Foundation Design

CONEN-452

Dr. Zaheer Abbas Kazmi

Email: zakazmi@iau.edu.sa

College of Engineering, Department of

Construction Engineering 1
 Rankine Theory of Active Pressure
If wall AB is not allowed to move, then
s’h = Ko s’o. The stress condition in the soil
can be represented by the Mohr’s circle a.
If the wall is allowed to move away from soil
mass gradually, horizontal principal stress will
decrease.
 Rankine Theory of Active Pressure

A
Rankine Theory of Active Pressure
𝜎𝑜 ′ − 𝜎𝑎 ′
𝑠𝑖𝑛∅′ = 2
′ ′ 𝜎𝑜 ′ + 𝜎𝑎 ′
𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑡∅ +
2
′ ′ ′ ′
𝜎𝑜 + 𝜎𝑎 𝜎𝑜 − 𝜎𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛∅′ 𝑐 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑡∅′ + =
2 2
′+𝜎 ′ ′−𝜎 ′
𝜎𝑜 𝑎 𝜎𝑜 𝑎
𝑐 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅′ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅′ =
2 2
𝜎𝑎 ′ 𝜎𝑎 ′ 𝜎𝑜
′ 𝜎𝑜
′
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅′ = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅′ − 𝑐 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅′
2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑎 ′ 𝜎 𝑜
′
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅′ = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅′ − 𝑐 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅′
2 2
′ ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅′
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 2𝑐
𝜎𝑎 ′ = 𝜎𝑜 ′ −
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅′
′
Rankine Theory of Active Pressure
Rankine Theory of Active Pressure

For cohesionless soils, c’ = 0

 Rankine Theory of Active Pressure

s a 2    1 − sin  
Ka = = tan  45 −  =
s o  2  1 + sin  

s a = zK a − 2c K a
 Rankine Theory of Passive Pressure

A
 Rankine Theory of Passive Pressure
The derivation for passive pressure is similar to that
for active state

For cohesionless soils, c’ = 0

Rankine Theory of Passive Pressure

s p 2    1 + sin  
Ka = = tan  45 +  =
s o  2  1 − sin  

s p = zK p + 2c K p
 Rankine Theory of Passive Pressure

45 – ‘/2

A
 Rankine Theory of Active Pressure

Active pressure –summary

s a 2    1 − sin  
Ka = = tan  45 −  =
s o  2  1 + sin  

s a = zK a − 2c K a
Rankine Theory of Passive Pressure
Passive pressure –summary

s p 2    1 + sin  
Ka = = tan  45 +  =
s o  2  1 − sin  

s p = zK p + 2c K p
Diagram for Lateral Pressure Distribution
Backfill – cohesionless soil with horiz. surface
Active case
𝜎𝑎 ′ = 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑧 − 2𝑐 ′ 𝐾𝑎
𝜎𝑎 ′ = 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑧

Pa = K aH 2
Diagram for Lateral Pressure Distribution
Backfill – cohesive soil with horizontal backfill
Active case s a = zK a − 2c K a

2c
zo =
s a = zo K a − 2c K a = 0  Ka
Diagram for Lateral Pressure Distribution
Backfill – cohesionless soil with horiz. surface
Passive case 𝜎𝑝 ′ = 𝐾𝑝 𝛾𝑧 + 2𝑐 ′ 𝐾𝑝
𝜎𝑎 ′ = 𝐾𝑝 𝛾𝑧

𝑃𝑝 = 𝐾𝑝 𝛾𝐻2
 Diagram for Lateral Pressure Distribution
Backfill – cohesive soil with horizontal backfill
Passive case
 Diagram for Lateral Pressure Distribution
Backfill – partially submerged cohesionless soil with surcharge
Active case 𝜎𝑝 ′ = 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑧 + 2𝑐 ′ 𝐾𝑎
𝜎𝑎 ′ = 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑧
 Diagram for Lateral Pressure Distribution
Backfill – partially submerged cohesionless soil with surcharge
Passive case 𝜎𝑝 ′ = 𝐾𝑝 𝛾𝑧 + 2𝑐 ′ 𝐾𝑝
𝜎𝑎 ′ = 𝐾𝑝 𝛾𝑧
 Problems Rankine’s Active Earth Pressure
Example Problem:
A 6-m retaining wall is to support a soil with unit weight𝛾 = 17.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 , soil
friction angle ∅′ = 26𝑜 and cohesion 𝑐 ′ = 14.36 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 . Determine the
Rankine’s active force per unit length of the wall both before and after the tensile
crack occurs. Also determine the line of action of the resultant in both the cases

∅
𝐾𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 45 − 2 =0.39
𝜎𝑎 ′ = 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑧 − 2𝑐 ′ 𝐾𝑎
𝛾 = 17.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
∅′ = 26𝑜
6m
𝑐 ′ = 14.36 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
 Problems Rankine’s Active Earth Pressure
Before Crack Appears
−17.95 𝜎𝑎 ′

P1
2.64 P1 = 23.69 kN/m
𝛾 = 17.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝑧 P2 = 38.25 kN/m
∅′ = 26𝑜
𝑐 ′ = 14.36 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
6m Pa = P2 – P1
Pa Pa = 38.25 – 23.69
6 − 2.64 Pa = 14.56 kN/m
= 3.36 P2

22.77
∅
𝐾𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 − )
2
𝜎𝑎 ′ = 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑧 − 2𝑐 ′ 𝐾𝑎 𝑧 𝑧𝑐 = 2𝑐 ′ /𝛾 𝐾𝑎
 Problems Rankine’s Active Earth Pressure
Before Crack Appears
−17.95 𝜎𝑎 ′

P1
2.64 P1 = -23.69 kN/m
𝛾 = 17.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝑧 P2 = 38.25 kN/m
∅′ = 26𝑜
𝑐 ′ = 14.36 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
6m Pa = P2 + P1
Pa Pa = 38.25+(– 23.69)
6 − 2.64 Pa = 14.56 kN/m
= 3.36 P2

22.77
∅
𝐾𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 − )
2
𝜎𝑎 ′ = 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑧 − 2𝑐 ′ 𝐾𝑎 𝑧 𝑧𝑐 = 2𝑐 ′ /𝛾 𝐾𝑎
 Problems Rankine’s Active Earth Pressure
Before Crack Appears
−17.95 𝜎𝑎 ′
0.88
23.69
2.64
𝛾 = 17.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝑧
∅′ = 26𝑜
𝑐 ′ = 14.36 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
6m
14.56
6 − 2.64
= 3.36 𝑧ҧ 38.25
1.12

22.77

14.56 × 𝑧ҧ = 38.25 × 1.12 − 23.69 × (6 − 0.88)

𝑧ҧ = 5.39 𝑚 𝑧
 Problems Rankine’s Active Earth Pressure
After Crack Appears
−17.95 𝜎𝑎 ′

2.64
𝛾 = 17.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 𝑧
∅′ = 26𝑜
𝑐 ′ = 14.36 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
6m

6 − 2.64
= 3.36 38.25
1.12

22.77

Pa = 38.25 kN/m
𝑧 𝒛ത = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 𝒎
 Problems Rankine’s Active Earth Pressure
For the retaining wall shown in Figure-3, determine the Rankine active
force, Pa, per unit length of the wall and the location of the resultant before
and after tensile crack.

𝐾𝑎1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 − ∅ൗ2)

Problems Rankine’s Active Earth Pressure

𝑲𝒂𝟏 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝟓 − ∅ൗ𝟐

𝑲𝒂𝟏 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟑𝟏ൗ𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟎

𝑲𝒂𝟐 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝟓 − ∅ൗ𝟐

𝑲𝒂𝟐 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟐𝟓ൗ𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟔

𝝈𝒂 = 𝑲𝒂 𝜸𝒁 − 𝟐𝒄′ √𝑲𝒂
𝝈𝒂 = 𝑲𝒂 (𝒒 + 𝜸𝒁) − 𝟐𝒄′ √𝑲𝒂
Problems Rankine’s Active Earth Pressure

Layer 1:
𝝈𝒂 ′ = 𝑲𝒂𝟏 𝒒 + 𝜸𝟏 𝒁𝟏 − 𝟐𝑪√𝑲𝒂𝟏
(𝝈𝒂 ′ )𝒁𝟏=𝟎 = −𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
(𝝈𝒂 ′ )𝒁𝟏=𝟒 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟏 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐

Layer 2:
𝝈𝒂 ′ = 𝑲𝒂𝟐 𝒒 + 𝜸𝟏 𝑯𝟏 + 𝜸𝟐 𝒁𝟐 − 𝟐𝑪√𝑲𝒂𝟐
(𝝈𝒂 ′ )𝒁𝟐=𝟎 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
(𝝈𝒂 ′ )𝒁𝟐=𝟒.𝟓 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟓𝟒 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐

Pore Water Pressure:

𝑼 = 𝜸𝒘 𝒁𝟐
(𝑼)𝒁𝟐=𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
(𝑼)𝒁𝟐=𝟒.𝟓 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
Problems Rankine’s Active Earth Pressure
Problems Rankine’s Active Earth Pressure
Problems Rankine’s Passive Earth Pressure

𝑲𝒑𝟏 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝟓 + ∅ൗ𝟐

𝑲𝒑𝟏 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝟓 + 𝟑𝟏ൗ𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟒

𝑲𝒑𝟐 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝟓 + ∅ൗ𝟐

𝑲𝒑𝟐 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝟓 + 𝟐𝟓ൗ𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟎

𝝈𝒑 = 𝑲𝒑 𝜸𝒁 + 𝟐𝒄√𝑲𝒑
Problems Rankine’s Active Earth Pressure

Layer 1:
𝝈𝒑 ′ = 𝑲𝒑𝟏 𝒒 + 𝜸𝟏 𝒁𝟏 + 𝟐𝑪√𝑲𝒑𝟏
(𝝈𝒂 ′ )𝒁𝟏=𝟎 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
(𝝈𝒂 ′ )𝒁𝟏=𝟒 = 𝟐𝟕𝟐. 𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐

Layer 2:
𝝈𝒂 ′ = 𝑲𝒑𝟐 𝒒 + 𝜸𝟏 𝑯𝟏 + 𝜸𝟐 𝒁𝟐 + 𝟐𝑪√𝑲𝒑𝟐
(𝝈𝒂 ′ )𝒁𝟐=𝟎 = 𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
(𝝈𝒂 ′ )𝒁𝟐=𝟒.𝟓 = 𝟑𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐

Pore Water Pressure:

𝑼 = 𝜸𝒘 𝒁𝟐
(𝑼)𝒁𝟐=𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
(𝑼)𝒁𝟐=𝟒.𝟓 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
 Rankine’s Earth Pressure with Sloping Backfill
Backfill: Granular soil
cos  − cos 2  − cos 2  
K a = cos 
cos  + cos 2  − cos 2  

1
Pa = K aH 2
2 If backfill is a granular
soil with ’ and c’=0
cos  + cos 2  − cos 2  
K p = cos 
cos  − cos 2  − cos 2  

1 H/3
Pp = K pH 2
2
Rankine’s Earth Pressure with Sloping Backfill
Active earth pressure coefficient KaBackfill: Granular soil

Passive earth pressure coefficient Kp

Rankine’s Earth Pressure with Sloping Backfill
Active earth pressure coefficient KaBackfill: Granular soil

Passive earth pressure coefficient Kp