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Examination for Physics 101, in preparation for exit exam

Physics for Engineering (Mapúa University)

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Physics in a Nutshell: A guide for reviewing and understanding introductory physics (Ver.2013.1.0)
Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

GABAYNOtes: Hello, I developed the following collection of exercises based on past materials to
complement the lecture and laboratory discussions of my physics courses. These exercises are not
intended as stand-alone references but rather an easy-to-access guide for engineering students who
have completed Physics 10, 11, 12 and 13 courses and who are preparing for their diagnostic/exit
exams. Since this is only the first version, future updates are expected; hence your feedback will be
appreciated so I can tailor-fit the material to suit your learning/review strategy. You may send your
suggestions via email: jacque(dot)gabayno(at)gmail(dot)com. (Sharing is permitted)

ORGANIZATION: The exercises are organized according to course topics. Physics 10: Part I - Part III
(A-E); Physics 11: Part III (F-K), Part V-A; Physics 12: Part IV-VI.

Part I: Systems of Measurements

Part II. Vectors and Vector Operations
Part III. Mechanics
A. Kinematic Equations in 1D and 2D motion
B. Newton’s Laws
C. Applications of Newton’s Laws
D. Circular Motion
E. Gravitation
F. Work, Energy, and Momentum
G. Conservation of Energy and Momentum
H. Torque and Rotation
I. Conservation of Angular Momentum
J. Static Equilibrium
K. Fluids
Part IV. Thermal Physics
Part V. Waves and Oscillations
A. Simple Harmonic Motion
B. Sound and Acoustics
Part VI. Electrostatics
A. Electric charges and Coulomb’s law
B. Electric field sources
C. Electric potential
D. Ohm’s law
E. Resistors in series and parallel
F. Kirchhoff’s rules
Part VII. Magnetostatics
A. Magnetic force
B. Magnetic field sources
Part VIII. Geometric Optics
A. Law of reflection
B. Law of refraction (Snell’s law)
C. Image formation in mirrors
D. Image formation in lenses
E. Refraction on flat and spherical surfaces

Symbols/Notations:  : review your notes for related/similar concepts

: key concept or technique for understanding

PART I. Systems of measurements

1. Which of the following quantities is NOT one of the fundamental physical quantities in the SI
system? Mass, length, force, time, current, temperature
Ans. Force ( : There are 7 base quantities on the SI system, what are the other two?)

2. In doing a calculation, you end up with m/s in the numerator and m/s3 in the denominator. What
are your final units?
Ans. s2 ( : dimensional analysis-a very nice skill to develop)

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Physics in a Nutshell: A guide for reviewing and understanding introductory physics (Ver.2013.1.0)
Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

3. Using the correct prefix, what is 100,000 meters? 10,000,000 watts? 0.005 grams? 8 x 10-6
seconds?
Ans. 100 km, 10 MW, 5 mg, 8 us ( : review prefixes)

4. The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s. Express this value in kilometers per hour and miles per hour.
Ans. 1225 km/h, 760 mi/h (since 1 mi = 1.61 km, have fun with conversion)

5. There are 1.057 mocha in a frap and 4 mocha (not SI units) in a cino. How many frap are there in a
cino?
Ans. 1 cino = (1 cino)(4 mocha/ 1 cino) x (1 frap/1.057 mocha) = 3.784 frap

6. If one could count $1 per second, how many years would it take to count 2 billion dollars (2 billion
= 2 x 109)?
Ans. It would take 2 x 109 s or (2 x 109 s)(1 h/3600 s)(1 day/24 h)(1 y/365 days) = 63.4 years
(you’d be old and weak by the time you finish, might as well hire some hand to assist)

 Remember the meaning of the following prefixes:

nano (n) = 10−9
micro (µ) = 10−6
milli (m) = 10−3
centi (c) = 10−2
kilo (k) = 103
Mega (M) = 106
Giga (G) = 109
Tera (T) = 1012

 Always check your UNITS. This will often determine whether or not you are doing the correct
substitutions leading to the correct answer. Remember that all units can be expressed in terms of basic
units.

Here are the SI units of some of the physical quantities:

- Volume V must be expressed in m3, where 1 m3 = (100 cm) 3=106cm3
- Volume density ρ must be expressed in kg/m3
- Linear density µ must be expressed in kg/m
- Force (tension T, friction force f, etc.) must be expressed in N (Newtons),
where 1 N = 1 kg.m/s2 (because F = ma by Newton's second law)
- Force constant k must be expressed in N/m (because k = F/x by Hooke's law)
- Angular frequency ω must be expressed in rad/s (because ω = 2πf )
- Angular wave number k must be expressed in rad/m (because k = 2π/λ) - Energy E (or
Work W) must be expressed in J (Joules),
where 1 J = 1 N.m = (1 kg.m/s2).m = 1 kg.m2/s2(because W = Fd )
- Power P must be expressed in W (Watts),
where 1 W = 1 J/s = (1 kg.m2/s2)/s (because P = W/t )
- Intensity I must be expressed in W/m2 (because I = P/A)
- Pressure must be expressed in Pa (Pascals),
where 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 (because P = F/A)
- Linear momentum p must be expressed in kg.m/s (because p = mv)
- Angular momentum L must be expressed in kg.m2/s (because L = mvr )

PART II. Vectors and Vector Operations

r r
7. Given two vectors A = !4iˆ ! 7 ˆj and B = 3iˆ ! 2 ˆj in SI units. What is the magnitude of vector
A? Of vector B?
Ans. magnitude of A = 8.1 units, magnitude of B = 3.6 units (: The mighty Pythagorean
theorem.)

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Physics in a Nutshell: A guide for reviewing and understanding introductory physics (Ver.2013.1.0)
Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila
r r
8. Given the same vectors above, what is A ! B ?
Ans. -7i – 5j (: -B is the opposite of B)
r r
9. What is the dot product of A and B ?
Ans. 2 units2 (: Dot product of two vectors always yield a scalar value)
( : Dot product of parallel unit vectors: i i = j j = k k = 1)
r r
10. What is the cross product of A and B ?
Ans. 29k (: Cross product of two or more vectors always yield a vector)
(: Cross product of parallel unit vectors: i× i = j× j = k× k = 0)

11. What is the angle between the two vectors?

Ans. Using the results above, A dot B = ABcos(theta), so theta = 86.10 .

12. Suppose the hands on a clock are vectors, where the hour hand has a length of 4 and the minute
hand has a length of 7. What is the dot product of these two vectors when the clock reads 4
o’clock?
Ans. (4)(7)cos(600) = 14

: If there are two or more vectors involved, apply superposition to get the resultant. You may only
add/subtract vectors with similar components.
: How to decompose vectors into its components?

PART III. Mechanics

: Table 1. Note the following verbal cues for problems with variables related to time, position,
velocity, and acceleration. You must learn to translate these phrases into kinematic-equation-
speak:

When they say… It means…

“…it starts from rest…” vo,x = 0 or vo,y = 0

“…is dropped…”

“…it moves at a constant velocity…” ax = 0 or ay = 0

“…comes to rest…” vx = 0 or vy = 0

: Table 2. Using the following sets of kinematic equations, you can predict the motion of an
object in either 1-D or 2-D.

x: constant acceleration, ax Y: ay = g = 9.8 m/s2

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Physics in a Nutshell: A guide for reviewing and understanding introductory physics (Ver.2013.1.0)
Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

13. A rock is dropped from a 100-m high cliff. Neglecting air resistance, how long does it take to fall
the first 20.0 m?
Ans. 0.65 s (: Use the second equation on the right hand side (RHS) given by, yf , to solve
for the time, t.)

Juan, the human cannonball, was shot vertically upward from a canon. If his mass is M,

14. his weight is ____-Mg_______ during his upward flight.

15. his weight is ____-Mg_______ during his downward flight.
16. his weight is ____-Mg_______ at the maximum height of his flight.
17. his velocity is _nonzero, decreasing in magnitude, directed upward_ during his upward flight.
18. his velocity is _nonzero, increasing in magnitude, directed downward_ during his downward
flight.
19. his velocity is ____zero_______ at the maximum height of his flight.
20. his acceleration is ___9.8 m/s2, directed downward____ during his upward flight.
21. his acceleration is ___9.8 m/s2, directed downward____ during his downward flight.
22. his acceleration is ___9.8 m/s2, directed downward____ at the maximum height of his flight.
23. his mass is __M__ during his upward, downward, and at the maximum height of his flight.

24. All of the following factors affect the coefficient of friction EXCEPT ____ (material of the objects
in contact, relative speed, mass of the object, lubricant, molecular structure)
Ans. mass of the object (fact)

25. What
r r rvector r equation describes the relationship among vectors
A, B, C and D shown in the figure?
r r r r
Ans. A ! B ! C ! D = 0 ( : The superposition of vectors forming a
closed loop is always zero.)

26. An object whose mass is 14.0 kg remains at rest after application of forces indicated in the figure.
The 0.805 and 0.602 are the coefficient of static and kinetic friction, respectively. What is the
frictional force?

Ans. 21.6 N ( : The static frictional force act as equilibrant of the 3 applied forces.
Decompose the forces into its x- and y-components.)

27. Consider the following position vs. time graph of an x

object.
B
At what point/s is the velocity positive? Ans. A
At what point/s is the acceleration negative?
A C
Ans. B, C, and D t

(: Based on a position vs time graph such as shown, the D

slope or first derivative provides the instantaneous velocity of
the object, and the curvature/second derivative describes its
acceleration or deceleration.)

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Physics in a Nutshell: A guide for reviewing and understanding introductory physics (Ver.2013.1.0)
Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

28. A net force of magnitude 10-N is applied horizontally on a block of ice of mass m. The ice starts
from rest and moves in a straight line a distance of 18 m for 6.0 s. What is the mass of ice?
Ans. 10 kg (: Use the second kinematics equation on the LHS of Table 2 to solve for
ax, then apply Newton’s law, i.e. Fnet,x = max .)

29. MURA placed a 1-peso coin of mass m on top of a book that is inclined at an angle θ with respect
to a table. By conducting a series of experiments, MURA found that the coin does not slide if θ is
kept less or equal to 15o. What is the coefficient of static friction, µs, between the coin and the
book?
Ans. µs = tan150 (: you can verify that this is correct starting from the FBD –
relatively easy)

Calculation: Use the clues given to derive the BEST answer for items #30 - #63.

30. Go Car. What is the smallest radius of an unbanked (flat) road around which a car of mass m can
travel if its speed is v and the coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road is µs?
A. v2/µSg D. 2µSv2/g
2
B. v /2µSg E. v/µSg
C. µSv2/g d Space
Ans. A kg (: On unbanked round curve, the frictional force shuttle
between the road and tire keeps the car moving with constant
centripetal acceleration. i.e. fs = mv2/R.) d

For the next three items: Planet Mi and Planet Yu have the same mass Planet Planet
M and are separated by a distance d. A space shuttle of mass m flies in Mi Yu
the vicinity of the two planets as shown in the figure.

31. What is the direction of the net force on the space shuttle due to 2d
the attractive forces of Planet Mi and Planet Yu?
A. D.

B.
E. Net force on the space shuttle is zero.
C.

Ans. B (: Gravity does it, so both planets exert attractive gravitation force on the shuttle.)

32. What is the magnitude of the net force on the space shuttle?
2GMm 2GMm
A. D.
2d 2 d2
2GMm GMm
B. E.
4d 2 2d 2
2GMm
C.
d2
Ans. A (: Force is a vector, vectors can be added, just add ‘em gravitational force exerted
by both planets ON the satellite. i.e. Fg = GmM/r2)

33. If there is no Planet Yu beside Mi, what is the linear speed of the space shuttle?

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Physics in a Nutshell: A guide for reviewing and understanding introductory physics (Ver.2013.1.0)
Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

2GM 2GM
A. D.
d d
2GM GM
B. E.
d2 2d
GM
C.
d

Ans. E (: Constant force towards the center, circular orbit, constant linear speed---
reminds me of circular motion. i.e. Fg = mv2 /r)

34. Again, if there is no Planet Yu beside Planet Mi, what is the speed necessary for the space shuttle
to escape the gravitational pull of Planet Mi?
2GM 2GM
A. D.
2d d
2Gm 2Gm
B. E.
2d d
2GMm
C.
2d

Ans. A (: Escape speed is (2)1/2 of the linear speed v - fact)

35. Electron At Work. A moving electron has kinetic energy K. After a net amount of work W was
done on the electron, it then moved twice as fast in the opposite direction. What is the total work
done on the electron?
A. W = ½ K D. W = 3K
B. W = K E. W = 4K
C. W = 2K
Ans. D (: Work-kinetic energy theorem (WKET) – doing “work” on an object definitely
changes its kinetic energy, i.e. W = ΔK )

36. Speedy Block. A 5.00-kg block is moving along a frictionless horizontal surface toward a spring
that is attached to a wall. The spring has negligible mass and a force constant k = 500 N/m. If the
spring is compressed by 0.60 m, what is the initial speed of the block?
A. 0.60 m/s D. 3.00 m/s
B. 1.20 m/s E. 6.00 m/s
C. 10.9 m/s
Ans. C (: WKET is the star, with the spring doing the work. i.e. Wspring = ΔK, K = ½ mv2)

37. Flubber Power. A 0.3-kg ball is dropped from a height h and hits the ground with a speed of 10
m/s. It bounces back with the same speed. The impulse the ball imparts to the floor is _______.
A. 0 kg-m/s D. 6 kg-m/s, directed up
B. 3 kg-m/s, directed up E. 6 kg-m/s, directed down
C. 3 kg-m/s, directed down
Ans. D (: Impulse-momentum theorem, i.e. Impulse = Δp, p = mv  “I too am a vector”,
says p.)

38. Icy Encounter. A 60.0-kg boy and a 40.0-kg girl are initially at rest on a frictionless surface. The
girl pushes the boy, who moves away at a speed of 2.0 m/s. What is the girl’s speed after pushing
the boy?
A. 0.75 m/s D. 2.5 m/s
B. 1.3 m/s E. 3.0 m/s
C. 2.0 m/s
Ans. E (: Conservation of momentum, i.e. Δp =pf – pi = 0)

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Physics in a Nutshell: A guide for reviewing and understanding introductory physics (Ver.2013.1.0)
Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

39. Butting Heads. A mass of 4.50-kg moving with a speed of 24.0 m/s makes a head-on inelastic
collision with a mass of 2.50-kg that is initially at rest. What is the speed of each mass after the
collision?
A. 3.42 m/s D. 15.4 m/s
B. 8.57 m/s E. 24.0 m/s
C. 13.3 m/s
Ans. D (: Collision is inelastic - conjoined so both objects will have the same final speed.)

For the next two numbers, consider a spring-mass system on

a horizontal surface similar to that shown in the figure. A
0.100-kg object is attached to the spring. The spring, k = 100.0
N/m, is stretched by 5.00 x 10-2 m, and is released from rest.

40. The Need For Speed. If the surface is frictionless, what is

the speed of the 0.100-kg mass at its equilibrium position?
A. 0.790 m/s D. 6.32 m/s
B. 1.58 m/s E. 7.07 m/s
C. 2.50 m/s
Ans. B (: Simple harmonic motion, the speed is maximum at equilibrium position. i.e. v =
wA with w = (k/m)1/2, A = maximum displacement from equilibrium)

41. When The Going Gets Rough. Suppose that the surface is
made rough. The spring is again stretched by 5.00 x 10-2 x=5.00 x 10-2 m
m, and is released from rest. It was observed that, at its
equilibrium position, the speed of the mass is 1.00 m/s.
What is the work done by friction as the mass moves from
its initial position (point A) to its equilibrium position B A
(point B)?

A. –0.075 J D. -1250 J
B. +0.075 J E. 1250 J
C. +0.625 J
Ans. A (: WKET again, work done is additive, i.e. Wdone = Wfr + Wel = ΔK)

42. Crazy About Torque. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

I. If a body is not rotating, the net torque is zero.

II. When a constant torque acts on a merry-go-round the power input of the torque is proportional
to its angular speed.
III. The moment of inertia of an object of mass M is proportional to M regardless of the choice of
axis.

A. I only D. I and II only

B. II only E. I, II, and III ***
C. III only
(: Concept review: torque, power, moment of inertia – rotational-dynamics-speak)

43. An object is in static equilibrium. Which of the following is NOT NECESSARILY true?
A. The object is not rotating.
B. The net force on the object is zero.
C. The net torque on the object is zero.
D. There are no forces acting on the object. ***
E. The center of gravity lies within the area of support of the object.
(: 1st Condition FNet = 0 does not mean there are no forces involved)

44. A rod with mass M and length L is pivoted about its center of mass. It is continuously rotated,
giving it a constant angular acceleration α. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. The rod is not in static equilibrium.

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Physics in a Nutshell: A guide for reviewing and understanding introductory physics (Ver.2013.1.0)
Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

B. The net force on the rod is zero.

C. The net torque on the rod is zero.
D. The center of mass of the rod is not accelerating.
E. The rotation of the rod affects the motion of the center of mass. ***
(: Rotation about the Center of mass does not affect an object’s motion. It’s a if the center of
mass is at rest – the dynamic points are those away or offset from the center of
mass.)

45. A non-uniform rod of mass M and length L is

suspended with two strings with tensions T1 and T2 as T1 T2
shown in the diagram below:

If T2=2T1, how far is the center of gravity of the rod L

from its left end?

A. L/6 D. 2L/3 ***

B. L/3 E. 5L/6
C. L/2
(: Set-up condition for equilibrium with Torque = r x F)

46. In The Middle Of Things. Masses mA = 1 kg, mB = 2 kg, and mC = 1 kg are arranged in the
following manner. Where is the center of mass of the system? (Each division in the scale below is
equal to 1 m.)

mA mB mC

x=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A. x = 2.00 m D. 3.25 m ***

B. x = 2.25 m E. 13.0 m
C. x = 3.00 m
(: Center of mass is not always the geometrical center unless there is symmetry and mass
distribution is homogeneous. Textbook formula: rcm = (m1r1 + m2r2+ m3r3+… )/mT)

47. Topping The Charts. The figure on the right shows a spinning compact
disk. Which relations best compare the magnitude of the linear and
angular velocities at points A, B, and C? A BC
A. vA = vB = vC, ωA = ωB = ωC • • •
B. vA > vB > vC, ωA = ωB = ωC
C. vA < vB < vC, ωA = ωB = ωC ***
D. vA = vB = vC, ωA < ωB < ωC
E. vA = vB = vC, ωA > ωB > ωC
(: All points complete one cycle at the same time so their angular speed is also the same, w =
2pi/T. Points inside have slow linear speed, point outside have fast linear speed.)

48. When Two Disks Collide. Two identical disks have a common axis of rotation. Initially, only one
of the disks is spinning. When the two disks are brought into contact by dropping one on top of the
other, they stick together. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
I. The total kinetic energy is unchanged from its initial value.
II. The total angular momentum is unchanged from its initial value.
III. The net external torque is zero.

A. II D. II and III ***

B. I and II E. I, II, and III
C. I and III
(: Concept review: Conservation of angular momentum)

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Physics in a Nutshell: A guide for reviewing and understanding introductory physics (Ver.2013.1.0)
Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

49. Cutting Edge. An electric motor exerts a constant torque of 10 N-m to rotate the blade of a
circular grass cutter. If the blade turns at 4800 rev/min, what is the average power delivered by the
motor?
A. 2.0 kW D. 48 kW
B. 5.0 kW E. 302 kW
C. 19 kW
Ans. B (: Average power, P = τω)

50. Playground Physics. A seesaw consists of a 4-m board pivoted at the center. A 30-kg child sits on
one end of the board. Where should a 40-kg child sit (from the center) to balance the seesaw?
A. 0 m D. 2.0 m
B. 0.66 m E. 3.0 m
C. 1.5 m ***
(: Impose conditions for static equilibrium.)

For the next two questions, an object of mass m is attached to a spring of spring constant k. It was
released at some distance x0 from equilibrium. After release, the object moved in simple harmonic
motion.

51. Spring-Mass. At its equilibrium position, what is the speed of the object?

k
x0 k
A. m *** D. x0
m

m
x0 m
B. k E. x0
2

2 k
x0
C. m

(: Understand critical points of simple harmonic motion: these are the “Equilibrium” –
displacement = zero, U energy = zero, KE is maximum = ½ kA2; Turning Position – where
displacement is maximum, U is max =½ kA2, KE = 0. )

52. Need For Speed II. What is the speed of the object at a point where the potential energy is ¾ of
the total mechanical energy of the system?

k 1 k
x0 x0
A. m D. 4 m

1 k k
x0 x0
B. 2 m *** E. m

1 k
x0
C. 4 m

(: Without non-conservative forces like friction, the total mechanical energy is always
conserved, i.e. U + KE = constant = ½ kA2 during SHM. )

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Physics in a Nutshell: A guide for reviewing and understanding introductory physics (Ver.2013.1.0)
Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

53. A wire of length 1.00 m, radius 10.0 mm, and Young’s modulus of 1.10 x 1011 Pa is hung by one
end from a support structure. When an object of mass m is hung from the lower end of the wire,
the wire elongates by 0.005 mm. What is the value of the mass m? (Note: The wire has a circular
cross-section.
A. 17.6 kg D. 5.6 x 105 kg
B. 173 kg E. 1.73 x 105 kg
4
C. 1.73 x 10 kg
Ans. B (: Young’s modulus, Y = (F/A)/(Δl/l)

54. You threw a ball onto a steel wall. The ball collides with the wall, and then bounces off it. After
the collision, you observe that the wall was not deformed. Which of the following CAN be
SAFELY concluded?
A. The stress on the wall is less than or equal to the proportional limit.
B. The steel wall exhibited elastic behavior. ***
C. The ball was not deformed.
D. The stress on the wall is greater than the breaking stress.
E. A and B
(: Concept review: Differentiate elastic and plastic materials based on deformation.)

55. Two wires of equal length are made of the same material. The radius of wire A is twice the radius
of wire B. When identical weights are suspended from both wires, the lengths of wires A and B
change by ΔlA and ΔlB, respectively. Which of the following is TRUE? Assume that the stress is
still proportional to the strain.
A. ΔlA = ΔlB / 4 *** D. ΔlA = 2 ΔlB
B. ΔlA = ΔlB / 2 E. ΔlA = 4 ΔlB
C. ΔlA = ΔlB
(: Young’s modulus, Y = (F/A)/(Δl/l)

56. Materials A and B initially have the same volume. When the same pressure p was applied to both
materials, the volume of materials A and B changed by ΔVA and ΔVB. If ΔVA=2ΔVB, what can we
say about the bulk moduli of the two materials?
A. BA = BB / 4 D. BA = 2 BB
B. BA = BB / 2 *** E. BA = 4 BB
C. BA = BB
(: Bulk modulus, B = Pressure/(ΔV/V)

57. Under The Sea. The initial volume of seawater is 1.00 m3. What is the change in volume at a
depth where the pressure is 800 atm? (Note: The bulk modulus of seawater is 23.0 x 1010 N/m2 and
the atmospheric pressure is 1.013 x 105 N/m2.)
A. 0
B. 4.45 x 10-9 m3
C. 3.52 x 10-4 m3
D. 0.360 m3
E. 8.28 x 1010 m3
Ans. C (: Bulk modulus, B = P/( ΔV/V), at a depth h the pressure P = Po + ρgh)

58. An ideal fluid is flowing in an irregularly shaped pipe as shown below. At what point/s is/are the
volume flow rate the greatest?

A B C D

E. The same for all regions.

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Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

Ans. E (: Volume flow rate is the same for equal elevation, high if the pressure is low
and/or the fluid speed is high.)

59. SHM I. Consider a simple harmonic oscillator with amplitude A, mass m, and spring constant k.
At its equilibrium position, what is the kinetic energy?
A. Zero D. ¾ kA2
2
B. ¼ kA E. kA2
2
C. ½ kA ***

60. SHM II. Again, consider a simple harmonic oscillator with a displacement at any time t given by
& k #
the function x(t ) = A sin $$ t !! . (A = amplitude, m= mass, and k = spring constant). At one-
% m "
fourth its period, what is the magnitude of the acceleration?

2m
A. Zero D. A
k
1 k m
B. A E. A
4 m k
k
C. A
m
Ans. C (: Concept review – define the variables in the equation of motion of a simple
harmonic oscillator, i.e. A, m, w, k – relate these to velocity and acceleration.)

61. Simple pendulum. A simple pendulum oscillates with a total mechanical energy ET. When the
pendulum is at its maximum displacement, what is the kinetic energy K and potential energy U of
this pendulum?
A. K = ½ET ; U = ½ET D. K = 0 ; U = ET
B. K = ½ET ; U = 0 E. K = 0 ; U = 0
C. K = 0 ; U = ½ET
Ans. D (: At maximum displacement from equilibrium, the speed of a pendulum is zero.)

62. Pocket Money. What is the mass of a gold sphere of radius 2.00 cm (ρgold = 19.3 x 103 kg/m3)?
A. 0.647 kg D. 33.5 kg
B. 6.57 kg E. 65700kg
C. 32.3 kg
Ans. C (: Density, ρ =M/V)

63. Life at the Bottom. Find the gauge pressure at the bottom of a diving pool (of water) with depth
5.00 m. Assume that the water is not flowing.
A. 0 atm D. 1.000 atm
B. 0.483 atm E. 1.483 atm
C. 0.743 atm
Ans. B (: Gauge pressure, i.e. ΔP =Pf – Pi = ρgh, where ρ = density of fluid)

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Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

PART IV. Thermal Physics

CONSTANTS THAT YOU MAY FIND USEFUL:

" Al = 24 # 10 $6 0C $1;" Bronze = 19 # 10 $6 0C $1;"Cu = 17 # 10 $6 0C $1;" Steel = 11 # 10 $6 0C $1;

J J J g
c H 20 = 4190 ;c ice = c steam = 2000 ;cCu = 390 ; & ice = 0.917 3
kg % C kg % C kg % C cm
J J W W
L f , H 20 = 3.3 # 10 5 ; Lv, H 20 = 2.3 # 10 6 ; k ice = 1.6 ; kCu = 385 ;1 L = 1 kg
kg kg m%K m%K

64. A large sheet of metal has a hole cut in the middle of it. When the sheet is heated, what will
happen to the area of the hole?

65. A steel ruler has a length of 25 cm at 23 0C. What will be its length at 100 0C?

66. The density of aluminum is 2.70 x 103 kg/m3 at 0 0C. What will be its density at 200 0C? Will its
mass change? Will the density increase?

67. A container is filled to the brim with 1.4 L of mercury at 20 0C. When the temperature of the
container and mercury is raised to 60 0C, 7.5 mL of mercury is spilled from the container. What is
the expansion coefficient of the container?

68. A steel tube has an outside diameter of 3.00 cm at room temperature (20 0 C). A brass tube has an
inside diameter of 2.997 cm at the same temperature. To what temperature must the ends of the
tubes be heated to fit the steel tube into the brass tube?

69. A 1000 g block of ice is being heated at a rate of 5 kW. How much energy is required to convert
the entire block of ice at -40 C into steam at 100 C?
(: Heat associated with increase or decrease in temp, Q = mcΔT,
Heat associated with phase changes – constant temp, Q = mL)

70. The molar heat capacity of a certain material varies linearly with temperature according to C = α
T + β (where α and β are constants). In terms of α and β, the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of n-mol of the given material from T1 to T2 is:

71. The heat required to vaporize 100 grams of water is (equal to/greater than/less than) the heat
required to raise its temperature from 0 C to 100 C. Meanwhile, the heat required to melt the same
amount of water is (equal to/greater than/less than) the heat required to form 100 grams of ice.

72. A 0.1-kg piece of copper is heated in a furnace to a temperature T. The copper is then inserted into
a 0.15-kg copper calorimeter containing 0.2-kg water. The initial temperature of the water and
calorimeter is 20 0C. The final temperature after reaching thermal equilibrium is 42 0C. When the
calorimeter and its contents are weighed, 0.0012-kg of water seems to have evaporated. Calculate
the initial temperature of the piece of copper.

73. A 3.5-kg block of copper at a temperature of 80 0C is dropped into a bucket containing a mixture
of ice and water whose total mass is 1.2 kg. When thermal equilibrium is reached, the temperature
of the water is 8 0C. Calculate the amount of ice in the bucket before the copper block was placed
in it. (Neglect the heat capacity of the bucket.)

74. An insulated cylinder is fitted with a movable piston to maintain constant pressure. The cylinder is
initially contains 100 g of ice at -10 0C. Heat is supplied to the contents at a constant rate by a 100-
W heater. Sketch a graph showing the temperature of the cylinder contents as a function of time

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Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

starting at t = 0 when the temperature is -10 0C, and ending when the temperature is 110 0C. (Use
cice = cstea, = 2000 J/kg-C)

75. Two cylinders made of materials A and B have the same lengths; their diameters are related by dA
= 2dB. When the same temperature difference is maintained between ends of the cylinders, they
conduct heat at the same rate. Relate their thermal conductivities.

76. A small pond has a layer of ice 1.5-cm thick floating on its surface. If the temperature surrounding
the pond is -12 0 C:
(a) Calculate the rate (in cm/hr) at which ice is added to the bottom of the layer.
(b) Calculate the number of hours before a 15-cm layer of ice builds up.

77. A copper bar 4-m long has a circular cross-section of radius 2-cm. One end is kept at 105 0C and
the other end is kept at 5 0C. The surface of the bar is insulated so that there is negligible heat loss
through it. Calculate the following:
(a) thermal resistance, Rth, of the copper bar
(b) conduction heat current through the bar, HC
(c) temperature of the bar 50-cm from the hot end.

78. If the absolute temperature of an object is tripled, at what rate does it radiate thermal energy?

PART V. Waves and Oscillations

79. Beats are produced by the superposition of two harmonic waves if their frequencies are (equal/not
equal) and their amplitudes are (equal/not equal).

80. Standing waves result from the superposition of two waves that have (equal/not equal)
amplitude, (equal/not equal) frequency, and (same/opposite) direction of propagation.

81. A large drinking straw that is open at both ends has a fundamental frequency fo of 800 Hz. If you
cover one end of the straw with your finger, the fundamental frequency becomes 400 Hz.

82. On a stretched string, doubling the tension while keeping the length and the mass per unit length
fixed would change the frequency by a factor of 2.

83. An astronaut on the Moon wishes to measure the local value of g (acceleration due to gravity) by
timing pulses traveling down a wire that has a large mass suspended from it. Assume a wire of
mass m and length L has a mass M suspended from it. A pulse requires a time t to traverse the
length of the wire. Calculate g from these data. (You may neglect the mass of the wire when
finding the tension in it.)

84. Write the expression for y as a function of x and t for a sinusoidal wave traveling along a rope in
the negative x direction with the following characteristics: A = 10.00 cm, λ = 80.0 cm, f = 3.00
Hz, and y(0,t) = 0.

85. A transverse wave on a rope is given by the equation

# "x "t &

y ( x,t ) = ( 0.750cm) cos% + (
$ 0.400cm 250s '

a) Find the amplitude, period, frequency, wavelength, and speed of propagation.

b) What is the direction of propagation of the wave?
c) The mass per unit length of the rope is 0.0500 kg/m. What is the tension on the rope?
d) Write an expression for the transverse acceleration of particles in the rope.

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Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

86. Standing waves on a string I: The wave function for a certain standing wave on a string fixed at
both ends is given by
y ( x,t ) = ( 4.20cm) sin( 0.20x ) cos( 300t )
Where y and x are in centimeters and t is in seconds.
a) What is the wavelength of this wave?
b) What is the frequency?
c) What is the speed of transverse waves on this string?
d) If the string is vibrating in its 4th harmonics, how long is the string?

87. Standing waves on a string II: A string 5-m long and fixed on both ends is vibrating in its fifth
harmonic with a frequency of 400 Hz. The maximum displacement of any segment of the string is
3 cm.
a) What is the wavelength of this wave?
b) What is the wave number?
c) What is the speed of this transverse wave?
d) Write the wave function for this standing wave.

88. Longitudinal waves in solids and liquids:

a) In a liquid with density 1300 kg/m3, longitudinal waves with frequency f = 400 Hz are found
to have a wavelength of 8.00 cm. What is the bulk modulus of the liquid?
b) On a metal bar with length 1.50-m and density 6400 kg/m3, longitudinal waves take 3.90 x 10-
4
s to travel from one end of the bar to the other. What is the Young’s modulus of the metal
bar?

89. Resonance and frequencies of sound in air columns: Calculate the fundamental and the next
two frequency harmonics of a 10-m organ pipe that is
a) Open at both ends
b) Closed at one end only
Use: vsound = 340 m/s

90. Doppler Effect I: Ocean waves move toward the beach with a speed of 7.5 m/s and a crest-to-
crest separation of 15.0 m. You are onboard a small boat that is anchored off shore.
a) What is the frequency of the ocean waves?
b) You now lift the anchor and head out to sea at a speed of 15 m/s. What frequency of the
waves do you observe?
c) What is the wavelength of the wave observed in (b)?

91. Doppler Effect II: A car is approaching a reflecting wall. A stationary observer behind the car
hears a sound of frequency 745-Hz from the car horn and a sound of frequency 863- Hz reflected
from the wall. (again, use vsound = 340 m/s)
a) How fast is the car traveling?
b) What is the frequency of the car horn?

92. Doppler Effect III. A swimming duck paddles the water with its feet once every 1.6 second,
producing surface waves with this period. The duck is moving at constant speed in a pond where
the speed of the surface waves is 0.32 m/s, and the crests of the waves ahead of the duck are
spaced 0.12 m apart. (a) What is the duck’s speed? (b) How far apart are the crests behind the
duck?

93. Doppler Effect IV. A car alarm is emitting sound waves of frequency 520 Hz. You are on a
motorcycle, traveling directly away from the car. How fast must you be traveling if you detect a
frequency of 490 Hz?

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Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

94. Speed of sound in air. The pressure amplitude of a sound

wave in air is 4.0 x 10-3 Pa (i.e. 1 Pa = 1 N/m2, ρair = 1.2 x A
103 kg/m3, vsound = 340 m/s). If a 10 kHz sound is transmitted,
calculate the following:
a) wavelength of sound
b) displacement amplitude of air 3.0 m
c) maximum speed of air particles
C
95. Sound intensity. Two small speakers emit sound waves of 4.0 m
different frequencies as shown in the figure. Speaker A has
an output of 1.0 mW and speaker B has an output of 2.0 mW. 2.0 m
Calculate the sound intensity (in mW/m2) at point C.
Assume that pt. C is part of a sphere concentric to both A and
B. B

 : Some Pointers: (Mechanical Waves)

1. Do not confuse wave speed v with transverse or longitudinal speed vy of particle in a medium.
For a transverse wave moving in the +x direction on a string, the particles of the medium
oscillate in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves. For a longitudinal
wave moving in the x direction, the particles oscillate parallel to the direction in which the wave
moves.

2. Do not confuse force constant with angular wave number.

The force constant k of a spring, which is defined by Hooke's law (F = −kx), is measured in
N/m, whereas the angular wave number k, which is defined as k = 2π/λ, is measured in rad/m.

3. Do not confuse Power with Pressure.

Power is the rate at which energy is transferred, and is measured in Watts
(Joules/second). Pressure is the force per unit area, and is measured in N/m2.

4. Do not confuse Intensity with Sound Level.

The Intensity I of a sound wave, or the power per unit area (I = P/A), is the rate at which the
energy being transported by the wave flows through a unit area A perpendicular to the direction of
travel of the wave. Hence, it is measured in W/m2. Because the range of intensities a human ear can
detect is very wide, it is convenient to use a logarithmic scale, where the sound level β is defined by
the equation β = 10 log(I/Io). The sound level is measured in dB.

5. Do not confuse linear density with volume density.

Linear density µ is defined as the mass per unit length, and is measured in units of mass per
unit length, e.g., kg/m, or g/cm, etc. Volume density ρ is defined as the mass per unit volume, and is
measured in units of mass per unit volume, e.g., kg/m3, or g/cm3. Since 1 m = 102 cm then, 1 m3 = 106
cm3.

6. Standing Waves and Harmonics.

You can make a string fixed at both ends vibrate as a single loop (first mode of vibration), as
two loops (second mode of vibration), three loops (third mode of vibration), etc. These standing wave
patterns are called natural modes of vibration. They occur only at sharply defined frequencies (we say
that the system resonates at these frequencies).
For a string fixed at both ends, because the ends cannot move, a node of a standing wave pattern
must exist at each end of the string. Therefore, the length L of the string must be an integral
multiple of λ/2, or

L = n λ/2 (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ...)

From this equation you can get the allowed wavelengths in terms of L. Then you can get the

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Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

allowed frequencies from the equation v = f λ. Note that the n's stand for the modes of vibration (1 for
the first mode, 2 for the second mode, etc.).

The closed end of a pipe, like the fixed end of a string, is a displacement node, at which the
displacement amplitude of the oscillating elements of air is zero.
At the open end of the pipe, however, there is a displacement antinode at which the
displacement amplitude of the oscillating air elements has its maximum value.
So, if the pipe is open at both ends (open pipe), there must be a displacement antinode at those
ends. The wavelengths must be such that an integral number of λ/2 (this includes the two quarter-
wavelengths at each end) will fit into the length L of the pipe. That is

L = n λ/2 (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ...)

From this equation you can get the allowed wavelengths in terms of L. Then you can get the allowed
frequencies from the equation v = f λ.

For a pipe closed at one end (stopped pipe), there must be a displacement node at the closed
end and a displacement antinode at the open end. In this case the wavelengths must be such that an
integral number of λ/4 will fit into the length L of the pipe. That is,

L = (2n − 1) λ/4 (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ...)

From this equation you can get the allowed wavelengths in terms of L. Then you can get the
allowed frequencies from the equation v = f λ. Note that the above expression can also be written as

L = (2n + 1) λ/4 (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...) or

L = n λ/4 (n = 1, 3, 5, ...)

Also note that an even multiple of λ/4 would give you an integer multiple of λ/2, which would be the
case for the open pipe, rather than the stopped pipe.

As for the string, the n's stand for the modes of vibration (1 for the first mode, 2 for the second
mode, etc.).

PART VI. Electrostatics

96. A spherical shell of radius R and charge +Q is placed concentric with a larger spherical shell of
radius 2R and charge –Q. The magnitude of the electric field outside the larger shell a distance 4R
from their common center is zero.

97. The magnitude of the electric field at the center of a dipole of dipole moment qL is nonzero and
the potential difference is zero.

98. Two point charges, each of charge +Q, are held fixed at the two corners of an equilateral triangle
of length L. The magnitude of the electrostatic force on a charge -2q placed on the remaining
corner is 3kqQ/L2.

99. 10. Identical charges +Q are arranged at the corners of a square. The electric field E, the electric
potential V, and the force to a proton at the center of the square is E=0;V>0;F=0.

100. Two 100-Ω resistors are both connected in parallel to a 10-V power supply. The power delivered
by the supply is 2 watts.

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Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

101. Spherical Conductors. A cavity of radius R is drilled inside an initially uncharged spherical
conductor of radius 2R. A point charge, +Q, is then placed at the
center of the cavity. At electrostatic equilibrium,

a) what is the total charge on the surface of the cavity? -Q

b) what is the total charge on the outer surface of the
conductor? +Q +Q
c) what is the total electric flux through a spherical
2R
R
Gaussian surface inside the cavity enclosing the point
charge (r < R)? (Hint: What is the charge enclosed by
Q
the Gaussian surface? " = enc ) +Q/ε o
#o
d) what is the total electric flux through a spherical Gaussian surface inside the
conductor enclosing both the cavity and the point charge (R<r<2R)? ZERO
e) what is the total electric flux through a spherical Gaussian surface of radius 3R
surrounding the conductor? +Q/ε o
f) if there’s any, what is the direction of the electric field inside the cavity? AWAY
FROM THE +Q CHARGE
g) if there’s any, what is the direction of the electric field outside the conductor?
AWAY FROM THE CONDUCTOR

102. Combination of resistors and Kirchhoff’s rules. Consider a circuit (shown below) consisting of
resistors, switches and a 20-V ideal battery. Calculate the voltage and current readings on the
ammeter and voltmeter for each of the cases indicated on the table.

Ammeter Reading Voltmeter Reading

Case I. S1 and S2 are OPEN ZERO 6.66 V
Case II. S1 CLOSE, S2 OPEN 80 mA 8V
Case III. S1 OPEN, S2 CLOSE ZERO ZERO
Case IV. S1 and S2 are CLOSE 133.3 mA ZERO

a) What is the effective resistance of the circuit in Case I and IV?

Ans. CASE I. REFF = 150 Ω CASE IV. REFF = 75 Ω

b) What is the power delivered by the battery in Case I?

Ans. PI = 2.66 watts

c) What is the power delivered by the battery in Case IV?

Ans. PI = 5.33 watts

d) What is the power dissipated on one of the 100-Ω resistor in Case III?
Ans. ZERO

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Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

103. TRUE or FALSE: On the space provided, write T if the statement is TRUE, otherwise write
F if FALSE.
a) __F__A charged comb is brought near a neutral scrap of paper. The comb can only
repel the paper.
b) __F _A spherical object having a positive charge of one million coulombs is in the
vicinity of a proton. The spherical object exerts greater electrostatic force than the
proton.
c) __F__The effect of an electric field is to exert force on positive or negative charges
only, and not on neutral particles, that finds itself at a point in space at which the
electric field exists.
d) __F__Assuming no force besides that due to the electric field, it is possible for a
charged particle to be in an external field without changing its kinetic energy.
e) __ T__The electric field is zero halfway between two positive charges.
f) __ F __The electric potential is zero halfway between two positive charges.
g) __ F _The electric flux is zero through a surface enclosing two positive charges.

104. For the next three items: Three equal positive charges Q are equally
spaced on a semi-circle of radius R as shown. Q
a) The direction of the electric field at the origin is
___downward__________.
b) Assuming a zero potential at infinity, the potential at
Q Q
the origin in terms of Q, R, and k is
_____3kQ/R_______.
c) The work required to place a charge –8Q at the origin
is ____-24kQ2/R_______.

105. A spherical shell with charge +Q is placed at the center of a larger spherical shell with charge –Q.
The magnitude of the electric field OUTSIDE the larger shell is __ZERO_______.

106. The interior of a car is considered to be a safe place to be in during a thunderstorm because __the
car may be considered as a conductor shielding the passenger from the flow of electric
current, E inside = 0.

107. Consider two wires, wire A and wire B, each made of the same kind of metal and having the same
length, but, with wire B having twice the diameter of wire A. The resistivity of wire B is _the
same_as_____ that of wire A?

108. Consider two wires, wire A and wire B, each made of the same kind of metal and having the same
length, but, with wire B having twice the diameter of wire A. The resistance of wire B is _one-
fourth________ that of wire A?

109. Electrical energy is converted into thermal energy in a resistor at the rate of 5 watts for 1 minute.
The energy dissipation on the resistor during that 1-minute is ____5 ___J/s.

110. A current of 5.0 A can be measured on 10-m long copper wire that is connected to an ideal battery.
The voltage across the wire if its resistance is 0.50 Ω is ___2.5_______V.

111. Two resistors (R1 and R2) dissipate the same amount of power. The voltage across R1 is twice that
of R2. When R2 = 1.0 Ω, the resistance of R1 is _____4_______ohms.

For the next three items, consider the network of resistors on the R1 = R2 =
right:

112. The equivalent resistance across the terminals a and b is -

_____6______ ohms. R3 =

113. If a 20-V battery of 0.5-Ω internal resistance is supplied

across the terminals, the current passing through each R5 =
resistors are:
R4 =
I1 = 1.025 amperes I4 = 1.025 amperes

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Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

I2 = 1.025 amperes I5 = 2.050 amperes

I3 = 1.025 amperes

114. The power generated by the 20-V battery is __57___watts.

: Table 3. Some useful formula and relations in basic electronics.

Ohm’s Law I = V/R
Kirchhoff’s rules Iin = Iout of a junction
ΔV = 0 around a closed loop.
Power P = IV : supplied by a battery
P = I2 R = V2/R : dissipated on a resistor
Effective Resistance Series: Algebraic sum, Parallel: Inverse sum of the
reciprocal

PART VII. Magnetostatics

Review of concepts:

 Magnetic forces Fm are exerted on a moving charged particle and conductors carrying current
 The direction of magnetic force is ALWAYS perpendicular to:
 The magnetic field B and the velocity of a charged or
 The magnetic field B and the direction of current
 The magnitude of Fm is
 ZERO if v or I is parallel to B, otherwise
 Fm = |q|vBsinφ for a charged particle, and
 Fm = ILBsinφ for a wire segment where φ is the angle between v or I and the direction of the
magnetic field
 Similar to electric field lines, magnetic fields can also be represented by field maps.
 The motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field can be analyzed combining the magnetic
force equation with Newton’s second law.
 If a particle of charge q and mass m is injected such that the only force acting is Fm and its
velocity v is ⊥ to B, then this particle will follow a CIRCULAR path. As a result,
♣ the linear speed and kinetic energy of the particle remains constant,
♣ no work is done on the particle,
♣ it makes a circular orbit
|q|B
♣ the angular speed != is also constant and independent of the particle’s speed
m
! |q|B
♣ the frequency (or cyclotron frequency) f = = and the period of revolution
2" 2" m
1 2! m
T= = are independent of the radius R.
f |q|B
 Applications:
E
 Velocity selector: A region with crossed E- and B-fields. Only particles with speed v= can
B
pass through UNDEFLECTED.
 Mass spectrometer: heavy ions or charged particles travel in a circular path with longer radius
than lighter ions.
 Hall Effect: An important phenomenon that tells us that current in conducting wires is actually
made up of negative charges. Direct application: magnetic field and electron drift velocity
measurements

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Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

 Magnetic force in current wires:

 On a semicircular conducting wire of radius R carrying a current I, the magnetic force is
proportional to 2IRB.
 Whereas ZERO net magnetic force acts on ANY ARBITRARILY-SHAPED LOOP of
current-carrying wire inra uniform magnetic field B.
 The net magnetic torque ! experienced by a loop of current is NOT ZERO but equal to
 r! = urIBAursin " , where θ is the angle ubetween
r ur the normal and the direction of B or
 ! = µ" urBur; µ is the dipole moment ( µ = I A )
 U = ! µ " B ; the corresponding potential energy
 Magnetic
ur torque tends to rotate the plane of loop towards stable equilibrium, i.e. towards θ =0o
or µ // to B
ur ur
 Magnetic flux ΦB = ! B •d A is always zero through a closed surface. Implication: Magnetic
monopole does not exist.

Right Hand Rule

 A moving charged particle with velocity v creates a magnetic field B in the space around it, i.e.
r
ur µ qv " rˆ
B= o .
4! r 2
 If v is constant, the direction of B at any point is ALWAYS ⊥ to v AND to the vector r̂ (a unit
vector from the source to the field point)

 Biot-Savart Law describes the magnetic field created by a small wire segment of a conductor
r
ur µ Idl " rˆ
o
carrying a current I, i.e. d B = .
4! r 2
 This relation is used to find the magnetic field created by ANY configuration of conductors
carrying current.
 The direction of the magnetic field can always be determined using the Right Hand Rule.
 Forces between parallel currents of length L separated by some distance a.
 Two parallel wires carrying currents in the same direction ATTRACT each other.
 Two parallel conductors carrying currents in the opposite direction REPEL each other.
µo I1 I 2
 The magnitude of the force exerted on each wire by the other wire is F1 = F2 = L
2! a
 Ampere's Law provides an alternative formulation relating B to its current source I, i.e.
ur r
" B ! dl = µ I
o enc .

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Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

 Applications of Ampere’s Law:

Current Distribution B-Field Magnitude

Long, straight, current wire µo I

B=
2! r

Long cylindrical conductor of radius R

Inside conductor, r < R µo I r

B=
2! R 2
Outside conductor, r>R
µo I
B=
2! r

Solenoid (Inside) B = µo nI
Outside solenoid
B=0

 A time-varying electric field is ALSO a SOURCE of magnetic field.

 This relationship is expressed in terms of a quantity called displacement current associated with
the varying electric field.
 Magnetic field map due to: a) (+) charge and b) (-) charge moving into the page ( ! )

!
+q
! -q

a) b)

 Magnetic field maps due to straight current- carrying wire

 Magnetic field lines are circles concentric with the wire
 The magnitude of B is constant on any circle centered on the wire.
B
µo I
 Magnetic field map due to a current loop Bmax =
2a

EXERCISES

115. The figure below shows several wire segments that carry B 1
equal currents from a to b. The wires are immersed in a
uniform magnetic field B directed upwards. Which wire
segment/s experiences the largest net force? 2
a b

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Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

Y
116. A +1C charge with an unknown speed is injected into hole X of a
square-shaped chamber as shown. The chamber contains a uniform 2m
2m
magnetic field with magnitude 0.5 T. The charge emerges out of the
chamber through hole Y with a speed of 1 m/s. What was the speed of
the charge at hole X? X

117. A rigid elliptical wire loop on the plane, as shown below, carries a clockwise current. The loop is
immersed in a uniform magnetic field directed to the right. What is the direction of the net force
and net torque on the loop?

A. net force is zero; net torque is upwards B

B. net force is to the right; net torque is zero
C. net force is clockwise; net torque is into the plane I
D. net force is zero; net torque is downwards
E. net force is downwards; net torque is to the left

118. The wire configuration shown in the figure carries a counterclockwise current I from b to a, and is
immersed in a uniform magnetic field B that is directed out of the plane. The net magnetic force on
this wire is directed upwards. What is the magnitude of this net force?

A. 3 IdB d/3 d/6 d/3

B. IdB
C. 0 d/3 d/3
D. (2+π) IdB
E. (2 + π/12) IdB d/6
d/6

d/3 d/3
a b

119. Three particles with the same velocity are made to pass through a region of crossed electric and
magnetic fields as shown below. The charge Q and mass m of each particle is listed in the
following:

Particle I: Q = +10 C, m = 1× 10-17 kg

Particle II: Q = − 1 C, m = 1× 10-14 kg
Particle III: Q = +0.1 C, m = 1× 10-15 kg

Neglecting gravity, which of the particles would travel in a straight line through the crossed fields?

A. I only
B. II only       magnetic field
C. None Q, m  electric field
D. III only     
E. I, II and III
    

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Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

120. Three particles of identical speeds follow the paths shown in Q1 Q2

the figure as they pass through a uniform magnetic field
directed into the plane. If the magnitudes of Q1, Q2 and Q3 are
equal, which of these is negative? Which of the particles is the
heaviest? Q3

121. Atom the ant has the ability to modify the

I F net charge in his body at will. Atom’s
IV path between the points G and F in a
Atom II uniform magnetic field that is directed
into the plane is shown below. At which
G of the indicated points was Atom’s charge
positive?

III

122. The diagrams below shows the cross-section of current carrying wires, where BL means magnetic
field due to the left wire and BR means magnetic field due to the right wire. The cross and the dot
indicate the directions of the current through the wires. Which of these diagrams is properly
labeled?
BL F
F F BR
A. B.

BL
BR F

F F BR
C. BR BL D. F F

BL

123. A 2nC charge at coordinates (x,y,z) equal to (0,0,2) is seen moving with an instantaneous velocity
of v = 3i + 2j. What is magnetic field at (0,2,2) produced by the moving charge?

A. 3µo/2π k nT
B. 3µo/π k nT
C. 3µo/2π i nT
D. 3µo/π i nT
E. 3µo/2π j nT

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Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

124. The figure below is the cross-sectional area of a very long co-axial cable. Which of the following
plots correctly describes the B field magnitude as a function of radial distance? The cross and the
dot are the direction of the current. The current is uniformly distributed in the wire.
B B

2I

4I a
a b c r a b c r
b A. B.
c
B B

a b c r a b c r
C. D. I
125. Two current-carrying wires (w1 and w2) are located
along two sides of a cube with their current directions
w1
(A) (C)
indicated. Choose the vector that correctly represents
(E)
the resultant magnetic field at the corner of the cube.
(B)
126. A current carrying wire is enclosed by a cylindrical (D)
Gaussian surface G with height h and radius r. What is
the net magnetic flux through G? I
w2 I
A. µ0 I
B. πh r2 µ0 I
G
C. h r µ0 I / 2
D. µ 0 I / ( 2 π r2 )
E. zero
h

127. A current carrying wire is shaped as a series of circular arches creating a pattern similar to that
shown below. Point P is chosen as the common center of curvature of all the arches. Which of the
following correctly describes the direction of the net magnetic field at point P?

A. Out of the page

B. Into the page
C. To the right •
D. To the left I P
E. Field is zero at P

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Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila
r r
128. What is ! • dl for the path C shown below? The smaller arrows in the middle of the loop
C
B

indicate the directions of their corresponding magnetic moment.

A. 0 µ1
B. 1Aµ0
2A
C. 2Aµ0 C
D. 3Aµ0
E. 4Aµ0

µ2 µ3

1A 1A

129. Two current carrying coils, with their corresponding magnetic moments shown, are placed side by
side. What is the direction of the magnetic field at P located midway along the axis between the
two coils?

A B
1A 2A

µ1 P µ2 E P C

130. A long straight wire carries a current of 10A, as shown in the figure above. A rectangular coil,
with dimensions as shown, is located 2 cm from the wire. If the rectangular coil carries a
clockwise current of 3A, find the net force on the coil (both magnitude and direction).

131. What is the velocity of a beam of electrons that go undeflected when passing through a
spectrometer with perpendicular electric and magnetic fields of magnitude 1.2 x 103 V/m and 4.0 x
10-3 T, respectively? If the electric field were turned off, what would be the radius of the electron
orbit?

132. A square loop of 10 turns of wire has 10 cm long sides and is placed between the poles of a
magnet producing uniform magnetic field. When 2.5 A flows in the wire, the torque on the loop is
0.4 Nm. What is the value of the magnetic field?

PART VIII. Geometric Optics

: Pointers: Concepts

1. Refraction: A light ray traveling from one medium into another always bends toward the normal
only if it travels from a medium of lower index of refraction into one of higher index of refraction, that
is, when it travels into a medium where its speed is slower.

2. Refraction: As light travels from one medium to another, its frequency does not change but its speed
and wavelength do change. The frequency with which the wave fronts travel in one medium must equal
the frequency at which they travel in the second medium, otherwise the wave fronts would be piling up
at the boundary between the two media or they would be created or destroyed at the boundary. Since
there is no mechanism for this to occur, the frequency must be a constant as a light ray passes from one
medium into another.

3. Facets of diamonds: Diamond has a larger index of refraction than glass and consequently a smaller
critical angle. This results in more light being internally reflected and thus explains the reason why a
diamond shows more "sparkle" than a glass crystal of the same shape and size.

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Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

4. Refraction: Any object submerged underwater appears bent because of refraction.

5. It takes so long for light from a distant star to reach us that in a sense we can say that looking at this
star is the same as looking back in time.

6. Refraction. The color traveling slowest has higher refractive index and is bent the more. Therefore,
under normal dispersion, blue or violet colors travel slowest in glass and are bent more than colors red
and orange.

7. Rainbows. Sunlight entering a single drop of water in the atmosphere is refracted and disperses into
its component spectral colors. Violet is bent the most, while red is bent the least. The various colors are
reflected off the inner surface of the droplet (total internal reflection). As the light leaves the droplet it
is refracted again, but remains split into the same colors.

8. Mirage. A mirage occurs on hot, summer days, as a result of internal reflection of light in a cool
layer of air which lies above a warmer layer near the surface of the road. As a ray of light moves from
the road, it passes through air of increasingly higher index of refraction and bends upward. To an
observer, what looks like a reflection of the sky by water on the road is actually the refraction of sky
light through several densities of the air.

9. Concave mirrors: The image formed by a concave spherical mirror is inverted only if the image is a
real image. Virtual images are upright. Real images are formed only when the object is beyond the
focal point of the mirror.

10. Convex mirrors: A convex spherical mirror produces only one kind of image. The image is always
upright, diminished, virtual, and behind the mirror.

11. Apparent depth. A clear stream always appears to be shallower than it actually is because the
apparent depth is less than the true depth due to refraction of light originating from objects such as
stones at the bottom of the stream.

13. Remember that an angle of incidence, an angle of reflection, an angle of refraction, and a critical
angle is always measured from the normal to the surface from which a ray of light is incident, reflected,
or refracted, whichever the case may be.

14. Remember that for spherical mirrors and lenses, p (q) is positive for a real object (image), and
negative for a virtual object (image), and that f is positive for a concave mirror (or converging lens) and
negative for a convex mirror (or diverging lens).
- Real images can be caught on a screen, whereas virtual images cannot.
- For a real image the image distance is positive. For a virtual image the image distance is
negative.
- Real images formed by a single mirror or lens are inverted. Virtual images formed by a single
mirror or lens are upright.
- Real images are formed on the front of a mirror. Virtual images are formed on the back of a
mirror.
- Real images are formed on the back of a lens. Virtual images are formed on the front of a lens.

EXERCISES

133. Index of refraction of water is 1.33. What will a fish, swimming in a lake, see if it looks upward
towards the water surface at an angle (with respect to a normal to the surface) of 30o, 48.5o, and
60o?

134. An object that is 8.0 cm tall is placed 40.0 cm in front of a diverging lens with a focal length of
magnitude of 20.0 cm.

a) What is the position and size of the image?

b) Is the image real or virtual?
c) Upright or inverted?

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Jacque Lynn F. Gabayno, Ph.D.
Physics Department, Mapua Institute of Technology-Intramuros, Manila

135. How far apart are an object and an image formed by a 75 cm focal length converging lens if the
image is 2.5 times larger than the object and is real?

136. A converging lens, of focal length of 0.50 m is placed 2.0 m in front of a plane mirror. If an object
is placed 1.0 m in front of the converging lens,

d) where is the final image, measured from the lens, that would be seen by an eye
looking toward the plane mirror through the lens?
e) What are the properties of the formed image (real or virtual? upright or inverted? Its
magnification?)

137. The index of refraction of benzene is 1.8. What is the critical angle for a light ray traveling in
benzene toward a layer of air above the benzene?

138. What is the critical angle for total internal reflection for light from
diamond (n = 2.42) to water (n = 1.33)?
C
139. A point source of light is 80.0 cm below the surface of a body of water.
Find the diameter of the circle at the surface through which light emerges B D
from the water.

140. A regular hexagon is constructed of glass with an index of refraction of

1.55. A beam of light is incoming in the direction shown. There are two,
and two only, paths for this light striking at different points on face A to A E
go through the hexagon. Find the face from which each beam leaves the
hexagon and its direction with respect to the normal to that face.
F
141. For the lens system shown, the object is 150 cm to the left of lens A.

a) Find the position of the final image, as a distance from LENS A.

b) Calculate the magnification, including sign.
c) Is the image real or virtual?
d) Is the image erect or inverted?

142. An object is 20 cm to the left of a thin diverging lens having a 30 cm focal length. What is the
image distance?

143. A Jurassic mosquito is discovered embedded in a chunk of amber, which has index of refraction
1.6. One surface of the amber is spherically convex with radius of curvature 3.0 mm (Fig. 35-22).
The mosquito head happens to be on the central axis of that surface and, when viewed along the
axis, appears to be buried 5.0 mm into the amber. How deep is it really?

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