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1st step All steps Answer only

Step 1

a. Determine U 14, the set of units in the ring.

In the ring Z , the set of units U consists of all elements that have a
14 14

multiplicative inverse. An element a ∈ Z has a multiplicative inverse if and 14

only if a is relatively prime to 14, i.e., gcd (a, 14) = 1.

The numbers less than 14 that are relatively prime to 14 are 1, 3, 5, 9, 11, and
13. Thus, U = {1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13}.
14

Step 2

b. Construct the multiplication table modulo 14 for U 14.

The multiplication table for U can be constructed by calculating the

14

products of the elements in U and then taking the result modulo 14.
14

Here is the multiplication table:

| × | 1 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 11 | 13 |
|--------|---| ---|---|----|----|---|
|1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 11 | 13 |
|3 | 3 | 9 | 1 | 13 | 5 | 11 |
|5 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 13 | 9 |
|9 | 9 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 5 |
| 11 | 11 | 5 | 13 | 9 | 3 | 1 |
| 13 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 3 |

In this table, each cell represents the product of the row and column headers
modulo 14.

Step 3

c. To what group is ⟨U 14, ⋅⟩ isomorphic to?

The group ⟨U , ⋅⟩ is isomorphic to a group that has the same structure. In

14

this case, we can identify that U is a cyclic group because it has an element
14

of order 6 (the size of U itself), which is 3, since 3 ≡ 1mod14 and no

14
6

smaller power of 3 is congruent to 1 modulo 14.

Hence, ⟨U , ⋅⟩ is isomorphic to the cyclic group Z , the integers modulo 6

14 6

under addition, because both groups have 6 elements and are cyclic. The
isomorphism can be explicitly constructed by mapping the generator 3 of U 14

to the generator 1 of Z . 6

Answer

a. U 14 = {1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13}

b. The multiplication table modulo 14 for U 14 is provided.

c. ⟨U 14, ⋅⟩ is isomorphic to Z 6.

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Wed Jan 17 2024 22:36:05 GMT+0800 (China Standard Time)

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