MODULE 2: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Name: AHMAD NAJMUDDIN BIN AHMAD SHAFRI

Matric No: D20221104549 Group: D

In this module, you will learn about the respiratory system. You will know what its parts are
and how these parts operate. You will also find out some diseases that can harm the
respiratory system and how you can best take care of it.

Backgrond: Most living beings breathe, and breathing means life! Respiration is one of the
vital functions of the body. The functioning of all of the body’s organs depends on proper
oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Good respiration is essential to physical well-being.
The Human Respiratory System, will enable you to deepen your knowledge of the respiratory
system and to learn more about the health problems associated with it.

There are five lessons in this module.

Part 1 – The respiratory system
Part 2 – The mechanics of breathing
Part 3: Gas exchange,
Part 4: Lung volume and capacities
Part 5: Respiratory disorder

What Will You Learn From This Module?

Upon completion of this module, students will be able to:

 name the organs of the human respiratory system
 identify, on a diagram, the different organs of the human respiratory system
 describe briefly the organs of the human respiratory system;
 specify the role of each organ of the human respiratory system
 Explain and express mathematically the relationship between atmospheric pressure,
water vapor pressure, and the partial pressures of individual gases.
 Explain the relationship between the pressure of a gas and the volume in which it is
contained.
 Define and describe the lung volumes and lung capacities.

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 Explain how pressures and lung volumes change during normal breathing, and how that
affects air flow in the respiratory system
 Compare obstructive and restrictive lung diseases.

Part 1 – The Respiratory System

Notes: Describes the structure and the role of the different organs of the respiratory system

a. The respiratory system can be divided into three main sets of structures: the
respiratory passages, the muscles involved in respiration, and the lungs. Learn about
these three sets of structures and the organs of the respiratory system by fill in the
diagram below.

The upper respiratory passages

1.Nasal cavity

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2.Pharynx
3.Larynx

The lower respiratory passages

1.Trachea
2.Primary bronchi
3.Lungs
4.Bronchioles

b. Respiratory crossword

Background:

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Part 2 – The Mechanics of Breathing
Notes: Deals with the mechanism of respiration and the air volumes involved in respiration

1. Why do we breathe?

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 i. To get oxygen to our cells so that they can use oxygen to
make cellular energy (ATP).
ii. To get rid of carbon dioxide.
iii. To provide our body with necessary oxygen.

2. Define:
i) Inhalation: Inhalation is the part of breathing in which air is drawn into the lungs
by creating negative pressure through contraction of the respiratory muscles and
diaphragm.

ii) Exhalation: Exhalation is the part of breathing in which air is drawn from the lungs
by relaxing the lung muscles.

3. What happens in the following areas when we breathe:

Inhalation Exhalation

Rib Cage Move forward and outward Move downward and inward

Intercostal Muscles Relax Contracts

Pleura Expands Contract

Diaphragm Contracts flattens by moving Relaxes and become dome –

down shape
Lung Volume High Low

Lung Pressure Low High

4. What is the composition of inhaled air? Exhaled air?

 Assuming no air pollution, breathing air contains about 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen,
and 1% other noble gases. When you exhale, the air is composed of approximately

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 15% O2, 6% CO2, 78% N2, and 1% byproduct gases. Breathing the same air three
times eliminates most of the O2, resulting in hypoxia. The body uses about 6 out of
21% O2 with each breath.

5. When exhaling the composition of oxygen is ____17%__________ while the

composition of carbon dioxide is _____4%_________. Therefore our bodies are
keeping some of the ___bicarbonate__________ and replacing it with __carbonic
acid________________. Also our bodies are giving off substantial amounts of
__water__________.

6. Explain how the lung/alveoli/capillaries make it easy for the diffusion of respiratory
gases.

Lung/alveoli/capillaries make diffusion of respiratory gases easily because oxygen come form
air through to lungs and diffusion to exchange the respiratory gases to the alveoli and the
gases go out to the bloodstream into the capillaries.

LUNGS ALVEOLI CAPILLARIES

From the alveoli, the The gases move by It occurs in the

oxygen from the air diffusion from lungs between the
you breathe enters where they have a alveoli and a
your blood in nearby high concentration network of tiny
blood vessels. This is to where they have a blood vessels called
a process called low concentration capillaries, which
oxygen diffusion. and next oxygen are located in the
And next another diffuses from the air walls of the alveoli.
form of diffusion in the alveoli into the The walls of the
occurs when blood blood. carbon alveoli and
containing carbon dioxide diffuses actually share a
dioxide travels back from the blood into membrane with
to your lungs. The the air in the alveoli. the capillaries in
carbon dioxide which oxygen and
moves from your carbon dioxide move
blood to your alveoli. freely between the
respiratory system
and the bloodstream.

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Part 3: Gas Exchange

Notes: Describes the composition of air, the exchange of gases between the air and the blood
and between the blood and the tissues, and the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

a. Put the pictures in the correct order.

2 3 1 4

b. Write the number for the correct order in the box next to the sentences.

Order Sentences
5 Then it goes into your lungs
11 Your diaphragm relaxes and moves up
4 Warm damp air from your nose and mouth goes into your windpipe
2 The space inside your chest gets bigger and you breathe in
9 This is call gas exchange
7 Oxygen is taken from the air into the blood vessels surrounding your lungs
10 The space inside your chest gets smaller
6 The air goes into the bronchi
3 Your diaphragm contracts and moves down
12 The air is squeezed out of your lungs and you breathe out

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1 Air moves through your nose and mouth
8 The blood loses waste carbon dioxide into the air in your lungs

c. Diagram below show the gaseous exchange in an alveolus.

alveolus

i. Identify the gases labelled P and Q.

 P is the oxygem
 Q is the carbon dioxide
ii. Name the process involved in the gaseous exchange into the alveolus.
 Diffusion
iii. What cause gas P to diffuse into the blood stream? iv. What happened to gas P as it
enters the blood capillary?
 Gas exchange happens within the alveoli so that oxygen is stacked into the circulation
system and carbon dioxide is emptied from the circulation system.
 Oxygen diffuses into the cells of the tissues, while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells
of the tissues and into the bloodstream

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Part 4: lung volume and capacities

Notes: Lung volumes and lung capacities refer to the volume of air associated with different
phases of the respiratory cycle. Lung volumes are directly measured. Lung capacities are
inferred from lung volumes.

1. Under normal conditions, your regular breathing does not use up the full capacity of
your lungs. As your body’s needs increase, such as when you exercise, the volume of
air drawn in can also increase. The different volumes of air drawn in or pushed out
by the lungs are:

i. Tidal Volume: 500 ml

ii. Inspiratory reserve volume: 2900 ml
iii. Expiratory reserve volume: 1400 ml
iv. Vital Capacity: 1200 ml
v. Residual Volume: 1000 ml

2. Draw and label a Spirograph showing each of the aforementioned volumes of air.

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Part 5: Respiratory disorder

Notes: Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions

affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and
includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli,
pleura and pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing. Respiratory diseases range
from mild and self-limiting, such as the common cold, to life-threatening entities.

Respiratory Disease Notes

Disease Definition Cause treatment

1 Asthma Is defined as a Respiratory Long-term control

common, chronic infections, medications such
respiratory condition allergies and as inhaled
that causes difficulty airway corticosteroids are
breathing due to irritants, mos important
inflammation of the such as medications used
airways. smoke and to keep asthma
mold,can be under control.
excess mucus
production
and smooth
muscle
spams.

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2 Lung cancer Is a condition that Most 3 basic ways it is
causes cells to divide common risk surgery, radiation
in the lungs factor for therapy and
uncontrollably. This lung cancer chemotherapy
causes the growth of is cigarette
tumors that reduce a smoke,
person’s ability to randon
breath. exposure.

3 Chronic Bronchitis Inlammation and Most Steroids inhaled as

swelling of the lining common an aerosol spray,
of the airways, cause is steroids can help
leading to narrowing smoking and relieve symptoms
and abstrustion include long of this disease.
generally resulting in term
daily cough. The exposure to
inflammation air
stimulates production pollutions,
of mucus, which can dust and
cause further fumes the
blockage of the environment.
airways.

4 Pneumonia Is an infection thath Most Can be treated at

inflames the air sacs common home with rest,
may fill with fluid or cause antibiotics and by
pus(purulent bacteris and drinking plenty of
material), causing viruses in fluids.
cough with phlegm or the air we
pus,fever,chills and breathe.
difficulty breathing. Sometimes
A variety of the germs
organisms, including from air can
bacteris,viruses and overpower in
fungi can cause your
pneumonia. immune
system when
you inhale

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 and exhale.

5 Pleural Effusion Is a collection of fluid Most Diuretics an other

between the lung and common heart failure
the chest wall in cause are medications are
what’s called the congestive used to treat
pleural space. heart failure. pleural effusion
caused by
congestive heart
failure or other
medical causes. A
malignant effusion
radiation therapy
or a medication
infusion within the
chest.

“It does not matter how slowly you go, so long as you do not stop”.

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