Greening the UK’s Agriculture &

Industry
Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are
essential post-EU

MarketLine Case Study

Report Code: MLCS0002-001

Published: January 2021
Greening the UK’s Agriculture & Industry: Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are essential post-EU
Published: January 2021 Case Studies

1. Overview

1.1. Catalyst
In 2021, the UK will play host to the COP21 meeting in Glasgow, its first scheduled appearance on the world stage as an ex-
EU member. It needs to demonstrate that it can meet its own ‘net zero by 2050’ target without the structure the EU would
provide; in 2020 the bloc agreed in principal to a record-setting deadline for its own target. Outside of the much-hyped
developments in the consumer sphere, industry and agriculture in the UK are essential to meeting net zero in time. Their
complex and cutting-edge solutions now require as much government backing as possible.

1.2. Summary
Agriculture and industry in the UK are being called upon to change to more renewable practices, in anticipation of the
actioning of the government’s Green Industrial Revolution. Solutions in these sectors often incorporate technology used in
power, personal transport and buildings. The challenges are however quite different to those which face their counterparts
at the ‘consumer’ end of things.
Processes and resources in the agriculture sector act both as sources of GHGs and ‘carbon sinks’ to remove CO2. This
complicates the mission to achieve net zero GHGs, because CO2 is itself a GHG, but not one of the primary GHGs emitted in
agriculture.
In the arena of industrial transport, due to the many barriers to entry, with huge setup costs for new entrants and complex
supply chains for smaller players to master, traditional industry heavyweights are leading the charge on renewable solutions.
Meanwhile, manufacturing in the UK accounts for approximately 60% of carbon emissions in the industrial sector. There are
therefore various strategies which can be put in place over the next decade to revolutionize the manufacture of widely-used
materials.

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Greening the UK’s Agriculture & Industry: Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are essential post-EU
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Table of Contents
1. OVERVIEW 1

1.1. Catalyst 1

1.2. Summary 1

2. UK NET ZERO RELIES ON CUTTING-EDGE SOLUTIONS FROM AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY 1

2.1. The UK aspires to leadership with its ‘Green New Deal’ 1

2.2. Agriculture, industrial vehicles and manufacturing are key to the UK's solution 2

3. AGRICULTURE HAS ITS OWN HIGH TARGETS TO HIT 3

3.1. The challenges and opportunities facing agriculture are unique 3

3.2. ‘Three Pillars’ approach highlights the diversity of solutions 4

3.3. Big efficiency gains will be the culmination of a range of micro-solutions 4

3.3.1. Livestock represent the most urgent reduction 4

3.3.2. Fertilizers and gene editing could improve crop sustainability 5

3.3.3. Bioeconomy is green agriculture’s buzzword 5

3.4. The third pillar needs greater input from industry and government bodies 5

4. LARGE COMPANIES ARE TAKING THE LEAD WITH GREEN INDUSTRIAL VEHICLES 6

4.1. DHL is part of a growing trend towards greener logistics and haulage 6

4.1.1. Last-mile vehicles have abundant opportunities for change 6

4.1.2. Infrastructure must adapt with vehicle fleets 6

4.1.3. Electrified highways are part of the future 7

4.2. H2Accelerate partnership shows highlights importance of government support 7

5. MANUFACTURING FACES COMPLEX CHALLENGES 8

5.1. Steel represents a net zero opportunity with highly-attainable solutions 8

5.2. Cement’s harmful ingredient needs to be reduced 8

5.3. Carbon capture and storage is industry’s most exciting prospect 8

6. APPENDIX 10

6.1. Abbreviations and acronyms 10

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Greening the UK’s Agriculture & Industry: Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are essential post-EU
Published: January 2021 Case Studies

6.2. Sources 10

6.3. Further reading 10

7. ASK THE ANALYST 10

8. ABOUT MARKETLINE 10

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Greening the UK’s Agriculture & Industry: Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are essential post-EU
Published: January 2021 Case Studies

List of Figures

Figure 1: UK’s sectors’ annual CO2 emissions compared (2017). 1

Figure 2: UK sectors’ annual GHG emissions compared (2017). 3

Figure 3: DHL’s push-powered (left) and electric (right) delivery vehicles. 7

Figure 4: The process of CSS explained. 9

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Greening the UK’s Agriculture & Industry: Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are essential post-EU
Published: January 2021 Case Studies

List of Tables
No table of figures entries found.

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Greening the UK’s Agriculture & Industry: Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are essential post-EU
Published: January 2021 Case Studies

2. UK net zero relies on cutting-edge solutions

from agriculture and industry
In 2021, the UK will play host to the COP21 meeting in Glasgow, its first scheduled appearance on the world stage as an ex-
EU member. It needs to demonstrate that it can meet its own ‘net zero by 2050’ target without the structure the EU would
provide; in 2020 the bloc agreed in principal to a record-setting deadline for its own target. Outside of the much-hyped
developments in the consumer sphere, industry and agriculture in the UK are essential to meeting net zero in time. Their
complex and cutting-edge solutions now require as much government backing as possible.

Figure 1: UK’s sectors’ annual CO2 emissions compared (2017).

© MarketLine
Source: OurWorldInDate

2.1. The UK aspires to leadership with its ‘Green New Deal’

Agriculture and industry in the UK are being called upon to change to more renewable practices, in anticipation of the
actioning of the government’s Green Industrial Revolution. Against a backdrop of so-called ‘Green New Deals’ finding support
across many of its most powerful allies - including the EU - the UK is seeking to address the Climate Emergency with deep
societal and economic reforms. Its official target of reaching ‘net zero’ carbon emissions, which entails a 100% reduction of
CO2 emissions from 1990 levels by the year 2050, was set in law in June 2019. In November 2020, in the midst of its second
COVID-19 lockdown and heightening pressure for a green economic recovery, Boris Johnson’s government announced a 10-
point plan for the UK’s Green Industrial Revolution, a plan to meet the net zero target.

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Greening the UK’s Agriculture & Industry: Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are essential post-EU
Published: January 2021 Case Studies

As of January 2021, the UK remains behind its target, and the 10-point plan is yet to be instigated, partly due to the setbacks
of the pandemic. However, the threat of punishing regulations is looming for the sectors which will need to be brought in-
line with the UK’s climate aspirations. Those sectors are getting ahead early to pre-empt the impact of the government’s
eventual actions, the necessary severity of which will only become greater the longer they are delayed.

2.2. Agriculture, industrial vehicles and manufacturing are key to

the UK's solution
The main culprits of the UK’s carbon emissions have always been, first, electricity and heat, then transport and buildings (see
Figure 1). This has led some to complain that there is not sufficient promise of government support for areas like agriculture
and industry, where many of the strides towards renewable practices over the last ten years have been driven from within
sectors. Manufacturing, construction and industry are three sectors which together contributed 11% to the UK’s total carbon
emissions in 2016, the year of the most recent reliable data from Climate Watch. Agriculture is also a major emitter of other
greenhouse gases - in fact the fourth biggest emitter among UK sectors in these terms.
Solutions in these sectors often incorporate technology used in power, transport and buildings. The challenges are however
quite different to those facing their counterparts at the ‘consumer’ end of things. For example, the systemic issues facing
agriculture are different to those of grocery retail; renewable energy in personal transport will have to filter down more
gradually than in industrial fleets and haulage. These sectors therefore offer insights into how the government’s own agenda
could span a more diverse spectrum of approaches.

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Greening the UK’s Agriculture & Industry: Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are essential post-EU
Published: January 2021 Case Studies

3. Agriculture has its own high targets to hit

As illustrated in Figure 2, agriculture is a major emitter when it comes to greenhouse gases (GHGs), including the CO2 which
the government’s net zero campaign aims to eliminate. However, it does not come high up on the list of contributors to CO2
specifically, with other GHGs playing more of a role in its contribution to global heating. The National Farmers’ Union (NFU)
in England and Wales has therefore set its own goal to reduce its overall GHG emissions, in line with the specific CO2 target
set by the government. By 2040, the NFU hopes to have reached net zero GHG emissions across the whole of agriculture in
England and Wales. As well as a sense of responsibility among the NFU’s leadership, pressure from conscientious consumers
who are just as concerned about agriculture’s other GHGs as they are about CO2 specifically is likely to have been a driving
factor behind the NFU’s goals.

Figure 2: UK sectors’ annual GHG emissions compared (2017).

© MarketLine
Source: OurWorldInData

3.1. The challenges and opportunities facing agriculture are unique

Processes and resources in this sector act both as sources of GHGs and ‘carbon sinks’ to remove CO2. This complicates the
mission to achieve net zero GHGs, because CO2 is itself a GHG, but not one of the primary GHGs emitted in agriculture. The
reduction of GHGs including, primarily, methane and nitrous oxide, is to be combined with the return of CO2 to soils and
other natural means of carbon capture, but methane and nitrous oxide themselves cannot be captured in this way.
Therefore, the net zero target will involve a balance of reduction and storage of different kinds fo GHG. This necessarily
involves a variety of different strategies, which are outlined below.

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Greening the UK’s Agriculture & Industry: Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are essential post-EU
Published: January 2021 Case Studies

The vision for the future of UK agriculture, both for the NFU and for farmers in Scotland and Northern Ireland, involves a
transition to a circular ‘bioeconomy’. In this system, the output of methane and nitrous oxide needs to be reduced through
efficiency measures and balanced by the active capture of CO2 in soils, woodland and hedgerows, and through generation of
bioenergy.

3.2. ‘Three Pillars’ approach highlights the diversity of solutions

The NFU is organizing its net zero strategy around ‘Three Pillars’. These are:
 Improving farming’s productive efficiency to reduce GHG emissions
 Farmland carbon storage in soils and vegetation
 Boosting renewable energy and the bioeconomy
The first pillar should enable farming to produce the same quantity of food, or more, with less inputs through smarter
methods. These methods primarily involve technology, from closer monitoring of crops and livestock through drones and
sensors to harnessing artificial intelligence to plan the organization of those resources in the future.
Meanwhile, the second pillar will improve land management and changing land use to capture more carbon, through bigger
hedgerows, more woodland, and especially more carbon-rich soil. This is one measure in particular which requires incentives
from government, or at least some way to make progressive land management a differentiator for farmers in the
marketplace — similarly to animal welfare standards. Currently there are few incentives in the form of grants or subsidies for
farmers to invest in planting more woodland or hedgerows, which in themselves generate little to no added income for their
businesses.
The final pillar is aimed at displacing CO2 emissions from fossil fuels whilst promoting CO2 removal through photosynthesis
and carbon capture. Methane and nitrous oxide are mainly emitted from ruminant livestock, the primary input for meat and
dairy farms, but CO2 reduction is theoretically less bad for business.

3.3. Big efficiency gains will be the culmination of a range of

micro-solutions
The first pillar of the agricultural strategy for net zero GHGs has no single approach, but instead has a multitude of
approaches involving progressive farming methods and technology.

3.3.1. Livestock represent the most urgent reduction

Livestock are by far the biggest emitters of GHGs in agriculture, emitting methane as a harmful by-product of their otherwise
efficient conversion of carbon in pastures to food for human consumption. Farms are facing a potentially significant
reduction in the demand for meat and dairy products, especially red meat, as consumer awareness of the health and
environmental impacts of these continues to rise.
However, aside from reducing the volume of livestock, there are chemical and non-chemical measures which can be taken to
reduce the emission of methane in agriculture. For example, additives can be used in feed which lead to a meaningful
reduction. Some oils such as linseed, coconut, garlic and cotton oil are considered to be amongst the most effective additives
for methane mitigation. The general promotion of good health in cattle and sheep has also been proven to reduce emissions,
and has the added benefit of boosting their meat and dairy yield, and thus their value to farmers.

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Greening the UK’s Agriculture & Industry: Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are essential post-EU
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3.3.2. Fertilizers and gene editing could improve crop sustainability

GHGs are also produced from crop cultivation, both through the release of carbon in soils which are disturbed and through
the use of harmful fertilizers. As such, an essential component of improving efficiency in agriculture is the use of controlled
fertilizers and inhibitors to reduce nitrogen output on farms. Precision farming of crops to deliver nutrients and pesticides
more efficiently is also important, and can be aided by advanced monitoring, data management and smart deployment.
A more experimental but exciting approach includes gene editing in crops to foster disease resistance. Like the promotion of
good health in livestock, this delivers productivity gains for farms whilst reducing the turnover of crops and therefore the
disturbance of soil, in turn preventing the release of stored carbon. Gene editing is also being proposed to have the same
benefits for livestock, where it would also deliver reductions in methane emissions.

3.3.3. Bioeconomy is green agriculture’s buzzword

The promotion of a circular bioeconomy on farmland is quite complex, but has two main strands. Firstly, compacted soils
which create a need for cultivation and can lead to nitrous oxide emissions can be loosened as a preventative measure.
Secondly, anaerobic digestion can be harnessed to convert animal manures, crops and crop by-products into renewable
energy. These are practices already in place in many farms, but an even more widespread rollout will be needed to meet
agriculture’s net zero target.

3.4. The third pillar needs greater input from industry and
government bodies
The third pillar, aiming to improve fuel efficiency, introduce widespread renewable energy use on farms and drive the
circular bioeconomy forwards, is an area where government support is lacking. The UK’s 10-point plan for a Green Industrial
Revolution does not make explicit provisions for many of agriculture’s required steps towards its net zero future, and this is
one area where that lack will be particularly felt.
First, there is bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). This is the process of producing energy from organic
matter and capturing and storing the carbon produced. The NFU reports that this could deliver GHG savings of up to 22
MtCO2e per year in the next decade. Implementation of a currently industry-led Bioenergy Strategy by the Department for
Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) is essential here. This implementation involves a clear trajectory for carbon
prices, as well as demonstration projects at different scales to aid implementation by individual farms.
Meanwhile, displacement of fuel use by land-based renewables, which could reportedly deliver GHG savings of up to 3
MtCO2e per year, need government support for further growth. State-sourced incentives from bodies like BEIS and also the
Department for Environmental, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) could include credit awarded for GHG reductions.
All of these solutions are of course reliant on ground-up improvements in monitoring and data storage. A major objective
and enabler for UK agriculture, as for agriculture around much of the rest of the world, is greater accountability and
monitoring of emissions. Currently this is poor and inconsistent.

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Greening the UK’s Agriculture & Industry: Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are essential post-EU
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4. Large companies are taking the lead with green

industrial vehicles
A great deal of the press and attention in the UK’s ‘Green Industrial Revolution’ can be expected to go towards renewable
solutions in personal, but less will be received by transport in industry. As was shown in Figure 2, transport in general is the
second-biggest contributor to the UK’s CO2 emissions, making it a priority area for the government.
There are clear reasons for the greater visibility, and consequently the greater levels of government funding available for
personal transport. Progress with greener solutions in that area, namely personal electric vehicles (EVs) relies upon a great
deal of hype around innovations, corporate deals and government subsidies. Early adopters will be needed to get personal
EVs off the ground while they are still the more costly and less reliable option, in order for costs to come down and for
general demand to grow.
Vehicles in B2B sectors are also massive contributors to CO2 emissions, but developments in those areas are massively
industry-led, with less government support. That being said, developments are moving quickly in areas like haulage as well as
with industrial, non-transport vehicles and machinery in areas like construction.
Due to the many barriers to entry in the automotive industry, with huge setup costs for new entrants and complex supply
chains for smaller players to master, traditional industry heavyweights are leading the charge on renewable solutions. This
contrasts the industry with other areas like tech or consumer goods, where a lot of disruption comes from smaller players.

4.1. DHL is part of a growing trend towards greener logistics and

haulage
DHL’s plans for contributing to net zero targets make for a representative guide to how logistics and haulage can
revolutionize the deployment of vehicle fleets. The company has been particularly progressive in Europe, where
electrification as well as push-powered vehicles have had successful rollouts.

4.1.1. Last-mile vehicles have abundant opportunities for change

At a local level, the short-haul, last-mile sections of logistics networks represent the perfect opportunity for electrification of
vehicle fleets. A major obstacle to uptake of EVs in the consumer market has been their short range, but this would not be an
issue for many last-mile journeys. DHL has been particularly creative in this regard, and especially in European cities where it
serves as the leading logistics partner. In addition to its StreetScooter electric delivery van, the company has also rolled out
handcarts and trikes across some cities. In some European cities, it has reported that its eco-friendly cargo bikes like the
Cubicycle can handle up to 60% of inner-city delivery routes.

4.1.2. Infrastructure must adapt with vehicle fleets

The reliability of EVs in logistics fleets is of course dependent on robust and frequently-positioned warehouses and depots.
These facilities can not only contribute to the latter solution, for example with depots providing efficient and reliable
charging points for EVs; they can also reduce their own carbon footprint. Switching to hydroelectric sources to power
facilities is part of DHL’s strategy for achieving this, and the company is rolling out solar panels with high-frequency battery
chargers to ensure that its charging points have the maximum ecological benefit. Other solutions include smart motion
sensors which keep only the areas of a warehouse currently in use illuminated, and charging for forklifts during off-peak
hours.

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Greening the UK’s Agriculture & Industry: Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are essential post-EU
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4.1.3. Electrified highways are part of the future

Electrified highways are one area where DHL is reliant on wider developments to further its carbon reduction goals. Leading
automotive and haulage manufacturers are progressing with less carbon-intensive trucks for long-haul journeys (see Section
4.2), but electrified roads could be key to fully electrifying these vehicles. Known as e-roads, these are equipped with
overhead lines that transmit electricity to trucks as they travel. The world’s first publically-drivable e-roads have become
operational in Sweden, powered by Siemens. Trucks with special roof-mounted ‘pantographs’ for conducting electricity from
overhead wires can travel independently of fossil fuels. Siemens reports that these roads, if used in haulage just 30% of the
time, could save six million tons of CO2 each year, cutting energy consumption in this sector in half.

Figure 3: DHL’s push-powered (left) and electric (right) delivery vehicles.

© MarketLine
Source: DHL

4.2. H2Accelerate partnership shows highlights importance of

government support
In December 2020, Daimler Truck AG, IVECO, OMV, Shell and the Volvo Group formed a partnership to facilitate the rollout of
hydrogen-fueled trucks across Europe, known as the H2Accelerate initiative. The initiative demonstrates the role of leading
manufacturers in creating the conditions for a successful transition to a carbon-free haulage and logistics sector, but has also
raised awareness of the urgency of government support, and of the scale of the challenge.
Taking the view that hydrogen power, rather than electrification, is the key to hitting net zero carbon targets for this sector,
the companies involved in the partnership hope to promote zero-carbon hydrogen production facilities, large-scale hydrogen
distribution systems, a network of high-capacity refueling stations for liquid and gaseous hydrogen, and rapid production of
the hydrogen fueled trucks. Over the next decade, investments in these developments will begin with early adopters in the
form of logistics companies who choose to partner with the manufacturers. By the late 2020s, H2Accelerate aims to have
over 10,000 hydrogen-powered trucks on roads in Europe.
Government support will be essential for ensuring that early adoption leads to the long-term instilment of hydrogen logistics
networks. Therefore, partners in H2Accelerate have announced that they will engage with policy makers and regulators to
encourage support for the subsequent rollout in the form of subsidies, positive regulation and a general taking into account
of the role of hydrogen industrial vehicles in fulfilling green transitions like the UK’s Green Industrial Revolution.

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Greening the UK’s Agriculture & Industry: Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are essential post-EU
Published: January 2021 Case Studies

5. Manufacturing faces complex challenges

Manufacturing in the UK accounts for approximately 60% of carbon emissions in the country’s industrial sector, but these
emissions were shown to have decreased between 1990 and 2018 by 56.7 million metric tons. However, a survey by edie.net
in 2020 has suggested that UK manufacturers have suffered massive setbacks to their net zero strategies during the COVID-
19 crisis. Whilst a decline in production of some materials has of course reduced carbon emissions, priorities have shifted
towards responding to the crisis. Nonetheless, there are various strategies which can be put in place over the next decade to
revolutionize the manufacture of widely-used materials.

5.1. Steel represents a net zero opportunity with highly-attainable

solutions
According to the 2018 progress report by the UK’s Committee on Climate Change (CCC), iron and steel production account
for around 17% of emissions in the industrial sector. Various studies have found, however, that future growth in the demand
for UK steel specifically could be met entirely through recycling steel currently in use or at waste sites. Making steel from
scratch, however, requires iron ore, a serious emitter in its own right, and coal — arguably the most notorious fossil fuel and
one which has been eliminated altogether in many developed countries. Recycled steel is manufactured in electric arc
furnaces, which can be 100% renewable and generate no carbon emissions, assuming that the electricity which powers them
comes from renewable sources.
Because of the ongoing production of steel products, in tandem with improvements in recycling efficiency, the amount of
steel available to recycle will inevitably increase in the coming years. Recycled steel therefore represents a growing
opportunity for promoters of the UK’s net zero future. Alongside improvements in the process by which steel is made from
scratch, for example replacing the coal input with hydrogen, its contribution to net zero will be significant.

5.2. Cement’s harmful ingredient needs to be reduced

The CCC’s 2018 report cites 10% of industrial emissions coming from the manufacture of cement, which is one of the world’s
most intensively-used materials. Three key solutions exist already to drastically reduce emissions in cement production.
Firstly, manufacturers can reduce the amount of clinker in cement. Of the ingredients which make up the composite of
cement, clinker is the most prominent, and over half of emissions from cement manufacturing derive from it. Reducing
clinker concentration through novel distributions of raw materials could make a serious impact on cement’s eco-friendliness.
Secondly, the process by which clinker is added to the composite, in whatever quantity, could simply be made cleaner. Use of
cutting-edge ingredients such as graphene is one way to do this. Finally, the energy inputs of the process, which has
traditionally involved coal-powered cement kilns, could be replaced with renewable energy.

5.3. Carbon capture and storage is industry’s most exciting

prospect
Carbon capture and storage (CSS) has been a successful method of reducing emissions in the power sector, and is gradually
being introduced in industry as well. CSS involves capturing CO2 which is emitted from industrial processes — such as steel
and cement manufacture — before either storing it underground or harnessing it to produce fuel or other materials.

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Greening the UK’s Agriculture & Industry: Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are essential post-EU
Published: January 2021 Case Studies

In December 2020, the Norwegian government approved funding for the construction of the world’s first full-scale CCS
facility, which will be attached to a cement manufacturing plant. The goal of the facility is to begin halving the CO2 emissions
of cement production at the plant starting in the year 2024. Similar projects have been earmarked for government funding in
the UK as well. In 2019, the UK government announced £800m of funding for CSS facilities, with one of the biggest projects
being Net Zero Teesside. This project aims to decarbonize a cluster of carbon-intensive plants by 2030 using CSS technology,
and offers a blueprint of how industry could look in a future net zero UK.

Figure 4: The process of CSS explained.

© MarketLine
Source: change-climate.com

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Greening the UK’s Agriculture & Industry: Initiatives outside the consumer sphere are essential post-EU
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6. Appendix

6.1. Abbreviations and acronyms

Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
National Farmers' Union (NFU)
Electric vehicles (EVs)
Committee on Climate Change (CCC)
Carbon Capture and Storage (CSS)

6.2. Sources
OurWorldInData
UK Climate Change Commission

6.3. Further reading

Green New Deal: Key challenges and opportunities as principle is adopted around the world
– MarketLine Theme Report (2020)

7. Ask the analyst

We hope that the data and analysis in this case study will help you make informed and imaginative business decisions. If you
have any questions or further requirements, MarketLine's research team may be able to help you. The MarketLine Research
team can be contacted at ReachUs@MarketLine.com.

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