Dr.

Mohammad
Yahya Azab
Lecturer at Mathematics &
Engineering Physics Department
Faculty of Engineering
Mansoura University
• Nature of light.
• Electric Charge & Electric Field.
• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Gauss Law.
• Interference.
• Electric Potential.
• Diffraction.
• Capacitors.
• Polarization.

• Prism material determination. • Electrostatic Charging.

• Malus law for polarization • Capacitors
https://mans-online.com/student/student.htm
• Final Exam ( 100 points )

• Practical/Oral ( 20 points )

• Semester Work (30 points )

• Midterm ( 20 points )
• Other (10 points )

Dr. Mohammad Yahya Azab

 ‫)‪Ch(1‬‬
‫‪Nature of light‬‬
‫الفيزياء‬ ‫قسم الرياضيات و الفيزياء الهندسية‬
‫‪Optics‬‬
‫الهندسية‬ ‫كلية الهندسة جامعة المنصورة‬
 Theories for
Explaining Light
Nature
(1) Particle Theory
By [Newton]
States that:
• light consists of very small particles called Corpuscles
)‫(جسيمات أو كريات‬.
• These Corpuscles are emitted, from a luminous )‫(مضيء‬
source.
• These Corpuscles travel with very large velocities. When
they reach the retina )‫ (شبكية‬of the eye they produce the
sensation of vision.
Explained: Rectilinear propagation
)‫(التحرك فى مسارات مستقيمة‬
No gravity effect because of the
small size of the particles

Reflection

Refraction
Presentation of light in particle theory is (Rays)
(2) Wave Theory
By [Huygens]
States that:
• Light is a form of longitudinal )‫ (طولية‬waves.

• Light propagates based on the principal that every point

on a given wave front )‫ (صدر موجة‬can be considered as a
point source for a secondary wavelet )‫(مويجة‬. At some
alter time, the new position of the wave front is
determined by the surface tangent to the set of secondary
wavelets.
Explained:
Reflection
Refraction
Interference
Diffraction
Presentation of light in wave theory is (Wavefronts)
Wavefront: Imaginary surface⊥ to direction of propagation, at
each point on the surface light has same phase.
Huygens's Principle
for wavefront
Huygens's Principle for wavefront

𝛌
𝛌
Far source vs. near
source wavefronts
Rays Wave fronts

𝛌 𝛌
(2)` Modifications to
the Wave Theory
By [Fresnel , Young]
Fresnel and Young supposed that :

• The light waves to be transverse )‫ (مستعرضة‬in nature.

• They assumed that, if V is the velocity of a wave through

an elastic medium of elasticity E and density ρ, then
𝐕 = 𝐄/𝛒 which means that it must have very high
elasticity and low density. These two properties are
opposite to each other.
 Particle theory

Wave theory
(3) Electromagnetic
Wave Theory
By [Maxwell]
States that:
• light is form of Transverse electromagnetic waves which
are produced by electrically charged particle moving
under acceleration.

• These waves consists of electric and magnetic fields

oscillating perpendicular to each other and also
perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

• As electric and magnetic fields can act without a

medium, so light can also travel without any medium.

• The velocity of electromagnetic waves is given by

V = 1/ εμ were ε is dielectric constant and μ, the
permeability of the medium.
(4) Light Quantum
Theory
By [Einstein]
States that:
• Light travels in bundles of energy, and each bundle is
known as a photon.
• Each photon carries a quantity of energy equal to the
product of the frequency of vibration of that photon and
Planck's constant of propagation E = hf .
Explained: Photoelectric
Effect

Compton
Effect

Emission
spectrum
Theories
Summary
Light Theories Old Theories Particle

Wave
Modern Theories
Electromagnetic wave
• Light doesn’t need medium to propagate.
• 𝐯 = 𝟏/ 𝛆𝛍
• Consists of range of wavelength (frequencies)

Quantum(extension for particle theory)

• Explained : Compton effect, photoelectric effect
• Dealing with light as photons explained the emission spectrum

∴ 𝐋𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 ∶

𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐰𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐮𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐲
Visible Light
Phenomena
Monochromatic
Can’t be detected by human eye.

But only by its effects on the materials and

the measuring instruments.

Details in following lectures

 Monochromatic
Reflection & Refraction
[Based on
Particle Theory]
 𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐥
𝐧𝟏

𝐧𝟐
𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐫

𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐥 𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜

𝐧𝟏 𝐧𝟏

𝐧𝟐 𝐧𝟐
𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐫
𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 = 𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐥
 𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐥 𝒏𝟏

𝒏𝟐

For human eye to see the object by

reflection , the object and the image
must be at equal distances from the
mirror which can be obtained only if :
𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 = 𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐥
 𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 𝐧𝟏
𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐱:
𝐜 𝐧 ∝ 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲
𝐧= 𝐧𝟐
𝐯𝐦
𝐜 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐦/𝐬 (light speed in vacuum) 𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐫
𝐯𝐦 : (light speed in medium)
𝐧 is (Dimensionless)
𝐜 ≥ 𝐯𝐦 → 𝐧 ≥ 𝟏 𝐧𝐚𝐢𝐫 ≈ 𝐧𝐯𝐚𝐜𝐮𝐮𝐦 = 𝐜/𝐜 = 𝟏

𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐰𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 ∶ 𝐯 = 𝛌𝐟

→ 𝐧𝐦 = 𝐜/𝐯𝐦 = 𝛌𝟎 𝐟𝟎 /𝛌𝐦 𝐟𝐦

𝛌𝟎 =? ? 𝛌𝐦 𝐟𝟎 =? ? 𝐟𝐦
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲𝟏 < 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲𝟐
𝐧𝟏 < 𝐧𝟐

34
21
𝛌𝟏 𝛌𝟐

𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐋𝟏 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐋𝟐
𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐭 𝟏 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐭 𝟐

𝐋𝟏 > 𝐋𝟐 𝐋𝟏 𝐋𝟐
→ 𝐕𝟏 = > 𝐕𝟐 =
𝐭𝟏 = 𝐭𝟐 = 𝐭 𝐭 𝐭
𝛌𝟏 > 𝛌𝟐
 𝐧𝟏 < 𝐧𝟐

34
21

𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐢𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐮𝟏 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐢𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐮𝟐

𝐧𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐢𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐢𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = = 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝
𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐮𝟏 = 𝐮𝟐

∴ 𝐟𝟏 = 𝐟𝟐
𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐱:
𝐜 𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 𝐧𝟏
𝐧= 𝐯
𝐧 ∝ 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲

𝐜 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐦/𝐬
𝐧𝟐
, 𝐜≥𝐯 → 𝐧≥𝟏
𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐫
𝐧 is (Dimensionless)
𝐧𝐚𝐢𝐫 ≈ 𝐧𝐯𝐚𝐜𝐮𝐮𝐦 = 𝐜/𝐜 =1

𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐰𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 ∶ 𝐯 = 𝛌𝐟

→ 𝐧𝐦 = 𝐜/𝐯𝐦 = 𝛌𝟎 𝐟𝟎 /𝛌𝐦 𝐟𝐦 𝐧𝐦 = 𝛌𝟎 /𝛌𝐦
𝟏
𝐧𝐦 ∝
𝛌 𝟎 > 𝛌𝐦 𝐟𝟎 = 𝐟𝐦 𝛌𝐦
 Fermat’s Principle for least time Free Read

The path taken by a ray between two given points is the path that can
be traveled in the least time
Free Read
 𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 𝐧𝟏
𝐟 𝛌𝟏
𝐟 𝛌𝟐 𝐧
𝟐

𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐫

𝐧𝟏
if 𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 = 𝟎 → 𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐫 = 𝟎
𝐧𝟐

𝐧𝟏 , 𝐧𝟐 → constants ( same mediums , same wavelength)

if 𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 ↑ → 𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐫 ↑
 ‫𝐜𝐧𝐢𝛉‬
‫𝟏𝐧‬
‫𝟐𝐧 < 𝟏𝐧‬
‫𝟐𝐧‬
‫𝐫𝐟𝐞𝐫𝛉‬
‫𝐜𝐧𝐢𝛉 < 𝐫𝐟𝐞𝐫𝛉 →‬ ‫مقتربا‬

‫)‪𝐧𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 ) = 𝐧𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐫 ) (Snell’s Law‬‬

‫𝐜𝐧𝐢𝛉‬
‫𝟏𝐧‬
‫𝟐𝐧 > 𝟏𝐧‬
‫𝟐𝐧‬
‫𝐫𝐟𝐞𝐫𝛉‬
‫𝐜𝐧𝐢𝛉 > 𝐫𝐟𝐞𝐫𝛉 →‬ ‫مبتعدا‬
 Air (n=1)

Water (n=1.33)
Water (n=1.33)
Air (n=1)
Example

Human Eye Can’t Detect Refraction

But assumes straight lines
Is the Pencil really broken ???
Example 1 m length will
be enough

Human Eye Can’t Detect

Refraction
But assumes straight lines

1m

Apparent

1.5 m Real
Solution: Snell’s : 𝐧𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 ) = 𝐧𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐫 )
𝐧𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝟏 ) = 𝐧𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝟐 )

𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝟏 ) = (𝟏. 𝟑𝟑) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟒𝟓°)

𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝟏 ) = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟎

𝛉𝟏 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟓°

∴ 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝟕𝟎. 𝟓° 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥

Solution: Snell’s : 𝐧𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 ) = 𝐧𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐫 )
At Entry : 𝐧𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝟏 ) = 𝐧𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝟐 ) → 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝟎°) = (𝟏. 𝟓) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝟐 )
−𝟏
𝟎. 𝟓
𝛉𝟐 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟓° ∴ 𝛉𝟑 = 𝛉𝟐 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟓°
𝟏. 𝟓
At Exit : 𝐧𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝟑 ) = 𝐧𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝟒 )

𝟏. 𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟏𝟗. 𝟓°) = (𝟏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝟒 ) 𝛉𝟒 = 𝛉𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎°

Solution: Snell’s : 𝐧𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 ) = 𝐧𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐫 )
𝐚 𝐧𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 ) = 𝐧𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐫 ) → 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟎 = 𝐧𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝟔)
𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎°
𝐧𝟐 = = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟕
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝟔) 𝐚𝐢𝐫
𝐜 𝐟 𝛌𝟎 𝛌𝟎
𝐛 𝐧𝐦 = = → 𝛌𝐦 = 𝐧𝟐
𝐯𝐦 𝐟 𝛌𝐦 𝐧𝟐 𝟐𝟔°
𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝐧𝐦
𝛌𝐦 = = 𝟑𝟕𝟒 𝐧𝐦
𝟏. 𝟒𝟕
 Free Read

Ratio of Reflected and

Refracted parts
[Fresnel’s Equations]
 Free Read

𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉𝐭 ) 𝟐 𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉𝐭 ) 𝟐
𝐓⊥ = 𝐭⊥ , 𝐓∥ = 𝐭∥
𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉𝐢 ) 𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉𝐢 )

𝟐 𝟐
𝐑 ⊥ = 𝐫⊥ , 𝐑 ∥ = 𝐫∥

R R
𝐧𝐢 R R
(𝐧𝐢 > 𝐧𝐭 )
𝐧𝐭
T T T
T
 Free Read

𝟐 𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉𝐭 ) 𝟐 𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉𝐭 ) 𝟐
𝐑 ⊥ = 𝐫⊥ 𝟐, 𝐑
∥ = 𝐫∥ 𝐓⊥ = 𝐭⊥ , 𝐓∥ = 𝐭∥
𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉𝐢 ) 𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉𝐢 )

Example: 𝟐𝟎° 𝟒𝟏. 𝟓°

𝐧𝐢 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐑 ⊥ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟏 𝐑 ⊥ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟓
(𝐧𝐢 > 𝐧𝐭 )
𝟖𝟑. 𝟕°
𝐧𝐭 = 𝟏 𝐓⊥ = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟏 𝐓⊥ = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟓
𝟑𝟏°
 Free Read

𝟐, 𝐑 𝟐 𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉𝐭 ) 𝟐 𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉𝐭 ) 𝟐
𝐑 ⊥ = 𝐫⊥ ∥ = 𝐫∥ 𝐓⊥ = 𝐭⊥ , 𝐓∥ = 𝐭∥
𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉𝐢 ) 𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉𝐢 )

𝟐 𝟐
𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐢 − 𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐭 𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐭 − 𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐢
𝐑⊥ = 𝐑∥ =
𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐢 + 𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐭 𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐭 + 𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐢
𝐑∥ ↑
𝐑⊥ ↑
For 𝐧𝐢 > 𝐧𝐭
𝟐 𝟐
𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐭 𝟐𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐢 𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐭 𝟐𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐢
𝐓⊥ = 𝐓∥ =
𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐢 𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐢 + 𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐭 𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐢 𝐧𝐢 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐭 + 𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐢

𝐓⊥ ↓ 𝐓∥ ↓
Total Internal Reflection
 𝛉𝐜 : 𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞
𝐧𝟏 , 𝐧𝟐 → constants ( same mediums , same wavelength)
if 𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 ↑ → 𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐫 ↑

𝐧𝟏 𝛉𝐜 𝛉 𝛉
(𝐧𝟏 > 𝐧𝟐 )

𝐧𝟐

𝐧𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝐜 ) = 𝐧𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟗𝟎) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝐜 ) = 𝐧𝟐 /𝐧𝟏 (𝐧𝟐 < 𝐧𝟏 )

 Applications for
Total Internal Reflection
[1] Right Angled Isosceles
Prism
 𝟗𝟎 ° 𝛉 = 𝛗 = 𝛂 = 𝟒𝟓° 𝟏𝟖𝟎 °
Deflector Deflector

𝛉 > 𝛉𝐜 𝛉 > 𝛉𝐜
𝛗=𝛂=𝛉 𝛂 = 𝟗𝟎 − 𝛉
𝛗 + 𝛂 = 𝟗𝟎 𝛗=𝛉
𝛉 = 𝟒𝟓° 𝐀𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞: 𝛗 + 𝛂 = 𝟗𝟎
𝐍𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐲 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝛗=𝛂=𝛉
Mirror:0.95, Isosceles:0.99 𝛉 = 𝟒𝟓°
[2] Optical Fibers
𝛉 > 𝛉𝐂 (𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐞 − 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠)
𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐞 > 𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠
𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠

𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐞

Advantages :
𝐋𝐨𝐰 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬, 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 , 𝐈𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐲 𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐬
 Reflection &
Refraction
𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 = 𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐥
𝐧𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝐢𝐧𝐜 ) = 𝐧𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐫 )
𝟏
𝐧𝟏 , 𝐧𝟐 ????? 𝐧𝐦 = 𝛌𝟎 /𝛌𝐦 𝐧𝐦 ∝
𝛌𝐦
• Electromagnetic spectrum ranges

• Electromagnetic spectrum power.

• Electromagnetic spectrum applications