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2024/2023

‫منظومات الفرامل‬ ‫المعرفه‬

TPK22 ‫كود المعرفه‬
A. Complete the following sentences:
1. Brake system types are: Mechanical brake, Hydraulic brake, Pneumatic brake and
Electrical brake.
2. Braking time (t) is the sum of response, threshold and delay times.
3. The Factors affecting on braking distance Driving speed, Road condition, Tire
condition, The condition of brakes, The condition of the brake pads, The brake type
4. Moisture can enter the fluid when the fluid is exposed to the atmosphere.
5. Brake fluid must be able to flow freely at extremely high temperatures (500°F
[260°C]) and at very low temperatures (-104°F [-75°C]).
6. Brake fluid must resist evaporation.
7. There are more types of brake fluid DOT3, DOT4, DOT5 and DOT5.1
8. tRes mean Response time.
9. Delay period is the braking deceleration remains constant until the vehicle comes to
a halt.
10. Threshold time (Tthr) is the time when the pressure in the brake system is
increased during it.
11. Response time (tRes) is the time depending on the clearance of brake system.
12. Braking time (t) is the sum of response time threshold time and delay time.
13. The operating principle of the hydraulic brake is based on Pascal's law.
14. Brake fluid is the lifeblood of any hydraulic brake system.
15. Brake fluid also serves as a lubricant for many parts to ensure smooth and even
operation.
16. The Dry boiling point for DOT3 is 205oc
17. The Dry boiling point for DOT4 is 230oc
18. The Dry boiling point for DOT5 is 260oc
 19. The wet boiling point for DOT3 is 140oc
20. The wet boiling point for DOT4 is 155oc
21. The wet boiling point for DOT5 is 180oc
22. The wet boiling point for DOT5.1 is 180oc
23. An electronic tester can be used to measure the actual boiling temperature of the brake
fluid.
24. Hydraulic brake system components are Brake pedal, Brake lamp switch, Brake
booster, Master cylinder, Hydraulic fluid.
25. A hydraulic system uses a brake fluid to transfer pressure from the brake pedal to
the pads.
26. The master cylinder changes the driver’s Mechanical pressure on the pedal to
hydraulic force.
27. A Brake Booster is a device that increases the force applied from the brake pedal to
the master cylinder.
28. brake lines are used to transfer brake fluid.
29. There are two types of hydraulic brake disc brake and drum brake.
30. When the driver press on the brake pedal, the power is amplified by the brake
booster. And changed into a hydraulic pressure by the master cylinder.
B. Write TRUE or FALSE for the following sentences:
1. Brake fluid should always be kept in a sealed container and should only be exposed to
outside air for limited periods. (true)
2. Brake fluid must be able to flow freely at extremely high temperatures (500°c) and at
very low temperatures (-104°c) (false)
3. Brake fluid also serves as a lubricant for many parts to ensure smooth and even
operation. (true)
4. Brake fluid must fight corrosion and rust in the brake lines. (true)
5. The typical recommended brake fluid change interval is every two years or every
30,000 miles. (true)
6. DOT 3 is commonly called silicone brake fluid. (false)
7. DOT 4 does not absorb any water. (false)
8. DOT 5 should not be mixed with any other type of brake fluid. (true)
9. Dry boiling point of DOT 3 is 205 c (false)
10.Wet boiling point of DOT 5 is equal DOT 5.1 (true)
11.The purpose of the stop lamp switch is to alert following road users (true)
12.A hydraulic system uses a brake fluid to transfer pressure from the brake pedal to the
pads or shoes. (true)
13.The brake booster changes the driver’s Mechanical pressure on the pedal to hydraulic
force (false)
 14.A Brake Booster is a device that increases the force applied from the brake pedal to the
master cylinder. (true)
15.Braking time (t) is the sum of response, threshold and delay times. (true)
16.Driving speed effect on braking distance. (true)
17.ohm's law says that the pressure on fluid which is enclosed on all sides act evenly on
all sides. (false)
18.Brake fluid is the lifeblood of any hydraulic brake system. (true)
19.The brake fluid level should be Above the maximum level. (false)
20.New brake fluid is clear or amber in color. (true)
21.A pneumatic brakes system is a braking mechanism that uses brake fluid to transmit
force into the system. (false)
22.The brake booster is where the brake’s hydraulic system gets its start. (false)
23.A Brake Booster is a device that increases the force applied from the brake pedal to the
master cylinder. (true)
24.brake hoses and brake lines are used to transfer brake fluid. (true)
25.Brake hoses are used as flexible connecting lines in all moving areas. (true)
26.With the exception of the rotor, the caliper is the largest part of a disc brake friction
assembly. (true)
27.the brake booster uses hydraulic pressure to create the mechanical force required to
move the brake pads into contact with the brake rotor. (false)
28.The lining of a disc brake is part of an assembly Called the brake pad. (true)
29.some pads use an electrical pad wear indicator that is embedded into the pad’s friction
material. (true)
30.When the driver press on the brake pedal, the power is amplified by the brake pads.
(false)
31.Wheel cylinders convert hydraulic pressure from the master cylinder into a mechanical
force at the brakes. (true)
32.The ends of the linings on most brake shoes are tapered to prevent vibration and brake
noise. (true)
33.With electric parking brakes, there is no need for a parking brake lever or pedal. (true)
C. Answer the following questions:
1. what is the Brake System Functions?
• The braking system must decelerate a vehicle in a controlled and when appropriate
cause the vehicle to stop.
• The braking system should permit the vehicle to maintain a constant speed when
travelling downhill.
• The braking system must hold the vehicle stationary when on the flat or on a gradient.
2. Determine the brake system types?
• Mechanical brake system: through pedal, lever and control cable for example when
applying the parking brake in a passenger car.
• Hydraulic brake system: caused by fluid pressure in the brake line for example when
applying the service brake in a passenger car.
• Pneumatic brake system: caused by compressed air in the brake line for example when
applying the service brake in a commercial vehicle.
• Electrical brake system: caused by electrical leads or the magnetic field in an electric
retarder for commercial vehicles continuous brake systems.
3. Explain the following terms:
• Reaction time (tr): this is the time needed by the driver between recognizing a hazard
and pressing on the brake pedal. This depends on the physical and mental condition of
the driver.
• Braking time (t): the sum of response, threshold, and delay times.
• Delay period (tD): the braking deceleration remains constant until the vehicle comes to
a halt.
4. What are the factors affect in braking distance?
• Driving speed
• Road condition (dry, wet, icy)
• Tire condition (tread depth, tire pressure).
• The condition of brakes (worn, stiff, damaged, corroded)
• The condition of the brake pads (wet, dray, oily)
• The brake type (drum brake or disc brake)
• The weight of the vehicle and weight distribution.
5. Determine the brake fluid properties.
• Brake fluid must be able to flow freely at extremely high temperatures (500°F
[260°C]) and at very low temperatures (-104°F [-75°C]).
• Brake fluid also serves as a lubricant for many parts to ensure smooth and even
operation.
• Brake fluid must fight corrosion and rust in the brake lines.
• Brake fluid must resist evaporation.
6. How to check the brake fluid? (two methods)
• Proper Level: The brake fluid level should be Above the minimum level (labeled MIN)
and below the maximum (labeled MAX).
• Color/Condition. New brake fluid is clear or amber in color. If the brake fluid is black
or discolored like black coffee or coffee with cream, the fluid should be changed
• Boiling Point Tester. An electronic tester can be used to measure the actual boiling
temperature of the brake fluid. The tester probe is inserted into the brake fluid and
then a button is pushed and the boiling temperature is displayed.
7. What is the hydraulic brake system main component?
• Brake pedal
• Brake lamp switch
• Brake booster
• Master cylinder
• Hydraulic fluid
• Fluid reservoir
• Disc brake or drum brake
• Wheel brake cylinder
• Brake pads or shoes
• Brake Tubes and hoses

8. Draw two types of brake system configuration?

9. Write the main advantages of disc brake.

• Increased resistance to brake fade
• Quicker shedding of water from the friction surfaces
• Self-cleaning of dust and debris
• Self-adjusting
10.Write the main disadvantages of disc brake.
• Disc brakes are more expensive compare to drum brake.
• Too many components used in this brake so increases weight.
• It produced more noise
11.Write the disc brake operating principles.
When the driver press on the brake pedal, the power is amplified by the brake booster.
And changed into a hydraulic pressure by the master cylinder. The pressure reaches the
brakes on the wheels via tubing filled with brake oil. The delivered pressure pushes the
pistons. The pistons in turn press the brake pads, which are friction material, against the
brake rotors which rotate with the wheels. The pads clamp on the rotors from both sides
and decelerate the wheels, thereby slowing down and stopping the vehicle.
12. Write the drum brake advantages:
• Simple design.
• Fewer parts.
• Easy & cheaper to manufacture.
• Low maintenance cost.
• Comparatively longer life.
13.Write the drum brake disadvantages:
• Dust buildup within the drum that often causes brake noise.
• The brake shoe lining made of asbestos is harmful to humans.
• Mechanical brake fade as the drum expands from heat generation.
• Poor heat dissipation compared to disc brakes.
• need for a self-adjusting
14.Write the causes and how to fix the following brake problems.
• Poor performance when stopping
Cause: Pad linings worn or Low brake fluid level
Correction: Replace brake pad or Adjust brake fluid level
• Spongy pedal
Cause: Air in the hydraulic system or Hydraulic fluid leak
Correction: Air bleeding or Check for leaks
15.Write the Parking brake types.
• Mechanical parking brake (Lever or Pedal)
• Electric parking brakes
D. Choose the correct answer:
1) ………is the sum of response, threshold and delay times.
a) Braking time b) Response time c) Threshold time
2) the pressure in the brake system is increased during the …………….
a) Braking time b) Response time c) Threshold time
3) ………….. affecting on braking distance.
a) driving speed b) road condition c) a and b
4) ………. is the lifeblood of any hydraulic brake system.
a) brake fluid b) master cylinder c) push road
5) ………….can absorb 2% of its volume in water per year.
a) DOT5.1 b) DOT3 c) DOT4
6) ……………is a non-silicone-based poly-glycol fluid.
a) DOT5.1 b) DOT3 c) DOT4
7) ………………is commonly called silicone brake fluid.
a) DOT5.1 b) DOT5 c) DOT4
8) Dry boiling point for DOT3 is ………
a) 205 o c b) 230 o c c) 260 o c
9) Dry boiling point for DOT4 is ………
a) 205 o c b) 230 o c c) 260 o c
10) Dry boiling point for DOT5 is ………
a) 205 o c b) 230 o c c) 260 o c
11) Dry boiling point for DOT5.1 is ………
a) 205 o c b) 230 o c c) 260 o c
12) Wet boiling point for DOT3 is ………
a) 140 o c b) 155 o c c) 180 o c
13) Wet boiling point for DOT4 is ………
a) 140 o c b) 155 o c c) 180 o c
14) Wet boiling point for DOT5 is ………
a) 140 o c b) 155 o c c) 180 o c
15) ……………….. can be used to measure the actual boiling temperature of the brake
fluid.
a) AVO b) boiling point taster c) hydrometer
16) ……………. is used to alert following road users to the fact that the driver of the
vehicle in front of them is applying the brakes.
a) brake pedal b) master cylinder c) brake lamp switch
17) ……………… transmits the pressure on the brake pedal to each of the four-wheel
a) brake pedal b) master cylinder c) brake lamp switch
18) ………..changes the driver’s Mechanical pressure on the pedal to hydraulic force
a) brake pedal b) master cylinder c) brake lamp switch
19) ………… is a device that increases the force applied from the brake pedal to the
master cylinder.
a) brake pedal b) master cylinder c) brake booster
20) …………. convert hydraulic pressure from the master cylinder into a mechanical
force at the brakes.
a) wheel cylinder b) master cylinder c) brake booster
E. Label the following parts:

1 Cylinder body 6 Shim

2 Lock pin 7 Pads

3 Mounting bracket 8 Piston

4 Pad clip 9 Piston seal

5 Guide pin 10 Bleeder screw

1 Barking lever 6 Shoe hold spring

2 lining 7 Leading shoe

3 Trailing shoe 8 Return spring

4 Adjuster lever 9 Wheel cylinder

5 Drum 10 Back plate

1 Boot 4 Return spring

2 cup 5 Bleeder screw

3 Wheel cylinder body 6 Piston

 ‫االنظمه المساعده للفرامل‬ ‫المعرفه‬
TPK23 ‫كود المعرفه‬
A) Complete the following sentences:
1. The purpose of the speed sensor is to monitor the speed of each wheel.
2. wheel speed sensors are located on the wheels that monitor the
speed of each wheel.
3. ESP is referring to Electronic stability programme
4. EBD is referring to Electric brake distribution
5. BA is referring to Brake assist system
6. Hydraulic modulator usually contains electric motors, solenoids, and valves that
control the flow of brake fluid to the wheel brakes based on input from the ECM.
7. The control unit uses the signals from the Wheel-speed sensors to compute the
speed of the wheels.
8. The task of the steering-angle sensor is to measure the position of the steering
wheel
9. A yaw-rate sensor registers all the movements of the vehicle around its vertical
axis.
10. brake assist systems help reduce the stopping distance when emergency braking
takes place in a car.

B) Answer the following questions:

1. What is the ABS system function?
• Control the braking pressure of every wheel according to its speed.
• Prevent wheel locking.
• Enable the driver to maintain steering control during braking.
• Less braking distance
2. Write the ABS system main component.
• Wheel speed sensor
• ECU (engine control unit)
• Hydraulic modulator
3. Discuss ABS operating principles.
In a vehicle, wheel speed sensors are located on the wheels that monitor the speed of
each wheel. The electronic control unit (ECU) reads the signal from each sensor. After
the speed sensors detect that the speed of any of the wheel(s) is reducing drastically
 compared to others, the ECU sends the signal to the hydraulic modulator to reduce the
brake pressure. After this, the wheels start to accelerate again, and the signal is sent to
the ECU one more time, which in turn sends the signal to increase the brake pressure,
and hence, brakes are applied. The cycle repeats itself until the application of brakes
becomes normal.
4. Write EBD main component?
- Speed sensor
- Electronic control unit
- Brake force modulator
5. Write ESP main component?
- ESP-Hydraulic unit with integrated (ECU)
- Wheel-speed sensor
- Steering-angle sensor
C) Choose the correct answer:
1. ………….. monitor the speed of each wheel and then to determine the acceleration
and de-acceleration of the wheels
a) yaw sensor b) speed sensor c) ECU
2. ……………contains electric motors, solenoids, and valves that control the flow of
brake fluid to the wheel brakes based on input from the ECM.
a) hydraulic modulator b) speed sensor c) ECU
3. ………………gets the information from all the wheels and then control or limit the
brake force to each wheel.
a) hydraulic modulator b) speed sensor c) ECU

4. …………… is an automobile brake technology that automatically varies the

amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's brakes, based on road conditions,
speed, loading, etc.

a) EPS b) ABS c) ESP

5. …………..are used by the EBD system to modulate or control the braking force
applied to each tire.
a) Brake force modulator b) speed sensor c) ECU
6. The control unit uses the signals from the …………… to compute the speed of the
wheels.
 a) Brake force modulator b) speed sensor c) ECU
7. ………………measure the position of the steering wheel by determining the
steering angle.
a) yaw sensor b) speed sensor c) steering angle sensor
8. ………registers all the movements of the vehicle around its vertical axis.
a) yaw sensor b) speed sensor c) steering angle sensor
9. EBD mean………….
a. electric brake distribution c. engine power distributer
b. electric body control
10.BA mean……………
a) brake assist b) brake angle c) body control
 ‫منظومات الوقود والشحن الجبري والعادم‬ ‫المعرفه‬
TPK6 ‫كود المعرفه‬
A. Write TRUE or FALSE for the following sentences:
1. Knocking happened in the cylinder when the air/fuel mixture explode inside the
envelope of the normal combustion front by the spark plug. Fault
2. In Idle is defined as the operating status in which the torque generated by the engine is
just sufficient to compensate for friction. TRUE
3. Carburetor a Mechanical Mechanism It was the common method of fuel delivery as a
direct injection. Fault

4. ηv=geometric volume of the cylinder (theoretical)/volume of air drawn the cylinder

(actual). FAULSE
5. In Full Load At WOT (wide-open throttle) supplementary enrichment may be required.
As this enrichment furnishes maximum torque and power. TRUE
6. Air Filter The primary purpose of the air filter is to prevent airborne contaminants and
dust from entering the cylinders in the engine. TRUE
7. Exhaust manifold It distributes the clean air or air-fuel mixture as evenly as possible to
each cylinder of the engine via short runners. FAULSE
8. Exhaust manifold gasket seals the connection between the manifold and cylinder head,
this prevents exhaust leakage out of the connection. TRUE
9. Oxygen sensors (lambda sensor) an electronic device that measures the proportion of
oxygen (O2) in the aghast gas. TRUE
10.Heat shields are used to protect other parts from the heat of the exhaust system and the
catalytic converter. TRUE
11.When a small diameter runner is used, the air will move into the cylinders faster these
decreases volumetric efficiency at low engine speeds. (TRUE )
12. Turbochargers are positive displacement air pumps driven directly by the engine’s
crankshaft via a V-ribbed belt. ( TRUE)
13. Turbo lag occurs as exhaust gas requires time to build enough energy to spin the
wheels fast enough to respond to the engine’s speed. (TRUE)
 14. Inside the turbocharger, the turbine wheel (cold wheel) and the compressor wheel (hot
wheel) are mounted on the same shaft. (FAULSE)
15.Before loosening or disconnecting fuel lines, all pressure in the system must be
released, as the high pressurized fuel can spray on something hot and cause a fire or
spray into your eyes and cause a serious injury. (TRUE)
16.When working on a fuel system in the engine compartment, disconnect the negative
cable of the battery. An electrical spark may cause a fire or explosion. (TRUE)
17.Slowly remove the fuel filler cap. If the cap is venting vapor or if you hear a hissing
sound, wait until it stops before completely removing the cap. (TRUE)
18. Smoking when working on or near any fuel related component, also Do not allow heat
or flames to be near while working on or near the fuel system. (TRUE)
19.Cleaning all fuel spills immediately; spilled fuel may be ignited by hot components.
(TRUE)
20.When disconnecting and reconnecting a fuel line or hose, we use the tools designed for
that connection. (TRUE)
21.Most air cleaner elements are made from micro porous paper, which allows a good
flow of air but traps airborne dust. (TRUE).
22.Airlifter controls the amount of air entering the engine. (FAULSE),
23.Intake manifolds for today’s engines are typically made of plastic, these materials are
used to increases weight on the engine. (FAULSE).
24.In a four-cylinder engine has either three runners connected to the cylinder head.
(FAULSE).
25.The inside diameter of the runners also affects the delivery of air, when a small
diameter runner is used, the air will move into the cylinders faster these increases
volumetric efficiency at low engine speeds. (TRUE).
B. Complete the following sentences:
1. ηv= volume of air drawn the cylinder (………….)/geometric volume of the cylinder
(………). actual theoretical.
2. The stoichiometric air–fuel mixture is about (…………) for every (………) gram of fuel,
(………) grams of air are required. (14.7:1), (1), (14.7).
3. In Cold starting engines the (…………) phenomenon occurs as a result of (……….) of
air and fuel, the mixture goes lean. (lean-mixture), (poor mixing).
4. Single point injection is a fuel injector located (……….) the throttle valve and it
conceders as Electrical (…………) injection. (Before), (indirect)
5. Multi point indirect injection system are more than one fuel injectors in (……….) cylinder
has its own injector located just (……..)the intake valve. (each), (before).
6. An intake manifold has two basic main components a (……….) and (……….) as air
enters the intake manifold, it moves throw it to each cylinders. (Plenum). (Runners)
7. Catalytic Converters (three-way converter) is a part of the exhaust system, It helps to
reduce (………) of the exhaust and a very important part of the emission control system,
the main function is to it oxidizes HC and CO by adding (………...) and reduces NOx.
(emission) (Oxygen)
8. If the exhaust system had a Catalytic Converters There are (……….) O2 sensors in a four-
cylinder engine on the exhaust pipe. by heating a (…………) element in the tube inside
the sensor that generates a voltage sends to the ECU. (Two) (zirconia)
9. There is an additional muffler, known as a resonator or silencer which is like a mini
muffler with less restriction. It’s an (……….) echo chamber the exhaust travels through it,
resonates, and some of the noises (………) each other out. (empty) (cancel)
10.Exhaust manifold (………….) the burnt gases as they are expelled from the cylinders and
directs them to the exhaust pipe, as the exhaust manifold can become red-hot, causing a
great deal of (….…….) and contraction. (collects) (expansion)
11.An octane number or rating is a standard measure of a fuel's ability to withstand
compression in an internal combustion engine without (………….). The higher the octane
number, the more compression the fuel can withstand before (………….). (knocking)
(knocking) .
12.There are two primary standard reference fuels (……….,) and (…………), does not
knock in an engine but is not used in gasoline because of its expensive. (isooctane)
(heptane)
13. Gasoline is very (…………). It readily evaporates, so it’s (……….) adequately mixes
with air for combustion. Only vaporized fuel supports combustion. (volatile) (vapor)
14.When the sulfur in the fuel is burned, it combines with oxygen to form sulfur (……….)
This compound can combine with water to form sulfuric (……….), which is a highly
corrosive compound. (Dioxide) (Acid )
15.The fuel (………….) sprays the fuel for mixing with the flow of air and this air-fuel
mixture enters the intake manifold. The intake manifolds further (………….) the mixture
to all cylinders. (Injector)(distributes)
16.Multi point injection system there are four fuel (………….) each cylinder has its own
injector located just (…………) the intake valve. (injectors) (before).
17.Direct injection system each cylinder has its own injector that sprays fuel direct (…….)
the combustion chamber under high pressure. The control unit controls the amount of fuel
injected according to some input readings from (……….). (inside) (sensors).
18.The primary purpose of the (…………) is to prevent airborne contaminants and dust from
entering the cylinders as they can cause serious damage and shorten engine life, therefore
all intake air should pass through the (……….) before entering the engine. (air filter) (air
filter).
19.The (……….) it controls the amount of air entering the engine, and the (………….) is
horizontal to allow maximum airflow into the engine. (Throttle body) (throttle plate).
20.On older vehicles, the throttle plate is controlled by the throttle (……….) which is
attached to the accelerator or gas pedal, while modern vehicles use (……….) throttle
control (ETC) systems. (cable) (electronic).
21.The (………) distributes the clean air or air-fuel ratio as evenly as possible to each
(………) of the engine via short runners. (Intake manifold) (cylinder) .
22.Many engines have variable intake manifolds, which are controlled by the PCM, these
manifolds change the size of the (……….) area and/or change the length and effective
diameter of the (…….) according to engine speed. (plenum) (runners).
23. There are harmful gases generated in the gases of the gasoline engines which is (………),
hydrogen carbon(HC), (……….) and Sulphur dioxide (SO2). carbon monoxide (CO),
nitrogen oxide (NOx).
24.The (……….) collects the burnt gases as they are expelled from the cylinders and directs
them to the exhaust pipe. It is bolted to the head in a way that will allow (…………) and
contraction. (Exhaust manifold) (expansion).
25.Exhaust manifold (……….) seals the connection between the manifold and cylinder head,
this prevents exhaust gasses (……….) out of the connection. (gasket) (leakage).
26.The mean function of the Catalytic Converters is reducing the (………) and it helps also
to reduce the (……….) level of the exhaust. (Emission)(noise).
27.The three-way converter (TWC) control emission gases, as it oxidizes HC and CO by
adding (………) and reduces NOx by removing oxygen from the (……….) oxides.
(oxygen) (nitrogen).
28.Inside the turbocharger, the (……….) wheel (hot wheel) and the (……….) wheel (cold
wheel) are mounted on the same shaft. (Turbine)(compressor).
29.turbochargers have a (…………) valve which is gpart of the turbine housing, it allows a
certain amount of exhaust gas to bypass the turbine when the (…………) exceeds a
certain value. (wastegate) (pressure).
 30.Superchargers are positive displacement air pumps driven directly by the engine’s
(…………) via a V-ribbed belt, the air enters the supercharger and is pressurized by the
spinning (……….) and then passes through to the intake manifold. (crankshaft)(rotors).
C. Choose the correct answer from A or B or C:
1. Air–fuel equivalence ratio is Rich mixtures when ……………………… .
A) λ = 1.0. B) λ < 1.0. C) λ > 1.0.
2. Any mixture greater than 14.7:1 is considered ……………………….. .
A) A rich mixture. B) A lean mixture. C) A stoichiometric mixture.
3. Any mixture less than 14.7:1 is……………………….. .
A) A rich mixture. B) A lean mixture. C) A stoichiometric mixture.
4. (………) It controls the amount of air entering the engine.
A) Throttle body. B) Air math sensor. c) Intake manifold.
5.(…………) the primary goal of their design is the capability to deliver equal amounts of air
to each cylinder.
A) intake manifold. B) Exhaust manifold. C) Air Filter.
6. In the variable intake manifolds a (……….) changes the size of the plenum area and
change the length in the effective diameter of the runners according to engine speed and load.
A) Throttle body. B) Exhaust manifold. C) butterfly valve.
7.(……………) permit exhaust gases to pass through a single tube contains metal, fiberglass,
or some other kind of sound-absorbing material that tend to break up pressure pulsations.
a) Straight-through mufflers. b) Resonator. c) Reverse-flow mufflers.
8.(……….) the last pipe in the exhaust system and releases the exhaust fumes into the
atmosphere beyond the back end of the car.
A) Resonator B) Tail pipe. C) Mufflers.
9. (……………) is a standard measure of fuel’s ability to withstand the high pressure without
knocking.
a) Volumetric efficiency b) Volatility c) Octane number
10. If λ= 1.8, this means that (………………………………………)
a) Air-mass corresponds to the theoretical requirements b) The mixture is lean c) The
mixture is rich

11. The carburetor (………………………………………

a) Has simple design b) Is difficult to service c) Can provide a perfect air-fuel ratio
12. Turbocharger is used to (……………………………………………………)
a) Increase the engine volumetric efficiency b) Increase the pressure of the air drawn into
the cylinders
c) Increase engine output speed.
13. The( ………………………) distributes the clean air or air-fuel ratio as evenly as
possible to each cylinder of the engine.
a) exhaust manifold b) intake manifold c) Throttle body
14. The supercharger does not require a (……….) to limit boost and prevent a potentially
damaging over-boost condition.
a) by-pass b) wastegate c) cooler
15. The intercooler removes heat from the air which is going throw it to increases the
(……….) of the air and the oxygen on it.
A) oxidizes b) nitrogen C) density
16. The supercharger is belt driven and spins at (……….) times the speed of the crankshaft.
a) five b) three c) ten
17. The supercharger is used to boost power at (……….) speeds and the turbocharger boosts
power at high speeds.
a) low b) normal c) high
18. The (………….) circuit allows the supercharger to idle when the extra power is not
needed, it routes any excess air in the intake manifold back through the supercharger.
a) waste gate b) by-pass c) rotor
19. When the (…………….) clutch is energized by the PCM in the Supercharger operation
the clutch pulley rotates with the drive belt.
a) electric b) electronic c) magnetic
20. The (………….) draws fuel from the fuel tank and pushes it through fuel lines to the
engine’s injection system.
a) Fuel pump b) fuel filter c) injection rail
21. the (………….) screens out dirt and dust particles from the fuel, keeping them from
entering the engine and causing damage.
a) fuel pipe b) Fuel filter c) injectors
22. The (……….) carry fuel from the tank to the fuel filter and fuel injection assembly, they
can be made of either metal tubing or flexible nylon or synthetic rubber hose.
a) fuel pump b) fuel filter c) Fuel lines
23. For a safety instruction during working on fuel system Always wear (…………) and
follow all other safety rules to prevent injury to yourself or others when servicing fuel
systems.
a) eye protection b) safety shoes c) sun cap
D. Answer the following question:
1. describe two Disadvantages of carburetor?
Answer:
- Cannot provide a perfect air-fuel ratio consistently.
- Fuel economy is very low.
- Ununiformed fuel supply to all cylinders.
- It wets the intake manifold by forming a layer of fuel on the intake manifold.

2. Describe three advantages of Multi point fuel injection system?

Answer:
1. Better atomization of fuel.
2. Smooth operation of engine.
3. Reduces the fuel consumption and makes the vehicle more efficient and economical.
4. Reduces the emission.
5. It encourages distribution of more uniform air-fuel mixture to each cylinder.
3. Describe three Advantages of direct fuel injection system:
 Answer;
1. Increased Volumetric efficiency.
2. Lower Exhaust Emission.
3. High quality fuel distribution.
4. Produce more power

B) Choose the correct answer between the brackets.

1) The knocking is the result of mixture ………..
A. Low temperature B. excess fuel C. high pressure
2) The scientific expression of the knocking is known as ………
A. Pre-ignition B. overlap C. misfire
3) When two different explosion waves met each other inside the cylinder the engine ……….
A. stopped B. creates metallic pinging sound C. exhaust gases turn white
4) Volumetric efficiency used to measure ………..
A. engine’s ability to carry out work B. engine total volume C. cylinder volume
5) Volumetric efficiency can be measured at ………..
A. compression stroke B. intake stroke C. power stroke
6) ηv is the ratio of the volume of air draw the cylinder to ………….
A. Volume of fuel injected B. engine total volume C. cylinder swept volume
7) Lambda number helps to measure ………..
A. engine efficiency B. fuel consumption C. air-fuel ratio
8) Mixture excess air means ……….
A. λ = 1 B. λ < 1 C. λ > 1
9) The rich mixture determine the fuel ……… quantity
A. high B. ideal C. low
10) At engine post-start phase the measured λ = ……
A. One B. less than one C. more than one
11) Engine reaches Maximum power when the mixture is ………
A. Lean B. ideal C. rich
12) The octane number is established by the percentage of ………. In the mixture
A. Heptane B. isooctane C. propane
13) Octane number is measure the fuel’s ability to withstand ……… without knocking
A. high pressure B. high temperature C. explosion
14) Octane number indicate the percentage of ……… the fuel can contain before knocking
A. isooctane B. heptane C. propane
15) When the sulfur in the fuel is burned with oxygen, it forms ….. Compound
A. Normal B. poisoned C. contaminated
16) The corrosion that happened by sulfuric acid can cause …………
A. cylinder corrosion B. exhaust valve pitting C. piston deformation
17) Carburetor working principle is to increase air ……….
A. pressure B. velocity C. volume
18) One of Carburetor disadvantage is ………….
A. engine low power B. low fuel economy C. high cost
19) The fuel injector in the single point injection system is located …………
A. before intake valve B. before throttle valve C. after throttle valve
20) At multipoint injection system the fuel injected ………..
A. before intake valve B. before intake manifold C. inside cylinder
21) At the direct injection system the charge entering the cylinder is ……….
A. air B. air-fuel mixture C. fuel
22) Air filter is made of …………….
A. micro porous paper B. sponge material c. cardboard paper
23) ………… it controls the amount of air entering the cylinder
A. intake manifold B. throttle valve C. intake valve
24) Intake manifold for today’s engines is made of …………
A. cast-iron B. plastic C. copper
25) Variable intake manifold has a motor connected to ………..
A. intake valve B. butterfly valve C. throttle valve
26) Exhaust manifold gasket is made of …………
A. zinc plate B. aluminum C. graphite
27) Catalytic converter reduce gases emissions by ………..
A. control exhaust gases amount B. chemical reaction c. adjust a/f ratio
28) Primary oxygen sensor located …………..
A. after exhaust manifold B. after catalytic converter c. after mufflers
29) Resonator is a part of ………..
A. emission control system B. exhaust system C. cooling system
30) Turbocharger used to increase the engine performance by ………..
A. increase the fuel injected B. pressurizing the intake mixture before entering the
cylinder C. reduce fuel consumption
31) Turbocharger depends on ………. To spin the compressor
A. engine crank shaft B. exhaust gas turbine C. engine intake air
32) Waste gate valve is a ……….. device
A. control B. measuring c. safety
33) Waste gate valve is controlled by …………..
A. oxygen sensor B. actuator C. compressor
34) Turbo Lag is an expression for ………..
A. turbocharger performance B. engine response C. compressor efficiency
35) Supercharger By-pass system allows the engine to run in effect of
A. high intake charge B. normally aspirated C. low intake charge
36) Supercharger is linked to engine ……….
A. power B. torque C. speed
37) Intercooler is used because the low air temperature affect …………..
A. supercharger efficiency B. engine power C. engine temperature
38) The last pipe in the exhaust system and release the exhaust fumes into the atmosphere is
……….
A. resonator B. tail pipe C. mufflers
39) At twin charger system, supercharger is used to boost power at …….. Speed
A. high B. normal C. low

D) Answer the following questions

1) What is volumetric efficiency means?
2) What is the advantages of the carburetor?
3) What is the difference between MPI & GDI ?
4) What is the variable intake manifold purpose?
5) What are the exhaust system components?
6) What are the difference between turbocharger and supercharger?
7) What is waste gate valve function?
8) define turbo lag and how does it affect the engine performance?
9) What is meant by twin charger systems?
10) What are the types of fuel pumps?
 ‫االصالح الجزئي للمحرك‬ ‫المعرفه‬
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A) Answer the following questions:

1. What causes excessive oil consumption?
➢ Defective oil pan gasket
➢ Defective cylinder head gasket
➢ Defective crank shaft rear oil seal
➢ Defective valve oil seal
➢ Worn piston rings.
2. How could you check the engine oil visually?
➢ Check oil level: oil should be at max on the dipstick.
➢ Check oil condition: oil should be clean and not have coolant, metal particles
or gasoline.
➢ Check oil leakage: check if there is any leakage from the top (defective
cylinder head gasket) or from the bottom (oil pan gasket) or from
transmission side (crank shaft rear oil seal).
3. What cause oil leakage from the bottom?
➢ Defective oil pan gasket
4. What cause oil leakage from the top?
➢ Defective cylinder head gasket
5. What cause oil leakage from the transmission side?
➢ Defective crank shaft rear oil seal

6. How could you check if coolant is present in engine oil?

➢ Drip some of the engine oil from the dipstick onto the hot exhaust manifold.
If the oil bubbles or boils, there is coolant (water) in the oil.
7. How could you check if gasoline is present in engine oil?
➢ Using a lighter, try to light the oil on the dipstick; if the oil flames up,
gasoline is present in the engine oil.
8. How could you check if metal particles is present in engine oil?
➢ by rubbing the oil between your fingers.
9. List three typical engine mechanical-related complaints.
➢ Excessive oil consumption
 ➢ Engine misfiring
➢ Loss of power
➢ Smoke from the engine or exhaust
➢ Engine noise
10.Discuss how we could remove the engine from the vehicle.
1. Disconnect the negative battery cable and isolate it, then disconnect the
positive cable and then lift the battery from its place. (Remove the battery)
2. Raise the hood of the car from its place and then mark the location of the
hinges of the hood so that it can return to its place during assembly.
(Remove the hood)
3. Drain the engine oil into a special oil container, drain the cooling water
from the radiator, if the transmission line is to be lifted from the engine, it
is necessary to drain the fluid. (Drain all the necessary fluids)
4. Remove the exhaust manifold, intake manifold, and air filter.
5. Remove starter, alternator, power steering pump, A/C compressor and all
drive belts.
6. Remove engine wiring.
7. Disconnect the radiator hoses.
8. Loosen the engine mounting bolts lift the engine with the engine lifter
tool.
11.After doing dry & wet compression tests these were the results, check them and
write the cause of the problem from your point of view.

Cyl. 1 2 3 4
Dry 150 100 100 140
Wet 155 100 100 150

➢ Allowable compression = 150-(150*20/100) = 120 PSI

➢ There is a crack between cylinder 2 and 3 in cylinder block or in cylinder
head gasket.

12.After doing dry & wet compression tests these were the results, check them and
write the cause of the problem from your point of view.
 Cyl. 1 2 3 4
Dry 150 150 105 140
Wet 155 160 105 150

➢ Allowable compression = 150-(150*20/100) = 120 PSI

➢ Valves are leaking in cylinder 3.
13.After doing dry & wet compression tests these were the results, check them and
write the cause of the problem from your point of view.

Cyl. 1 2 3 4
Dry 150 150 105 140
Wet 155 160 135 150
➢ Allowable compression = 150-(150*20/100) = 120 PSI
➢ Piston rings are worn in cylinder no 3.

14.While making the compression test the technician noticed that the maximum
compression is 150 PSI. What is the least allowable compression that could be
accepted?
➢ Allowable compression = 150-(150*20/100) = 120 PSI
15.While making the compression test the technician noticed that the maximum
compression is 130 PSI. What is the least allowable compression that could be
accepted?
➢ Allowable compression = 130-(130*20/100) = 104 PSI
16.While making the compression test the technician noticed that the maximum
compression is 12 bar. What is the least allowable compression that could be
accepted?
➢ Allowable compression = 15-(15*20/100) = 12 bar
 17.After doing vacuum test for three vehicles while idling these values present,
what is the cause or the reason?
1 2 3

Wrong cam/ ignition

Leaking manifold Leaking valves
timing

18.Describe the visual checks that should be performed on an engine.

➢ Check the oil {level – condition - leakage}
➢ Check the coolant {level – condition - leakage}
➢ Check the exhaust color {Black (excessive fuel is burning) - Blue (Oil is
burning) – White (coolant is getting into combustion chamber)}
19.List two simple items that could cause engine noise.
➢ Undersized piston / oversized cylinder bore (cause piston slap noise)
➢ Low oil at valves lifters (cause valves clicking noise)
➢ Low octane number or bad quality gasoline (cause engine knocking
sound)
➢ Defective piston pin (cause piston pin knocking)
➢ Loose drive chain (cause knocking noise)
➢ Worn /loose drive belt (cause belt squeezing)
20.Describe how to perform a compression test (dry &wet)
➢ Dry compression test steps:
1. Warm up the engine.
2. Check the battery voltage and starter for proper operation.
3. Disable the ignition circuit by removing the spark plug cable.
 4. Disable the fuel system by disconnecting the electrical connectors to the
injectors or the fuel pump fuse.
5. Remove all spark plugs from the engine.
6. Open the throttle fully for the duration of the test.
7. Connect the pressure gauge to the spark plug hole of one of the cylinders.
8. Turn the engine over with the starter until the gauge reaches maximum value for
compression (4-5 seconds).
9. Record the gauge reading.
10.Repeat for each cylinder.
➢ Wet compression test:
Add a small amount of engine oil to the cylinders before connecting the pressure gauge to the
spark plug hole.
21.Describe how a vacuum gauge would indicate:
• if the valves were sticking in their guides
➢ Low and fluctuating (less than 17 in. hg.)
• if there is a manifold leak
➢ very low and stable (less than 5 in. hg.)
22.Discuss how we could check cylinder head for warpage.
➢ By using a straightedge and feeler gauge and see if the deformation exceeds
the allowable deformation in service manual (usually 0.05 mm)

23.Discuss how we could diagnose the engine using the smoke/exhaust color?
➢ Black (excessive fuel is burning)
➢ Blue (Oil is burning)
➢ White (coolant is getting into combustion chamber)
24.What is the valve overlap?
➢ Valve overlap happens when both intake and exhaust valves are open at the
same time.
25.Discuss how we could check coolant leakage.
➢ By using cooling system pressure device and pressurizing the coolant hoses if
there is no leak in any hoses, there is no coolant leakage.
B)Choose the correct answers: (50-57)
1. While doing vacuum test at cranking the technician noticed that the cranking speed is
too low in your opinion the vacuum reading was
 a. 4 in. hg
b. 6 in. hg
c. 2 in. hg
d. 17 in. hg
2. What are the important procedures that should be performed before making a dry
compression test?
a. Make sure that the battery is fully charged.
b. Make sure that there is a fuel in fuel tank.
c. Make sure that coolant level is okay.
d. Make sure that the engine is warmed up.
3. Cylinder head can be checked for warpage by
a. Straightedge only.
b. Straight edge and feeler gauge.
c. Micrometer.
d. Vernier caliper.
4. A technician noticed that the exhaust color of the vehicle is blue, so this happens
because:
a. The engine is burning oil.
b. Excessive fuel burned in the combustion chamber.
c. water coolant is getting into the combustion chamber.
d. no fuel in the tank.
5. A technician noticed that the exhaust color of the vehicle is black, so this happens
because:
a. The engine is burning oil.
b. Excessive fuel burned in the combustion chamber.
c. water coolant is getting into the combustion chamber.
d. no fuel in the tank.
6. A technician noticed that the exhaust color of the vehicle is white, so this happens
because:
 a. The engine is burning oil.
b. Excessive fuel burned in the combustion chamber.
c. water coolant is getting into the combustion chamber.
d. no fuel in the tank.

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A. Complete the following sentences:

Clutch is located between the transmission and engine where it provides a
1 mechanical coupling between the engine’s flywheel and gearbox
Automatic transmission Cars do not have a clutch. Drive is transmitted from the
2 flywheel to the automatic gearbox by a torque converter
Gearbox is connected to the back of the engine to transmit mechanical power
3
from the clutch to the drive shaft
Propeller shaft is a component that transfers the power from the gearbox to the
4
differential
Differential is a component that changes the direction of the power flow 90
5
degrees and transfers it from propeller shaft to final drive shafts
 Final drive shafts is a shafts that transfer the power from differential to the
6
drive wheels
Tires and wheels is an assembly that support the load of the vehicle and
7
transmit the braking and driving powers to the road
A pressure plate assembly is bolted to the flywheel, so the flywheel and pressure
8
plate assembly is rotated together.

9 The Clutch disc engaged to the transmission input shaft by splines.

10 The clutch disc is splined to the transmission’s input shaft.

11 Hydraulic linkage system uses a simple hydraulic circuit to transfer clutch

pedal action to the clutch fork
12 The Clutch linkage types are: Shaft and lever linkage and Cable Linkage and
Hydraulic Linkage

B. Answer the following questions:

What is the function of flywheel?
14
• Provides a ring gear for the starter motor to start the engine.
15 • Allows for an excellent gear ratio of the starter drive to ring gear.
16 • The rear surface of the flywheel is a friction surface machined very flat to

17 ensure smooth clutch engagement.

• provides the inertia to rotate the crankshaft through the four strokes.
18
 What is the drivetrain function?
19 • Transmits engine power to the drive wheels.

20 • Increases engine torque to the drive wheels.

• Reduces engine speed to the drive wheels
21

Write the Drivetrain components.

22 • Clutch
• Gearbox
23
• Propeller shaft or drive shaft
24
• Differential
25 • Final drive shafts
26 • Tires and wheels

What is the clutch purpose?

27 • Engage or disengage the transmission.
• Allows the engine to idle while the vehicle is stopped.
28
• allows for easy shifting between gears.
29

Write 4 of Requirements of clutch?

30 • Transmit maximum torque of the engine.

• Engage gradually to avoid sudden jerks.
31
• Dissipate a maximum amount of heat.
32
• Damp the vibration and noise.
33 • As small as possible.
• Easy to operate.
34 Write the main component of the clutch.
• Clutch disc (friction disc)
35
• Pressure plate assembly
36
• Clutch release bearing (or throw out bearing)
37 • Clutch fork
38 • Clutch housing
The purpose of the pressure plate assembly:
• Squeeze the clutch disc onto the flywheel with sufficient force to transmit
39
engine torque efficiently.
40 • Move away from the clutch disc so the clutch disc can stop rotating.
What is the types of pressure plate assembly?
41
• Coil spring pressure plate assembly
42
• Diaphragm spring pressure plate assembly
What is the Disadvantage of the coil spring pressure plate assembly?
43
• They require more pedal effort than diaphragm pressure plates.
44
• As the clutch disc wears, the coil springs expand and their clamping force is
45 reduced

46 What is the Advantages of the diaphragm spring pressure plate assembly?

• Compactness.
47
• Less weight.
48
• Fewer moving parts to wear out.
49 • Little pedal effort is required from the operator.
50 • They provide a balanced force around the pressure plate so rotational
unbalance is reduced

What is the Release bearing function?

51
smoothly and quietly move the pressure plate release levers or diaphragm spring
52 through the engage.ment and disengagement process

53 What is the Clutch fork function?

It transmits the pedal force from the clutch linkage to the release bearing
54
What is the Clutch linkage types?
55
• Shaft and lever linkage
56
• Cable Linkage
57 • Hydraulic Linkage

58 Write the Shaft and lever linkage components:

• Clutch pedal
59
• Over-center spring
60
• Pedal to equalizer rod
61 • Equalizer shaft
62
63 What is the Disadvantage of the coil spring pressure plate assembly?
• They require more pedal effort than diaphragm pressure plates.
64
• As the clutch disc wears, the coil springs expand and their clamping
65
force is reduced.
 What is the Advantage of the diaphragm spring pressure plate assembly?
66 • Compactness.
67 • Less weight.
68 • Fewer moving parts to wear out.

69 • Little pedal effort is required from the operator.

• They provide a balanced force around the pressure plate so rotational
70
unbalance is reduced
calculate the car speed in m/s if it moves 50km in half an hour.
71
Vehicle speed is 100 km/hr
72 𝐕 = 𝐝/𝐭 = (10𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) / (𝟏×𝟔𝟎×𝟔𝟎) = 27.77 𝒎/𝒔

73 calculate the vehicle speed in km/hr. if its wheels with radius (r=60cm)
rotate with angular velocity (𝛚) 300 rpm.
74
𝛚 = (𝟐𝛑7*𝐍) / 𝟔𝟎 = (𝟐𝛑×3𝟎𝟎) / 𝟔𝟎 = 31.4 𝐫𝐚𝐝/𝐬
75 𝐫 = 6𝟎𝐜𝐦 = 6𝟎×𝟎.𝟎𝟏=𝟎.6𝐦
𝐕=𝛚 × 𝐫 = 31.4 ×𝟎.6 = 18.84 𝐦/𝐬 = 67.8 km/hr
76
77 calculate the engine output power if the maximum output torque is
150N.m at 5000 rpm
78
𝛚=(𝟐𝛑*𝐍) / 𝟔𝟎 = ( 𝟐𝛑×𝟓0𝟎𝟎) / 𝟔𝟎 =523.8 𝐫𝐚𝐝/𝐬
79 the engine output power (P) is equal 𝐏=𝐓×𝛚= 𝟏50×523.8=78570 𝐖
=78.5 𝐤𝐰 = 105 HP
80
C. Label the following component:

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89 1 Tires and wheels 5 Transmission

2 Rear axle shaft (final drive shaft) 6 Clutch
90 Differential Engine
3 7
4 Propeller shaft
91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98 1. Over-center spring
2. Clutch pedal
99 3. Clutch master cylinder
4. Hydraulic line
5. Clutch slave cylinder
100 6. Clutch fork
7. Pressure plate assembly

1 Over-center spring 5 Clutch slave cylinder

2 Clutch pedal 6 Clutch fork
3 Clutch master cylinder 7 Pressure plate assembly
4 Hydraulic line
101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110 1 Flywheel 5 Clutch linkage

2 Friction plate (clutch disc) 6 Clutch fork
3 Release Bearing 7 Clutch housing
4 Pressure plate assembly
D. Write the name of the following component and its function:
111 Name: clutch
112
113 Function: provides a
mechanical coupling between the
114 engine’s flywheel and gearbox
115
116 Name: Gear box
117
Function: transmit mechanical
118 power from the clutch to the drive
shaft
119
120
121 Name: Propeller shaft
122
Function: transfers the power from
123 the gearbox to the differential
124
125
Name: Differential
126
127 Function: changes the direction of
128 the power flow 90 degrees and
transfers it from propeller shaft to
129 final drive shafts
130
131 Name: Tyers and wheels
132
133 Function: support the load of the
vehicle and transmit the braking and
134 driving powers to the road
135

E. Write true or false for the following sentences.

136 Speed is the rate of change in position of an object in any direction true
137 Angular velocity is the number of the revolution that the object rotates true
in one minute
138 torque is an external agent capable of changing the state of rest or False
motion of a particular body.

139 Force is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about false
an axis.
140 Clutch is located between the transmission and engine where it true
provides a mechanical coupling between the engine’s flywheel and
gearbox
141 Rivets are used to bond the friction material with both sides of the disc true
metal plate.
142 Torsional springs are used to damp the applied torque to the clutch disc true
as it begins to rotate.

143 The pressure plate is splined to the transmission’s input shaft false
144 Hub flange is a splined hub to engage with the transmission input shaft’s true
splines.
145 Rivets are used to bond the friction material with both sides of the disc true
metal plate.
146 Hydraulic linkage system uses a simple hydraulic circuit to transfer true
clutch pedal action to the clutch fork
147 Torsional springs: They are used to damp the applied torque to the clutch true
disc as it begins to rotate.
148 The Clutch fork transmits the pedal force from the clutch linkage to the true
release bearing