SOLUTION

1. Define the following terms:

(i) Colligative properties: Those properties which depend upon the number of particles of solute
present in solution and not on nature of solute are called colligative properties.
(ii) Osmosis: When a solvent is separated from the solution by a semi – permeable membrane which
allows the passage of solvent molecules but does not allow solute particles to pass through it, there
is net flow of solvent molecules from the solvent to the solution which is called osmosis.
(iii) Osmotic pressure: Extra pressure applied on solution to stop osmosis is known as osmotic pressure.
This property depends upon the number of particles of solute present in the solution and not on the
nature of solution, so it is a colligative property.
(iv) Ebullioscopic constant (Boiling Point Elevation Constant): It is equal to the elevation in boiling
point of 1 molal solution, i.e. 1 mole of solute is dissolved in 1 kg of solvent. The unit of Kb is K
molal–1 or K / m or K kg mol–1.
(v) Reverse Osmosis: If extra pressure is applied on the solution side and exceeds the osmotic pressure,
the osmosis can be reversed i.e. pure water can be forced out of the solution to pass through the pores
of the membrane in the opposite direction. This is called reverse osmosis.
(vi) Abnormal molar mass: The molar mass determined with the help of colligative property when it
undergoes either association or dissociation is called abnormal molar mass.
(vii) Van’t Hoff factor (i): It is defined as the ratio of normal molecular mass to the observed molecular
mass to the solute.
2. What is elevation in boiling point? Why is it a colligative property?
Ans: The increase in boiling point of a solvent on adding non – volatile solute is called elevation in
boiling point. It is a colligative property because it depends upon the number of particles of solute
in solution and not on nature of solute.
3. On mixing liquid X and Y, the volume of the resulting solution increases. What type of deviation from
Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What change in temperature would you observe after
mixing liquids X and Y?
Ans: Positive deviation. The temperature will decrease because ∆ H = +ve
4. On mixing liquid X and Y, the volume of the resulting solution decreases. What type of deviation from
Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What change in temperature would you observe after
mixing liquids X and Y?
Ans: Negative deviation. The temperature will increase because ∆ H = –ve
5. Derive the relationship between relative lowering of vapour pressure and molar mass of the solute.
Derivation: pA 𝛼 xA, where pA is vapour pressure of solution.
⇒ pA = p0A xA = p0A (1 – xB)
P0A − PA
⇒ xB = P0A
WB
MB P0A − PA
⇒ WB WA =
+ P0A
MB MA

WB
MB P0A − PA W W
⇒ WA = ( M B <<< M A )
P0A B A
MA

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 WB ×MA p0
⇒ MB = × p0 −AP
WA A A

A represent solvent and B represent solute.

6. What do you understand by depression of freezing point? Derive the relationship between depression of
freezing point and molar mass of the solute.
Ans: The decrease in freezing point when non – volatile solute is added to a solvent, is called depression
in freezing point.
∆Tf 𝛼 m
⇒ ∆Tf = Kf m
W 1000
⇒ ∆Tf = Kf × M B × ,
B W𝐴
Where, ∆Tf = depression in freezing point,
Kf = freezing point depression constant,
m = molality of the solution,
WB = mass of solute,
MB = molar mass of solute
WA = mass of solvent (in grams)
7. Predict whether van’t Hoff factor, (i) is less than one or greater than one in the following:
(i) CH3COOH dissolved in water. (ii) CH3COOH dissolved in benzene.
Ans: (i) It will be more than 1 because CH3COOH will dissociates into CH3COO– and H3O+.
(ii) CH3COOH dissolved in benzene will form dimer i.e. undergo association, Therefore, i < 1.
8. The molecular masses of polymers are determined by osmotic pressure method and not by measuring
other colligative properties. Give two reasons.
Ans: (i) It is measured at room temperature. (ii) It has appreciable value.
9. List any four factors on which the colligative properties of a solution depend.
Ans: (i) Number of particles (ii) Association or dissociation of solute
(iii) Concentration of solution (iv) Temperature
10. Give reasons for the following:
(a) Measurement of osmotic pressure method is preferred for the determination of molar masses of
macromolecules such as proteins and polymers.
Ans: It is because osmotic pressure is measured at room temperature and has appreciable value for
even dilute solutions of macromolecules like proteins and polymers.
(b) Elevation of boiling point of 1 M KCl solution is nearly double than that of 1 M sugar solution.
Ans: KCl is strong electrolyte. It dissociates completely into ions. The number of particles are
double as compared to sugar solution. Sugar is non– electrolyte, does not form ions. i = 2 for
KCl and i = 1 for sugar, therefore, ∆Tb is double in KCl.
(c) Sodium chloride solution freezes at a lower temperature than water.
Ans: It is because when NaCl is added, vapour pressure of solution becomes less and at a lower
temperature, vapour pressure of solid and solution will become equal, i.e. freezing point is lowered.
(d) On addition of 1 mol of glucose to 1 litre of water, the boiling point of water increases.
Ans: When one mole of glucose is added to 1 litre of water, vapour pressure of solution decreases
because surface molecules consist of both glucose and water molecules, escaping tendency of
water into vapours decreases, therefore it is to heated at higher temperature so that it boils.
11. Out of 1M glucose and 2M glucose, which one has a higher boiling point and why?
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 Ans: 2M glucose solution will have higher boiling point than 1M glucose because higher the number of
particles, higher will be elevation in boiling point.
12. Out of 0.1 molal solutions of glucose and of KCl, which one will have a higher boiling point and why?
Ans: 0.1 molal KCl solution will have higher boiling point, because KCl dissociates into K+ and Cl–
ions. The number of particles are double than 0.1 M glucose solution, therefore, higher ∆ Tb, hence
the boiling point.
13. What happens when the external pressure applied becomes more than the osmotic pressure of solution?
Write one use of reverse osmosis.
Ans: Reverse osmosis will take place, i.e. solvent molecules from solution move to pure solvent through
semipermeable membrane. It is used for desalination of sea water.
14. Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% NaCl solution. What happened if we placed blood cells in a solution
containing (i) 1.2% NaCl solution? (ii) 0.4% NaCl solution?
Ans: (i) In hypertonic solution, cell will shrink because cell fluid will come out.
(ii) In hypotonic solution, cell will swell and may burst because solution will enter the cell.
15. What happens when we place the blood cell in water (hypotonic solution)? Give reason.
Ans: The cell wall swell and even may burst due to inflow of solvent (water) because of osmosis.

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