What is Philosophy?

The word PHILOSOPHY is

derived from the Greek term
philo (love) and Sophia
(wisdom) combined to form
the terminology. The word
PHILOSOPHY literally means,
“Love for Wisdom.”
 The term “philosophia”
was coined by the Greek
thinker Pythagoras (580-
497 B.C.) who formulated
a practical, ethical and
religious philosophy
which put supreme value
on intellectual activity.
 “Philosophy is a
human search for
meaning.” it is man’s
act of intellectual
quest that transcends
the limits of the
positive sciences.
Seldom, we limit KNOWLEDGE.
 Philosophy goes
BEYOND THE BOUNDARIES

of concrete knowledge.
 A philosophical act
penetrates the realm of
the abstract, the
philosophical field
where the inquisitive
mind find some
intellectual
satisfactions and awe.
According to Felix B. Montemayor,
Philosophy has been regarded as
the sum and summit of human
knowledge, as the Scienta
Scientiarium (Science of Sciences),
the compendium of all learning.

Compendium- a brief summary of

a larger work on the field of
knowledge.
Ancient Classical Thinkers considered Philosophy
as the totality of human knowing, Philosophy
has been specified to mean the branch of human
study that specifically deals with the formal
reasons and formal principles of things
knowable through the natural light of human
reason alone.
 In the view of the Existentialist
thinker, a philosopher is a man who
quests for meaning, asking a lot of
questions about existence, his
nature, origin and destiny.
EXISTENCE
PRESUPPOSES
ESSENCE
In philosophy, we study “being” with the world.

How does he relate with others, the study about

GOD, what do the “other” the world and God
mean to him?
 Ultimately,
PHILOSOPHY, then, is
the search for
meaning!
The Ancient Greek Philosophers
 THALES OF MILETUS an Ancient
Greek philosopher born in Miletus
in Greek Ionia, who is often
considered as the first philosopher
and the Father of Western
Philosophy. He was the first one to
study the first principle and
develop hypotheses in the field of
Academia.
THALES OF MILETUS
He said that the world is
constituted by
WATER!
Scientifically speaking, According to him, Our existence as a
human being was made only by TWO PROCESS!
E C
V O
A N
P D
O E
R N
A S
T A
I T
O I
N O
N
 ANAXIMANDER
Anaximander was born in the Greek
city of Miletus (on the Ionian coast of
modern-day Turkey) in about
610 B.C., He is the son of Praxiades.
Anaximander was a student of
Thales. He argued that the world was
constituted by not just one but FOUR
ELEMENTS.
ANAXIMANDER
 He said that the WORLD is

“APEIRON,” which means

the world is boundless,
infinite, unlimited and
indeterminate.
ANAXIMANDER
 ANAXIMENES was born in
585 B.C. in Eurystratos in
Greek city of Miletus,
located in Ionia. Anaximenes
was a pupil and companion
of Anaximander, however,
some says that he was also a
pupil of Parminedes of Elea.
ANAXIMENES
 Anaximenes’ devoted his
philosophical energies to the
intellectual pursuit of identifying
the single source of the basis of the
universe. Anaximenes was
confident that indeed there was a
single element that controlled the
course of the universe, and he
deemed that element to be AIR.
ANAXIMENES
 We exist through the process
of compression and
rarefaction of air.

ANAXIMENES
 Rarefaction observes
the increasing and
decreasing level of
amplitude of the air. He
studied heavenly bodies
such as stars, sun, moon
and the swirling
movements of the air.
ANAXIMENES
 Parmenides of Elea (Late 6th cn.—Mid
5th cn. B.C.E.) He is also commonly
thought of as the founder of the “Eleatic
School” of thought—a philosophical
label ascribed to Pre-Socratics who
purportedly argued that reality is in
some sense a unified and unchanging
singular entity. This has often been
understood to mean there is just one
thing in all of existence.
PARMENIDES
 “argued that reality is in some sense a
unified and unchanging singular entity.”
He founded the
THEORY OF PERMANENCE!

Where everything is unchangeable,

everything is in static state, everything is
infinite, “no end, no beginning.”

People DIE, People shall REINCARNATE!

PARMENIDES
 He wrote many POEMS on his
SOCIO-POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
addressing to someone whom he
argued about his theory of
permanence.

“PATAMA to whom?”

PARMENIDES
 Heraclitus lived in Ephesus, an important
city on the Ionian coast of Asia Minor, not
far from Miletus, the birthplace of
philosophy. He criticizes by name
important thinkers and writers with
whom he disagrees, and he does not
mention Parmenides on it. On the other
hand, Parmenides in his poem arguably
echoes the words of Heraclitus. During
their time there is a great debate against
the theory of PARMENIDES.
HERACLITUS
 Fire plays a central role in Heraclitus. He calls
the entire cosmos "an ever-living
fire". FIRE is his first principle; all things are
exchanged for fire and fire for all things. Fire
changes into various other elements in
a COSMIC CYCLE, although the details
of this cycle are unclear. Heraclitus equates
Fire, λόγος, and God/Zeus as the divine ruling
order in by referring to "the thunderbolt
that stirs all things."
 According to him:
 Everything is constantly changing!
 Everything is and is not at the same time!
 There is nothing permanent except CHANGE!
HE INTRODUCED THE DOCTRINE
OF FLUX

HERACLITUS
 Pythagoras argued that there are three
kinds of men, just as there are three classes
of strangers who come to the Olympic
Games.
The lowest consists of those who come to buy
and sell, and next above them are those who
come to compete. Best of all are those who
simply come to look on. Men may be
classified accordingly as lovers of wisdom,
lovers of honor, and lovers of gain. That
seems to imply the doctrine of the tripartite
soul, which is also attributed to the early
PYTHAGORAS Pythagoreans on good authority.
 Socrates was born in Athens in
the year 469 B.C.E. to
Sophroniscus, a stonemason,
and Phaenarete, a
midwife. His family was not
extremely poor, but they were
by no means wealthy, and
Socrates could not claim that
he was of noble birth like
Plato.
SOCRATES
He was a philosopher of ethics and behavior.
Founded the >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

“SOCRATIC
METHOD”
He teaches young people to establish
propositions on how to search for the
METAPHYSICAL TRUTH, through the
SOCRATIC METHOD!

METAPHYSICAL TRUTH:
“Is the truth of ultimate reality
as partly or wholly transcendental
of perceived actuality and
experience.”
 Suddenly, the society of Athens
disagreed upon the teachings of
SOCRATES. He was discriminated by the
Parents of the young people he teaches.

They said that SOCRATES “Poison the

mind of the young!”
he was accused of corrupting the mind
of the youth and acclaimed that all his
SOCRATES teachings were just mere ILLUSIONS!
 He was depressed and tend to commit
SUICIDE!

He drink “HEMLOCK.”

The root and the liquid it contains is deadly

toxic (the rest of the plant is not as poisonous,
but will still make you sick), with similar
symptoms to those of water hemlock,
but death in this case comes because
respiratory paralysis stops the victim from
being able to breathe.
Jacques-Louis David
 HE WAS THE PROPONENT OF THE

SOCRATES
The “KNOW-THYSELF-THEORY is basically the THEORY OF THE

It deals about our ability to INTERPRET and ability to

REASON-OUT.
 Plato was a philosopher during the 5th
century BCE. He was a student
of Socrates and later taught Aristotle.
He founded the Academy, an academic
program which many consider to be the
first Western university. Plato wrote
many philosophical texts—at least 25.
He dedicated his life to learning and
teaching and is hailed as one of the
PLATO founders of Western Philosophy.
 Plato was philosophically known as
“DIALECTIC PHILOSOPHER”
Dialectic or dialectics (Greek: διαλεκτική, dial
ektikḗ; related to dialogue), also known as
the Dialectic method, is at base
a discourse between two or more people
holding different points of view about a
subject but wishing to establish
the truth through reasoned arguments.
Dialectic resembles debate, but the concept
excludes subjective elements such as
emotional appeal and the
PLATO modern pejorative sense of rhetoric.
B N
o
B
e
S
O t
h Dialectic Method
c
o O
U
i m
D n
g
i
n

Y n g
L
Allegory of the Cave
There are THREE CLASSES OF MEN
 was an ancient Greek philosopher and
scientist born in the city
of Stagira, Chalkidiki, Greece. Along
with Plato, he is considered the
"Father of Western Philosophy".
Aristotle provided a complex and
harmonious synthesis of the various
existing philosophies prior to him,
including those of Socrates and Plato,
and it was above all from his teachings
ARISTOTLE that the West inherited its
fundamental intellectual lexicon.
 HE WAS ALSO CONSIDERED AS
“THE FATHER OF BIOLOGY.”

He studied the
“THEORY OF MATTER
AND FORM.”
wherein he said that we came from the
smallest particle of the universe
ARISTOTLE “ATOMS!”
“Nothing comes
to the intellect
without passing
through the
senses.”
FIVE EXTERNAL SENSES

Individual Sensation
FIVE INTERNAL SENSES

It produces perceptions.
It produces phantasm.
Process of recognition.
To estimate what is good and evil.
Ability to think and ability to comprehend.
 The Process of Ideogenesis
I
D Memory Estimative Sense
E
A

Individual sensation Apprehension Imagination

VOCABS!
Abstraction – Ability to grasp ideas or knowledge.
Squeezing – The cause of why we know something.
Causality – the ultimate cause and greatest root of maxims.
Term – conventional, sensible expressive sign of concept/Idea.
Neuroplasticity – Flexibility of the brain.
Idea – mental representation of a thing.
Imagination – Sensible representation of a thing; PHANTASMA.
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Applied, practice, temporary,
reversible, changing
“LEARNING BY DOING.”
Tangible, substantially real,
actual,
observation-based.
 Non-tangible, mind,
conceptual, ideal, belief,
Oldest Philosophy, growth,
innate, development.
The opposite of pragmatism.
It is permanent, irreversible,
unchanging.
Ascribing ultimate reality to
essence embodied in a
perceptible context.
Bringing the world inside the
classroom; potential.
Choices, freedom, volition,
interest, independency.
Community-centered
CLASSIFICATIONS OF UNIVERSAL NATURES AND CONCEPTS

SUBSTANCE: Is that which doesn’t need

another in order for them to exist.

ACCIDENTS: is the opposite of substance;

It needs another in order for them to exist.
 Relation
Quantity
Where
Habit
Quality
Posture
When
Passion
Action
numerical; accidents of measurement
Reference of one
Determination subject to another;
circumstantial determination
of a substance of
as a
shapes
Determination
motionand
orofforms;
circumstantial of
numerical
modification
a aaformal
substance
determination
substance
of modifier
modifier.
substance as
inducingofto
as a
aa
Space
regards that
substance
to exist
with
externalbetween
regards
outfits; two
to related
place.
repetitive
Appearance;
the disposition
substance
(height,
result result Behavioral-Factor
with of
weight,
of the on
action its
regards parts.
the other. to
depth) time.
of an agent.
subjects.
actions.