SALBUTAMOL NEBULE 2mg/ml
 Drug Classification: Bronchodilator, Sympathomimetic
 Mechanism of Action: Salbutamol stimulates beta-2 adrenergic
receptors, which leads to relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles
and increased airflow to the lungs.
 Side Effects: Tremors, tachycardia, headache, and nervousness.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer nebulized salbutamol as
prescribed, monitor vital signs, and observe for signs of worsening
respiratory distress. Encourage the patient to report any side
effects.
BUDESONIDE NEBULE 500mcg/2ml
 Drug Classification: Corticosteroid, Anti-inflammatory
 Mechanism of Action: Budesonide inhibits the release of
inflammatory chemicals, reducing inflammation in the airways.
 Side Effects: Hoarseness, dry mouth, and cough.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer nebulized budesonide as
prescribed, monitor for side effects, and ensure proper inhaler
technique. Encourage the patient to rinse the mouth after
inhalation to prevent thrush.
RANITIDINE 50mg/2ml
 Drug Classification: H2 Blocker, Antacid
 Mechanism of Action: Ranitidine inhibits histamine-2 receptors in
gastric parietal cells, reducing acid secretion.
 Side Effects: Headache, dizziness, and diarrhea.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer intravenous ranitidine as
prescribed, monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's
response to treatment. Ensure proper administration technique and
monitor for signs of allergic reaction.
TRANEXAMIC ACID 500mg
 Drug Classification: Antifibrinolytic
 Mechanism of Action: Tranexamic acid inhibits plasminogen
activators, preventing the breakdown of blood clots.
 Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer tranexamic acid as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper hydration and monitor for signs of
bleeding or thrombosis.
HYDOCORTISONE 250mg
 Drug Classification: Corticosteroid, Anti-inflammatory
 Mechanism of Action: Hydrocortisone inhibits the release of
inflammatory chemicals, reducing inflammation.
 Side Effects: Insomnia, mood changes, and increased appetite.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer hydrocortisone as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and ensure proper dosing. Monitor for
signs of adrenal insufficiency and provide stress-dose steroids as
needed.
PHYTOMENADIONE 10mg
 Drug Classification: Vitamin K, Blood Coagulation Factor
 Mechanism of Action: Phytomenadione promotes the production of
clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.
 Side Effects: Flushing, sweating, and tachycardia.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer phytomenadione as
prescribed, monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's
response to treatment. Monitor coagulation studies and provide
appropriate prophylaxis for bleeding.
PARACETAMOL 300mg/500mg
 Drug Classification: Analgesic, Antipyretic
 Mechanism of Action: Paracetamol inhibits prostaglandin synthesis,
reducing pain and fever.
 Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, and rash.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer paracetamol as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing and monitor liver function tests.
KETOROLAC 30mg
 Drug Classification: Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID)
 Mechanism of Action: Ketorolac inhibits cyclooxygenase, reducing
prostaglandin synthesis and inflammation.
 Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, and dizziness.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer ketorolac as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor renal function, and
provide gastrointestinal protection.

METOCLOPRAMIDE 10mg
 Drug Classification: Antiemetic, Dopamine Antagonist
 Mechanism of Action: Metoclopramide increases gastrointestinal
motility and reduces dopamine activity in the chemoreceptor trigger
zone, reducing nausea and vomiting.
 Side Effects: Dystonia, akathisia, and sedation.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer metoclopramide as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor for extrapyramidal
symptoms, and provide appropriate interventions.
D5050 VIAL
 Drug Classification: Dextrose, Electrolyte Solution
 Mechanism of Action: Dextrose provides glucose for energy, while
electrolytes maintain fluid balance.
 Side Effects: Hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, and fluid overload.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer D5050 as prescribed, monitor
for side effects, and assess the patient's response to treatment.
Ensure proper dosing, monitor blood glucose and electrolyte levels,
and provide appropriate interventions.
DIPHENHYDRAMINE 50mg
 Drug Classification: Antihistamine, Sedative
 Mechanism of Action: Diphenhydramine blocks histamine-1
receptors, reducing allergic reactions and promoting sedation.
 Side Effects: Drowsiness, dry mouth, and blurred vision.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer diphenhydramine as
prescribed, monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's
response to treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs,
and provide appropriate interventions.
FUROSEMIDE 20mg
 Drug Classification: Diuretic, Loop
 Mechanism of Action: Furosemide inhibits sodium and chloride
reabsorption in the loop of Henle, promoting diuresis.
 Side Effects: Hypokalemia, dehydration, and orthostatic
hypotension.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer furosemide as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor electrolyte levels, and
provide appropriate interventions.
OMEPRAZOLE 40mg
 Drug Classification: Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)
 Mechanism of Action: Omeprazole inhibits gastric acid secretion by
blocking the H+/K+-ATPase enzyme in gastric parietal cells.
 Side Effects: Diarrhea, headache, and abdominal pain.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer omeprazole as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor for signs of acid reflux,
and provide appropriate interventions.
DEXAMETHASONE 8mg
 Drug Classification: Corticosteroid, Anti-inflammatory
 Mechanism of Action: Dexamethasone inhibits the release of
inflammatory chemicals, reducing inflammation.
 Side Effects: Insomnia, mood changes, and increased appetite.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer dexamethasone as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and ensure proper dosing. Monitor for
signs of adrenal insufficiency and provide stress-dose steroids as
needed.
ISDN 5mg/tab
 Drug Classification: Nitrate, Vasodilator
 Mechanism of Action: ISDN dilates blood vessels, reducing preload
and afterload.
 Side Effects: Headache, dizziness, and flushing.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer ISDN as prescribed, monitor
for side effects, and assess the patient's response to treatment.
Ensure proper dosing, monitor blood pressure, and provide
appropriate interventions.
CAPTOPRIL 25mg/tab
 Drug Classification: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor
  Mechanism of Action: Captopril inhibits angiotensin-converting
enzyme, reducing vasoconstriction and aldosterone release.
 Side Effects: Hypotension, cough, and hyperkalemia.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer captopril as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor blood pressure and
electrolyte levels, and provide appropriate interventions.
METOPROLOL 50mg
 Drug Classification: Beta-Blocker
 Mechanism of Action: Metoprolol blocks beta-1 adrenergic
receptors, reducing heart rate and contractility.
 Side Effects: Bradycardia, hypotension, and dizziness.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer metoprolol as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
appropriate interventions.
CLONIDINE 75mcg/tab
 Drug Classification: Alpha-2 Agonist, Antihypertensive
 Mechanism of Action: Clonidine stimulates alpha-2 adrenergic
receptors, reducing sympathetic nervous system activity and blood
pressure.
 Side Effects: Dizziness, dry mouth, and sedation.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer clonidine as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
appropriate interventions.
CLOPIDOGREL 75mg/tab
 Drug Classification: Antiplatelet
 Mechanism of Action: Clopidogrel inhibits platelet activation and
aggregation.
 Side Effects: Bleeding, diarrhea, and rash.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer clopidogrel as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor for signs of bleeding, and
provide appropriate interventions.
ASPIRIN 80mg/tab
 Drug Classification: Antiplatelet
 Mechanism of Action: Aspirin inhibits platelet activation and
aggregation.
 Side Effects: Bleeding, dyspepsia, and tinnitus.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer aspirin as prescribed, monitor
for side effects, and assess the patient's response to treatment.
Ensure proper dosing, monitor for signs of bleeding, and provide
appropriate interventions.
DIGOXIN
 Drug Classification: Cardiac Glycoside, Positive Inotrope
 Mechanism of Action: Digoxin increases cardiac contractility and
reduces heart rate.
 Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, and arrhythmias.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer digoxin as prescribed, monitor
for side effects, and assess the patient's response to treatment.
Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide appropriate
interventions.
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
 Drug Classification: Electrolyte Replacement
 Mechanism of Action: Potassium chloride replaces potassium ions
in the body.
 Side Effects: Hyperkalemia, nausea, and vomiting.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer potassium chloride as
prescribed, monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's
response to treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor electrolyte
levels, and provide appropriate interventions.
SODIUM BICARBONATE
 Drug Classification: Electrolyte Replacement
 Mechanism of Action: Sodium bicarbonate replaces sodium and
bicarbonate ions in the body.
 Side Effects: Alkalosis, hypernatremia, and fluid retention.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer sodium bicarbonate as
prescribed, monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's
response to treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor electrolyte
 levels, and provide appropriate interventions.
PHENYTOIN
 Drug Classification: Anticonvulsant
 Mechanism of Action: Phenytoin inhibits sodium channels, reducing
neuronal excitability.
 Side Effects: Dizziness, ataxia, and nystagmus.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer phenytoin as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor drug levels, and provide
appropriate interventions.
MAGNESIUM SULFATE
 Drug Classification: Electrolyte Replacement
 Mechanism of Action: Magnesium sulfate replaces magnesium ions
in the body.
 Side Effects: Hypermagnesemia, hypotension, and muscle
weakness.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer magnesium sulfate as
prescribed, monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's
response to treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor electrolyte
levels, and provide appropriate interventions.
HEPARIN
 Drug Classification: Anticoagulant
 Mechanism of Action: Heparin potentiates antithrombin III activity,
inhibiting coagulation.
 Side Effects: Bleeding, hematoma, and thrombocytopenia.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer heparin as prescribed, monitor
for side effects, and assess the patient's response to treatment.
Ensure proper dosing, monitor coagulation studies, and provide
appropriate interventions.
PROPOFOL
 Drug Classification: Sedative, Hypnotic
 Mechanism of Action: Propofol inhibits gamma-aminobutyric acid
(GABA) receptors, promoting sedation.
 Side Effects: Hypotension, respiratory depression, and pain on
injection.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer propofol as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
appropriate interventions.
TRAMADOL
 Drug Classification: Analgesic, Opioid
 Mechanism of Action: Tramadol inhibits norepinephrine and
serotonin reuptake, reducing pain.
 Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, and sedation.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer tramadol as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
appropriate interventions.
ATROPHINE
 Drug Classification: Anticholinergic
 Mechanism of Action: Atropine blocks muscarinic acetylcholine
receptors, reducing parasympathetic activity.
 Side Effects: Dry mouth, blurred vision, and tachycardia.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer atropine as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
appropriate interventions.
EPINEPHRINE
 Drug Classification: Sympathomimetic
 Mechanism of Action: Epinephrine stimulates alpha-1 and beta-1
adrenergic receptors, increasing heart rate and contractility.
 Side Effects: Tachycardia, hypertension, and anxiety.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer epinephrine as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
appropriate interventions.
NOREPINEPHRINE
 Drug Classification: Sympathomimetic
 Mechanism of Action: Norepinephrine stimulates alpha-1 and beta-
1 adrenergic receptors, increasing heart rate and contractility.
 Side Effects: Tachycardia, hypertension, and anxiety.
  Nursing Responsibilities: Administer norepinephrine as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
appropriate interventions.
DOBUUTAMINE
 Drug Classification: Sympathomimetic, Inotrope
 Mechanism of Action: Dobutamine stimulates beta-1 adrenergic
receptors, increasing heart rate and contractility.
 Side Effects: Tachycardia, hypertension, and anxiety.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer dobutamine as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
appropriate interventions.
DOPAMINE
 Drug Classification: Sympathomimetic, Vasopressor
 Mechanism of Action: Dopamine stimulates dopamine-1 receptors,
increasing renal and mesenteric blood flow. At higher doses, it
stimulates beta-1 receptors, increasing heart rate and contractility.
 Side Effects: Tachycardia, hypertension, and arrhythmias.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer dopamine as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
appropriate interventions.
LIDOCAINE
 Drug Classification: Local Anesthetic
 Mechanism of Action: Lidocaine inhibits sodium channels, reducing
neuronal excitability.
 Side Effects: Central nervous system depression, seizures, and
hypotension.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer lidocaine as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
appropriate interventions.
AMIODARONE
 Drug Classification: Antiarrhythmic
 Mechanism of Action: Amiodarone inhibits sodium, potassium, and
calcium channels, reducing neuronal excitability.
 Side Effects: Bradycardia, hypotension, and lung toxicity.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer amiodarone as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
appropriate interventions.
CALCIUM GLUCONATE
 Drug Classification: Electrolyte Replacement
 Mechanism of Action: Calcium gluconate replaces calcium ions in
the body.
 Side Effects: Hypercalcemia, bradycardia, and hypotension.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer calcium gluconate as
prescribed, monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's
response to treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor electrolyte
levels, and provide appropriate interventions.
NICARDIPINE
 Drug Classification: Calcium Channel Blocker
 Mechanism of Action: Nicardipine inhibits L-type calcium channels,
reducing vasoconstriction and heart rate.
 Side Effects: Hypotension, headache, and dizziness.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer nicardipine as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
appropriate interventions.
DIAZEPAM 10mg/2ml
 Drug Classification: Benzodiazepine, Anxiolytic
 Mechanism of Action: Diazepam enhances gamma-aminobutyric
acid (GABA) activity, promoting sedation and anxiolysis.
 Side Effects: Drowsiness, confusion, and ataxia.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer diazepam as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
appropriate interventions.
MIDAZOLAM 5mg/ml
 Drug Classification: Benzodiazepine, Sedative
  Mechanism of Action: Midazolam enhances GABA activity,
promoting sedation and anxiolysis.
 Side Effects: Drowsiness, respiratory depression, and paradoxical
agitation.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer midazolam as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
appropriate interventions.

NALBUPHINE 10mg/ml
 Drug Classification: Opioid Agonist-Antagonist
 Mechanism of Action: Nalbuphine binds to mu and kappa opioid
receptors, producing analgesia with less respiratory depression than
mu-selective opioids.
 Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, and sedation.
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer nalbuphine as prescribed,
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
appropriate interventions.
OXYCODONE HCL 10mg/ml
 Drug Classification: Opioid Agonist
Type of Splints:
 Mechanism of Action: Oxycodone binds to mu opioid receptors,
1. Soft Splints: These are made of soft, flexible materials like foam or
producing analgesia and euphoria.
cloth and are used for minor injuries.
 Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, and constipation.
2. Semi-Rigid Splints: These are made of a combination of soft and
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer oxycodone as prescribed,
hard materials, offering more support than soft splints.
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
3. Rigid Splints: These are made of hard materials like plastic or metal
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
and provide maximum support and stability.
appropriate interventions.
Type of Casts:
MORPHINE SULFATE 10mg/ml
1. Plaster Casts: Made of plaster strips soaked in water, these casts
 Drug Classification: Opioid Agonist
are heavy and take longer to dry.
 Mechanism of Action: Morphine binds to mu opioid receptors,
2. Fiberglass Casts: Lighter and more durable than plaster casts, these
producing analgesia and euphoria.
are made of fiberglass impregnated with resin.
 Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, and constipation.
3. Walking Casts: Designed for lower leg or ankle injuries, these casts
 Nursing Responsibilities: Administer morphine as prescribed,
have a special boot that allows patients to walk.
monitor for side effects, and assess the patient's response to
treatment. Ensure proper dosing, monitor vital signs, and provide
Type of Slings:
appropriate interventions.
1. Shoulder Slings: Used to immobilize the shoulder and arm after an
injury or surgery.
 2. Elevation Slings: Used to keep the arm elevated, reducing swelling
and pain.
3. Swathe Slings: These slings wrap around the upper body, providing
additional support and stability.

Skeletal Traction:
1. Skeletal Traction: A method of immobilizing and aligning fractured
bones using pins or wires inserted into the bone.
Types of External Fixators:
1. Standard Uniplanar Fixator: A simple, single-plane frame used for
limb lengthening or fracture stabilization.
2. Ring Fixator: A circular frame used for complex fractures or
deformities, allowing for multi-plane adjustments.
3. Hybrid Fixator: A combination of uniplanar and ring fixators,
offering the benefits of both types.
Types of Internal Fixators:
1. Intramedullary Rods/Nails: Metal rods inserted into the bone
marrow cavity to stabilize long bone fractures.
2. Plates and Screws: Used to stabilize bone fragments in complex
fractures or osteotomies.
3. Wires and Pins: Used to hold bone fragments in place in fractures or
for joint fusion surgeries.
  Platform Crutches: These have a platform that supports the forearm
and a handgrip. They are often used by people who have weakness in
their hands or wrists.

2. Proper Instructions on How to Use Crutches

 Adjust the crutches to the correct height. The handgrip should be at
the same level as your wrist, and there should be a 1-2 inch space
between the top of the crutch and your armpit.
 Stand with your crutches on either side of you, and your weight on
your good leg.
 Move forward by swinging your crutches forward and then moving
your weaker leg forward to meet them.
 Always put your weight on your hands, not your armpits, to avoid
nerve damage.

3. Walking Pattern with the Use of Crutches (Different GAITs)

 Two-Point Gait: This is the most common gait pattern used with
1. Types of Crutches
crutches. You move both crutches and your weaker leg forward at
 Underarm Crutches: Also known as axillary crutches, these are the
the same time, then move your stronger leg forward.
most common type of crutches. They have a cushioned top that fits
 Three-Point Gait: This gait pattern is used when you can't put any
under the arm and a handgrip.
weight on your weaker leg. You move one crutch and your weaker
 Forearm Crutches: Also known as Lofstrand crutches, these have a
leg forward at the same time, then move your stronger leg and the
cuff that wraps around the forearm and a handgrip. They provide
other crutch forward together.
more stability and are often used by people who need to use crutches
 Four-Point Gait: This gait pattern is used when you need to take
for a long time.
weight off your weaker leg completely. You move one crutch
 forward, then the other crutch, then your weaker leg, then your
stronger leg.

4. Care of Clients Using Crutches

 Check the fit of the crutches regularly to ensure they are still the
correct height.
 Check the rubber tips on the bottom of the crutches for wear and
replace them if necessary.
 Store the crutches in a safe place when not in use to avoid tripping
hazards.
 Clean the crutches regularly with a damp cloth to remove any dirt or
germs.