General Chemistry 2

Name:______________________________ Section:_______________
Group #: ___________________________ LABORATORY ACTIVITY 1

LABORATORY ACTIVITY SHEET

Intermolecular Forces

OBJECTIVE
To further understand the intermolecular forces of attraction.

DISCUSSION

Intermolecular Forces

The attractive and repulsive forces that arise between the molecules of a substance are termed as the intermolecular
forces. These forces are responsible for the physical and chemical properties of the matter. Intermolecular forces or
IMF are also known as the electrostatic forces between molecules and atoms.

Intermolecular forces exist between the molecules and affect the physical properties of a substance. The
intermolecular forces of attraction are the result of the reaction between the protons or positive compounds and the
electrons or negative compounds of a molecule.

Types of Intermolecular Forces

There are several types of intermolecular forces based on the bonds. Repulsive and interactive forces are the two kinds
of forces where electrostatic forces cause attraction. Van der Waals forces are another name for the intermolecular
forces of attraction.

The boiling point of different substances is directly proportional to the intermolecular forces. If the boiling point of a
substance increases, the strength of intermolecular forces also increases.

The boiling point of the different substances can be determined by the strength of their intermolecular forces. The
intermolecular forces break due to the absorbed heat while converting the liquid to vapor. There are various types of
interaction that affects the intermolecular forces such as:

Ion dipole interaction

The bond formed in ion-dipole interaction is between polar molecules and ions. The intensity of the interaction
depends on:

Charge and size of an ion

The proportion of the dipole moment

The magnitude of the polar molecule

Sodium chloride molecules dissolved in water are examples of intermolecular forces. Chlorine has negative ions (Cl-)
and sodium has positive ions (Na+). Water possessing polar molecules is attracted towards the oppositely charged
ions.

Learning Competency: STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-100

Prepared By: Angelika R. Lee
Dipole-dipole interaction

Dipole-dipole interaction occurs in polar molecules. The difference in the electronegativity of the atom which happens
due to covalent bonds, gives rise to permanent dipoles in the polar molecules. The positive part of the molecule is
attracted to the negative part of another molecule when two molecules interact with each other. Thus the force created
by the attraction is known as the dipole-dipole interaction.

For Example: In HCI, chlorine is partially negatively charged as it is more electronegative than hydrogen whereas
hydrogen is positively charged. The opposite charges cause the attractive forces which give rise to dipole-dipole
interaction. The polarity of the molecules helps in detecting the intensity of these forces.

Hydrogen Bonding

A hydrogen bond is an intermolecular force (IMF) that forms a special type of dipole-dipole attraction when a
hydrogen atom bonded to a strongly electronegative atom exists in the vicinity of another electronegative atom with a
lone pair of electrons.

Dispersion forces or London forces

Dispersion forces or London forces create temporary positively and negatively charged regions because of the
movement of the electrons. The electrically charged cloud of atoms and non-polar molecules is symmetrically
distributed, which is why they exist without a dipole moment. But atoms and molecules may show dipole properties
temporarily.

These forces are the weakest and travel only across a limited distance.

MATERIALS/APPARATUS

ACETONE

WATER

GLITTERS

FOOD COLORING

TABLE SALT

BEAKER (250mL)

*NOTE THE COLOR OF GLITTERS IS DIFFERENT FROM THE COLOR OF FOOD COLORING.

PROCEDURE

A. Acetone and Glitters Solution

i. Preparation of equipment/apparatus
1. Prepare 2 beaker (250mL).
2. Prepare the needed materials (Acetone and Glitters).
3. Wear facemask and gloves.
ii. Preparation of the solution
1. Pour 100mL of acetone in the beaker.
2. Pour some glitters in the beaker with acetone.
3. Mix and dissolve the glitters with acetone.
4. Observe the solution.

Learning Competency: STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-100

Prepared By: Angelika R. Lee
 B. Water and Food Coloring Solution
iii. Preparation of equipment/apparatus
1. Prepare 2 beaker (250mL).
2. Prepare the needed materials (Water and Food Coloring).
3. Wear facemask and gloves.
iv. Preparation of the solution
1. Pour 100mL of water in the beaker.
2. Pour some food coloring in the beaker with water.
3. Mix and dissolve the food coloring with water.
4. Observe the solution.

C. Combined Solution
v. Preparation of the combined solution
1. Prepare another beaker (250mL).
2. Pour the Acetone-glitters solution.
3. Then pour the Water-food coloring solution mixing with acetone-glitters solution.
4. Mix the two solution and observe.
5. After observing add some table salt (NaCl) in the combines solution.
6. Mix well and let it settle.
7. Observe.

OBSERVATIONS

I. Acetone-glitters solution.

II. Water-food coloring solutions.

III. Combined solution

Learning Competency: STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-100

Prepared By: Angelika R. Lee
 IV. Combined solution added with table salt

Interpretations

What is the observable Intermolecular forces of attraction present in the experiment, and explain it.

Reflection

Learning Competency: STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-100

Prepared By: Angelika R. Lee