Z-Transform

and ROC
The z-transform of h(n) is called the transfer
function of the filter and is defined by:
Example:
Find the z transforms of the following transfer function
Example:
Example:

calculate the z-transform of:

Example:
Compute the output of the convolution operation as multiplication in the z-domain.
 Region of Convergence (ROC)
The region of convergence (ROC) of X(z) is defined to be that
subset of the complex z-plane for which the series converges

Example:
This infinite sum can be done with the help of the infinite geometric series
formula:
Example:
Determine the z-transform and corresponding region of
convergence of the following signals:
Example:
Determine the z-transform and corresponding region of
convergence of the following signals:
Causality and Stability
A causal signal of the form
 Causality and Stability
Causal signals are characterized by ROCs that are outside the
maximum pole circle. Anticausal signals have ROCs that are
inside the minimum pole circle. Mixed signals have ROCs that
are the annular region between two circles.

Stability can be characterized in the z-domain in terms of the

choice of the ROC. It can be shown that a necessary and
sufficient condition for the stability of a signal x(n) is that
the ROC contains the unit circle.

 For a signal or system to be simultaneously

stable and causal, it is necessary that all its poles
lie strictly inside the unit circle in the z-plane.
Frequency Spectrum

It is recognized as the evaluation of the z-transform on the unit

circle, that is, at the z points:
Assuming that ω0 lies in the Nyquist interval [−π,π], then
the restriction of X(ω) within it will be given only by the m
= 0 term, that is:
Inverse z-Transforms
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Periodic signals
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example: