Present simple

I promise I won’t be late. (not I’m promising)

Same thing with I suggest, I apologise, I advise, I insist, I agree, I refuse, etc.

Present continuous
I always do and I’m always doing

 I always do something = I do it every time

Example: I always go to work by car

 I’m always doing something has A DIFFERENT MEANING

Example: I’m always loosing things = I lose things very often, perhaps too often, or more than
normal. So when you’re basically complaining about sth
More examples: You’re always playing computer games. You should do sth more active. (= You
play computer games too often)
Tim is never satisfied. He is always complaining. (=He complains too much)

The following verbs are NOT normally used in the present continuous:
Like want need prefer know realize suppose mean understand believe remember
belong fit contain consist seem
Example: I’m hungry I want something to eat (not I’m wanting)

Think

 When think means ‘believe’ or ‘have an opinion’, we do not use the continuous
-What do you think of my plan?
-I think Mary is Canadian.

 When think means ‘consider’, the continuous is possible:

-I’m thinking about what happened.
-She is thinking of giving up her job
We normally use present simple (not continuous) with hear smell taste

LOOK FEEL
You can use the present simple or continuous to day how somebody looks or feels NOW
-You look good today. Or You’re looking good today.
-How do you feel now? Or How are you feeling now?
BUT
I usually feel tired (not I’m usually feeling)

We use am/is/are being to say how somebody is BEAHVING. This is not their usual behavior.
-He is being selfish. He isn’t usually like that

!!! I’m thinking OF selling my car.

Past Continuous
We often use past simple and the past continuous together to say that sth happened in the
middle of sth else:
-Matt phoned while we were having dinner.
-It was raining when I got up.

Present Perfect
When we say that ‘something has happened’, this is usually new information
When we use present perfect, there is a connection with now. The action in the past has a
result NOW
-Where is your key? Idk I’ve lost it. (=I don’t have it now)
-I can’t find my bag. Have you seen it?
Difference between gone (to) and been (to):
-James is on holiday. He has gone to Italy (=he is there now or on his way)
-Jane is back home now. She has been to Italy (=she has come back)

!!!! You can use present perfect with just, already and yet (only used in questions and negative
sentences), recently, in the last few days, so far, since breakfast etc.

Have you ever eaten/ done/ etc.

Present perfect is also used with periods of time that are NOT finished in the moment of
speaking such as: today, this evening, this year
-I’ve drunk four cups of coffee today
-have you had a holiday this year?
-I haven’t seen Tom this morning. Have you?

Present perfect Continuous

We use present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped.
BUT there is a connection with NOW
-You’re out of breath. Have you been running?
-It began raining two hours ago and it is till raining. How long has it been raining? It has been
raining for two hours.
With Present Perfect Continuous we use: for, since, how long, recently, all day, in 10 years

!!!! We use the continuous to say how long

-How long have you been reading that book?

Know, like, believe are NOT usually used in the continuous

We say: I’ve known about the problem for a long time. (not I’ve been knowing)
How long have you had that camera? (not how long have you been having)
BUT you can use mean and want in the continuous
-I’ve been meaning to phone Jane, but I keep forgetting

How long have you (been)…?

Use either present perfect continuous or simple with LIVE and WORK
-She has been living/ has lived here for a long time
-How long have you been working/ have you worked here?

BUT use the simple (I’ve lived/ I’ve done etc) with ALWAYS
I’ve always lived in the country. (not always have been living)

Present tenses for the future

DO NOT use WILL to talk about what have you arranged to do
-What are you doing this evening?
-Alex is getting married this month.

You can also use the present continuous for an action JUST BEFORE YOU BEGIN TO DO IT.
This happens especially with verbs of movement (go/ come/ leave)
-I’m tired I’m going to bed now.

Going to
Going to do sth = I have already decided to do it, I intend to do it.

Will
You’ve just decided to do something
-offering to do sth: I’ll help you
-agreeing to do sth
-promising sth
-asking someone to do sth: will you..?

When we predict a future happening or situation, we use will/ won’t.

We often use will with: probably, I’m sure.., I think…, I don’t think…, I wonder…
!!!! After hope we usually use present but will is also possible.

When and If
I’ll phone you when I get home.
!!! we do NOT use will in the when-part of the sentence.
Same thing happens after while/ before/ after/ as soon as/ until/ till
-before I go, until I come back etc
Present perfect can also be used after while/ before/ after/ as soon as/ until/ till

After IF we use the present simple for the future (if I do/ if I see)
-If we don’t hurry, we’ll be late (1st conditional)

Can, could, be able to

Sometimes could is the past of can’t
We use could especially with see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand

We also use could to say that somebody has the general ability or permission to do something
-He could speak five languages
-We were totally free. We could do what we wanted.
We use could for general ability. But if you want to say that somebody did something in a
SPECIFIC situation, use was/ were able to or managed to.

We use could to talk about possible actions nor or in the future (especially to make suggestions)
-What shall we do tonight? We could go to the cinema.

We also use could for actions that are not realistic

-I’m so tired. I could sleep for a week.
(can is used for more realistic actions)

Could can also be similar to may or might

-The story could be true.
-She could get here at any time.

MUST AND CAN’T

you can use must to say that you believe that sth is certain
you can use can’t to say that you believe something is not possible

might as well
we might as well do something = we should do it because there is no better alternative. There
is no reason not to do it.

Must is similar to have to

You can use must or have to to give your own opinion (for example, to say what you think is
necessary, or to recommend someone to do sth)
Needn’t = you needn’t do sth (it is not necessary)
Needn’t have done sth

Should
You can use should to give advice or to give an option
We often use should with I think
Ought to instead of should

You can use should after: insist, recommend, suggest, demand, propose
!!! It’s also important/ vital/ necessary/ essential that… should…

!!! You can use –ing after suggest (What do you suggest doing?)

!!! you can say if something should happen

-we got no jobs at present, but if the situation should change, we will contact you.
-Should the situation change, we will contact you

!!! you can use should to give somebody advice.

-I shouldn’t stay up too late. You have to be up early tomorrow.
-I’m going out now. Is it cold? ‘Yes, I should wear a coat’

Had better
The form is had better (usually I’d better)
!!! the meaning is present or future
Had better is similar with should. We use had better only for a specific situation, not for things
in general. You can use should in all types of situations to give an opinion or give advice.
When had better is used, there’s always a danger or a problem.

It’s time to go home

!!! when we use it’s time + past, the meaning is present
-It’s time they were here. Why are they so late?
We often use this structure to criticize or to complain.
We can also use it’s about time (they did sth)

Would
We often use would in sentences with if
-I would call Lisa if I have her number (present meaning, conditional 2)
-I would have called Lisa, if I’d had her number (past meaning, conditional type 3)

Sometimes would/ wouldn’t is the past of will’ won’t. Compare:

-I’ll call you on Sunday  Tom said he’d call me on Sunday.
-I promise I won’t be late  Amy promised that she wouldn’t be late.

!!! Somebody wouldn’t do something = he/she refused to do it

You can also use would to talk about things that happened regularly in the past (similar
meaning with used to)

IF
When we imagine something that will NOT happen, or we don’t expect that it will happen, we
use IF + PAST (but the meaning is not past, cond 2)
-What would you do if you won a lot of money?
-If there was (or were) an election tomorrow, who would you vote for?

We do not normally use would in the if-part of the sentence:

-I’d be very scary if somebody pointed a gun at me. (not if somebody would point)

Wishes
If + past BUT the meaning is PRESENT
-There are many things I’d like to do if I had more time.
-If I didn’t want to go to the party, I wouldn’t go.

We use the past in the same way after wish

-I wish I knew Paul’s number.
-Do you ever wish you could fly?

After if and wish you can use were, instead of was

Use if + had (‘d) … to talk about the past

-If I’d known you were in the hospital, I would have gone to see you.

We use had done the same way after wish. I wish something had happened (I am sorry that it
didn’t happen)

!!! We also use wish to say that we regret something, when we use wish this way, we use PAST,
but the meaning is present.
-I wish I knew what to do with the problem.
-I wish I didn’t have to go soon.
!!! To say that we regret something in THE PAST we use WISH + HAD
-I wish I’d known about the party.

!!! We often use I wish … would to complain about a situation

-I wish somebody would answer the phone

You can use I wish … wouldn’t to complain about things that people do repeatedly:
-I wish you wouldn’t keep interrupting me

We use I wish … would… to say that we want something to happen. But we don’t use I wish..
would… to say how we would like things to be
-I wish Sarah would come. (=I want her to come)
-I wish Sarah was here now (not I wish she would be)

-ING

After ENJOY , MIND and SUGGEST, we use –ing (not to)

-I enjoy reading
More verbs: STOP POSTPONE ADMIT AVOID IMAGINE FINISH CONSIDER DENY RISK
FANCY, GIVE UP, PUT OFF, GO ON/ CARRY ON, KEEP/ KEEP ON, THINK ENJOY MIND
KEEP (ON) POSTPONE RISK STOP SUGGEST

Verb + to
OFFER DECIDE HOPE DESERVE PROMISE AGREE PLAN MANAGE AFFORD THREATEN
REFUSE ARRANGE FAIL FORGET LEARN
SEEM APPEAR TEND PRETEND CLAIM
ASK DECIDE KNOW REMEMBER FORGET EXPLAIN LEARN UNDERSTAND WONDER
SHOW WANT ADVISE TEACH ASK HELP (WOULD LIKE) EXPECT BEG MEAN (INTEND)
WOULD PREFER TELL REMIND FORCE ENCOURAGE TEACH ENABLE ORDER
WARN INVITE PERSUADE GET MAKE LET KNOW
WOULD LIKE
WOULD PREFER

After these verbs you can use to… (infinitive)

-It was late so we decided to take a taxi.
-I promised not to be late.
After some verbs to … is not possible. For example, enjoy, think, suggest:
-I enjoy reading. (not enjoy to read)
-Andy suggested meeting for coffee. (not suggested to meet)
Are you thinking of buying a car? (not thinking to buy)

After dare you can use the infinitive with or without to:
I wouldn’t dare to call him. Or I wouldn’t dare tell him.

But after dare not (or daren’t), you must use the infinitive without to:
I daren’t tell him what happened. (not I daren’t to tell him)

After advise and allow, two structures are possible.

-I wouldn’t advise staying in that hotel.
-I wouldn’t advise anybody to stay in that hotel.

-They don’t allow parking in front of the building.

-They don’t allow people to park in front of the building.
I remember doing something= I did it and now I remember this.
You remember doing something after you have done it.

I remember to do something= I remembered that I had to do it, so I did it.

You remember to do something before you do it.

I regret doing something = I did it and now I’m sorry about it

I now regret saying what I said. I shouldn’t have said it.

I regret to say/ to tell/ to inform you that your application has been unsuccessful.

Go on doing something= continue with the same thing

The president paused for a moment and then went on talking

Go on to do something = do or say something new

After discussing the economy, the president went on to talk about foreign policy.

!!! Verbs that can be followed by –ing or to … with no difference

Begin start continue intend bother

Try to do= attempt to do, make an effort to do

I was tired. I tried to keep my eyes open, but I couldn’t.
Please try to be quiet when you come home.

Try also means do something as an experiment or test.

-These cakes are delicious. You should try one.
-We couldn’t find anywhere to stay. We tried every hotel in the town, but they were all full.
If try is followed by a verb, we say try –ing

Need to … and need –ing

I need to do something=vit is necessary for me to do it
-I need to get more exercise
-He needs to work harder if he wants to make progress.

Something needs doing =it needs to be done

-My phone needs charging
-Do you think this jacket needs cleaning.

Would like/ would love/ would hate/ would prefer are usually followed by to

Would mind is always followed by =ing (not to..)

I prefer something to something else

I prefer doing something to doing something else
I prefer to do something rather than (do) something else.

Approve of sth

Countable and uncountable nouns

Some and Any with plural countable nouns
We sang some songs.
Did you buy any apples?

BUT ALSO with Uncountable nouns

We listened to some music.
Did you buy any apple juice?

Many and Few with plural countable nouns

We didn’t take many pictures.
I have a few things to do.

Much and little with uncountable nouns

We didn’t do much shopping.
I have a little work to do.

Coffee, juice, tea (drinks) are normally uncountable.

More: accommodation/ behavior/ damage/ luck/ permission/ traffic/ advice/ bread/
furniture/ luggage/ progress/ weather/ baggage/ chaos/ information/ news/ scenery/ work

What a beautiful view.

What beautiful scenery.

The
We use the:

 When there’s only one of sth: the equator, the longest river in Europe, the tenth floor,
the capital of Argentina, the end of this month
 We use the before the same
 The sun, the moon, the earth, the world, the universe, the sky, the sea, the ground,
the environment, the internet
 We also use ‘Earth’ (without the) when we think of it as a planet in space (like Mars,
Jupiter)
Which planet is the nearest Earth.
  We do NOT use the before noun + number (Platform 5, size 43, Room 126, page 29,
question 3, Gate 10
 We use prison (or jail), hospital, university, college, and church in a similar way. We do
not use the when we are thinking of the general idea of these places and what they are
used for.
-Ken’s brother is in prison for robbery. (he’s a prisoner)
-Ken went to the prison to visit his brother. (he went as a visitor not a prisoner)

-Joe had an accident last week. He was taken to hospital. He’s still in hospital now. (as a
patient)
-Jane has gone to the hospital to visit Joe. (as a visitor, not as a student)

!!! with most other places you need the: the station, the cinema

!!! go to sea/ be at sea when the meaning is go/be on a voyage

BUT: He’s at the sea most of the time
I don’t like to live near the sea.

 We say ‘most people/ most books/ most cars’ without THE

 For musical instruments: the guitar, the piano
 The young, the old, the elderly, the rich, the poor, the homeless, the sick, the disabled,
the unemployed, the injured, the dead
 THE + Nationality: the French, the English
 We do NOT use the with: continents, countries, states, islands, cities, towns,
mountains
 We use THE with names of republics, kingdoms, states: The United States, the United
Kingdom, the Czech Republic
 We do not use the for names of lakes: lake superior, lake Victoria
 We USE the with: names of oceans (the Atlantic), seas (the Red sea), rivers (the
Amazon), canals (the Suez Canal), deserts (the Sahara)
 We also use THE with PLURAL names of people and places such as: people (The Taylors),
countries (The Netherlands, the Philippines), groups of islands (the Canaries, the
Bahamas), mountain ranges ( the Rocky Mountains, the Andes)
The highest mountain in the Andes is (Mount) Aconcagua.
  We say: the north but NOTHERN Brazil, the south-east but South-eastern Spain
 We do not use THE with names of most city streets/ roads, squares, parks: Union
Street, Fifth Avenue, Times Square, Broadway,
 Names of important public institutions like airports, stations, universities (Manchester
Airport, Harvard University
 !!! If the first word is the name of a place or a person, these names are usually without
the (Victoria Station, Canterbury Cathedral, Edinburg Castle, Cambridge University
!!!! Buckingham Palace BUT the Royal Palace (royal is an adjective)

 Buildings with THE: hotels (the Sheraton Hotel, the Holiday Inn), theatres/ cinemas
(the Palace Theatre, the Odeon), museums/ galleries (the Guggenheim Museum, the
National Gallery), other buildings (the Empire State, the White House, the Eiffel
Tower)
 Some names are only the + noun (the Acropolis, the Kremlin, the Pentagon)
 names with of usually have the: the Bank of England, the Museum of Modern Art,
the Great Wall of China, the Tower of London
 We do not use the after: McDonald’s, Barclays, Joe’s Dinner, Macy’s
 We do not use the after churches that are named after saints: St John, St Patrick’s
Cathedral
 Most newspapers and organisations have names with the: The Washington Post, the
Financial Times, the European Union, the BBC
 Companies, airlines WITHOUT the: Fiat, Sony, Singapore Airlines, Yale University
Press, IBM

SINGULAR AND PLURAL

 Some nouns that end in –ics are not usually plural: athletics, economics, electronics,
gymnastics, maths, physics, politics a singular verb is also possible!
 News is SINGULAR
 A means of transport
 Singular nouns used with PLURAL verb: audience, committee, company, family, firm,
government, staff, team
 We also use a plural verb after the name of a sports team: Italy are playing brazil next
Sunday
 PLURAL verb with police: the police are
 The plural for person IS PEOPLE
 When we think of a sum of money, a period of time, a distance WE USE singular verbs:
two miles isn’t very far away
 Two 14-year old girls, three-hour journey,
‘S
 My sisters’ room, the Carters’ house
 Jack and Karen’s wedding, Mr and Mrs Carter’s house

SOME AND ANY

Some is used in positive sentences and questions
Any in negative sentences and questions
We often use any after IF: if anyone has any questions
WE SAY many years, many weeks, NOT a lot of weeks, a lot of years
Little=not much
Few=not many

Whom/ Which
Whom= care (for people)
Which= for things

To whom (căruia), witch whom (cu care), about whom (despre care), whithout whom (fără
care)
Helen has three brothers. All of them are married.  Helen has three brothers, all of whom are
married.
They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.  They asked me a lot of
questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.

None of/ neither of/ any of/ either of/ some of/ many of/ much of/ few of both of/ half of/
each of/ one of/ two of  which/ whom
He tried three jackets, none of which fitted him
Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into the office
They have three cars, two of which they rarely use
She has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with

You can also say the cause of which/ the name of which
The building was destroyed in a fire, the cause of which was never established
We stayed at a beautiful hotel, the name of which I can’t remember

Most of the information we were gives was useless.

We were given a lot of information, most of which was useless.

Adjectives
!!! Opinion adjectives usually go BEFORE fact adjectives
How big (size)  how old (age)  what color? where from?  What is it made of?  NOUN

Adjectives of length and size (big/small/tall) usually go before adjectives of shape and width
(round/fat/thin)
A large thin table a tall thin girl a long narrow street

Adjectives and adverbs

Not all words ending in –ly are adverbs
ADJECTIVES ended in –ly: FRIENDLY, LIVELY, ELDERLY, LONELY, SILLY, LOVELY

We also use adjectives after be, look, feel, sound, etc.

Reasonably cheap (adverb + adj)

Terribly sorry (adverb +adj)
Incredibly (adverb + adverb)
We can also use an adverb before past participle (seriously injured, badly organized)

Good- adj
Well-adverb (used with past participles: well-known, well-dressed, well-educated, well-paid)
Well- adjective when the meaning is good in health

!!! fast/hard/late are both adjectives and adverbs

Hardly + any/anybody/anyone/anything/anywhere
Hardly ever= almost never

Quite, pretty, rather and fairly

Pretty is an informal word used mainly in spoken English
Quite goes before a/an ex: quite an old house
We often use rather for negative ideas: The weather isn’t so good. It’s rather cloudy.

If something is fairly good, it is not very good and it could be better: My room is fairly big, but
I’d prefer a bigger one.

Quite also means ‘completely’:

Yes, quite sure= completely sure

Comparison 1
We use –er for two-syllable words that end in –y (-y  ier)
Lucky  luckier
Easy  easier
Early  earlier
Pretty  prettier

We also use more for adverbs that end in –ly

More slowly
More easily
More seriously
More quietly

You can use –er or more with some two-syllable adjectives, especially
Clever narrow quiet shallow simple
It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere more quiet/ quieter.

Further (but not farther) can also mean ‘more’ or ‘additional’:

Let me know if you hear any further news.

Older and elder

Elder is used when you talk about family members

Twice as … as, three times as … as etc:

Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago.
Their house is three times as big as ours.

!!! My salary isn’t as high as yours.

In case
Do not use will after in case. Use a present tense for the future.
I’ll leave my phone switched on in case Jane calls.
You can use in case + past to say why somebody did something:
I left my phone switched on in case Jane called. (=because it was possible that Jane would call)

You can borrow my car as long as/ so long as you promise not to drive too fast.
Travelling by car is convenient provided (that)/ providing (that) you have somewhere to park.
Providing (that)/ provided (that) the room is clean, I don’t mind which hotel we stay at.

!!! When you are talking about the future, DO NOT use will after unless/ as long as/ so long
as/ provided/ providing. USE A PRESENT TENSE
I’m not going out unless it stops raining.
Providing the weather is good, we’re going to have a picnic tomorrow.

!!!Business must improve soon or the company will have to close. - The company will have to
close unless business improves soon.

Like and As
As= because
As also means ‘because’:
As I was hungry, I decided to find somewhere to eat. (=because I was hungry)
You can also use since in this way:
Since we have plenty of time, let’s go and have a coffee.

As= in the same way as, or in the same condition as. We use as before subject + verb:
I left everything as it was. / You should have done it as I showed you.
We also use like in this way:
I left everything like it was.

You should have done it as I showed you. Or …like I showed you.

Like is not usual in these expressions, except with say (like I said)
As I said yesterday, I’m sure we can solve the problem. Or Like I said yesterday …

As if and as though are more formal than like.

For, during, while

With ‘time words’ (for example: the morning/ the afternoon/ the summer)
In the night or … During the night
during the afternoon or… in the afternoon

When you are talking about the future, use the present (not will) after while:
I’m going to Singapore next week, I hope to see some friends of mine while I’m there.
What are you going to do while you’re waiting?

By and until by the time…

By…= not later than: by Monday. (not later than Monday)
No, let’s wait until it stops raining or ‘… till it stops raining’

At/ on/ in (time)

At for the time of day
At five o’clock at 11.45 at midnight at lunchtime at sunset
On for days and dates
On Friday/ on Fridays on 16 May 2009 on Christmas Day at my birthday

In for longer periods (months/ years/ seasons)

In October in 1998 in the 18th century in the past in (the) winter in the 1990s
In the Middle Ages in (the) future

We use at in these expressions:

At the weekend/ at weekends
At Christmas

We say:
In the morning(s) but on Friday morning(s)
In the afternoon(s) but on Sunday afternoon(s)

You can also say: in six month’s time, in a week’s time etc.

On time and in time

On time= punctual, not late.
The 11.45 train left on time.

The opposite of on time is late:

Be on time. Don’t be late.

In time (for something/ to do something)= soon enough

Will you be home on time for dinner?
In/at/on
We usually say on a bus/ on a train/ on a plane/ on a ship BUT in a car/ in a taxi
On a bike (=bicycle)/ on a motorbike/ on a horse

To/at/in/into
We use to (for movement) and in/at (for position)
You are going to France. BUT They live in France.
Can you come to the party? BUT I’ll see you at the party.

Go into, get into … etc (a room/ a building/ a car etc.)

With some verbs (especially go/ get/put) we often use in (instead of into)
We usually say ‘get on/off a bus/ a train/ a plane’ (not usually into/ out of):
She got on the bus and I never saw her again.

I got INTO (not in) the taxi

!!! We sat in the shade. (am stat la umbră)
(write) in ink/ in pen/ in pencil

Do something by hand
Pay by credit card/ by cheque
Can I pay by credit card?
But we say pay cash or pay in cash

We use in for cars and taxis:

In their car. They came in a taxi.
We use on for bikes and public transport
We travelled on the 6.45 train.

By also means ‘next to/ beside’:

Come and sit by me. (=next to me)
Where’s the light switch? ‘By the door’

Nouns
The advantage of living alone is that you can do what you like.
But
There is an advantage in (or to) doing something: There are many advantages in living alone. Or
… many advantages to living alone

An increase/ a decrease/ a rise/ a fall IN

An increase/ a decrease/ a rise/ a fall IN (prices etc.)
A solution TO (a problem)/ a key TO (a door)/ an answer TO (a question)/ a reply TO
An attitude TO …or an attitude TOWARDS
His attitude to his job is very negative. Or His attitude towards his job…

A relationship/ a connection/ contact/ a difference BETWEEN

!!! Nobody wants to buy wants to buy like these anymore. = There is no demand for shoes like
these anymore.
!!! It wasn’t a bad accident. The damage to the car wasn’t serious.

Adjective + preposition
Angry/ annoyed/ furious/ upset ABOUT something
WITH someone/ somebody FOR doing something
Excited/ worried/ nervous/ happy etc. ABOUT a situation
Pleased/ satisfied/ happy/ delighted/ disappointed WITH something you receive, or the result
of something

!!! Everybody was surprised at (or by) the news.

!!! I hope you weren’t shocked by (or at) what I said.

More examples:
!!! Are you still upset about/ by/ at what I said to you yesterday?
Our neighbors were very angry about the noise we made.
Our neighbors were furious with us for making so much noise.

I’m full/ short OF money

Dependent ON … (but independent OF)

!!! We DO NOT use to with these verbs:

Phone/ call/ email/ text somebody
 I called the airline to cancel my flight.
BUT write (a letter) to somebody
Answer somebody/something
 He refused to answer my question.
BUT reply to an email/ a letter wtc.
ask somebody
 Can I ask you a question?
Thank somebody (for something)

aim/ point (something) AT …, shoot/ fire (a gun) AT

point that knife at me shooting at birds
shout AT somebody (when you are angry)
shout TO somebody (so that they can hear you)
throw something AT somebody/something (in order to hit them)
throw something TO somebody (for somebody to catch)

have a discussion ABOUT something, but discuss something (no preposition)

examples: We had a discussion about what we should do.
We discussed a lot of things at the meeting.

Leave (a place) FOR another place

She left (home) for the office

We say ‘care what /where / how …’ etc. (without about):

 I don’t care what you do.

Care FOR somebody/ something
(1)= like something (usually negative sentences)

 I don’t care for very hot weather (=I don’t like)

(2)= look after somebody

 He needs somebody to care for him.

!!! I’ve applied TO three colleges.

!!! She has applied FOR several jobs.

 You can use depend + when/ where/ how etc. with or without on:
‘It depends how much it is’ (or it depends on how much)

 Congratulate/ compliment somebody ON …

More examples:
Some people are dying OF hunger
I congratulated him ON passing his exams.

Crash/ drive/ bump/ run INTO

Divide/ cut/ split something INTO two or more parts
Translate a book etc. FROM one language INTO another
Collide WITH: A bus collided with a car. (= a se ciocni)

Provide/ supply somebody WITH

The school provides all its students with books.

Prefer one thing/ person TO another

Phrasal verbs
Drive off: A woman got into the car and drove off.
Get on: How was the exam? How did you get on? (=how did you do?)
Get by: My French isn’t very good, but it’s enough to get by. (=manage)

Can you fill in this form?/ fill this form in?

More examples:
-I can’t hear you very well. Can you speak up a little?
-‘Do you speak German?’ ‘Not very well, but I can get by’. (=manage)
-Everything has got so expensive. Prices have gone up a lot.
-There was a bank robbery last week. The robbers got away with $5000.
-I was sitting in the kitchen when a bird flew in through the open window.
-‘How did the vase get broken?’ I’m afraid I knocked it over while I was cleaning.

In and into
-I’m moving in next week.
-I’m moving into my new flat on Friday.

Take somebody in = deceive somebody

The man said he was a policeman and I believed him. I was completely taken in.

Get out of something that you arranged to do= avoid doing it

I promised I’d go to the wedding. I don’t want to go, but I can’t get out of it now.

Leaves something out = omit it, not include it

Cross something out/ rub something out

Some of the names on the list had been crossed out.

Examples:
-There was an article in the paper that I wanted to keep, so I cut it out.
-Be careful! The water’s not very deep here, so don’t dive in.
-Thieves broke into the house while we were away.
-Don’t be taken in by him. If I were you, I wouldn’t believe anything he says.

OUT
Put out a fire/ a cigarette/ a light
-It took the fire brigade two hours to put out the fire.
Blow out a candle
Work out= do physical exercises
She works out at the gym three times a week.
Work out= develop, progress
Good luck for the future. I hope everything works out well for you.
Work something out = calculate, think about a problem and find the answer

Carry out an order, an experiment, a survey, an investigation, a plan etc.

-An investigation into the accident will be carried out as soon as possible.
-The road will be closed for two days next week while building work is carried out.

Fall out (with somebody)= stop being friends

David fell out with his father and left home.

Give/hand things out = give to each person

At the end of the lecture, the speaker gave out information sheets to the audience.

Sort something out = find a solution, put in order

-There are a few problems we need to sort out.
-All these papers are mixed up. I’ll need to sort them out.

Turn out to be …, turn out good/nice, turn out that…

-Nobody believed Paul at first, but he turned out to be right.
-I thought they knew each other, but it turned out that they’d never met.

Try out a machine, a system, a new idea etc. = test it to see if it is OK

The company tried out a new computer system at the moment.
On/off
Put the light on
Put on some music/ a CD

Call something off = cancel it

The open air concert had to be called off because of the weather.
Put something off, put off doing something= delay it
The wedding has been put off until January.
We can’t put off making a decision. We have to decide now

Put on clothes, glasses, make-up, a seat belt etc.

Put on weight (I’ve put on two kilograms)

Be off (to a place)

Tomorrow I’m off to Paris/ I’m off on holiday.

Walk off/ run off/ drive off/ ride off/ go off (similar to walk away/ run away etc.)
Diane got on her bike and rode off.

Set off= start a journey

We set off very early to avoid the traffic. (=we left ealy)

Take off = leave the ground (for planes)

After a long delay the plane finally took off.

Drive on/ walk on play on = continue driving/ walking/ playing

Get on = progress
How are you getting on in your new job?
I’ve just had a coffee break, and now I must get on with my work.
Get on (with somebody) = have a good relationship
He gets on with his neighbors

Doze off/ drop off/ nod off = fall asleep

The lecture wasn’t very interesting. In fact I dozed off in the middle of it.

Finish something off = do the last part of something

‘Have you finished painting the kitchen?’ ‘I’ll finish it off tomorrow

Go off = explode
A bomb went off in the city centre.
ALSO an alarm can go off= ring

Put somebody off = cause somebody not to want something or to do sth

We wanted to go to the exhibition, but we were put off by the long queue.

Rip somebody off = cheat somebody (informal)

Did you really pay $2000 for that painting? I think you were ripped off. (= you paid too much)

Show off = try to impress people with your ability, your knowledge etc.

Tell somebody off =speak angrily to somebody because they did something wrong
Clare’s mother told her off for wearing dirty shoes in the house.
Up/down
Put something up (on a wall etc.)
I put a picture up on a wall.

Bend down/ sit down/ lie down

I bent down to tie my shoelace.

Turn something up
I can’t hear the TV. Can you turn it up a bit?
Turn something down
The oven is too hot. Turn it down.

Knock down a building, blow something down, cut something down etc.

Be knocked down (by a car, etc.)

Cut down (ON something) = eat, drink or do something less often

-I’m trying to cut down on coffee. I drink too much of it.

Break down = stop working (for machines, cars, relationships etc.)

The car broke down and I had to phone for help.
Their marriage broke down after only a few months.

Turn somebody/ something down = refuse an application, an offer etc.

Go up/ come up/ walk up (to…) = approach
Catch up (with somebody), catch somebody up =move faster than somebody in front of you so
that you reach them

Set up an organization, a company, a business, a system, a website etc. =start it

Take up a hobby, a sport, an activity etc. =start doing it

Laura took up photography a few years ago.

Fix up a meeting etc. = arrange it

Bring up a child = raise, look after a child

She was brought up by her grandparents.

Clean up/ clear up/ tidy up something =make it clean, tidy

Wash up= wash the plates, dishes, etc after a meal
I hate washing up. (or I hate doing the washing-up)

Make up something, be made up of something

Children under 16 make up half of the population of the city.
Air is made up of nitrogen and oxygen (air consists of)

Take up space or time= use space or time

Most of the space in the room was taken up by a large table.

Turn up/ show up= arrive, appear

Use something up= use all of it so that nothing is left
Save up for something/ to do something = save money to buy something
Dan is saving up for a trip round the world.

Clear up= become bright (for weather)

It was raining when I got up, but it cleared up later.

Blow up= explode, blow something up= destroy it with a bomb

The engine caught fire and blew up.

Tear something up =tear it into pieces

I didn’t read the letter. I just tore it up and threw it away.

Beat somebody up = hit someone repeatedly so that they are badly hurt

Do up a coat, a shoelace, buttons etc.

Do up your coat before you go out.

Do up a building, a room, etc. =repair and improve it

The kitchen looks great now that it has been done up.

Put up with something = tolerate it

We live on a busy road, so we have to put up with a lot of noise from the traffic.

Keep away (from …) = don’t go near

Keep away from the edge of the pool. You might fall in.

Put something away = put it in the place where it is kept, usually out of sight
When the children had finished playing with their toys, they put them away.

Go back to somebody = reply to them by phone etc.

I sent him an email, but he never got back to me.

Look back (on something) = think about what happened in the past (looking back on it)

Lay  laid  laid (about an object)

Lie  lay  lain (I lie down)