Paris Agreement

1. Goal
1.1. To provide an in-depth understanding of the Paris Agreement,
its global impact, and Brazil's commitments, while enhancing
English technical proficiency through listening, speaking, reading,
and writing exercises.

2. Introduction
2.1. Timeline

2.1.1. 1972 - Stockholm Conference or Stockholm Convention

2.1.2. 1992 - ECO 92 or RIO 92

2.1.3. 1997 - KYOTO PROTOCOL

2.1.4. 2002 - RIO+10

2.1.5. 2012 - RIO+20

2.2. Article 6

2.2.1. Focus on voluntary cooperation among parties to

achieve their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
towards reducing global greenhouse gas emissions

2.2.2. In summary, Article 6 of the Paris Agreement is designed

to facilitate international cooperation in the fight against
climate change, offering a flexible framework for countries to
collaborate through both market-based and non-market-based
approaches. Its goal is to enhance the global response to
climate change, promote sustainable development, and ensure
the integrity and transparency of international efforts.

2.2.3. Key components

2.2.3.1. Voluntary Cooperation

 2.2.3.1.1. Article 6 recognizes that parties may choose to
voluntarily cooperate in the implementation of their NDCs
to allow for higher ambition in their mitigation and
adaptation actions and to promote sustainable
development and environmental integrity.

2.2.3.2. Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes

(ITMOs)

2.2.3.2.1. It introduces the concept of ITMOs, allowing

countries to meet a part of their NDCs through the
transfer of mitigation outcomes. This means that one
country can contribute to emission reductions in another
country and count these reductions towards its own NDC.

2.2.3.3. Sustainable Development Mechanism

2.2.3.3.1. Article 6 establishes a mechanism to contribute

to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and
support sustainable development. This mechanism is
intended to facilitate the voluntary participation of parties
in the mitigation of global emissions through the trading
of emission reductions, ensuring environmental integrity
and transparency.

2.2.3.4. Non-Market Approaches

2.2.3.4.1. It also acknowledges the importance of non-

market approaches to sustainable development,
recognizing that countries may engage in cooperative
approaches that do not involve the transfer of mitigation
outcomes. These approaches aim to support sustainable
development, adaptation, and enhancement of public and
private sector participation in the implementation of
NDCs.

2.2.3.5. Transparency and Integrity

 2.2.3.5.1. Article 6 emphasizes the importance of
ensuring environmental integrity, transparency, and
robust accounting to avoid double counting of emissions
reductions, ensuring that each ton of CO2e reduced or
sequestered is counted only once towards achieving the
NDCs.

2.2.3.6. Promotion of Sustainable Development

2.2.3.6.1. It underlines the commitment to promoting

sustainable development goals through the
implementation of the Paris Agreement, ensuring that
cooperation under Article 6 contributes to the eradication
of poverty and the transition towards low-emission and
climate-resilient development pathways.

2.3. Extra

2.3.1. ClimateChange | United Nations

Link: https://www.un.org/climatechange

Link: https://www.un.org/climatechange

3. Listening
3.1. https://youtu.be/5THr3bFj8Z4

4. Speaking
4.1. When was the Paris Agreement signed?

4.1.1. The Paris Agreement was signed on April 22th, 2016

4.1.1.1. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

4.1.1.2. 555th

4.2. When did the Paris Agreement take place?

4.2.1. The Paris Agreement was adopted on December 12th,

2015, during the COP21 conference held in Paris, France
 4.2.1.1. The Conference of the Parties (COPs) under the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) commenced in 1995. The inaugural COP took
place in Berlin, Germany. The purpose of these conferences
is to convene signatory countries of the UNFCCC to assess
progress in combating climate change and to negotiate
agreements and commitments aimed at reducing
greenhouse gas emissions.

4.3. What was the Paris Agreement, and why was it necessary?

4.3.1. The conference aimed to unite global efforts to combat

climate change, seeking a universal agreement to keep global
warming below 2 degrees Celsius, thus preventing catastrophic
environmental impacts.

4.4. How many countries have signed the P.A.?

4.4.1. 196 countries have signed the Paris Agreement

4.5. Can you name three goals of the Paris Agreement?

4.5.1. Limit global warming

4.5.2. Increase the ability to adapt to climate change

4.5.3. Make finance flows consistent with low greenhouse gas

emissions.

4.6. What is the main aim of the Nationally Determined

Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement?

4.6.1. The main aim is to reduce national emissions and adapt

to the impacts of climate change.

5. Vocabulary
5.1. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

5.2. mitigation

5.3. adaptation

5.4. climate finance

5.5. carbon footprint

 5.6. to set a goal

5.7. treaty

5.7.1. binding formal agreement

5.8. convene

5.9. temperature

5.9.1. culture

5.9.1.1. future

5.10. framework

5.10.1. supporting structure

5.11. benchamarking

5.11.1. comparison with a standard

5.12. guideline

6. Writing
6.1. Highlight the importance of the Paris Agreement in
combating climate change and the role of countries like Brazil in
achieving its goals.

7. Reading
7.1. In 2015, world leaders pledged to try and prevent global
temperatures rising by more than 1.5C.

7.2. Adopted by 194 parties (193 countries plus the EU) in the
French capital on 12 December 2015, the Paris Agreement came
into force on 4 November 2016.

7.3. To limit greenhouse gas emissions from human activity to the

same levels that trees, soil and oceans can absorb naturally -
known as net zero - between 2050 and 2100.

7.4. Sea-level rise would be 0.1m higher than at 1.5C, exposing

up to 10 million more people to more frequent flooding

7.5. The UK has a legally binding commitment to reduce

emissions by 68% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.
7.6. But in September 2023, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak
announced delays to several green policies, such as delaying the
phase-out of new petrol and diesel cars.

7.7. At the most recent COP28 in December 2023, for the first
time countries agreed to "contribute" to "transitioning away from
fossil fuels", although they are not forced to take action.

7.8. The Paris deal restated a commitment first made in 2009 that
the world's richer countries should provide $100bn (£79bn)
annually by 2020 to help developing nations deal with the effects
of climate change, and build greener economies.

7.9. Little progress was made until COP28, where delegates

agreed to launch the fund. The EU, UK, US and others announced
contributions totalling around $700m (£556m).

7.10. Reference

7.10.1. What is the Paris climate agreement and why does 1.5C
matter?

Link: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-
35073297

Link: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-
35073297