
glands in women.
Meanwhile, more specifically, these hormones function to:
• Arrange; chemical composition and volume of interstitial fluid,
metabolism and energy balance, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
contraction, glandular secretion, some immune system activities.
• Controlling growth and development.
• Regulates the performance of the reproductive system.
This hormone is produced from a collection of cells in a gland, then
secreted into the interstitial space, enters the circulatory system to then be
transported to certain tissues called target tissues. In target cells there are
certain receptors that can recognize certain hormones, so not all cells or tissues
will be affected by these hormones. (Tortora & Derrickson: 2009)

2.3 ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THE HORMONES THEY PRODUCE

In the human body there are seven important endocrine glands, namely
the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands (children of the kidneys),
pancreas, and the endocrine system
1. Pituitary Gland

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 The pituitary gland is also called the master of glands or controlling
gland because it produces various hormones that regulate the activities of other
glands. This gland is round and small, with a diameter of 1.3 cm. The pituitary
is divided into the anterior pituitary, the middle pituitary (pars intermedia), and
the posterior pituitary. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are the main
locations where the nervous system and endocrine system connect. The
hypothalamus regulates the secretions of the pituitary gland. Hormones
produced by the hypothalamus are:

● Growth Hormone-releasing Hormone (GHRH) functions to increase the

secretion of Growth Hormone (GH) or growth hormone from the anterior
pituitary gland.
● Growth Hormone-inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) or also called somatostatin
is a hormone that inhibits the secretion of growth hormone (Growth
Hormone) from the anterior pituitary gland.
● Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) functions to stimulate the secretion of
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
● Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) functions to stimulate the
secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
● Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) functions to stimulate the
secretion of LH (Luteinizing Hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating
hormone).
● Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) stimulates prolactin secretion.
● Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) inhibits prolactin secretion.
●
Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland include:
1. Growth Hormone (GH): Regulates the growth and development of cells
and tissues.
2. Prolactin (PRL): Stimulates milk production in women after giving birth.
3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Regulates the function of the
adrenal cortex and the production of adrenal cortex hormones.
4. Thyrotropin (TSH): Regulates thyroid hormone production.
5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH):
Regulate gonadal function and sex hormone production.
Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland include:
1. Oxytocin: Stimulates uterine muscle contractions during labor and
stimulates milk release during breastfeeding.
2. Vasopressin (ADH): Regulates water balance in the body by influencing
water absorption by the kidneys.

2. Thyroid Gland

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 The thyroid is a gland that consists of follicles and is located in front of
the trachea. The hormones produced by the thyroid gland are made in the
follicles of thyroid tissue from amino acids (thyroxine) which contain iodine.
Iodine is actively accumulated by the thyroid gland from the blood. Therefore,
a lack of iodine in the diet over a long period of time causes the adenoids to
enlarge up to 15 times.
Hormones from the thyroid gland include::
1. Thyroxine: Regulates metabolism, growth, development and nervous
system activities
2. Triiodothyronine: Regulates metabolism, growth, development and
activities of the nervous system.
3. Calcitonin: Reduces calcium levels in the blood by accelerating calcium
absorption by bones
3. Parathyroid Gland

There are four of them located behind the thyroid gland. The general
function of the parathyroid glands is:
a. Regulates phosphorus metabolism
b. Regulates blood calcium levels
This gland produces Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) which functions
to regulate the concentration of calcium ions in the extracellular fluid by

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 regulating calcium absorption from the intestines, calcium excretion by the
kidneys, and calcium release from bones.
If this hormone is in excess it will result in calcium levels in the
blood increasing, this will result in lime deposits in the kidneys. If a
hormone deficiency causes spasms, it is called tetanus.

4. Adrenal Gland

The adrenal glands, also called suprarenal glands, are located at the
superior end of the kidney. The adrenal glands consist of an inner part called
the medulla and an outer part called the cortex. The medulla consists of
polyhedral cells located in the center of the gland, while the cortex is divided
into 3 parts, namely the outermost zona glomerulosa, the middle and thickest
zona fasciculata, and the innermost zona reticularis.
The medulla produces the hormone adrenaline (epinephrine) which
functions to increase blood sugar levels by breaking down glycogen,
accelerating the breakdown of glycogen in muscles and fat in adipose tissue,
and noradrenaline. Adrenaline and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) function
to increase heart rate.
The cortex secretes mineralocorticoid hormones (Zona glomerulosa)
which function to increase Na+ reabsorption and excretion of K+ and H+
glucocorticoids (Zona fasciculate) which function to increase protein and fat
breakdown, increase glucose production, and inhibit immune and androgen
responses (Zona Reticularis) which function to stimulate the growth of
pubic and axillary hair in women.

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5. Pancreas

The pancreatic gland is a group of cells located in the pancreas, so it is

known as the islets of Langerhans. The pancreatic gland produces the
hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin facilitates the movement of glucose
from the blood to the body's cells through the cell membrane. In the muscles
glucose is metabolized and stored in reserve form. In liver cells, insulin
accelerates the process of glycogen formation (glycogenesis) and fat
formation (lipogenesis). High glucose levels in the blood are a stimulus for
secreting insulin. The body takes in excess glucose by secreting insulin to
balance it at normal levels.
On the other hand, glucagon works in the opposite way to insulin.
Glucagon functions to convert glycogen into glucose so that glucose levels
rise. For example, when we fast. Because the body does not get glucose
intake when fasting, the body secretes glucagon to balance the glucose
deficiency.

6. Endocrine Gland

In men, the main endocrine glands of the reproductive system are in the
testicles. The hormone produced by the testicles is testosterone which has
the function of:

● Regulates sperm cell synthesis and reproductive organ development

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 ● Testosterone is responsible for the development of male body
characteristics, including the formation of the penis and scrotum, then
causes the formation of the prostate gland, seminal vesicles and male
genital ducts.
● Testosterone causes secondary sexual characteristics to develop,
starting at puberty and ending at maturity.
● Testosterone plays a role in the influence of voice
● Increased protein and muscle development
● Increases bone matrix and causes calcium retention

In women, the ovaries are the main glands that produce the hormones
estrogen and progesterone and relaxing.
i. Estrogen
● Stimulates the development of the uterus and mammary glands,
external genital structures, secondary sexual characteristics,
menstrual cycle.
● The hormone estrogen is more dominant in regulating sexual
behavior in women. Causes cell proliferation and tissue growth of
the genital organs and other tissues related to reproduction
● Hair distribution (pubic and axillary)
● Development of breast stromal tissue, growth of an extensive
ductal system, and fat deposition in the breast
ii. Progesterone
Increases the development of breast lobules and alveoli, causing
alveolar cells to proliferate, enlarge and become secretory.
iii. Oxytocin
Stimulates initial contractions of the uterine muscles
iv. Relaxing
Increases the elasticity of the pubic symphysis and stimulates relaxation
of pelvic ligaments during the birth process.
v. Prolactin
Stimulates milk formation.
The testes and ovaries both secrete the hormone inhibit which functions to
inhibit FSH secretion.

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2.4 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Reproductive system in men:

1. Scrotum
From the outside, the scrotum looks like a sac separated into 2 lateral
parts by the raphe. Inside, the scrotal septum consisting of smooth muscle
tissue (called the dartos muscle) is divided into two, each of which
contains one testicle. The two testicles are connected by the cremaster
muscle. By positioning and contracting its muscles, the scrotum functions
to maintain testicular temperature.
2. Testicles
Testicles are also called testicles. The testicles are protected by a
membrane called the tunica vaginalis. The fluid in the membrane is called
hydrocele. Inside the tunica vaginalis there is a white capsule called the
tunica albuginea which extends inwards to form a partition that divides the
testicles into several parts called lobes. Each lobe contains seminiferous
tubules which are the site of spermatogenesis, namely the formation of
sperm. The seminiferous tubules contain two types of cells, namely
spermatogenic cells (cells that synthesize sperm) and Sertoli cells (help the
process of spermatogenesis). Spermatogonia cells that develop from
primordial germ cells will be active during puberty. Active spermatogonia
is characterized by spermatogenesis. Spermatogonia (2n) undergo mitosis
and two primary spermatocytes (2n) are formed. Then meiosis I occurs
where each primary spermatocyte becomes a secondary spermatocyte (n).
After that, meiosis II occurs and a total of 4 spermatids (n) are formed. The
final stage of spermatogenesis is spermiogenesis where each spermatid
becomes a sperm cell.
3. Sperm
Sperm is responsible for fertilizing the ovum. The main parts of sperm
are the head and tail. The sperm head contains a nucleus, with a membrane
at the end which contains the enzymes hyaluronidase and protease for

10
 penetration into the ovum. The tail is divided into 4 parts, namely the neck
(contains centrioles), the middle (contains mitochondria), the principal
(longest part of the tail), and the end (is the terminal). Sperm cells do not
survive more than 8 hours outside the body. The hormone involved in
spermatogenesis is testosterone whose production is initiated by LH which
stimulates Leydig cells in the seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone,
while FSH stimulates spermatogenesis.
4. Reproductive tract in men
Testicular Canal
Sertoli cells secrete fluid that encourages sperm to pass through the
lumen of the seminiferous tubules and then into a very short straight tube,
and then to the epididymis.
5. Epididymis
The epididymal canal is a tube (duct) that is about 6 m long, which is
the place for maturation and storage of sperm. Sperm can remain in the
epididymis for months. If not released, sperm will be reabsorbed by the
body.
6. Vas deferens
The vas deferens is located at the end of the epididymis, about 45 cm
long. Like the epididymis, the vas deferens can store sperm for months.
7. Spermatic duct
The spermatic duct is one of the supporting structures of the
reproductive system in men which consists of the vas deferens which
ascends through the scrotum, testicular arteries, veins, autonomic nerves,
lymph vessels and cremaster muscle.
8. Ejaculatory duct
The ejaculatory duct is about 2 cm long and is formed from the union
of the duct of the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the vas deferens.
Functions as a channel for sperm to exit.
9. Urethra.
The urethra is the terminal tube of the reproductive and urinary systems.
Functions as an outlet for both urine and semen. About 20 cm long,
through the prostate, perineum and penis. Divided into 3 parts, namely the
prostatic urethra, membranous urethra and spongy urethra which ends at
the external urethra orifice.
10. Seminal vesicles
Fluids containing fructose, prostaglandins and protein globule are
excreted through the seminal vesicles. This fluid helps neutralize the acidic
atmosphere which can deactivate and kill sperm. Fructose is used by sperm

11
 to form ATP, prostaglandins play a role in sperm viability. Protein clumps
function to help semen clot after ejaculation.
11. Prostate gland
The prostate secretes a slightly acidic milky fluid (pH 6.5), containing
several substances; (1) Citric acid which is used by sperm for ATP
production through the Krebs cycle, (2) several proteolytic enzymes, such
as PSA (prostate-specific antigen), pepsinogen, amylase, and
hyaluronidase, (3) acid phosphatase, (4) seminal plasmin plays a role in
fighting bacteria
12. Bulbourethral Gland
Also called Cowper's glands, they produce fluid that functions to clean
the urethra, neutralizing the acidic atmosphere of urine in the urethra. It
also secretes mucus that lubricates the tip of the penis so that sperm is not
damaged during ejaculation.
13. Cement
Cemen is a mixture of sperm and seminal fluid (consisting of the
secretions of the seminiferous tubules, seminal vesicles, prostate, and
bulbourethral glands). There are 50-150 million sperm per mL of semen.
Seminal fluid provides protection, food and transport media for sperm
from acidic conditions. A disorder where there is blood in the semen is
called hemospermia.
14. Penis
The penis is cylindrical in shape, functions as a channel for ejaculation
of semen and excretion of urine. The penis consists of three cylindrical
tissues, each of which is surrounded by tissue called the tunica albuginea.
The two dorsolateral parts are called the corpora cavernosa of the penis.
The midventral part, the corpus spongiosum of the penis, contains the
spongy urethra and stores it during ejaculation. The outer part consists of
erectile tissue.
Reproductive system in women

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1. Ovaries
The ovaries produce gametes (secondary oocytes which will later
develop into ovum after fertilization and produce the hormones estrogen,
progesterone, inhibin and relaxin. There are 2 ovaries, located next to the
uterus. Several types of ligaments keep the ovaries in position. Broad
ligaments) The uterus, which is part of the parietal peritoneum, is attached
to the ovary through two layers of peritoneal folds called the mesovarium.
The ovarian ligament holds the ovary to the uterus, and the suspensory
ligament attaches the ovary to the pelvic wall. Each ovary contains a hilum
, a point of entry and exit of blood vessels and nerves along the mesovarium.
The ovaries are divided into 4 parts, viz
1. Germinal epithelium: a simple epithelial layer that covers the surface
of the ovary
2. Tunica albuginea: in the form of irregular connective tissue in the form
of a white capsule, located in the germinal epithelium
3. Ovarian cortex: the area in the tunica albuginea consisting of ovarian
follicles, surrounded by irregular connective tissue containing collagen
fibers and cells that resemble fibroblasts (stromal cells)
4. The ovarian medulla is located deep within the ovarian cortex. The
boundary between the two is not clear, but the medulla consists of
looser connective tissue and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels,
and nerves. in the cortex and consists of oocytes and cells
5. Ovarian follicles: located around them. When these cells form a layer,
they are called follicular cells. When they form several layers, they are
called granulosa cells.
6. Mature follicles (graafian): large, full follicles filled with tearing fluid
and releasing secondary oocytes, this process is called ovulation.
7. Corpus luteum (yellow body): contains the remaining de graafian
follicles after ovulation. The corpus luteum produces progesterone,
estrogen, relaxin, and inhibin, until it degenerates into the corpus
albicans.
2. Oogenesis
The process of gamete formation in women is called oogenesis. The
difference is that with men, spermatogenesis begins at puberty, oogenesis
begins before birth. The germ cells in the fetus undergo differentiation into
oogonia (the plural form of oogonium). During the fetal period, most germ
cells experience degeneration in a process called atresia. Only a few
develop into primary oocytes (2n). Primary oocytes enter prophase in

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 meiosis I, then stop until puberty arrives. During the absence of
development, the primary oocyte is lined by follicular cells called
primordial follicles. At birth, there are around 200,000-2,000,000 primary
oocytes in the ovaries, then around 40,000 remain at puberty, and only
around 400 will mature and ovulate. The rest have atresia.
From puberty to menopause, LH and FSH will stimulate primordial
follicles to develop into primary follicles. This primary follicle consists of
a primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells. Primary follicles develop
and form a glycoprotein layer called the zona pellucida which is located
between the primary cocysts and granulosa cells.
In further development, primary follicles develop into secondary
follicles which will then develop into graafian follicles. At this stage,
meiosis stage 1 has been completed, producing two haploid cells, namely
the secondary oocyte (1)) and polar body I. After the secondary oocyte is
formed, meiosis II begins, but stops at metaphase. The graafian follicle
releases a secondary oocyte, called ovulation. Secondary oocytes travel to
the fallopian tube to be fertilized. If fertilization does not occur, the
secondary oocyte will experience degeneration.
When fertilization occurs, the secondary oocyte continues meiosis I to
produce an ovum and polar body II. The ovum nucleus and sperm nucleus
then fuse to form a zygote (2). If polar body I undergoes division, the
resulting oogenesis of each oogonium is 1 ovum and 3 polar bodies.
3. Fallopian tubes
The fallopian tube functions as a place for fertilization. The fallopian
tube consists of 3 layers, namely the mucosa which consists of epithelium
and lamina propria, the muscularis which consists of smooth muscle, and
the serosa which is the outer membrane.
4. Uterus
Fetal development during pregnancy. In the reproductive cycle, if
implantation does not occur, menstruation will occur.
The uterus consists of three layers, namely:
1. perimetrium: is the outermost layer, part of the visceral peritoneum,
consisting of squamous epithelium and connective tissue.
2. myometrium: the middle layer, consisting of three layers of smooth
muscle fibers, during the birth process contracts in response to the
hormone oxytocin to help push the fetus from the uterus.

14
 3. endometrium: innermost layer, divided into two parts; stratum
functionalis and stratum basalis,
5. Vagina
The vagina functions as an entry point for the penis, an exit route during
menstruation, and an exit route for the fetus. The vaginal mucosa is a
continuation of the uterine mucosa. The muscularis consists of smooth
muscles that can stretch to adapt to the penis during coitus and the baby
during birth. The adventitia connects to the urethra and bladder anteriorly
and the rectum and anus posteriorly. In the vagina there is a thin membrane
called the hymen.
6. Vulva
The vulva or pudendum is a woman's external genital organ. These
organs include the mons pubis which is the anterior part of the vagina and
urethra, the labia majora which are two folds of skin that are homologous to
the scrotum in men, the labia minora which is more or less the same as the
labia majora but is smaller and has no pubic hair, the clitoris located in the
anterior part of the labia minora, the vestibule that is homologous to the
membranous urethra in men.
7. Perineum
The perineum is rhombic in shape, includes the external genital organs
and the anus.
8. Mammary glands
The mammary glands are located in a woman's breasts, consisting of
15-20 lobes which are further divided into lobules, where there are grape-
shaped glands (called alveoli) which secrete milk. The myoepithelial cells
that surround the alveoli help push milk towards the nipple. When produced,
milk flows from the alveoli to the secondary tubules and then to the
mammary ducts. The function of the mammary glands is to synthesize and
secrete milk, which is called lactation which is related to pregnancy and
birth. Lactation is stimulated by the hormone prolactin along with
progesterone and estrogen.

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2.5 Interrelation Of The Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
From the explanation above, it can be concluded that the endocrine
system and the reproductive system are very closely related. The endocrine
system controls other systems, and one of them is the reproductive system. The
hormones found in the endocrine system affect the reproductive organs, and
are different between women and men.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 CONCLUSION
Our endocrine system is in charge of creating and releasing hormones
to maintain countless bodily functions. Endocrine tissues include pituitary
gland, thyroid, pancreas and other. There are several conditions related to
endocrine system issues-usually due to a hormone imbalance or problems
directly affecting the tissue
In conclusion, the endocrine system is an essential part f the human
body, responsible for controlling various functions and maintaining the body’s
internal balance. It consist of a network of glands that produce hormones,
which act as chemical messengers to control body processes. The endocrine
system is linked to several prevalent diseases and disorders, and the study of
the endocrine system and its disorders is known as endocrinology.

3.2 SUGGEST
Its not possible to prevent all types of endocrine system related
conditions, like those that have autoimmune causes. But there are some steps
that people can take to try and keep their endocrine system healthy :
- Maintaining a weight that’s healty for us
- Exercising regulary
- Getting proper nutrition
- Getting quality sleep
- Limiting or avoiding alcohol
- Avoiding or quitting smoking
We can’t completely avoid contact with endocrine-disrupting chemical
(EDSCs). But we can make informed choices to reduce your exposure to them
and they take the risk of any potential health effects. Laslty, if you have a
family history of endocrine system-related conditions, like diabetes or thyroid
disease, talk to our healthcare provider. They can help you understand our risk
of developing the condition and let we know what symptoms to look out for.

17
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