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Microbes in Human Welfare
Microbes in Human Welfare
Microbes in Human Welfare
1. Microorganisms or Microbes
➢ Microbes are organisms which cannot be seen by naked eyes.
➢ Occurrence: These can be found everywhere, i.e., in soil, water, air and inside the bodies of
living organisms. They can be found in thermal vents, deep in soil, under snow as well as in
acidic environment.
➢ Diversity: Microbes are of various varieties—protozoa, bacteria, fungi, plant viruses, viroids
and prions.
(ii) Dough
(iii) Toddy
(iv) Cheese
7. Microbes as Biofertilizers
➢ Biofertilizers are the microorganisms which enrich the nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.)
quality of the soil.
➢ Bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria are the three main sources of biofertilizers.
(i) Bacteria as biofertilizers
• Rhizobium is a symbiotic bacterium that lives in the root nodules of legumes
and fixes atmospheric nitrogen into organic compounds.
• Azospirillum and Azotobacter are free-living bacteria which absorb free
nitrogen from soil, air and convert it into salts of nitrogen and enrich soil
nutrients.
(ii) Fungi as biofertilizers
• Fungi form symbiotic association with the roots of higher plants called
mycorrhiza, e.g., Glomus.
• The fungal hyphae absorb phosphorus from soil and passes it to the plant.
• Mycorrhiza shows the following benefits to plant:
(a) resistance to root-borne pathogens.
(b) tolerance to salinity and drought.
(c) overall increase in plant growth and development.
(iii) Cyanobacteria as biofertilizers
• They fix atmospheric nitrogen and increase the organic matter of the soil
through their photosynthetic activity, e.g., Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria,
etc.
• Blue-green algae increase the soil fertility by adding organic matter to the
soil.
• Cyanobacteria are important biofertilizers in paddy fields. Advantages of
biofertilizers
(a) Increase fertility of soil.
(b) Reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers.