The flow capability of a control valve at fully open conditions in relation to the pressure drop across

the valve is known as the valve flow coefficient (Cv) (blog.belimo.com, 2021). When the valve Cv
increases by a constant proportion over the opening in the valve, this is referred to as an equal
percentage feature. When a valve opens, its Cv increases until it is totally open, at which point it
reaches its maximum potential Cv, or 100% open Cv (www.valvemagazine.com, 2014). Figure 2.1
depicts the CV/CVmax of DCS output MV% (valve opening percentage) against the FIC 911 from -
100% to 0% and back to 100%. The negative implies that the valve is gradually closing, whereas the
positive shows that the valve is opening. The graph is created to investigate the advertisement effect
of various flow control valve characteristics with variable valve pressure drop (DPv). We investigated
the impacts of linear control valves (FCVL) and equal percentage control valves (FCVE) in this
experiment.

Figure 3.1 shows that the structure of the linear control valve (FCVL) and the equal percentage
control valve (FCVE) differ. In the case of linear and equal percentage valves, a linear valve may have
a 25% valve opening for a given pressure drop and flowrate, whereas an equal percentage valve may
have a 65% valve opening for the same parameters. The pass regions for the orifices will be the same
(www.spiraxsarco.com, n.d.). The maximum and minimum flowrates for the FCVE and FCVL are
shown in the figure above at -100%, 0%, and 100%, respectively. In FCVE, the flow rate of fluid
increases exponentially as the fraction of valves opened increases. Because these valves have a valve
plug shaped so that each increment in valve lift raises the flowrate by a specific proportion of the
previous flow, the FCVE is known as a logarithmic graph. Logarithmic is the relationship between
valve lift and orifice size, and thus flow rate. At any point along its characteristic curve, the equal
percentage valve plug generates the same percentage change in flow per fixed increment of valve
stroke (www.spiraxsarco.com, n.d.).

As illustrated in Figure 2.1, an equal percentage valve begins with a gradual increase in flow rate with
valve position that rapidly increases as the valve opens more (Instrumentation Tools, 2019). Because
the valve gain is considerable at high flow in the top portion of flight, flow increases fast (and
sensitively) for the same increment in valve travel. Furthermore, in figure 2.2, the flow rate reaches a
maximum of 100% while the MV is at both -100% and 100%. This demonstrates that the FCVE
worked properly in both cases, with no hysteresis.