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Turkish speakers

  #! 

Distribution

OP I BP:   $*   # K $ * * +


#/     $ *$ "3$$*&$ /#  #

Introduction
# " $ * *  "   /  +! 
 /   #/  B#   &  #  * 
#!* /# # + !$ /#"#  $  #  # 3
   *   # !"  #  #+ + ! $$
++ +! &# 4     &" #*#  #  #  &/
# $ +! &# /$$ +! 4"# " -A'@  # # &
/  !0   + # !  " 
 #  +   " & 7 ! $ + # **$ 
  + $ * * /# ! *   "   ! $
  4   " kuÈcËuÈmsenmemeliydiler )G        
  1 "  &  $  +$$/ 8
kuÈcËuÈk G  )0 $    #1
mse- G      
n- G <E7
me- G * 
meli- G  
ydi- G 
ler G  
 # #  /# O      /  &   /
" $ 8 ) 1 !0   &+ !0  F" &+
 & &+ &%  )&1 # 0 &    #  + #
"    7 ! $ +!  $  "" ! * K8
Yeraltl suyundan duÈsËuÈk dereceli lsl
B            
cËlkartan lsl pompalarlndan banliyoÈlerdeki
        

'->

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

bahcËelerde kaÃrll bir bicËimde yararlanllabilir.


            $
 ! +$8
1    #            
          $
  $  "# #/ /    /$ + ##!
! #   *  "  E/% # "      +07
/  !   "$  /#  /#   /#! * $ + /
  #   #+ 0 *$ # /  $ $ # 
*$ "  # * !*# **  &   #$ ! F
!&$* &$"  $* "! $7 " 

Phonology

Vowels

- <i:<    + " $ #  ##* <I@<  


"$  $$ &$ <I< 9 #  $     8 <kI@< + % 
+  #  # / giy "  * 7!  
*$ # <i:<
' <e<    + +     &+   "#* <{<8 
+  
= <{<   $ *  #3  * $  $*  
&/ # <e<  <{< # + &  <e<8   + 
> <O:<  + " <oU< $ *  "+  &/ 
"#      #   "  " <O:< "" 3
+$$ + # $*#  # <o<
. <u:<   &"! <U@< /# 0 $  <U<  "$  $$ &$ 8 <dU@<
+ %   + &#      #   
&$  " #  "" +$$ + <j<   
, <@< 0   # ; $   # l /#"#  #/ #*#
    # E" + $$*  #   +
*    /$ #    $8 <InkonwInient< +
   % <eddISonal< +   
? 2# #  ##* <eI< <aI<  <OI< ""  0 $   <I<
!  & "  " /# +" ) # $ ! 
  ich  #   #  + 4"# oui  #   8
<boIC< +  % <deIC< + 1
@ <e@<     $$ &"! <eI<
A <@U<  + #  <oU< /# +$$ & " 0  $! # 
* $$ ! ""  &$  *$ #   #  # 5  #6
+   <@U<  <bU<  /#"# !  #   !

'-.

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

-( /   "   <I<  <@< !  &"! " 


   $*#8 <stI@< + %   +   <beIsk< +
 

Consonants

- <T<  <D<   ""   #  # * *   $ +


+0"$   +  $ " #! & 3   <t<  <d<
 #  + 7 ! $   &"! <thru@<    + <Tru:<
'  # <b< <d<  <dZ< $  " /# 0 $  <g<   ""
0 $$8   +  %   +   
=  # <v<  !"# ! $*#$ "$  #  # *$ #
; $  /# & " /$  "$   *$ # <w< #  #
$ # &  6 "  # $   $  / " * 
 / /#  #+  0 # /  
"+ *8   +  %  + 
> <ê< $ "" &+ <g<  <k<   #8   + 
.     # # #   + <r<  + #!  $
    # <r< <  " /#   /
,  # # &# 5"$ 6 <l< )   1  5 6 <l< )   1
/ #  &   # !  *$ # 
!   "  & 7 " &+ /$ )5 6 <l<    + 5"$ 6 <l<
 ! "  1  &+ "   )5"$ 6 <l<    + 5 6 <l<
 ! "  1
? 2# <p< <b< <m< <f<  <v<  +$$/ & <{<  <A< *$ )$
<w<1   8 <bwAI< + % <fwAn< + 
@ 4 $ <m< <n<  <l<   & "  #  "
# !  #! +0"$  "  !  $   $$*&$
&$! 

Consonant clusters

#  # "    !   $$/  $ "$    
/  "$  + ! #  # "       
  $ $#*# ! $  / #    $  * /$ )*
istasyon G  1 # " /#  * *$ #     #
/$ + # 0  "  8   + %   + I 

Rhythm, stress and intonation

# ##!"  + *$ # /#  "#3   $$ &$


 #    $$ &$ /# # " /$  $ 

'-,

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

 +0"$ +  #    " $     


      /# $      +$$   
!"#  ""
2  7    #   /     # 0 $
$$ &$ & !  &3+! 9 "$ $ *   9 #  
 $   &     ! $     & 0 $$
   $ '   ,  '   ,   '  ;
" &$ &$ !
!  &$ + *$ #   # *  /#"# /  
"  # !    " & ;  / ) "# kim
G  ne G  nicËin G 1    $$     # /#
#  $    *$ # + " $ ! #   /#  *
$  #   #+    'Where     ( +
'     'going?
 "$       7   + $$  "#  #
  $$ &$ *# /# $*# $*#*   "  
$ 9 !"#  *$ #   *$ # "#  " "  +
  #  #  * "#     +#*#  #/ 
"  !  $   # !   8
          $
.  O %         $
+0 1            $
$  + !$   # + $$9  /#  "  + / *
"! $   $ "*" + +! 8
@        (
' " %         $
  $         $
  #   9 "$ $ ! 9 0 #  !&  3
* 4 $$*9 *   ""   # & ! $  *
#   * + "$   # 0 $ "$    * + $$ #  
+ "    *$ #  # $ " + "F" 8
%Z     " %Z       " %Z    "
%Z      $

Punctuation
 # !    + !  + # "  !   $ &$   3
"  $ * * &   / / 8
-  "!!    $$ / + #  " + " /#"# +
#   & # &F"8
C&  "        
' &  "$       $$ !  ++ /# "!! 8
'                   

'-?

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

"  * /# # ; $ + 1  %  %


   !$  7     "!!   # "$ ki )G
1 /#"# *   8
C1   "        
=  "!! +    / "3  "$   8
+      "    
> "  * /# CËuÈnkuÈ )G   7 $ * /#  # *
&+1 ! $$   + +$$  
+   $        
I#/  #   + # +$$    * #* " 
!"#  *$ #
. B$     *$ # &    $$ +$$/ & "  $
$  !3"$  $$  
, D "#  + &/ *$ #3 $  "!!
&/ X  Y  !  I+ ; *$ / 
#   "$   #  ) 1% #" !  $ !  &
+ &/ X  Y  ! #  9 /# *$ # !*# 3
$    &$   9  #/ & "  $ $   
"!! 

Grammar

Word order

 #  5 &F"9&F"9&6 $ * * /# ; $0 "


; $0  " " "!!  &  " !  &
  +! #  $  "!!  "#  $$ /* $$
F" $ #/ $* " # &   # ; $ +
*$ #    +$$/ #   # ; $ + & 3
* "F" +$$/ # "$     $ & +$$/ $7" $ & 
 ;"$ $  # + ! $ + *$ # /  
$  ! $ " & "  #  +0"$  !
"! $7 "  #   +  &F" /# # $ &
 &$!8
C%       "  %   $
" /# 5   3  *6 $  "   &$8 $  # 
&$   *  "* " $8
1        (
    %  

'-@

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

Verbs: general

#  # & #/   !&   " " !


! $  $    /$$ #+ &   + # 
""   & 7   #*# "# *  & +! #*# #
*$ # +! #! $ "   *  +0"$ # &F"  
7   /# # &%   *

To be

#     &     # # ! $ " $  


  $$ * 7  
C&    $
#  # ; $ +    "  &   )$ # *$ #
"1 /# 0 &F" 8
C            )+     
 1
C-    %          "      
)+ -    %      "          1

To have

         #  "  # ; $ 


)4   " #  # + %       $  $ $$ @
   1  # &   &* /# !  $ *
&$! 

Questions and negatives

- , *   *   " "   # &


 * "$  "$  # &   0 &#  
 #   + +0"$8
C-    (
C%         
#  # ; $ + *$ # ;   *  ! $   &$
7  8
C-         "  (

Time, tense and aspect

++"  # " * +  #  *$ # & +!  $ 


# +$$/* +0"$ 8

'-A

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

-  !    #   *     $ /#  


& "#    + # & $ " 8
C%     $ %      
'           #   #/ $* #* #  &
**    #   #     ; $ + 
  8
C%   ?    
=  #  " &$ +0"$ /# # !$ $" + "
#  7   *$ # + +*  # + 4   " #
! $   !  &      + #  +  " $$ 
;  ++  !   /# +*  " 
 &$ "! 8
'     ( - " % $
C     O    0
C) BG>     
> #  *   #   " " !  & "+ 8
C%            %    
.       #  +" & *  + #
! $   "  /#     &*   
+! #   & $* ! $  $   *  8
C       K44    $
C%         "  %       
  

Modal verbs

 # # "! #   + ! $ & /#"# 7  !$ 


! *  # *$ # ! $ "$*    +! " *
 " "# %     , %      '  
 , '        #+ & $ + !$ 
/# # ! * 7   & # *$ # ! $ )#*# # ++3
" &/           "   +0"$1
# # !"# " + # *$ # +! #/ /# # " "3
   $  /$ "   *   $ + &$

Conditionals

$$ # &   + " $ /# #  "! $"  # 
 #   #   $ +!  +    $ + #  $$
 +$0$$ &$8
C% %    ? %       )+ % %  
? %     1

''(

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

The passive voice

:     ""  $ +0"$ & " $$ # *$ #


   #   "$!   #  $ $ + 
*  7$   +!  ! $  " + +0"$
$ *   "+  "# "      
       
C&       5=34$
B! $7 +! $ #   *     +" 
"   "$  +0"$8
C/          $
C&        
 #  + ! "0" #  *$ #    "8
C           $
C%     
I$ * # "9      #  +    *$ #
# !& + & /#"# "  &   &#   $ )/# #
* &F"1    $ )/# #  &F"1  %
    ,     % +    ,  
% %      ,        " 
$ #   #      & %  !  #+ 0 
"+ *    # ! &  &# "    "!! !  8
C'         (

Participles and subordinate clauses

*$ # " $  "$   "  *    ++$


+! #  # ; $     $ * &$!
 "# + # +$$/* 7   "   *$ "! $7
"  $ & +!   #8
  $ $ $
  , 
      , 
   ,  
    ,  
       
  
   
     
      , 
" #  # +!   #/    !  #  +0"$
**   *#  *$ # &  "$   )*  " "#
" " 1

''-

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

C%     %     %     %   


  

Relative clauses

# !  "!!  # ; $ +  *$ # $  "$   


" $ " " $ " &+ #  #   $ 
  $  * "F"
CËalõsËtõgÏõmõz guÈnler . . .         $ $ $
CËalõsËtõgÏõmõz mesele . . .           $ $ $
CËalõsËtõgÏõmõz yer . . .       $ $ $
*$ # $  "  #+ +0"$ +  # $  
# !    * #! $*#  !     +
!  8
C          %      (
C%          9

Nominalised clauses

*$ # #   + /  + ! $ * "$       #!


&F" &F"  "! $!   #  0 #   +
" "# # +$$/* +0"$   " &$% #  
  #    "  "# "  8
%     to go$
%   she went$
Her going    $
%     she went$
The fact that she went    $
%     for her to go$
%    her going$

Nouns

 #   *$ & # #/ !&    


"  # $ $  $   #   *$ # 9 "$ $ /# 
 0  *"  + !&3/      $*
+! #   $* !   " 8
C%   "     $
C%         $
C'     $
C  

'''

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

4!  +  +! #  + "#  #*#$ *$  


 #   #  " &$ &$ /# *$ # /
+! 

Pronouns

:  $   !"# $   #   *$ #8 # &F"


  7   $ + ! #  "    " #
&F"  " /#"#    ! $$  * #  *$ # &
"# *      I&F"      $ 
:    $  ! $$ "  " # 5   6 +! +
#  !  # $  # "$ 8
C'         "   $
C       "       %  $
C2       $
 # # $  #3         
"!!$ "+        #       8
C&             $

Articles

 # #  0 "$ /#"#  /"# &/ F"


    !     $ * *      + + 
  *  7  $ 8
C%   $
C    $
# "#" &/ ,     +0"$ +  #  
" # $ &/ " &$  " &$  $ #  $  /
#   *$ #        8
C%      "            $
 # #  0 "$ & " &F"  ++  +!
""*  /##   #  0  ! * #
" * $     /# $$ 0 " &F" $ * 
!   "# 8
C*      $
C%   @  $

Adjectives

B!     $/  !    #8


C+     $

''=

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

Quantifiers

# 5* <  6  "    ,      ,   


&    # /# # " &$<" &$  " 
 ,  
C%     
# ++" &/       %        %
         +0"$ +  #3  *
 + # $  
    "!!$ "+ 8
C   "      $

Adverbs

& #  !+ &    $$ " $  +!  F" 


 #8
C1        $
1     "  &    #8
C1      $
C      (
 0  &$!  8 cËok sogÏuk    ""* 
"7         "  *   "+  #
*$ # +! 

Conjunctions

!* # "F" #  "   " $ +0"$ +  #


              $ $ $  I+ # !
 # / "  &#  "F"      
*$ # $ *  "+  &/ +   "   
 %      %       %    #
    $ $ $    
I# * + / /#"# !  #  *$  # ; $
)"  * "+   "  "7  *$ #1 8     %
      %        
B3  "$    + F7   /# "F" 
  # $ * $       8
C D
'  "      $
C D
 % " %    $

''>

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

Prepositions

:   #  "   "+  "$ ,, % , % ,%


 , %  ,    ,     ,   , %  ,   ,   
C +      ?       
C%      &  $
C%        $
 !! $   #    $*#   
#/  * !  $$
C1          $
C+   /   $

Vocabulary

# $ $7" $ "!! * &/ *$ #   # 


& + &/* +! 4"# "# en¯asyon )G I 1 kalite
)G ;1 ! + #  /  + $  + 9 +   " sempatik
)G "1 kontrol )G  1  $ &$ "   * +! &! &$
  *  # $ " ; $ + !  *$ # &  "
  * + 3;3 ! *$ # / "#
       + #    # "  !
 " $$ "!! "+  8
 , ,  , 
 ,
 , # ,   
, 
, 
,  ,   
 , 
 , 
, 
  ,  
, 
 ,   
,   
, , C #D
  #   &$  #* # %   "  % 
 )+ $1   7 !%    /$   "!  %
  "  /  %    ) ! 1  ! #    % 
   $$ F"    

''.

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

The language classroom

"     #    $$ & + $ #  


   !   "#* ! /#  # 7&  #
 "#   7 "  & *#  $  7 "  "#*  &
 "   # #   "  #  + *  $ + 
$ * !! /#  +0"   ! *  $$
! #  !  &    $ "  # $   * $ 
&  !  !   #*# #   #  *
/  + $ * *     $$ #   +  "+$ 
7  * $  /# $$ $ * * B!!"   "#
 $ * *  "#* !  "!    &    $$ 
 #  " $$ /# #    &"!   #
   " #    $   "# $$ !  "
 "! !  I""  $$ # !  ""  " + # #!3
$    $" & #  "# #$  F  # "" ! +
#  #  !   $    #*#$    #
/$6   + #! # / ! !! $   /# #/
    #     $ * *
 # *  ++" &/ # / $ * * !  
$     *$ #       *$ # !  &$
/$$  * !  $ /# !"# &  " " &$    +03
"$ 2 "!    +   " #  !   
"! $7 " " #  "  & +$     "# 
&"   "!   !   #  & 5 6  #!

'',

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001

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