for increased investments in human

resource development and improved

• Decent work is integral to poverty reduction
working conditions and seeks to
efforts and is a key mechanism for achieving
achieve full and productive
equitable, inclusive and sustainable
employment.
development.
Rights at Work
• It involves opportunities for work that are:
o Aims to strengthen observance of the
Productive and delivers a fair income
constitutionally protected rights of
Provides security in the workplace
workers. It seeks to ensure the
and social protection for workers and
ratification of core and governance
their families
conventions and respect for
Produces better perspective for
fundamental principles and rights at
personal development and social
work.
integration
Social Protection
Gives people the freedom to express
o Seeks to improve access to social
their concerns, to organize and to
protection mechanisms, improved
participate in decisions that affect
wages, better working conditions and
their lives.
expanded employment opportunities
• The International Labour Organization (ILO)
for all.
defines decent work as “productive work for
Social Dialogue
women and men in conditions of freedom,
o Seeks to strengthen tripartism and
equity, security and human dignity”. In general,
broaden representation of workers
work is considered as decent when:
as a tool for attaining employment
o It pays a fair income. goals. Tripartism refers to the
o It guarantees a secure form of collaboration among unions,
employment.
employers, and the government.
o Safe working conditions.
Components of Decent Work
1. Employment opportunities
2. Adequate earnings and productive work
• Society as a whole benefit when more people
3. Decent hours
are being productive and contributing to their
4. Combining work, family and personal life
country’s growth.
5. Work that should be abolished
• Productive employment and “decent work” are
6. Stability and security of work
key elements to achieving fair globalization and
7. Equal opportunity and treatment in employment
poverty reduction.
8. Safe work environment
• In addition, unemployment can lead to unrest 9. Social security
and disrupt peace if it is left unaddressed. 10. Social dialogue, workers’ and employers’
representation

• The International Labor Organization (ILO)

defines decent work as “productive work for
women and men in conditions of freedom,
equity, security and human dignity”. “Care is the heart of nursing;
• In general, work is considered as decent when: Care is power; Care is
it pays a fair income. it guarantees a secure essential to healing; Care is
form of employment and safe working curing; and Care is the
conditions. central &dominant focus of
nursing and transcultural
nursing decisions and
actions”

Employment
o Promotes the creation of sustainable •
enterprises and increased Prepares nurses to prevent culture shock and
efficiencies in the economy (requisites conflicts as they practice in different places w/
if countries are to move out of different cultures.
poverty). It also explores opportunities
 Provides human care and heath behaviors as
background knowledge to understand nursing
phenomena.
• •
Helps produce a well – qualified faculty
prepared in Transcultural Nursing to teach
and guide students.
Education in Transcultural Nursing leads to
culturally competent nursing care.
•
Focused on culture care. With ethno-
nursing as a research method to examine
theories.
• “Transcultural Nursing is defined as a
learned subfield or branch of nursing that
focuses upon the comparative study and
analysis of cultures concerning nursing
and health-illness caring practices, beliefs,
and values to provide meaningful and
efficacious nursing care services to their
cultural values and health-illness context.”
• “Culture is learned, shared and
transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and life
ways of a particular group that guides
their thinking, decisions, and actions in
patterned ways.”
• The subjectively and objectively obtained
values, beliefs, and outlines of the life ways that
assist, support, and facilitate, or empower
another individual/group to maintain well –
being, health, and deal with illness, handicaps,
or death.
professional institutions to give service to
clients.
The cognitively – based assistive, caring,
facilitative, or empowering acts or decisions
that are made to fit with individual, group, or
institutional cultural values, beliefs, and life ways
to offer or carry meaningful, beneficial, and
satisfying healthcare or well – being services.
• The changing patterns related to the
arrangement/organizational factors of a
particular culture (subculture or society), which
includes religion, kinship (social), political and
legal, economic, educational, technological, and
cultural values and ethno – historical factors.
• Caring skilled actions and decisions that people
of a certain culture retain important care values
so that they can keep up their well – being,
recover from illness, or face handicaps or
deaths.
• The supporting, facilitative, or enabling
specialized actions and decisions that help
people of designated culture to adapt to others
for a beneficiary or satisfying health outcome
with professional care providers.
• The assistive, sustaining, facilitative, or enabling
professional actions and decisions that help
clients greatly change their life ways for new,
different, and beneficial healthcare patterns
while regarding the client’s cultural values and
beliefs and still giving a beneficial or healthier
lifeway before the changes were laid out with
the clients.

• The changeable differences in

meanings, patterns, values, life ways, or
symbols of care within concepts that are related
in supporting human care.

• The common, general definitions of care with its

patterns, values and symbols that is observed
among many cultures and reflects assistive
ways to help people.

• Culturally studied and given, indigenous (or

traditional), folk (community and home – based)
knowledge and skills used to provide assistive,
supportive, enabling, or facilitative acts.

• Formally educated, and instructed professional

care, health, illness, wellness, and related
knowledge and practice skills that exist in
 There are 4 distinct zones of interpersonal space:
There is a marked increase in the migration of
people within and between countries worldwide.
There has been a rise in multicultural identities, with
people expecting their cultural belief, values, and
life ways to be understood and respected by
nurses and other healthcare providers.
The increased use of health care technology
sometimes conflicts with cultural values of clients.
Worldwide there are cultural conflicts, clashes, and
violence that have an impact in health care as more
cultures interact with one another.
There was an increase in legal suits resulting from
cultural conflict, negligence, ignorance and
imposition of health practices.
There is an increase in the number of people
travelling and working in many different parts of the
world.
There has been a rise in feminism and gender
issues, with new demands on health care systems
to meet the needs of women and children.
There has been an increased demand for
community and culture-based health care services
in diverse environmental contexts.
• The Giger and Davidhizar Transcultural
Assessment Model was developed in 1988 in
response to the need for nursing students in an
undergraduate program to assess and provide
care for patients that were culturally diverse.
The model includes six cultural phenomena:
communication, time, space, social organization,
environmental control, and biological
variations. These provide a framework for
patient assessment and from which culturally
sensitive care can be designed.
• Communication is the means by which culture is
transmitted and preserved. Verbal and non –
verbal communications are learned in one’s
culture.
• Verbal and non – verbal patterns of
communication vary across cultures, and if
nurses do not understand the client’s cultural
rules in communication, the client’s acceptance
of a treatment regimen may be jeopardized.
• Space refers to the distance between
individuals when they interact. All
communication occurs in the context of space.
Intimate zone – Extends up to 1 ½ feet
Personal distance – Extends from 1 ½ up to 4 feet
2
Social distance – Extends from 4 to 12 feet
Public distance – Extends 12 feet or more
• Refers to the social group organizations with
which clients and families may identify.
• Time is an important aspect of interpersonal
communication. Some cultures are considered
future oriented, others present oriented, and
still others past oriented.
• These differences in time orientation may
become important in health care measures
such as long – term planning and explanations
of medication schedules.
• E.G. Latin Americans, Native Americans and
Middle Easterners are present oriented
cultures and may neglect preventive health
care measures. They may show up late or not at
all for appointments.
• Refers to the ability of the person to control
nature and to plan and direct factors in the
environment.
• Some groups perceive man as having mastery
over nature; others perceive humans to be
dominated by nature, while others see
harmonious relationships between humans and
nature.
• For example, Asians and Native Americans may
perceive that illness is a disharmony with other
forces and that medicine is only capable of
relieving the symptoms rather that curing the
disease. These groups are likely to look for
naturalistic solutions, such as herbs and hot or
cold treatments to resolve or cure a cancerous
condition.
• Body structure
• Skin color
• Other visible physical characteristics
• Enymatic and genetic variations
• Susceptibility to disease
• Nutritional preferences and deficiencies
• Psychological characteristics