Lec2 AG

EEE / INSTR F244
Microelectronic
Circuits
BITS Pilani Anu Gupta
Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
2 port network theory

Amplifier basics
Book—
Book--Engineering Circuit Analysis,
Hayt William Hart; Kemmerly Jack E.;
Durbin Steven M.
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Learning outcomes----
Questions you can answer
• What are different types of 2 port networks? How to
develop them? What is the need of two port network theory?
• Is amplifier 2 port network?
• What are different types of amplifiers- (models) or 2 port
network representations?
• What are Characterizing parameters of amplifier design?
For different amplifier types—
• How to define Gain expressions, gain in dB notation?
• What are required in/ out impedances?
• How to get their power efficiency, harmonic distortion value,
(3dB, unity gain) bandwidth ?
• How to get transfer function, get pole, zero,and sketch Bode
plots
Need to study
• The common occurrence of two-ports in modeling electronic
devices, electronic circuits, and communication networks and
systems makes it important to study them in some detail.
• The attractive feature of two-port theory is that the network is
viewed simply as a black box described by certain parameter
matrices.
• We can concentrate on the four variables (currents and
voltages at the two ports) and any external connections to
the two-port.

Usefulness
Two port networks aid in:
• describing their operation when connected to a larger

network
• important in modelling electronic devices and system

components

2 Port Network model
• Two port network model of Active devices (BJT, MOSFET,
JFET) can be made to analyse their performance
• Model eases the analysis of complex circuits.
• Useful design tips can be obtained by analyzing the simplified

model.
• Not necessary to know the detailed configuration of the

network elements. The performance of the circuit can be
understood even when inside circuit configuration is not
known.
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Analysis using Two port network

models
Need to Study
• The common occurrence of two-ports in modeling electronic
devices, electronic circuits, and communication networks and
systems makes it important to study them in some detail.
• The attractive feature of two-port theory is that the network is

viewed simply as a black box described by certain parameter
matrices.
• We can concentrate on the four variables (currents and

voltages at the two ports) and any external connections to
the two-port.
Usefulness
Two port networks aid in:
• Ease of describing ckt. operation when connected to a
larger network
• important in modelling electronic devices and system
components
• Understanding behavior of unknown circuit

2 Port Network model
• Two port network model of Active devices (BJT, MOSFET,
JFET) can be made to analyse their performance
• Model eases the analysis of complex circuits.
• Useful design tips can be obtained by analyzing the simplified

model.
• Not necessary to know the detailed configuration of the

network elements. The performance of the circuit can be
understood even when inside circuit configuration is not
known.
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General form—1 / 2 PORT

Terminal, port
• A pair of terminal at which a signal (current or voltage)

may enter or leave is called a port
• A network having only one pair of such terminals is

called one port network
• No connections can be made to any other node internal

to the network
• One port network can be modeled by thevenin or norton

equivalent
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Anu Gupta BITS PILANI
One port network- 2 terminals
• For example, the determination of Thevenin's and Norton's
equivalents pertain to one-ports, since there is one pair of
terminals through which we look into the network
• Thevenin or Norton equivalent is sufficient for determining the
voltages and currents in any branch or circuit connected
externally to the one-port.
• A network with N ports of entry is called an N-port.

Example- driving point
impedance
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Example

Practice
Book--Engineering Circuit Analysis, Hayt William Hart;

Kemmerly Jack E.; Durbin Steven M.

For 2 port
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2 port NW theory
Learning outcomes
• Types of 2 port network and equations ---

z/h/y/g/T
• Development of 2 port network model
• Analysis using 2 port NW theory
• for known circuit configuration
• for unknown circuits

2 port network— 4 terminals
• A large number of networks of practical interest and

importance have two ports of entry.
• An amplifier, for example, has a pair of input terminals

(the input port) and a pair of output terminals (the output
port).
• There are four variables of interest in a two-port; the

current and voltage at the input port and the current and
voltage at the output port.

Contd…
• The response of a two-port network is studied by using

parameter matrices that express the interdependence of
these four variables.
• The actual configuration of elements is of no interest in

order to analyze the relationship between any external
connections at the input and output ports.

Conditions to be met
• The network in the black box is assumed to consist of
linear components, linear dependent sources),
• No independent sources.
• No stored energy in the network

4 types of TWO PORT NW
• Open-circuit impedance (Z) parameters. (I1, I2)
• Hybrid (H) parameters. (I1, V2)
• Conductance (G) parameter (V1, I2)
• Short-circuit admittance (Y) parameters. (V1, V2)
• Transmission (ABCD)/ (T) parameters. (V2, I2)

4 choices of independent
variable
• Open-circuit impedance parameters
• The current II and 12 are selected as the

independent variables,
• and the voltages V2 and VI are then expressed as

functions of II and 12 .
• The parameters that appear in the resulting

equations are called open circuit impedance, or z
parameters. BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Contd…
• The standard convention is to choose both the currents I I

and I2 entering the positive voltage reference terminals at
the input and output ports to introduce symmetry in the
analysis of two-ports.
• It is possible to express any two of the four variables, V1, II,

V2 , and I2 as linear functions of the other two variables.

2 PORT NW

Hybrid Parameters
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Short-circuit Admittance
Parameters of a Two-port
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Transmission/ chain/ T
parameters, output
Transmission parameters– used in power transmission lines analysis,
port 2 is receiving port with current coming out
Negative sign -> I2 is taken

as leaving output port ,
opposite to convention
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Inverse hybrid parameters
G parameters

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Applications of 2 port network
theory
• Design of Equivalent circuit/ model of
non-linear component.
• Circuit analysis

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Design of Equivalent circuit/ model
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Z parameter model

Y parameter model

H parameter model

G parameter model

Equivalent circuit of a two-port network in
terms of g-parameters
T parameters model

4 types– summary-
Two port network models

Summary chart

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Circuit Analysis
using 2 port NW
Learning outcomes
• Determine z/y/h/g/T parameters of a

known network--- helps in analysing
bigger network
• Determine z/y/h/g/T parameters of a

unknown network---helps in
analysing unknown network

Tips—for easy analysis
Property1---Reciprocal networks
• Reciprocal networks. A network is said to be reciprocal if
the voltage appearing at port 2 due to a current applied at
port 1 is the same as the voltage appearing at port 1 when
the same current is applied to port 2.
• Exchanging voltage and current results in an equivalent

definition of reciprocity.
• Z12=Z21 FOR RECIPROCITY

Tips—for easy analysis
Property1- --Symmetrical networks
• Symmetrical networks.
• A network is symmetrical if its
input impedance = output impedance.

• Most often, but not necessarily, symmetrical networks are
also physically symmetrical.
FOR SYMMETRY
Z11=Z22, Y11=Y22

Choice of parameters for easy
analysis
Series connection – Z parameters
Parallel connection --- Y parameters
Cascaded connection -- T parameters

Tips-Topology----Pi network–
use y parameters

T network–
use z parameters

Example – admittance
network, Use Y parameters

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Parameter extractions using 2 port NW

theory
Examples
Example- Z parameter
Easy ckts.

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Exercise
need mesh analysis
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50 ohm
+ =
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EXAMPLE – extract z parameters
need mesh analysis

Example- Z parameter
extraction

Practice
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Example –
T network

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Example-
Pi network

Contd…..Y parameters

Find Thevenin equivalent of circuit
Example

Rth, Vth
Rth– short input,

find impedance
at input port
Vth--- open output

port, find voltage
at output port

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Rth

Vth

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Exercise----- extract z parameters. Then develop
Thevenin equivalent
Exercise--- Develop Thevenin equivalent using only Z

parameter matrix ????
(you may use use a test voltage / current of 1v/ 1A for calculations)
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Analysis---
Conversion/ combination of two port networks
conversion — Z to Y , Z to H etc.
Summary
chart

Conversion
Relationship of h and z parameters
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H (G) parameter computations

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Combination of two port models

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Equivalent 2 port parameters

Cascaded two port NW
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Examples—
Analysis of big circuit
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Analysis----Example–
Bridge T network

Contd….
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Y parameters of N1
Step1---- Find equivalent Y parameters of N1network
Step1----

Contd….. N2 network
step2- find Z matrix for N2
Step3----
Convert N2 to Pi network, Z to Y conversion

Contd…..Z Y
Step4----
Find equivalent Y parameters of complete (N1, N2)
Bridge T network
Contd…..Equivalent Y parameters
of (Combination) Bridge T network

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Two port NW theory in modelling of

devices
Black box----ckt. construction
Modeling of devices
BJT/ MOSFET
• Measure the values of V1, I1, and V2, I2 using lab setup
under oc/ sc conditions
• Hence determine h11, h12, h21, h22.
• ‘0’ indicate h12 =0. means reverse transmission of signal is

not possible
• Now create circuit using h-parameter model. Then analyse

Circuit analysis
Determine the functionality of device

BJT---Example
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Possible Amplifier ckt.
Possible Amplifier ckt.– design

biasing, of BJT, Rin
Is it a good current amplifier (I2/I1)?–
convert h to Y parameters
Find h21=I2/I1?
h21=I2/I1 = 50
Rout=V2/I2= 5 Kohm (not good)

Rin= 2.5 Kohm (better)

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Mapping of 2 port model with

physical model of device
MOSFET physical model

MOSFET physical model

MOSFET Example (z parameter)

MOSFET Example (z parameter)

MOSFET Example (h parameter)

High Frequency Model of
MOSFET---- Ymodel

contd….Y PARAMETERS
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System analysis using 2 port networks—

Terminated 2 port networks (i.e with load at o/p)
System Analysis-
Using Z Parameters
• For Analysis, it is customary to connect a signal

source with a series impedance to the input port
and a load impedance to the output port.

Terminated Two Port Network

Equations

Modified Driving point/ input
impedance
Typically, ckt. analysis is done using original z/y/ h parameter

including load separately in circuit.

Modified Equations

EXAMPLE- TERMINATED 2 PORT
network, find Z parameters, ideal opamp

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Example-
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Amplifier Circuit models
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Amplifier circuit models-
analysis tools
Amplifiers must be characterized for its terminal behavior
first to be used as block in system design
For analysis purpose, complex circuits are replaced by their

(models)--- simple circuits
Voltage amplifier model (v,v)
Current amplifier (i,i)
Trans-conductance (v,i)
Trans-resistance (i,v)
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Amplification Factor
Av---- voltage amplifier
Ai--- current amplifier
Gm--- trans conductance amplifier
Rm--- trans resistance amplifier

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Amplifier-
voltage amplifier model
Vin, Vout------ Z parameter model
Z parameter model

Z parameter model
Amplifier operates in
forward mode only
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Voltage Amplifier
Ro
+ + +
vi Ri vo
Avvi
- -
-
Using the voltage divider rule open circuit voltage gain is

Av = vo/vi|io=0
Unit (V/V)
Ideal impedance conditions: R0 = 0 Ri =  condition for no loss
Design guideline for voltage
amplifier
Ideal conditions of impedances at input/
output port
Ro = 0
Ri = 
condition for no loss of signal

Current amplifier
ii io
+ +
Ri A iv i Ro vo
- -
Short-Circuit current gain
Ais = io/ii |vo=0

Unit (A/A)
Ideal conditions Ri = 0 ; R0 = 
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Trans-conductance amplifier
io
+ +
vi Ri Ro vo
Gmvi
- -
Short-Circuit Transconductance
Gm = io/vi |vo=0
Unit (A/V)
Ideal conditions Ri =  ; R0 = 
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Trans-resistance amplifier
G parameter
ii Ro
+
Ri vo
Rm*ii
-
Open-Circuit Transresistence
Rm = vo/ii |io=0
Unit (V/A)
Ideal conditions Ri = 0 ; R0 = 0
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Relations between parameters
Avoc = Ais(Ro /Ri)
Avoc = GmRo
Avoc = Rm/Ri

Example
Q. An amplifier (Vdd=20 V) with an input resistance of 1K, when
driven by
---a current source of 10 mA and
---a source resistance of 100K,
has a short-circuit output current of 10mA and an open circuit output

voltage of 10V.
Sketch and label the circuit. When driving a 4K load. Find
(1) Ro and Vo.
(2) Av, Ai and Ap in dB.
(3) How does Vo change when Ri is increased 2, and 100 times.

solution
( )
,
,
(V/V)
(V/V),
(V/V),
3) How does Vo change when Ri is increased by 2 times? Avo

constant

3) How does Vo change when Ri is increased by 2 times? Avo
constant
less

less
3) How does Vo change when Ri is increased 100 times? Avo

constant
High
??

IMPORTANT POINTS---
• When R1 increases , more loss of signal, less gain
• Though input is current signal but ckt. o/p is of voltage so

trans-resistance amplifier.
• Both impedances are low, So we’d compute Rm.
• Av < Av,oc due to signal losses
Question---- what will happen if Vcc < Vo???

clipping

Clipping –
Amplitude distortion
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Example--- practice

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Conditions on R1, Ro
for no loss
Ri- infinite
Ro-- zero
Home Practice--
What if
Ri--- 100x,
Ro---- (1/100) x ?
Find Av?
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Amplifier
performance parameters
Amplifier– I
input Continuous Signals
Arbitrary in nature.
Obtained through sensors, (eyes, ears)---variations

converted into current or voltage

Sinusoidal Input
• Important signal in analysis , design, testing

• For an LTI system, if input is sinusoid, output is
also sinusoid with modified amplitude and
phase. Hence analysis is easy
• Every natural signal can be represented as sum

of sine waves of different frequencies and
amplitude.
• Lab testing is possible
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Why Amplifier first?
Reasons—
• Fundamental signal processing function
• Employed in every electronic system
• Design techniques can be easily extended to design of

complex analog circuits.
• Any operation can be configured using OPAMP
• Easy to understand
Similar to NOT gate (simplest gate )in Digital Electronics

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Amplifier circuit symbol
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Multiple Analog Design
tradeoffs
• Design is
complex
• Full custom
designs
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Specifications–
Characterizing parameters
• Gain (in deciBel notation)
• Voltage swing
• Power efficiency
• Frequency response, bandwidth
• Power supply and dc bias
• Input / output impedances
• Linearity (distortion)
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Amplification factor – A
(Av, Ai, Gm, Rm)
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Amplification Factor
Av---- voltage amplifier
Ai--- current amplifier
Gm--- trans conductance amplifier
Rm--- trans resistance amplifier

Amplifiers–
mathematical representation
Need- Weak signals- energy too small for reliable

processing
Requirement---Information contained in the signal should

not get changed/ Output must be exact replica of the
input.
Relation ship of amplifiers
vo(t) = A vi(t) linear relation

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Opamp-Amplification A---
infinite (why?)
• Reason for A to be large---high for stability in closed loop,
larger amplification in open loop mode)
• Vout = A Vin,
• Rin = high,
• A= Gain= - (R2/R1) = 10
• A should be stable (immune to PVT variation)

Reason—
Negative feedback

Aβ
Specification for Av
--- binomial expansion
1> > 1/ A β for less gain error
e.g. If β=0.01, ( as β≤1 always )
A >= 105
Linearity
• Amplifier follows a relationship.--- linear

amplifier
• vo(t) = Av vi(t)
• But BJT/ MOSFET – Non Linear!!!!
• Any deviation (higher powers of vi) ---

nonlinear distortion
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Ideal Gain/ transfer
characteristics---- linear
Voltage Gain
Current gain
Power gain

Practical VTC
Practical VTC is non linear--

• device nonlinear, varying slope
( HARMONICS)
• Saturation at extreme values (
CLIPPING) ,
Output will be distorted
Remedy---
--Operate at a point where VTC is close
to linear-middle
--Keep input small

BJT
harmonics

Generation of harmonics
• MOSFET amplifier (operating in active region )
provides a current :
• The amplitude of 2nd harmonic normalized to that of

the fundamental is

Frequency/ harmonic distortion
in output of amplifier
Frequency distortion —due to harmonics generated in output
due to nonlinear behavior of device or inter-modulation
frequencies (not visible to naked eye)
However, if the signals are small enough then the square
/exponential expression can be approximated as very linear

Distortion-
not visible to naked eye

THD (total harmonic distortion)

Small signal approximation

Small Signal
(vin=vgs) approximation
How much small vin?
• Typically Vgs << 2Vov
• Vov= Vds,sat=Vgs-Vt--- in MOSFET

• Vov= Vce,sat --- in BJT

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Gain/ Transfer characteristics (VTC)

(VTC/ CTC/ TRANS RESISTANCE/ TRANS CONDUCTANCE )
Gain/ transfer characteristics
Voltage Gain
Current gain
Power gain

Practical VTC
Practical VTC is non linear--
Saturation, varying slope
Slope Variations cause Output

distortion
Remedy----
--Operate at a point where VTC

is close to linear in the middle
of VTC (why middle??) class A
operation
--Keep input small

VTC-- variations

VTC1----
non inverting

VTC 1----
Amplification shown on VTC

VTC2 -
inverting

Amplification shown on
VTC2
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Information from VTC
• Highest and Lowest signal amplitude
• Gain—steepness of transition
• Inverting/ non inverting nature
• Single/ dual power supply
• Offset

Voltage/ Power gain---
Gain in dB---10 log[ (Vo2/RL) / (Vi2/Ri)]

If RL= Ri
Gain in dB= 20 log (Vo/ Vi)
Power gain= 10 (Vo/ Vi)

Measuring Unit---
Use of Decibel unit
The decibel, or dB, is a means of expressing either the gain

of an active device (such as an amplifier) or the loss in a
passive device (such as an attenuator or length of
cable).
The decibel was developed by the telephone company to

conveniently express the gain or loss in telephone
transmission systems.

• Input >---- Amp #1 ---- Amp #2 ------> Output
• A1 = 275, A2 = 55
• The total gain factor At = 275 x 55 = 15,125.
• Use logarithms-
• log (A x B) = log A + log B
• log (A/B) = log A - log B

• Invented a unit of gain measurement called a
"Bel," named after Alexander Graham Bell.
• They defined the Bel as
Gain in Bels = log Ap = log (Po / Pi )
where Ap = Power amplification factor

• log 275 = 2.4393326 and
• log 55 = 1.7403626,
15,125
• so the total gain in our cascade is

• 2.4393326 + 1.7403626 = 4.179,695,289 Bels
• Rounding problem---
• 4.179 Bels15124.99----4.2 Bels15,849
• 5% error----- large
• it was decided to express power gain in units which were equal
to one-tenth of a Bel, or in deci-Bels
• 1 Bel=10 deciBels
• Gain in decibels (dB) = 10 log A
• 24.393326 + 17.403626 = 41.79,695,289 Bels
• 24.39 + 17.40 = 41.79 decibels = 15,101 V/V
• 41.79 dB is a power gain of 15,101
• while 41.8 dB is a power gain of 15,136, so the error is only

0.23%.----- small
Amplifier Power Efficiency
• Important part of the circuit

• Power balance equation---
Pdc + Pin = P load + P dissipated
• Maximum power must be delivered to the
load
• Figure of merit---Amplifier Power efficiency
PL
 100
Pdc
Example1-

Classes of Amplifiers
• Class A----ηmax = 25 %
• Class B (~50%)
• Class AB (~50%)
• Class C (>70%)
• Class D (>90%)
Power Efficiency of
class A operation of voltage amplifier
Power Balance equation
;
Ideal device Threshold=0

Power Efficiency of class A operation
Vcc vout
Vcc/2
Q

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Amplifier Bandwidth
Frequency Response
Ideal Bandwidth-
Electromagnetic spectrum

Ideal Bandwidth-
visible light (infra red to ultra violet)
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Frequency response-
Bandwidth
• Ideal frequency response desirable.---gain should
not change with frequency. Why ??
• Practical frequency response (shown below)
• Green shaded region does not exist in IC amplifiers .
Why??

Gain Bandwidth product
(GBW) – figure of merit
Desirable values--
• Gain---high
• Bandwidth--- high
An amplifier should have GBW as high as

possible

UGB/ 3 dB Bandwidth
IC amplifier

Evaluating the frequency
response--- Bode Plots
Single time constant circuits
Vo (s) = 1/ [1+sCR] vi (s) Vo (s) = sCR/ [1+sCR] vi (s)
Av(s)= [vo./ vi]= K / [1+{s/wo}] Av(s)= [vo./ vi]= K s / [1+{s/wo}]

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Low pass response
Av(s)= [vo./ vi]= K / [1+{s/wo}]

Magnitude and phase
of complex expression
Mag.
𝟏
𝒐
3 cases
𝟎 𝟎
𝟎
𝟎 𝟎
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Gain (in dB)
wo ~10 wo
w (log scale)
-20 dB/ dec
Ө
Ө= -tan-1 (w/wo)
~0.1 wo
w (log scale)
-45
-45o/ dec
-90
~10 wo
Av(s)= [vo./ vi]= K / [1+{s/wo}], K=1
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High Pass response

Av(s)= [vo./ vi]= K s / [1+{s/wo}], K=1
Mag.
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,
Mag.
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𝟏 𝒐 𝟏 𝒐
3 cases--
𝟎 𝟎
𝟎
𝟎 𝟎
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Frequency response as a combination of
terms Frequency response as a
addition of --
( and )
Gain (dB)
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Plot of different complex terms in transfer

functions
Different types of complex terms in
transfer functions
Different types of complex terms in transfer functions--

-
K,
w 1 1
j jw
wo j
w 1 1
jw
wo wo wo

K - constant
Magnitude and phase
Of
Gain in dB
Mag.
+ 20 dB/ dec
0
Log w
Ө Ө= 90
Log w

Magnitude and phase of
Mag.
3 cases—
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Gain in dB
Corner plot
wo
Log w
Corner frequency
Ө
90
45
Ө= tan-1 (w/wo)
0.1 wo Log w
~10 wo
Magnitude and phase of
Mag.
3 cases—
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Gain in dB
+ 20 dB/ dec Mag.
wo
Log w
Ө Ө= 90
Log w
; =1, pole is at the origin
Gain in dB
-20 dB/ dec

Log w or log (
wo rad./ sec
For a pole at the origin draw a line with a slope of -20

Ө dB/decade that goes through 0 dB at 1 rad/sec
Log w
Ө= -90
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Poles, Zeros of amplifier

Poles, Zeros and Bode Plots
Characterization:
K ( s  z1 )( s  z 2 ) . . . ( s  z m )
G (s) 
s  ( s  p1 )( s  p 2 ) . . . ( s  p n )
s s s
(  1)(  1) . . . (  1)
K  z1 z 2 z m  z1 z2 zm
G (s) 
 p1 p 2 p n  s  ( s  1)( s  1) . . . ( s  1)
p1 p2 pn
K  z1 z 2 z m 
KB 
 p1 p 2 p n 
( z1 s  1)( z 2 s  1) . . . ( zm s  1)
G (s)  K B
s  ( p1 s  1)( p 2 s  1) . . . ( pn s  1)
(Time Constant Form.)
Transfer function of voltage
Amplifier

Origin of poles and zeroes
Why ??

Characterization:
Considering the transfer function in the time constant form.
we have 4 different types of terms in the time constant form,
these are:
1 1
KB, , , (s / z  1)
s (s / p  1)
Expressing the transfer function dB:
j
KB (  1)
G ( jw)  z
 j
(j )(  1)
0 p
20 log | G ( j ) |
j  j
 20 log K B  20 log | (  1) | 20 log | j | 20 log | 1|
z o p
Mechanics: We have 4 distinct terms to consider:
20logKB ----- ( constant gain in time constant format)
- 20log|j /ω0 | ----- (Pole at origin if wo=1)
- 20log|(j  /1 + |p|) ------ (Pole at 0 = p )
20log|(j/1 ±z)| ----- (zero at 0 = z )
wlg
This is a sheet, semi-log paper.
This is the type of paper usually used for preparing Bode plots.
dB Mag
 (rad/sec)
1 10 100 1000 10,000
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Example
Using Matlab For Frequency Response
Instruction: We can use Matlab to run the frequency response for the
previous example. We place the transfer function in the
form:
5000 ( s  10) [ 5000s  50000 ]

( s  1) ( s  500) [ s 2  501s  500]
The Matlab Program
num = [5000 50000];

den = [1 501 500];
Bode (num,den)
Using Matlab For Freq. Response
Instruction: We can use Matlab to run the frequency response for the
previous example. We place the transfer function in the
form:
5000 ( s  10) [ 5000s  50000 ]

( s  1) ( s  500) [ s 2  501s  500]
The Matlab Program
num = [5000 50000];

den = [1 501 500];
Bode (num,den)
Bode Diagrams
From: U(1)
40
30
20
Phase (deg); Magnitude (dB)
10
-10
1 10 100 500
0
-20
-40
To: Y(1)
-60
100(1  jw / 10)
-80 Bode for: G ( jw) 
(1  jw)(1  jw / 500)
-100
10-1 100 101 102 103 104
Frequency (rad/sec)
G( j)  tan1 ( / 10)  tan1 ( / 1)  tan1 ( / 500)

Initial angle=00 and final angle -900
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END

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EEE / INSTR F244

2 port network theory

Book--Engineering Circuit Analysis,

Hayt William Hart; Kemmerly Jack E.;

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Two port networks aid in:

• describing their operation when connected to a larger

• important in modelling electronic devices and system

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

• Model eases the analysis of complex circuits.

• Useful design tips can be obtained by analyzing the simplified

• Not necessary to know the detailed configuration of the

Analysis using Two port network

• The attractive feature of two-port theory is that the network is

• We can concentrate on the four variables (currents and

Two port networks aid in:

• Ease of describing ckt. operation when connected to a

• important in modelling electronic devices and system

• Understanding behavior of unknown circuit

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

• Model eases the analysis of complex circuits.

• Useful design tips can be obtained by analyzing the simplified

• Not necessary to know the detailed configuration of the

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

• A pair of terminal at which a signal (current or voltage)

• A network having only one pair of such terminals is

• No connections can be made to any other node internal

• One port network can be modeled by thevenin or norton

• For example, the determination of Thevenin's and Norton's

equivalents pertain to one-ports, since there is one pair of

terminals through which we look into the network

• Thevenin or Norton equivalent is sufficient for determining the

voltages and currents in any branch or circuit connected

externally to the one-port.

• A network with N ports of entry is called an N-port.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Book--Engineering Circuit Analysis, Hayt William Hart;

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

1/30/2024Anu Gupta BITS PILANI

• Types of 2 port network and equations ---

• Development of 2 port network model

• Analysis using 2 port NW theory

• for known circuit configuration

• for unknown circuits

• A large number of networks of practical interest and

• An amplifier, for example, has a pair of input terminals

• There are four variables of interest in a two-port; the

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

• The response of a two-port network is studied by using

• The actual configuration of elements is of no interest in

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

• No stored energy in the network

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

• Open-circuit impedance (Z) parameters. (I1, I2)

• Hybrid (H) parameters. (I1, V2)