Mountaineering

 Also known as Alpinism, it is the sport of climbing a mountain.

 It may involve using technical equipment and combining a series of related skills like
beacheneering.
 Mountaineering is the act of trekking and climbing mountains to see the peak and
appreciate the panoramic view.
 The sport of mountaineering aims to climb the peak of a mountain.
 There are numerous benefits to mountaineering.
 The most obvious benefits are improving both your physical fitness and cardiovascular
fitness levels as well as reducing body fat through aerobic exercise.
 It also develops appreciation and respect to environment.
 Mt.Everest is the highest mountain above sea level

MT. PULAG

 Elevation: 2,922 m
 Location: Luzon
 Region: Benguet
 Mountain range: Cordillera Central
 A walk in the clouds"
 Mount Pulag borders the provinces of Benguet, Ifugao, and Nueva Vizcaya.
 It is the Philippines’ third highest mountain and Luzon’s highest peak.
 The mountain hosts more than five hundred plant species.
 The dwarf bamboo, for instance, is endemic to the mountain. It also houses several
endangered species of mammals.
 Mount Pulag is definitely a haven for nature

MT. APO

 Elevation: 2,954 m
 Location: Davao City; Digos; Kidapawan (Mindanao)
 Region: Cotabato, Davao del Sur
 Apo volcano is the highest mountain in the Philippines, and its name means
"Master" or "Grandfather".
 There are no known historic eruptions, but the volcano is considered still
active.

MT PINATUBO

 Elevation: 1,486 m
 Volcanic arc/belt: Luzon Volcanic Arc
 Location: Luzon
 Provinces: Pampanga, Zambales, Tarlac
 Regions: Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales
 Pinatubo mostly noted for a failed geothermal development project
  it exploded spectacularly on 15 June 1991
 its eruption on 15 June 1991 was the second largest volcanic eruption of the
20th century
 Pinatubo is a complex of lava domes located 100 km NW of Manila city, Luzon
Island, Philippines
 Prior to the eruption, Pinatubo was a little known volcano and it had been
dormant for 400 years
 Before the eruption in 1991 Pinatubo was 1745 m high (ca. 250 m more than
now), and was only 200 m higher than the nearby peaks, which are remnants
of older volcanic edifices of Mt Pinatubo and hid it from views from distance

Filiipino Mountaineers

 Dale Abenojar
 Leo Oracion
 Erwin Mata

WHAT IS A KNOT?

- a complexity in a rope which may be useful or a decoration.

- Hitches, bends, or splices are classification of practical knots which are functional in many ways.

- A hitch is rope that is roped up to another object; a bend merges two rope ends; and a splice is a
variety of strand bend or loop.
 - A knot can be also a stopper or a hold at the end of a rope to refrain from slipping through a
loop.

Each kind of knot has its own properties that make it suitable for a particular task.

- The workable purposes of knots marked an excitement and beautiful interest since age – old
times.
- There is a particular knot to link the rope or other knotting material to other objects such as
another rope, cleat, ring, etc.
- It may also be used to bind, fasten up or compress objects.
Decorative knots usually fix to produce interesting and enthusiastic patterns

Knot tying are techniques and skills engage in tying a knot in rope, nylon webbing, and others.

- Proper tying of a knot can be determined between a good-looking knot and a confused one, and of
course the safety.

- In knot tying, differences between what works, and what doesn't are important to be
recognized.
If they are not backed up with a single or double overhand knot make sure the end of the rope doesn't
make its way through the main knot and in that case, it will not lose its strength.

Figure-eight knot

The figure-eight knot or figure-of-eight knot is a type of stopper knot. It is very important in both sailing
and rock climbing as a method of stopping ropes from running out of retaining devices

Half Hitch

It is basically an overhand knot with the working end brought over and under the standing part.

. Half-knot

A knot intertwining the ends of two cords and used in tying other knots

Noose Knot

A noose is a loop at the end of a rope in which the knot tightens under load and can be loosened
without untying the knot The knot can be used to secure a rope to a post or pole, but only where the
end is in a position that the loop can be passed over. It is also known as Hangman’s Noose / Hangman’s
Knot.

Overhand Knot

The overhand knot, also known as a knot and half knot, is one of the most fundamental knots, and it
forms the basis of many others, including the simple noose, overhand loop, angler's loop, reef knot,
fisherman's knot, and water knot.
Sheet Bend

The sheet bend is a bend. It is practical for joining lines of different diameter or rigidity. It is quick and
easy to tie and is considered so essential it is the first knot given in the Ashley Book of Knots
Slip Knot

The slip knot is a stopper knot which is easily undone by pulling the tail. The slip knot is related to the
running knot, which will release when the standing end is pulled

The Reef Knot, or Square Knot

It is an ancient and simple binding knot used to secure a rope or line around an object. It is sometimes
also referred to as a Hercules knot. The knot is formed by tying a left-handed overhand knot and then a
right-handed overhand knot, or vice versa

TENT

 It is a shelter made of cloth, supported by one or more poles and stretched tight by cords or
loops attached to pegs driven into the ground.
 Tents are usually used as shelter during
 camping,
 hiking, and
 other outdoor recreational activities

Different Types of tent

 Ridge/A-frame tents
These days, ridge tents have moved with the times and use lightweight aluminum poles and
outer fly sheets made from waterproof polyester or nylon
 The dome tent is the most common design today. It has two flexible tent poles that cross in the
center and are anchored to the corners of the tent with stakes, creating a dome shape that
makes this tent easily distinguishable from other types
 Tunnel Tent
they are made up of a series of flexible poles that loop from one side of the tent to the other to
form a tunnel shape for the rainfly to attach to. They rely on guy lines to provide stability, and
when put up well they can withstand bad weather reasonably well, especially the bigger models
compared with dome tents.
 Geodesic Tent
Since the dawn of the dome tent, designers have been constantly improving upon its basic
structure to make it stronger and more able to stand up to the elements. The result is a geodesic
tent, which is essentially a dome tent but with more poles
 Bivy Tent
For solo wild campers and hikers who want to carry as little weight as possible, bivy tents are
ideal. They provide just enough protection from the elements to stay dry and are very low
profile – great for stealth camping

Part of tent

 Body is the frame of the tent.

 Rain Fly
 This is the waterproof cover that allows rain to run off the sides of the outer tent. It also
resists winds thereby keeping the tent protected
 Tent Poles
The tent poles are what hold up the outer tent. They form the frame and give a stable
structure to the tent.
 Ground sheets
Ground sheets or Earth Pad prevent the tent from being punctured or abraded by sharp
stones/pebbles on the campsites
Compass Reading

 The sole purpose of compass is to tell and locate direction. North, East, South, and West
(NESW) are the cardinal points that we are very familiar with, and combining these
cardinal points makes it more accurate in telling directions (degrees) using your
compass.
 Direction is the course along which someone or something moves
 The most important part on the compass is the magnetic needle. It swings around the
compass as you move, but the red end will always point in the direction of north and the
white (or sometimes black) end will always point in the direction of south.
 There's also an arrow on the housing, known as the ‘orientation arrow’, and an arrow on
the baseplate called the ‘direction of travel arrow’.
 Axis is an imaginary line where the earth rotates
 The two ends of the axis of the Earth are called Poles. These endpoints are called the
North Pole and the South Pole.
 A compass is a device that indicates direction. It is one of the most important
instruments for navigation.
 Magnetic compasses are the most well known type of compass. They have become so
popular that the term “compass” almost always refers a magnetic compass
Parts of compass

 Compass housing: This is the liquid-filled casing that holds the compass needle.
 Compass needle: This is the part of the compass that points to magnetic north. It is
usually made of ferromagnetic material, such as iron, and is suspended on a pivot point
so that it can rotate freely.
 Compass bezel or dial: This is the outer ring of the compass dial that can be rotated to
set a specific bearing or direction. It is often marked with degrees to allow for precise
navigation.
 Direction of travel arrow: An arrow on the base that indicates the direction to travel
based on a bearing.
 Orienting Arrow: An arrow that when aligned with the compass needle, aligns the
direction of travel arrow with the bearing. Arrow used to orient compass.
 Magnetic declination adjustment: Some compasses have a mechanism that allows the
user to adjust for the difference between magnetic north and true north.
 Compass scales: One or more scales marked on the base or bezel that can be used for
measuring distance or plotting a course. These may include scales in units of distance,
such as inches, centimeters, or millimeters, or scales in units of angle, such as degrees
or mils.
  Compass clinometer: Some compasses have a built-in inclinometer that can be used to
measure the angle of slope or inclination. This can be useful for determining the
steepness of a hill or the angle of a slope.
 Compass magnifier: Some compasses have a magnifying lens built into the housing lid
or base to make it easier to read the compass dial or map
Camping etiquettes are the directions to enjoy our natural environment in an ecological way that
avoids harming our nature, and the best example of it is the Leave on Trace Principles.

 Plan ahead and prepare

Know the regulations and special concerns for the area you will visit.
Prepare for extreme weather, hazards, and possible emergencies.
Set your trip to avoid times of high use.
Create small groups when possible during trip or consider splitting larger groups into
smaller groups.
Repackage food to minimize waste production.
Instead of the using of marking paint, rock cairns or flagging, use a map and compass as
possible.
 Travel and camp on durable surfaces
∙ Utilized the established trails and campsites.

∙ Camp at least 200 feet from riparian areas.

∙ Keep campsites small. Focus activity in areas where vegetation is absent.

∙ Trek in single file in the middle of the trail, even when it is wet or muddy.
In pristine areas:
∙ Disperse use to prevent the creation of campsites and trails.

∙ Avoid places where impacts are just beginning.

 Dispose of waste properly

Pack it in, pack it out. Inspect your campsite and rest areas for spilled foods or trash.
Dig cat holes (6 to 8 inches at least 200 feet from water, camp, and trails) to deposit
solid human waste.
Pack out toilet paper and hygiene products.
Carry water 200 feet away from streams or lakes and use small amount of
biodegradable soap when washing yourself or your dishes. Scatter strained dishwater
 Leave what you find
Preserve the past: culture or historical structures and artifacts may be examined but
refrain from touching the said artifact.
Leave rocks, plants, and other natural objects as you find them.
Do not introduce or transport non-native species
Building structures, furniture, or digging trenches is not advisable
 Minimize campfire impacts
Use a lightweight stove for cooking and enjoy a candle lantern for light.
Use fire rings, fire pans, or mood fires on established grounds.
 Keep fire small. Use only sticks from the ground that can be broken by hand.
Burn all wood and coals to ash, put out campfires completely, then scatter cool ashes.
 Respect wildlife
Observe wildlife from a distance. Do not follow or approach them.
Do not feed animals. Feeding wildlife damages their health, changes natural behavior,
and discloses them to predators and other hazards.
Protect wildlife and you r food by storing rations and trash firmly.
Control pets always or leave them at home.
The wildlife is sensitive when it’s mating, nesting, raising young, or winter season, so it’s
best to avoid them during these times.
 Be considerate of the other visitors
Respect other people and protect the quality of their experience.
Be courteous. Yield to other users on the trail.
Step to the downhill side of the trail when running into pack stock.
Camp away from trails and other visitors when taking breaks.
Refrain from being too noisy and having load voices. Let nature’s sounds prevail
Planning is very essential in everything. In mountaineering, failing to plan may lead to unhappy
experience. It does not say that if plan you will have a perfect adventure, but to prepare you to
things that may happen and lessen trouble in case.
Here are some of the essential equipment to choose from.

 hiking shoes / hiking sandals

 quick dry clothes
 mountaineer’s backpack
 water bottle / hydro-pack
 cook set / eating gear
 raincoat / jacket
 headlamp / flashlight
 hiking gloves
 sleeping bag
 ground sleeping mat
 tent
 utility or camping knife
 first aid kit