Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of all matter.

They are composed of three main types

of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons12. Here’s a brief overview:

 Protons: These are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. The
number of protons defines the atomic number and determines the chemical element of the
atom2.
 Neutrons: Neutrons are neutral particles that also reside in the nucleus. They add to the
mass of the atom but do not affect its charge1.
 Electrons: Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in various
energy levels or shells. The arrangement of electrons determines the atom’s chemical
properties and its reactivity1.

The nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, is dense and occupies a tiny portion of the atom’s
volume, while electrons form a cloud around it, taking up most of the space1. Atoms can bond
with each other to form molecules, which are the constituents of the various substances we
encounter in our daily lives2.

Here’s a simple representation of a hydrogen atom, which has one proton and one electron:

Hydrogen Atom (H)

+ -
p --> n e -->

In this diagram:

 p represents the proton with a positive charge (+).

 n represents the neutron, which is neutral.
 e represents the electron with a negative charge (-).
 The arrow (-->) indicates movement, as electrons are always in motion around the
nucleus.

Atoms are incredibly small, with diameters typically around 100 picometers (1 picometer =

10−12

meters). Despite their size, they make up everything we see and touch2. Each element on the
periodic table represents a different type of atom, and the variety of atoms and their
combinations give rise to the diverse materials found in the universe3.

For more detailed information, you can explore resources like Encyclopaedia Britannica or
educational websites dedicated to science12.