Message from the Chairperson

Greetings!

It is a dream come true as Mount Zion College of Engineering and

Technology convenes the 1st IEEE International Conference on Automation,
Computing and Renewable Systems from 13th to 15th December 2022 at
MZCET. The IEEE Student Branch of MZCET and the department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering have strived hard to conduct this
remarkable event. The theme of this conference encompasses the fields of
electronics, computer science and electrical engineering, which is praiseworthy.
It is a great pleasure to note that the resource persons for this conference hail
from overseas countries and reputed universities. Let me pray and wish the
conference a grand success and God's abundant blessings!

Mrs. Florence Jayabarathan,

Chairperson,
Mount Zion College of Engineering and Technology,
Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 Message from the Director

Greetings!

On the eve of 2023, the IEEE Student Branch of MZCET & the
department of Electronics and Communication Engineering have convened the
1st IEEE International Conference in the MZCET campus. It is a memorable
milestone to cherish and opens the vistas of Automation, Computing and
Renewable Systems. I congratulate the conference team who have burnt their
midnight oil in arranging this great event at MZCET. It is remarkable to note
that resource persons from foreign countries and high-ranking universities are
our chief guests and guest of honour at this memorable conference.

I wish and pray that this conference proceeding would remain imprinted in the
minds of the delegates and let me wish the conference all the best!

Dr. Jayson K. Jayabarathan,

Director,
Mount Zion College of Engineering and Technology,
Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 Message from the Academic Co-ordinator

Greetings!

Indeed, I am delighted to note that the IEEE Student Branch of MZCET

and the department of Electronics and Communication Engineering have
organized the 1st IEEE International Conference in MZCET. The conference
theme fits nicely to update the knowledge in the areas of automation, computing
and renewable systems. I am sure that this conference event would be an eye-
opener for the delegates to gather up-to-date knowledge and extend their vision
to greater heights. I wish the conference a grand success and God’s blessing.

Mrs. Vivian Rachel Jayson,

Academic Coordinator,
Mount Zion College of Engineering and Technology,
Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 Message from the Conference Chair

Greetings!

I deem it a pleasure to pen a few lines wishing the 1 st IEEE International

Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems a grand
success. IEEE Student Branch of MZCET & the department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, MZCET have taken great pains to convene this
memorable conference in a very grand manner. I congratulate them for their
efforts in organizing this international conference event. It is a great pleasure to
note that resource persons from overseas countries and professors of
international repute are delivering special lectures in this remarkable event.

Once again, let me wish the conference a grand success and this event will add
one more feather to the crown of MZCET.

Dr. Balamurugan P,
Principal,
Mount Zion College of Engineering and Technology,
Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 International Conference on
Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems
ICACRS 2022
Table of Contents
S. No Paper Title/ Author Name Page. No
Optically Controlled Microwave Sensor for Biomedical Applications
1 1
Maryam Sami Majeed, Mesut ÇEVİK
Bandwidth and Power Cost Optimized Over Visible Light Communication
2 5
Karpagam. M, Sowmya. K
Analysis of RLC Network Connected to Steady Stimulating Source via Gupta
3 Transform 9
Rohit Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Loveneesh Talwar, Anamika, Dinesh Verma
Robotic Arm Aided Thermal Screening System
4 13
Usha Rani C M, K Shailaja, Raksha C, Harisha H L, Prashanth P
Recent Advancement and Comparative Turnouts of 1Ø Grid Tied Non-Isolated
5 Inverters Topologies 19
Rushikesh S. Shahakar, Kawita D. Thakur, Nutan S. Thakare
An Automated System for Arrhythmia Detection using ECG Records from
MITDB
6 26
Gilbert Roland, Dhana Sony. J, S. N. Padhi, S. Kayalvili, S Cloudin,
Ashok Kumar
A Multicore ECU-based Automotive Software Domain Combining Runnable
7 Sequencing and Task Scheduling 34
K. Suganyadevi, V. Nandhalal, N. Thiyagarajan, S. Dhanasekaran
Analysis of Coagulation Effect in Veins using MEMS Laminar Flow for Early
8 Heart Stroke Detection 39
T. Vasudeva Reddy, R. Anirudh Reddy, P. Kavitha Reddy, Anisha Reddy
Reviewing the Role of Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors in Smart
9 Factories: Opportunities and Challenges 45
Paul Stone Macheso, Mohssin Zekriti
IoT-based Intelligent Mobile Application for Shopping
10 M. Balamurugan, G. Prabhakar, G. Amsaveni, M. Karthikumar, J. Jasmin 50
Shifa, E. Sharmila
Noval Approach to Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring based on Visible
11 Laser Light 54
Joel T, Sakthipriya R, Reena J, A Poojha
A Survey on MQTT Bridges, Challenges and its Solutions
12 58
V. Thirupathi, K. Sagar
Dynamic Pagerank Frequent Subgraph Mining by GraphX in the Distributed
13 System 63
Sadhana Priyadarshini, Sireesha Rodda
Prediction of Solar Energy using Time Series Methods
14 72
Sakshi Shukla, Sarita Sheoran, Sumanta Pasari
A Novel MPPT Approach for a Grid Tied Wind Energy System
15 77
D. Ravi Kishore, B. Kavya Santhoshi, K. Sravani, Kalpaguri Maruthi
 Design and Implemetation of Combinational Logic Circuits using Open Source
16 Tool 82
N. Divya, G. Ilakkiya, M. Dheeraj, R. Hinduja, M. Gokul Nathan, M. Harish
Architectural Designs and Performance Analysis of Adiabatic-based 6T, 9T,
17 and 12T SRAM Cells 88
Parvathi M
Design and Development of Neuro-Fuzzy based Multi-Level Inverter using
18 FPGA 93
Ameer Ahamed Z, Anuj Jain, V. K Sharma
Fuzzy Logic Controlled SEPIC with Coupled Inductor-based Converter for
High Voltage Applications
19 101
D. Kirubakaran, S. Gomathi, T. Kavitha, M. Sai Silvya, P. Rajeshwari,
T. D. Subha
Optimal Siting and Sizing of Dispersed Generation in Electrical Distribution
Network with PSO
20 108
Aishwarya M. Holi, Shubham B. Kattikar, Mihir V. Patel, Rudresh B.
Magadum, Santosh M. Nejakar
A Study of Genealogy and Tracking Systems for Automotive Manufacturing
21 Industries 112
Akhil Thomas, Arvind A R, Angelina Geetha
A Generic Algorithm for Controlling an Eyeball-based Cursor System
22 Praveena Narayanan, Sri Harsha. N, Sai Rupesh. G, Sunil Kumar Reddy, 117
Rupesh. S, Yeswanth. M
A Hybrid Optimizer based Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Rotary
23 Inverted Pendulum 121
Supriya P. Diwan, Shraddha S. Deshpande
Interactive Performance Indicator Dashboard for Modern Enterprise
24 Vidya Dharani L, Manikanta K, Grace Anzel G, Sasi Kiran V, Srithar S, 128
Aravinth S S
Switching and Morphological Studies on Si 15 Te 80 Cu 5 Glass and Thin
25 Film 134
Diptoshi Roy, Chandasree Das
Performance Analysis of Slotted Microstrip Antenna with Variant Substrates
26 139
R Gayathri, T Perarasi, M Leeban Moses, P Ramya
Overview on Battery Management System and Energy Storage System of
27 Electric Vehicle 143
Sanitha Michail C, Chithra M, Nithara P V, Reshma P Eldho
Enhanced Vehicle Plate Identification using YOLO
28 Gayana M N, Alonie Jane Crasta, Shreenath Acharya, Carol Dsouza, Divya 148
Cheryl Moras, Karvender Singh
Exploratory Analysis on Geo-Locational Data
29 S. Ravi Kishan, Krishna Sahithi Kakunuri, Akshitha Raj Parasa, Vamsipriya 153
Patlolla, Prathap Gamini
Distance Estimation for Collision Avoidance of Micro Aerial Vehicles using
LiDAR Sensor
30 157
Hemanth Verma Pinnamaraju, Prashanth Reddy Kapu, Adi Narayana Juturu,
Anbarasu B
Low Power, Highly Stable and Enhanced Read Speed 7T SRAM
31 Deberjeet Usham, Malti Bansal 162
 Simulation of Flight Trajectories of Quadrotor using MATLAB and Simulink
32 168
Akash S, B. Anbarasu
Effectual Home Automation using ESP32 NodeMCU
33 173
R. Niranjana, Arvind S, Vignesh M, Vishaal S
Design and Analysis of a Meta Material based Nested Circular Split Ring
34 Resonator for Terahertz Applications 178
Swathi Dasi, Swathi Dasi, G Manmadha Rao
Wheat Head Detection using YOLO: A Comparative Study
35 182
Neeraj S Kumar, Stephi S, Meenakshi R, Greeshma Sarath
Comparison between Symmetrical and Asymmetrical 13 Level MLI with
36 Minimal Switches 187
Sindhuja R, Padma S, Parimalasundar E, Suresh K
Development of Hardware Prototype and Testing of Short Transmission Line
37 V. Johsna, V Harshith Varma, Reddi Vivek Vardhan, Sailaja V, K Deepa, 192
Manitha PV
A Review of Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer System Technology used in
38 Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Stations 198
Vinoth Kumar K, Maruthi B, Rahul R, Santhosh Melvin D, Sathish S
Hardware Integration of Sensors for Automating Smart Homes
39 C. Lasya, N. Madhav Sai, N. Gunavardhan Reddy, N. Manoj Reddy, Lekshmi 202
S, Syama S
Analyzing the Effects of Electric Mobility Charging Harmonics on Power Grid
40 207
Nishant Sharma, Akshay Dhiman, O. P Rahi
Optimal Placement of Electric Vehicle Charging Station by Considering
41 Dynamic Loads in Radial Distribution Systems 212
Dandu Srinivas, M. Ramasekhara Reddy
Performance Enhancement of Kesterite Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 Thin Film Solar
42 Cell 218
Satyendra Kumar, Swati Arora
EEG Signal -based Epileptic Seizure Detection
43 Gokul M, Jagasri L, Sindhuja M, Barkavi R, Pradeep Murugesan, Arun Prasath 223
T
Robustness Trend of Power Transmission and Transformation Monitoring
44 System based on Multidimensional Data Anomaly Detection Algorithm 229
Wei Zhang, Yubo Zhang, Chengwei Huang, Yubin Feng
Miniaturized Semi Hexagonal Aperture Shape Antenna with Elliptical Ground
45 for C – V2X Communication 233
Ramya Vasudevan, Nagaraju V
Smart Water Flow Monitoring and Theft Detection System using IoT
46 Varakumari Samudrala, Ajay Reddy Yeruva, Jayapal N, T. Vijayakumar, 239
M. Rajkumar, Shaik Razia
IoT based Solar Technology Monitoring and Cleaning System
47 246
H. Vidhya, U. Akshaya, M. G. Keerthana, T. Dhivyanandhini
Ensuring Safety for School Children using IoT
48 251
Daniel NareshKumar. M, Aneeshraj P B, Balaji A, Doguparthy Dhanush
IoT and Artificial Intelligence-based Low-Cost Smart Modules for Smart
Irrigation Systems
49 V. Anand Kumar, A. Renaldo Maximus, S. Vishnupriyan, K. Sheikdavood, 254
P. Gomathi
 Designing and Implementation of Cellular Network based LPG Monitoring and
50 Alert System 261
S. Ramalingam, B. Sakthi Kumar, K. Prabhu, C P. Prashanth, E. Petersam
A Comparative Study on Machine Learning based Cross Layer Security in
51 Internet of Things (IoT) 267
K. Saranya, A. Valarmathi
Currency and Fake Currency Detection using Machine Learning and Image
52 Processing-An Application for Blind People using Android Studio 274
Vaishak B, Hoysala S, Pavankumar V H, Mohana
Recent Advancements of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT): Challenges and
Future Opportunities with Emerging Technologies
53 278
Divy Tushar Shah, Akash Patel, Aishwariya Budhrani,
Khushi Patel
Solar Tree based Smart City Street Light Control System using IoT BLYNK
Platform
54 284
S. Dhanasekaran, P. Gomathi, A. Renaldo Maximus, Thiyagarajan Krishnan,
B. Kannan
IoT and Image Processing based Smart Door Locking System
55 B Jayaram, D. Abdus Subhahan, Sakthivel B, T. A. Mohanaprakash, Sunita 291
Joshi, M Jogendra Kumar
Smart Blind Stick for Visually Impaired People using IoT
56 Rajanish Kumar Kaushal, K. Tamilarasi, P. Babu, T. A. Mohanaprakash, 296
S. E. Murthy, M Jogendra Kumar
Implementation of a Smart Garbage Monitoring System using GSM
57 301
B. Rubini, S. Pradeep Kumar, M. Suganiya
Android based Integrated Parking System for Real-Time Parking
58 Raji C.G, Adil Bin Aboobacker, Anfas Muhammad, Jamshidha K, Jishana 304
Shemeem
IoT-based Automatic Manhole Observant for Sewage Worker’s Safety
59 Rakesh Dronavalli, Kalpana Seelam, Parthive Maganti, Jasmitha Gowineni, 310
Sai Deepthi Challamalla
Municipality Water Management System using IoT
60 Perumal. B, Nagaraj. P, Esakki Raja. S, Jaya Sunthari. S, Keerthana. S, 317
Muthukumar. M. V
Random Forest , DT and SVM Machine Learning Classifiers for Seed with
61 Advanced WSN Sensor Node 321
Sachin D. Shingade, Rohini Prashant Mudhalwadkar, Komal M. Masal
Misbehaviour Detection based on Least Square Twin Support Vector Machine
62 in VANETs 327
H Summia Parveen, S. V. Evangelin Sonia
Issues and Future Challenges of Sentiment Analysis for Social Networks- A
63 Survey 332
R. Geethanjali, A. Valarmathi
Location based 5G Transmission for LEO Satellite Communication using
64 BPAM Technique 340
Sivasakthi T, Barath Narayanan R, Palani U, Vasanthi D, Preethi R, Pooja M
Detection of Selfish Nodes based on Node Energy in Mobile Adhoc Networks
– MANETs
65 346
R. Sarumathi, V. Jayalakshmi
 A Review on Energy Efficient Cooperative Routing Algorithm for Wireless
66 Sensor Networks 351
Immanuvel Arokia James K, Manjula P, Mohana M, Arthi S
Impact of Power, Dıstance and Channel Condıtıons on the Throughput of
Infrastructure and Adhoc Wi-Fi Networks
67 359
ManasaPriya K, Chaitanya G, Mubeena Sk, Jahnavi K, Seetha Ramanjaneyulu
B, Gangaprasad G
Towards Internet of Things: Integration of Wireless Sensor Network to Cloud
Services for Data Collection and Sharing
68 363
Anil Kumar N, S. Vijayalakshmi, D. Baswaraj, Padmanayaki Selvarajan,
S. Chandramohan, Mohit Tiwari
Modified Aquila Optimization based Route Planning Model for Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles Networks
69 370
Sachin Vasant Chaudhari, Shahnawaz Ayoub, M. Siva, M. Dhipa, B Gayathri,
V. Banupriya
Performance Analysis M-PAPM WDM-PON System with ASE-Powered
Stealth Channels for Steganography Applications
70 376
A. Sagaya Selvaraj, Mathibalan. B, Sagadevan K,
Mohanraj S
Detection of Distributed Denial of Service Attack using Random Forest
Algorithm
71 382
Murukesh C, Kishore Kannan B, Thilak kumar A, Venkat B,
Haris kumar V
Digital Data Protection using Barcode & Steganographic Approach
72 387
Ayushi Chaudhary, Ashish Sharma, Neeraj Gupta
Blockchain based Healthcare Data Management
73 392
Karthigha M, Padmavathy C, V. S. Akshaya
Intruder Detection System for Digital Device using Computer Vision
74 Sugantha Mallika S. S, Priyadharsini. M, Venkat Kumar. I. S, Sudharsan. R, 397
Surya. M
Detection of Attacks using Attention-based Conv-LSTM and Bi-LSTM in
75 Industrial Internet of Things 402
Bebin Josey T, D. S. Misbha
Design of Hybrid Authentication Protocol for High Secure Applications in
76 Cloud Environments 408
Sai Srinivas Vellela, R. Balamanigandan
A Randomized Dot Pattern Character Encoding Scheme (R-DPCES) for
77 Steganography 415
Susmita Mahato
Usage of Classifier Ensemble for Security Enrichment in IDS
78 Ch. Phaneendra Varma, G. Ramesh Babu, Pokkuluri Kiran Sree, N. 420
Raghavendra Sai
Optimal Installation for Enhancing Power System Security using Integrated
79 BBO-PSO techniques 426
K. Kavitha
Comparative Stratification of Steganalysis Techniques to Interpret & Target
Anomalies
80 Dhiren Dommeti, Siva Ramakrishna Nallapati, Venkata Vara Prasad Padyala, 433
Venkata Naresh Mandhala
 Implementation of Technology to Recognize Segmented and Non-Segmented
Text: A Survey
81 439
Sandhya Sharma, Sheifali Gupta, Avinash Sharma, Lipika Gupta, Shaminder
Kaur
Attribute based Encryption in Healthcare Application
82 443
Suresh Kumar S, Chidambaram G, S. Vijayalakshmi, Dhayanandh AT
Data Privatization and Security using Bit Plane Complexity Segmentation
83 451
Suresh Kumar S, Chidambaram G, S. Vijayalakshmi
Design and Security Analysis of Isoidentity based Isobeta Cryptosystem
84 Nilesh Bhosale, Rupesh Pohane, Siddhant Meshram, Akshaykumar Meshram, 459
Malabika Adak, K. T. V. Reddy
Privacy Preserving Encryption with Optimal Key Generation Technique on
Deduplication for Cloud Computing Environment
85 464
Sanjeeva Polepaka, Shahnawaz Ayoub, Yudhveer Singh Moudgil, B Gayathri,
Himanshu Sharma, S Kannan
A Comprehensive Survey on Cloud Security Mechanisms
86 471
Dhwani Hakani, Palvinder Singh Mann
SEHAT: Cloud-based User Sociable Health Care Assistant System
87 476
Sk. Arshiya Sultana, D. Igna Sree, Ch. Rupa, G. Sowmya Sree
Task Scheduling Algorithms in Fog Computing: A Comparison and Analysis
88 483
Tarun Jagadish, Onkar Apte, K. Pradeep
Identify Fake Data or Misinformation in Near Real-Time using Big Data and
89 Sentiment Analytics 489
Parth M Kansara, Kinjal U Adhvaryu
Effective Intrusion Detection and Classification using Fuzzy Rule based
Classifier in Cloud Environment
90 497
C. Veena, S. Ramalakshmi, V. Bhoopathy, Minakshi Dattatraya Bhosale,
C. G. Magadum, Abirami. S. K
A Comprehensive Review of Cloud based Multi-Authority Revocable CPABE
91 Schemes 503
Shobha Chawla, Neha Gupta
Mantaray Foraging Optimization based Makespan Enhancement in Cloud
based Scheduling Environment
92 508
Aswini. J, K. Johny Elma, P. John Augustine, N. Kopperundevi,
S. M. Chithra, T. Parasuraman
A Novel Deep Learning Mechanism for Workload Balancing in Fog
Computing
93 515
Maganti Venkatesh, S Naveen Kumar Polisetty, Srilakshmi.CH,
PraveenKumar. K, Rabinarayan Satpathy, P. Neelima
Qos-Aware Video Streaming based Admission Control and Scheduling for
94 Video Transcoding in Cloud Computing 520
Venkateswara Reddy B, Khader Basha Sk, Roja D
Soft Computing based Machine Learning Techniques for Optical
95 Communication Networks 526
P. Malini, A. Vasantharaj, S. Preethi, S. Karpakam, U. Sasikala, S. Irfan basha
Spot Fire: An Intelligent Forest Fire Detection System Design with Machine
96 Learning 532
K. Revathi, T. Tamilselvi, R. Arunkumar, T. Divya
PDF Malware Detection System based on Machine Learning Algorithm
97 538
Pruthvi Priya P M, Hemavathi P
 A Deep Learning Approach to Analyze Diabetic Retinopathy Lesions using
Scant Data
98 543
Devendra Singh, Dinesh C. Dobhal, Saurabh Pargaien, Amrita Verma
Pargaien, Janmejay Pant, Himanshu Pant
Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Pigment Epithelial
99 Detachment Classification using Shape and Curvature Features 550
T. M. Sheeba, S. Albert Antony Raj, M. Anand
Deep Learning Network for Object Detection Under the Poor Lighting
Condition
100 555
Chethan L S, S. Uma Maheswari, Seeram Srinivasa Rao, Naveen Mukkapati,
C. S. Sundar Ganesh, Ashok Kumar
ML based Parkinson’s Disease Identification using Gait Parameters
101 Lokaiah Pullagura, Nilofer Kittad, G. Diwakar, V. Sathiya, Ashok Kumar, 561
Mrutyunjaya S Yalawar
A Brief Analysis on Machine Learning Classifiers for Intrusion Detection to
Enhance Network Security
102 567
Spandana Mande, Nandhakumar Ramachandran, Chanumolu Kiran Kumar,
Ch Naga Priyanka
A Brief Review on Melanoma Diagnosis Models using Machine Learning
103 Techniques 574
Deepthi Rapeti, D Vivekananda Reddy
Equilibrium Optimizer with Deep Learning Model for Autism Spectral
Disorder Classification
104 582
A. Praveena, T. S. Karthik, Vijayakrishna Rapaka E, N. Senthamilarasi,
Abirami. S. K, Shyamali Das
Automated Intracranial Haemorrhage Detection and Classification using Rider
Optimization with Deep Learning Model
105 588
T. S. Karthik, N K Anushkannan, Vijayakrishna Rapaka E, Naziya Hussain,
Rajasekhar Pinnamaneni, Shyamali Das
Heart Disease Prediction and Classification using Machine Learning and
Transfer Learning Model
106 595
R Sivaprasad, M. Hema, Bharati N Ganar, Sunil D M, Vaishali Mehta,
Mochammad Fahlevi
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) based Marine Species Identification
107 Nanthini. N, Arul Siva Kumaran K, Ashiq A, Aakash V S, Bhuvaneshwaran M 602
J
Review of Machine Learning Algorithms for Autism Spectrum Disorder
108 Prediction 608
V. Kavitha, R. Siva
Detection of Traffic on the Network based on a Real Dataset for the IIM
109 Method and ML-TSDS Algorithm 614
Sugin S.V, M. Kanchana
A Machine Learning based Approach for Breast Cancer Prediction
110 623
Mayank Agrawal, Vinod Jain
Covid-19 Infection Segmentation using Deep Learning Techniques
111 627
Arya R, Deepak S
Machine Learning Techniques for Detecting DDoS Attacks in SDN
M. Kavitha, M. Suganthy, Aniket Biswas, R. Srinivsan, R. Kavitha,
112 634
A. Rathesh
 Retinal Fundus Image Retrieval and Classification using Optimal Deep
113 Learning Model 639
S Syed Mahamood Shazuli, A. Saravanan
Social Distancing Monitoring and Alerting System using YOLO Deep
114 Learning Algorithm 646
P. Dharani Devi, M. Thirukumaran, B. Balaji
Breast Cancer Segmentation by K-Means and Classification by Machine
Learning
115 651
K. Priya, V. Senthilkumar, Samson Isaac. J, Sreekanth Kottu, V S
Ramakrishna, M Jogendra Kumar
An Examen of Oral Carcinoma using Machine Learning Approaches
116 657
Jenifer Blessy. J, Sornam.M
MiMi: Sinhala Language Speech Assistive Learning Bot to Support Children
with Stuttering
117 662
K. C. D Vithana, D. N. N Weerarathne, H. A. S Krishan, M. R. M Wijesiri,
Samantha Thelijjagoda, J. A. D. T Jayawickrama, Nethmini T. Weerawarna
An Extensive Review of Machine Learning Techniques for EEG Signal
118 Processing 669
Anita. M, A. Meena Kowshalya, B. Maheswari, A. Muthuram
Hybrid Machine Learning based False Data Injection Attack Detection and
Mitigation Model for Waste Water Treatment Plant
119 674
A. Parvathy, G. Leela Kasyap, D. Venkata Abhinav, A. N. V. Surya Sai,
R. Sriranjani, N. Hemavathi
Twitter Sentiment Analysis with Machine Learning
120 M. Jagadeesan, T. M. Saravanan, P. A. Selvaraj, U. Asif Ali, J. Arunsivaraj, S. 681
Balasubramanian
Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization with Deep Learning Driven Sarcasm
Detection on Social Media
121 687
J. Anitha Josephine, Md. Abul Ala Walid, Mohammad Shabbir Alam, Santosh
Kumar Maharana, Thulasimani T, Mohit Tiwari
Design of Kernel Extreme Learning Machine based Intelligent Crop Yield
122 Prediction Model 694
Srilatha Toomula, Sudha Pelluri
Reliable Densely Connected Network with Machine Learning based Diabetic
Retinopathy Grading Approach
123 702
Srinivasulu Sirisala, Nihar Ranjan Behera, D. Amuthaguka, Sachin Vasant
Chaudhari, Jhakeshwar Prasad, Swetha Reddy A
Land Use Land Cover Classification using Machine Learning
124 708
Harsh Waghela, Saurin Patel, Pooja Sudesan, Soham Raorane, Rohan Borgalli
Deep Learning Aided Emotion Recognition from Music
125 R Raja Subramanian, Kokkirala Aditya Ram, Dola Lokesh Sai, K Venkatesh 712
Reddy, Kondeti Akarsh Chowdary, Kundu Dheeraj Datta Reddy
Estimation of Accuracy Level for Sentiment Analysis using Machine Learning
126 and Deep Learning Models 717
V. Vanthana, K. Kartheeban
Heart Disease Prediction Model using Machine Learning
127 723
Binju saju, V Asha, Arpana Prasad, Harish Kumar P, Rakesh V, A. P. Nirmala
Poaceae Family Leaf Disease Identification and Classification Applying
128 Machine Learning 730
Arpana Prasad, V Asha, Binju Saju, Likhitha S, Mayuri P
 An Extensive Study on HAR Systems to Recognize Daily Activities using
129 Deep Learning Approaches 736
Gayathri Tippani, Veerraju Gampala
Deep Network Analysis and Prediction of Ophthalmic Disorders
130 M. Darshini, M. Hemamalini, Jeyasheela Rakkini, G. Bagyalakshmi, V. 743
Gomathi
Artificial Intelligence based System in Protein Folding using Alphafold
131 750
Pragya Srivastava, Shreyansh Suyash, N. Jayapandian
Online Voice based Smart Security and Automation System for Real Time
132 Application using Artificial Intelligence 756
M. Bhavani, R. Brinda, P. S. Manoharan, S. Ramalingam
Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases by Gait Analysis using Triblock
133 CNN and Deep RQA Techniques 762
Vajiha Begum S. A, Pushpa Rani M
Secured IoT Malware Detection Framework using AI based Fuzzy Logic
Systems
134 771
V. S. Saranya, G. Ramachandran,
S. Chakaravarthi
Corneal Ulcer Feature Extraction and Image Classification using a Deep
135 Convolutional Network and the VGG 16 Model 780
S. Janet Grace Susila, D. Kavitha
Intelligent Deep Residual Network based Brain Tumor Detection and
Classification
136 785
K. Kartheeban, Kapula Kalyani, Sai Krishna Bommavaram, Divya Rohatgi,
Mathur Nadarajan Kathiravan, S. Saravanan
A Systematic and Bibliometric Review on Face Recognition: Convolutional
137 Neural Network 791
Aakanksha, Gurpreet Singh, Jaspreet Singh, Deval Verma
Artificial Intelligence based Smart Cosmetics Suggestion System based on
Skin Condition
138 797
Kavyashree N, Rama Satish K V, Prasanna Rajaram Rasal, Rahul Jalindar
Jadhav, M. Saidireddy, K G Kharade
Indian Agriculture Supply Chain Management using Blockchain Technology
and CNN
139 802
D. N. V. S. L. S.Indira, M. Hema Reddy, G. Sri Jyothi, K. Rohith, K. Sravya,
G. Jahnavi
Real-Time Face Mask Detection from CCTV Video Frames using Deep Neural
Networks
140 809
V Anantha Natarajan, Putta Vishnu Vardhan, Nayakula Murahara Sai Priya,
Nunna Vineeth, Parthu V
An Intelligent Convolutional Neural Network based Potholes Detection using
141 Yolo-V7 813
Madarapu Sathvik, G. Saranya, S. Karpagaselvi
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Real Time Road Lane Detection using Computer Vision Techniques in Python
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Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Optically Controlled Microwave Sensor for
Biomedical Applications
M aryam Sami M ajeed 1,2
1 1
Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Altinbas University, Turky
2
International Applied and Theoretical Research Center
(IATRC), Baghdad Quarter, Iraq
Maryamsami64@yahoo.com
Abstract: In this paper, a design of a microwave
resonator is introduced for noninvasive blood glucose
biomedical sensing. The proposed sensor is constructed
from a printed transmission line of 50Ω characteristics
impedance. The transmission line is loaded with a
meander line of a sweep penny elegance chaos. The
structure is splitted into two symmetric parts that are
connected to each other through a light dependent
resistor (LDR). The to maximize the field fringing
through the sample under test, an interdigital capacitor
is introduced in parallel to the meander line structure.
The proposed sensor is found to provide multiple
frequency resonances. However, the authors considered
the frequency resonance at 3.46GHz to ensure the
effective resonance of the detection with changing the
blood glucose level. Therefore, the proposed sensor is
fabricated and tested experimentally with 100 patients
to realize the effects of varying the blood glucose level
up on the proposed sensor transmission loss spectra in
terms is of S 11 magnitude. The proposed sensor
performance is tested and optimized using circuit model
theory. Next, the design performance is validated
numerically using Computer S imulation Technology of
Micro Wave S tudio (CS T MWS ) commercial software
package of finite integral technique algorithm. Finally,
the experimental and theoretical results are found in
good agreement to each other.
Key words: Light dependent resistor, meander, glucose
sensor, microwave resonator.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, microwave sensors invented the top
ranks in the field of delegated sensing technology [1].
This is due to the fact, microwave radiations can
penetrate through materials under test with excellent
accuracy [2]. Nevertheless, most current microwave
technologies lean on microstrip and printed
circuitries; that can be embedded in highly compact
integrated electronic devices [3]. The microwave
sensors became attractive solutions for many
biomedical issues because they have no ionization
effects on the human body [4]. Nonetheless, they can
operate at low energy conductions [5]. Microwave
sensing is a proven tool for liquid characterization
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
M esut ÇEVİK 1
Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Altinbas University, Turky
abdulahmarwah1983@gmail.com
that has been used for more than decades [6]. Such
sensing technology is based on measuring changes in
scattering parameters (S-parameters) in relation to a
sample under test (SUT) introduction [7]. The
sensing evaluation can be transferred via a given
algorithm to retrieve material characterizations at this
step [8]. This can be quantized through field pen
ration as invasive or noninvasive technology.
Researchers involved metamaterials, closed-loop
resonators, and other transmission line-based
miniature microwave resonators for biomedical
applications. The electromagnetic properties of these
structures are affected by the frequency at which they
operate and how the consistency factor varies with
different fluid introductions. Consequently, many
researchers conducted their experimental studies to
design novel microwave sensors with high accuracy
for biomedical applications [6]. For example, in [7], a
design of a printed interdigital capacitor was
proposed for water pollution detection at 1.65GHz
based on antenna design. Another design was
proposed in [8] for blood grouse detection using a
printed circuit antenna at 0.6GHz. In that design, the
sensing technology was proposed based on touching
the antenna terminal directly. Liquid profiles can be
discussed by calculating S-parameters and complex
dielectric properties. Any variation in those
parameters can explain by a biological background.
Most microwave biosensors operate by installing
coupler thin tubes or slotted cylindrical tubes [9].
However, such technology adds extra losses on the
quality of monuments [10]. Nevertheless, due to the
problem of penetration into the skin, this technology
has been found to be a very limited to many sensing
processes [11].
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Over time, as wireless and mobile communication
systems grow more quickly, it becomes increasingly
necessary to build filters that can use many cutoff
1
Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
frequencies simultaneously. Stub-loaded resonator
[4], quarter-wave stepped impedance resonator [5],
embedded resonator [6], meander split loop resonator
[7], and substrate-integrated waveguide resonator [8]
are some of the approaches utilized for multi-band
filter design. The review that follows includes the
researchers' procedures and findings:
• In 2007, Zhang and Xue [9] introduced a unique
dual-mode dual-band filter employing a coplanar-
waveguide-fed ring resonator, with independently
regulated center frequencies and bandwidths. The
results were validated realistically. Dual-mode dual-
band responses were obtained us ing two microstrip
ring resonators. To easily manage the coupling
strength between the ring resonators and feeding
lines, the ring resonators were fed concurrently using
a unique feeding mechanism. The center frequencies
were 1.4 GHz and 2.15 GHz, with fractional
bandwidths of 10% and 3.3%, respectively.
• A dual-band bandpass filter with independent
control of the center frequencies and wide stopband
suppuration was expected by Xing et al. in 2017 [15].
Utilizing a novel quintuple-mode resonator, this filter
was created (QMR). Five modes can be obtained,
according to the analysis of the frequencies that was
performed using the odd and even modes approaches.
The lower passband was designed using the first two
modes, and the upper passband was created using the
remaining three modes. The Rogers 4003C substrate,
which has a 0.508mm thickness and a 3.55 dielectric
constant, was used to create the filter. Tunable
passbands and compact size were attained. The
passband frequencies had fractional bandwidths of
27.7% and 23.4%, respectively, and were centered at
2.96 and 5.695 GHz.
• A tri-wideband bandpass filter was presented by
Xiong et al. in 2018 [17]. (TWB-BPF). The filter
stood out for its small size, strong passband isolation,
and many transmission zeros (TZs ). The design was
developed utilizing odd/even modes analysis and the
multiple-mode resonator (MMR) theory. To improve
band-to-band isolation and expand stopband
suppression, ten TZs were procured. The Rogers
4003 substrate, which has a thickness of 0.508 mm
and a dielectric constant of 3.38, was used to create
the TWB-BPF. The operating frequencies had
fractional bandwidths of 37.4%, 43.5%, and 40.4%,
respectively, and were centered at 1.07, 3.25, and
8.32 GHz. The simulated and measured results
showed good agreement.
III. SENSOR DESIGN AND DETAILS
In this section, the design details of the proposed
sensor are discussed with relative geometrical
dimensions. As shown in Fig. 1(a), the proposed
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
sensor is constructed from three main parts: The first
part is based on a traditional transmission line that is
loaded to a meander line with an interdigital
capacitor. The meander is considered the second part;
in which, the conductive trace is turned to shape a
sweep penny elegance chaos. The third part is
introduced as an interdigital capacitor of five fingers.
The main advantage of coupling these structures
together is to enhance the quality factor by combing
multiple capacitor inductor branches [3]. Therefore,
to realize the effects of these parts, the authors
proposed the transmission line model based on using
an equivalent circuit model of lumped elements as
seen in Fig. 1(b). The derived circuit model is
basically describing the main three parts of the
proposed sensor. The transmission line is modeled
effective LT.L , CT.L , RT.L , and GT.L . In that
representation, the transmission line losses are model
as conductor and dielectric loess from the conductive
layers and the substrate layer [4]; to be given as RT.L ,
and GT.L , respectively. Next, the surface current
motion on the conductive traces generates a magnetic
field that is perpendicular with respect to the current
motion [9]; such magnetic field could be stored in the
inductive part (LT.L ) of the transmission line [7]. The
trapped electrical field between the patch and the
ground plane layer is described by the stored energy
of the electrical field [8] in the substrate to be given
as CT.L .
Next, the meander line effects are described by
(CM, LM, RM) parallel branch. In this representation is
given by the effects of resonance energy storing
bandwidth [10]. Such stored energy is described by
maximizing the quality factor in the proposed
meander line due to the size reduction effects and
increasing the electrical path length in miniaturized
area [11]. This realizes the fact of reducing the
radiation losses which indeed increase the quality
factors [12]. The radiation losses can be reduced
significantly, when the used measurement process is
conducted noninvasively. However, such technique
induces inductive and capacitive effects which are
given by LM and CM, respectively. The effects of the
radiation losses from the proposed meander line are
given by RM. The effects of adding the interdigital
capacitor is given by (Cidc, Lidc, Ridc) parallel branch.
This branch is given by coupling the fingers together
that stores the electric filed inside and the current
motion on the conductive trace as Cidc and Lidc,
respectively. The effects of coupling resistance are
described by Ridc value of the same branch. Such
coupling is due to the effects voltage gradient inside
the air gap between the fingers [14]. Finally, the
coupling between the meander line and the
interdigital capacitor is described with CC to
maximize the load matching between the [6]. The
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
relative values of the proposed circuit model are
listed in Table I.
Fig. 1.The proposed sensor geometry: (a) full
structure, (b) IDC, and (c) back view. Note: all
dimensions are in mm scale.
The proposed sensor design based on an equivalent
circuit model is derived analytically using an
analogous circuit model based on the created RLC
network, which is generally constructed as an IDC in
series connection with a CSI and the Hilbert fractal.
The proposed structure equivalent circuit model is
generated using the lumped elements Richard model
[10]. The proposed circuit model is created by
connecting a 50Ω input impedance RF source in
series with a (R-L-C) parallel branch, as shown in
Fig. 2. The main transmission line was distinguished
by an inductive section LT and capacitive air gaps
Cgap , which were previously depicted in Fig. 2. The
suggested circuit model S-parameters are examined
and compared to those derived using CST MWS.
According to the mentioned lumped parts, which are
modelled in Advanced Devices Simulator (ADS).
The evaluated RLC components are listed in Table I.
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Fig. 2. The proposed circuit model of the proposed
sensor structure S12 results.
TABLE I
LUMPED ELEMENT VALUES OF THE EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT M ODEL IN FIG. 2
Element Value
Resistance of the left hand (RLH ) 12.2 Ω
Resistance of the right hand (RRH ) 50 Ω
Conductance of the left hand (GLH ) 0.1 S
Conductance of the right hand (GRH ) 4S
Capacetance of the left hand (CLH ) 1.1pF
Capacetance of the right hand (CRH ) 3.1pF
Inductance of the left hand (LLH ) 3nH
Inductance of the right hand (LRH ) 2.2nH
IV. VALIDATION AND DISCUSSION
The proposed sensor performance is tested
numerically as depicted in Fig. 3. The proposed
sensor is fabricated using a wit chemical etching
process. The proposed sensor S11 and S21 spectra are
evaluated before and after finger introduction on top
of the proposed sensor. The obtained results before
and after finger introduction are presented in Fig. 3.
The load matching can be maximized by incising the
LDR impedance. Therefore, such property can be
used to detect the blood glucose during the
measurements.
To validate the effectiveness of such methods, the
authors applied an experimental study to measure the
influence of glucose level variation on the sensor
performance at 3.46GHz as listed in Table II. The
listed cases are considered according to the Blood
color that is varied from normal case to sever
dehydrated case. These cases are considered
according to the medical standers in [13]. It is found
from listed results, that the proposed sensor is an
excellent candidate for glucose measurements and
could be very promising for other biological fluids
characterizations. The proposed sensor shows
excellent accuracy in comparison to those published
in the literature. The variation is found to be
excellently changed with maximum error of about
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
15%. The range of detection is found to be varing
from -10dB to -30dB in terms of S12 .
Fig. 3. Validation part: (a) S11 and (b) S21 spectra.
TABLE II
GLUCOSE INFLUENCE ON SENSOR PERFORMANCE
Glucose level/ mg/dl S 21 / dB
150 -11.8
130 -13.2
210 -14.9
290 -17.5
390 -20.1
470 -24.8
550 -27.7
V. CO NCLUSIO N
The proposed sensor is fabricated and tested with
introduction of Blood as a material under test from 11
patients. The operation method is basically developed
with a novel use of an LDR component that realizes a
linear variation in the sensor performance with
glucose variations. Such changes are attributed to the
change in the transparency of Blood under test, which
causes a change in frequency shift and S21 magnitude.
The authors discovered that the ration in the S 21
magnitude is found to be very significant at 3.46GHz
with linear variation. Such property motived the
authors to consider such novel design is an excellent
candidate for sensing due to the effects of linear
variation. The proposed sensor circuit model is
applied to study the effects of introducing the
proposed sensor parts. Each part is realized through a
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circuit branch and compared to the obtained results
from the numerical results. Those results are
compared to the measured results to revel excellent
agreements.
REFERENCES
[1] Al-Behadili AA, Mocanu IA, Petrescu T M, Elwi T A.
Differential Microstrip Sensor for Complex Permittivity
Characterization of Organic Fluid Mixtures. Sensors. 2021;
21(23):7865.
[2] Marwah Haleem and T aha A. Elwi, “Circularly
Polarized Metamaterial Patch Antenna Circuitry for Mo dern
Applications”, International Journal of Emerging T echnology and
Advanced Engineering, Volume 12, Issue 12, December 2022.
[3] Abdulsattar RK, Elwi T A, Abdul Hassain ZA. A New
Microwave Sensor Based on the Moore Fractal Structure to Detect
Water Content in Crude Oil. Sensors. 2021; 21(21):7143.
[4] Elwi, T A. Metamaterial based a printed monopole
antenna for sensing applications. Int J RF Microw Comput Aided
Eng. 2018; 28:e21470.
[5] T aha A. Elwi Wisam J. Khudhayer , "A Passive
Wireless Gas Sensor Based on Microstrip Antenna with Copper
Nanorods," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 55,
347-364, 2013.
[6] Hardinata, S.; Deshours, F.; Alquié, G.; Kokabi, H.;
Koskas, F. Miniaturization of Microwave Biosensor for Non-
invasive Measurements of Materials and Biological T issues.
IPT EK J. Proc. Ser. 2018, 29, 90–93.
[7] Liu, W.; Sun, H.; Xu, L. A Microwave Method for
Dielectric Characterization Measurement of Small Liquids Using a
Metamaterial-Based Sensor. Sensors 2018, 18, 1438.
[8] Hao, H.; Wang, D.; Wang, Z.; Yin, B.; Ruan, W.
Design of a High Sensitivity Microwave Sensor for Liquid
Dielectric Constant Measurement. Sensors 2020, 20, 5598.
[9] Wei, Z.; Huang, J.; Li, J.; Xu, G.; Ju, Z.; Liu, X.; Ni, X.
A High-Sensitivity Microfluidic Sensor Based on a Substrate
Integrated Waveguide Re-Entrant Cavity for Complex Permittivity
Measurement of Liquids. Sensors 2018, 18, 4005.
[10] Liao, S.; Gao, B.; T ong, L.; Yang, X.; Li, Y.; Li, M.
Measuring Complex Permittivity of Soils by Waveguide
T ransmission/Reflection Method. In Proceedings of the IGARSS
2019—2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Symposium, Yokohama, Japan, 28 July–2August2019;pp. 7144–
7147.
[11] Oliveira, J.G.D.; Pinto, E.N.M.G.; Silva Neto, V.P.;
D’Assunção, A.G. CSRR-Based Microwave Sensor for Dielectric
Materials Characterization Applied to Soil Water Content
Determination. Sensors 2020, 20, 255.
[12] M. G. Mayani, F. J. Herraiz-Martínez, J. M. Domingo
and R. Giannetti, "Resonator-Based Microwave Metamaterial
Sensors for Inst rumentation: Survey, Classification, and
Performance Comparison," in IEEE T ransactions on
Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 70, pp. 1-14, 2021, Art no.
9503414.
[13] A. L. Mckenzie and L. E. Armstrong, “Monitoring
Body Water Balance in Pregnant and Nursing Women: T he
Validity of Blood Color,” Annalas of Nutrition and Metabolism,
vol. 70 (suppl 1), no. Suppl. Pp. 18-22, 2017.
[14] L. E. Armstrong, M. S. Ganio, J. F. Klau, E. C.
Johnson, D. J. Casa, and C. M. Maresh, “Novel hydration
assessment techniques employing thirst and a water intake
challenge in healthy men,” Applied physiology, Nutrition, and
Metabolism, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 138-144, 2013.
[15] Sasikala, D., and K. Venkatesh Sharma. "Augmentation
for Blood Doping Discovery in Sports using Random Forest
Ensembles with LightGBM." Journal of Ubiquitous Computing
and Communication T echnologies 4, no. 2 (2022): 115 -124.
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Bandwidth and Power Cost Optimized Over
Visible Light Communication
Dr. Karpagam. M1
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering
Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore, India
E-mail Id: 1karpagam@skcet.ac.in
ABSTRACT:
LEDs were used for data transmission and photodiodes
were used as receivers in Visible Light Communication,
a new branch of Indoor OWC. LEDs can be easily
changed, allowing them to operate as both data
transmitters and light sources. Our indoor visible light
communication simulation model was created using
MATLAB. The user profiled the transmitter location as
well as the reflections at every block. In a VLC setting,
the illumination LED acts as both lighting and a
communication device.
Keywords: Visible Light Communication, Media Access
Control, Particle Swarm Optimization, Radio Frequency,
Optical Wireless Communication.
I.INTRODUCTION:
Radio frequency designs are linked to the rapid
development of traffic on mobile communication
during the last two decades [3, 4, 5]. As RF waves
interact with electrical devices and can pierce through
obstacles, potential clients' communications and data
rates decline. Visible light, on the other hand, has no
effect on electronic devices. Because transmission
has nothing to do with the intended destination,
discreetly monitoring untrusted clients could
compromise connection security[1]. RF confinements
are linked to increasing distribution of traffic on
mobile communication during the last two decades.
Because visible light cannot pass through barriers,
VLC will provide needed coverage while also
providing inherent security. RF-based mobile
communication systems will be used to construct
high-capacity networks since visible light
communication runs inside the visible light range,
which enables for many THz of license-free
bandwidth. Small cells of LED transmitters can be
produced with no inter-cell interference since actinic
radiation cannot penetrate through walls or objects.
This boosts the on-the-wireless channel's potential
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Sowmya.k2
Department Of Electronics and Communication
Engineering,
Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore, India
E-mail Id: 220epae004@skcet.ac.in
while also delivering wireless knowledge
communications with inherent security [11, 12, 13].
II. RELATED WORK:
In this paper we have a tendency to describe multiple
user MIMO-OFDM for indoor VLC. To considering
in indoor communication, the distances are totally
different of their temporal delays and multiple
transmitter-receiver links are vary, leading to
advanced channel high gain and section is variations
once signal is reworked to the channel frequency
domain [5, 11]. The section is distinction can't
overlook once the wide-band systems square measure
assumed, particularly for the info matrix is to every
subcarrier in OFDM topologies to eliminate
multiuser interference within the channel. totally
different from of the state-of- the-art schemes,
complicated advanced real- channel matrices is used
pre-coding calculation, that helps to reduces the
channel correlation with a new degree of freedom
and helps to improves the system performance [2-7].
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM:
PSO algorithm:
Each particle is first randomly distributed over the
search space. The particles then alter their search
orientation based on the ideal positions of both the
entire particle swarm and each individual particle.
After many searches, the particle swarm eventually
finds the optimal location, or ideal solution.
CurrentPosition[n+1] = CurrentPosition[n] + V[n+1]
The steps in this algorithm's process are as follows:
Each particle is identified by two characteristics:
position and velocity. There are several constraints in
the search space of the problem.
Vn+1 = Vn + C1rand1() *(Pbest,n – CurrentPositionn)
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Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

difference between them. Figures 3 and fig 7 show

facility distribution graphs for a 4x4 MIMO system at
various irradiance angles, showing a variety of
lighting patterns with broad and limited coverage. A
vast coverage area is required for illumination,
whereas a smaller one is required for point-to-point
communication. Instead of enhancing quality, MIMO
systems suffer from sub-channel interference when
they cover a large region.

FIGURE 1 PROPROSED DIAGRAM

(i)TRANSMITTER:
The functionalities of a typical OFDM transmitter are
depicted in the diagram. A serial-to-parallel converter
transforms a serial data stream into a parallel stream,
which is then sent to a plotter for complex number
display [8-13]. There are several various types of
mappers available, including PSK, DPSK, and QAM.
The IFFT produces orthogonal sub-channel signals
when applied to a parallel stream of complex
numbers. To counteract the effects of ISI, a guard
interval is entered at the transmitter and eliminated at
the receiver [11-13]. After that, the orthogonal
signals are streamed, and the signal is up-converted
to the proper carrier frequency before being
delivered.
(ii)RECEIVER:
A photodetector is employed as a receiver. The
receiver is made up of a photodetector and a device
FIGURE 2: SISO 3D PLOT
for demodulating the information. Almost definitely,
it will be utilized to receive data from the led array
[12]. A good photo-detector should be perceptive to
light wavelength intervals while also being reliable
and price effective [13]. A photo-detector shouldn’t
be unaffected by temperature variations. Any
communication device with a camera can connect
with an image detector using visible light. However,
due to its low rate, it will only provide extraordinary
throughput in its current state. The throughput of
stationary photo-detectors, on the other hand, is
projected to be higher .

IV. POWER DISTRIBUTION WITHIN A

TYPICAL ROOM SCENARIO: FIGURE 3: SISO SYTEM

The power distribution of a typical area size

determines the indoor communication challenges.
Figures 2 and 6 depict a typical work area with LEDs
at the top and 1.75m and 0.55m, respectively [11-14],

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FIGURE 7: MIMO SYSTEM

FIGURE 4 POWER CONSUMPTION

FIGURE 8: MIMO POWER CONSUMPTION

FIGURE 5: SISO BER

FIGURE 9: MIMO BER

FIGURE 6: MIMO 3D PLOT

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TABLE 1: Practical Comparison of SISO and MIMO
SNR SISO MIMO
BER
2 0.125 0.040
4 0.066 0.0055
V. CONCLUSION
Various challenges and opportunities for visible light
communication, as well as potential future uses, have
been discussed. A quick simulation of power
distribution was performed to demonstrate the
different illumination patterns that result in a trade-
off between illumination and communication .Wide
coverage illumination suites have been switched off
when there is a lot of interference. Researchers
devised a restricted coverage illumination pattern for
a light-emitting diode semi-angle to address the
problem, which is ideal for installed point-to-point
LOS indoor communications.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] D. C. O'Brien, "Visible Light Communications: Challenges and
potential," IEEE Photonic Society 24th Annual Meeting,
Arlington, VA, 2011, pp. 365-366.
[2] D. C. O'Brien, L. Zeng, H. Le-Minh, G. Faulkner, J. W.
Walewski and S. Randel, "Visible light communications:
Challenges and possibilities," 2008 IEEE 19th International
Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio
Communications, Cannes, 2008, pp.
[3] P. H. Pathak, X. Feng, P. Hu and P. Mohapatra, "Visible Light
Communication, Networking, and Sensing: A Survey, Potential
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
and Challenges," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials,
vol. 17, no. 4, Fourthquarter 2015, pp. 2047-2077.
[4] N. Bamiedakis et al., "Micro-LED-based guided-wave optical
links for visible light communications," 2015 17th International
Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), Budapest,
2015.
[5] J. Lian and M. Brandt-Pearce, "Multiuser multidetector indoor
visible light communication system," 2015 OptoElectronics and
Communications Conference (OECC), Shanghai, 2015, pp. 1-3.
[6] M. Noshad and M. Brandt-Pearce, "Application of Expurgated
PPM to Indoor Visible Light Communications— Part II: Access
Networks," in Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 32, no. 5,
March1, 2014, pp. 883-890.
[7] I-Cheng Lu, Yen-Liang Liu and Chih-Han Lai, "Highspeed 2×2
MIMO-OFDM visible light communication employing
phosphorescent LED," 2016 Eighth International Conference on
Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN), Vienna, 2016, pp. 222-
224.
[8] A. Jovicic, J. Li and T. Richardson, "Visible light
communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market,"
in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 51, no. 12, December
2013, pp. 26-32.
[9] Shakya, Subarna, and Lalitpur Nepal Pulchowk. "A novel bi-
velocity particle swarm optimization scheme for multicast routing
problem." IRO J. Sustain. Wireless Syst 2 (2020): 50-58.
[10] Sivaganesan, D. "Optimized wireless sensor node
multidimensional routing using fuzzy clustering and chaotic
gravitational search algorithm." IRO Journal on Sustainable
Wireless Systems 3, no. 1 (2021): 40-48.
[11] M.Karpagam,” Reduction in information loss due to isolated
and dumbv nodes using ant colony optimization for WSN”,
Materials Today Proceedings 2020.
[12] M.Karpagam, “Advanced Hyperchoatic Image Encryption
Technic with DNA Sequence” Journal of Physics Conference
Series, IOP Publishing, ICCCEBS 2021.
[13] M.Karpagam, “ACO enhanced RILoD-IN scheme for WSN”,
2020 International Conference on Smart Electronics and
Communication(ICOSEC).
8
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Analysis of RLC Network Connected to Steady

Stimulating Source via Gupta Transform
Rohit Gupta Rahul Gupta Loveneesh Talwar
Lecturer (Physics), Dept. of Applied Lecturer, Dept. of Physics Asst. Prof., Dept. of Electrical Engg.
Sciences SDMP Public Hr. Sec. School, Yogananda College of Engg. & Tech.
Yogananda College of Engg. & Tech. Karwanda Balwal, J&K, India (YCET), J&K, India
(YCET), J&K, India guptara702@gmail.com loveneeshtalwar.ycet@gmail.com
guptarohit565@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0002-9893-9141
ORCID: 0000-0002-9744-5131

Anamika Dinesh Verma

Asst. Prof., Dept. of Electrical Engg. Professor, Dept. of Mathematics,
Yogananda College of Engg. & Tech. NIILM University, Haryana, India.
(YCET), J&K, India drdinesh.maths@gmail.com
anamika18abc@gmail.com

Abstract- In the present paper, the Gupta transform (GT)
which is a contemporary integral transform has been employed
for the anatomy of a series network of an inductor (L), a resistor
(R), and a capacitor (C) (i.e. a series LRC network) across which
coupled a steady stimulating source of voltage, and a parallel
network of an inductor (L), a resistor (R), and a capacitor (C)
(i.e. a parallel LRC network) across which coupled a steady
stimulating source of current. Such anatomy provides the
nature of current through a series LRC network across which
coupled a steady stimulating source of voltage and the nature of
voltage across a parallel LRC network across which coupled a
steady stimulating source of current. The nature of current
through a series LRC network across which coupled a steady
stimulating source of voltage and the nature of voltage across a
parallel LRC network across which coupled a steady
stimulating source of current, are determined by the GT with
simple computations which corroborate that the GT is a
puissant mathematical method for the anatomy of such series or
parallel network than the other mathematical method or
approach like calculus method. The nature of current through a
series LRC network across which coupled a steady stimulating
source of voltage and the nature of voltage across a parallel LRC
network across which coupled a steady stimulating source of
current, are found to depend on the values of resistance (R)
inductance (L) and Capacitance (C) of the elements: resistor,
inductor, and capacitor of the networks.
Keywords: Gupta transform (GT); series or parallel network,
inductor (L), resistor (R), and capacitor (C).
Introduction
A series and parallel networks of an inductor (L), a resistor
(R), and a capacitor (C) (i.e. series LRC network and parallel
LRϹ network) are customarily analyzed by the mathematical
method or approach such as the calculus method [1]-[4].
Since the application of the calculus method needs
complicated computations, therefore, there is a need to seek
the help of integral transforms like Laplace transform [5]-[7],
Elzaki transform [8], [9], RT [10], etc. for the analysis or
perusal of such series and parallel networks. The GT which
is a contemporary integral transform has been advanced by
Rohit Gupta and Rahul Gupta recently in the year 2020 [11],
[12]. The present paper submits the GT for the perusal of a
series network of an inductor (L), a resistor (R), and a
capacitor (C) (i.e. a series LRϹ network) across which
coupled a steady stimulating source of voltage, and a parallel
network of an inductor (L), a resistor (R), and a capacitor (C)
(i.e. a parallel LRϹ network) across which coupled a steady
stimulating source of current. The nature of current through a
series LRC network across which coupled a steady
stimulating source of current and the nature of voltage across
a parallel LRC network across which coupled a steady
stimulating source of current, are determined by the GT with
simple computations which corroborate that the GT is a more
puissant mathematical method than calculus method.
The arrangement of the paper is given below:
1. Section I provides a brief introduction to the GT.
2. Section II expounds on the application of the GT to
the network circuits coupled to steady excitation
sources
3. Finally, the reviews and the outcomes are endowed.
I. Gupta Transform
The process of operating the governing differential equation
of series or parallel network of inductor (L), resistor (R), and
capacitor (C) across which coupled a steady stimulating
source of voltage or source of current by GT consists of three
main steps:
I. The governing ordinary differential equation of
series or parallel network of inductor (L),
resistor (R), and capacitor (C) across which
coupled a steady stimulating excitation source
is renovated into an algebraic equation.
II. The algebraic equation is operated totally by
algebraic practices.
III. The operation in ‘II’ is transfigured or reversed
by inverse GT, resulting in the solution of the
given governing ordinary differential equation
of series or parallel networks across which
coupled a steady stimulating excitation source.

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The key motivation for applying GT for the perusal of a series

or parallel network of inductor (L), resistor (R), and capacitor
(C) across which coupled a steady stimulating source of
voltage or source of current is that the process of solving a
governing ordinary differential equation for such networks is
simplified to an algebraic problem. The GT has two main
strong points over the calculus:
i. Problems involving differential equations are
operated more directly without first
ascertaining a universal solution.
ii. A non-homogenous differential equation is
operated without first operating the
corresponding homogeneous differential
equation.
II. Accomplishment Of GT To Network
Circuits Coupled To Steady Stimulating
Excitation Sources
In the present study, the GT is taken on for the perusal of a
series inductor, resistor, and capacitor network across which
coupled a steady stimulating source of voltage, and a parallel
inductor (L), resistor (R), and capacitor (C) network across
which coupled a steady stimulating source of current.
A. Series Network of an inductor (L), a resistor (R),
and a capacitor (C) With a Steady Stimulating
Source of Voltage

The GT changes a function into a contemporary function by A series network of an inductor (L), a resistor (R), and a
the exercise of integration whose detail is as follows. capacitor (C) with a steady stimulating source of voltage
The GT of g(t), a function of variable t, t ≥ 0 is defined as supplying steady voltage 𝑉𝑜 is looked over by the following
1 ∞ equation [13]-[14]
[11 G(s) = 3 ∫0 e−st g(t)dt . Here, integral should be
s R 1
convergent and s is either real or complex. G(s) is the GT of Ï(t) + İ(t) + I(t) = 0 (1)
L LC
g(t). The GT is known to be an integral transform because it Here, I(t) is the current at any time t with I (0) = 0,
changes a function in one space to another space by the 𝑉
and İ(0) = 𝑜 .
L
exercise of integration. Here, k(s, t) = e−st is a kernel which
Taking the GT of (1), we get
is a function of the variables s and t in the two different 1 1 R 1 1
spaces. 𝑠 2 𝐼 (̅ s) – 2 𝐼(0) − 3 İ(0) + {s 𝐼 (̅ s)– 3 𝐼(0)} + 𝐼 (̅ s) =
𝑠 𝑠 L 𝑠 LϹ
The GT of some basic functions [12] is 0 (2)
n!
 Ṙ{t n } = n+4 , where n = 0,1,2,3 … Here, 𝐼 (̅ s) is the GT of I(t).
s 𝑉
1 On putting 𝐼(0) = 0 and İ(0) = 𝑜 , (2) becomes
 Ṙ{ect } = , s>c l
s3 (s−c) 1 𝑉𝑜 Ɍ 1
 Ṙ{sinct} =
c
, s>0 𝑠 2 𝐼 (̅ s) − 3 + 𝑠 𝐼 (̅ s) + 𝐼 (̅ s) = 0
s3 (s2 +c2 ) 𝑠 L L LϹ
1 Or
 Ṙ{cosct} = , s>0 Ɍ 1 1 V0
s2 (s2 +c2 )
𝐼 (̅ s) [𝑠 2 + 𝑠 + ] = 3
L LϹ 𝑠 Ł
The GT of the first derivative of 𝑔(𝑡) is given by Or
V 1 1
𝜕𝑔(𝑡) 1 ∞ 𝜕𝑔(𝑡) I(̅ s) = 0 [ 3 2 R 1 ] (3)
Ṙ{ } = 3 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 L 𝑠 𝑠 + 𝑠+
𝜕𝑡 𝑠 0 𝜕𝑡 L LϹ
R 1
Solving the Integration and then applying limits, we get Let 2𝑏 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔 = √ , then (3) becomes
𝜕𝑔(𝑡) 1 ∞ L LϹ
Ṙ{ } = 3 {−𝑔(0) − ∫0 −𝑠𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑔(𝑡)𝑑𝑡} V0 1 1
𝜕𝑡 𝑠
𝜕𝑔(𝑡) 1 ∞ I(̅ s) = [ 3 2 ]
L 𝑠 𝑠 + 2 𝑏 𝑠 + 𝜔2
Ṙ{ } = 3 {−𝑔(0) + 𝑠 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑔(𝑡)𝑑𝑡} 𝑂𝑟
𝜕𝑡 𝑠 0
𝜕𝑔(𝑡) 1 V0 1 1
Ṙ{ } = s𝐺(𝑠) − 3 𝑔(0) I(̅ s) = [ ]
𝜕𝑡 𝑠 L 𝑠 3 (𝑠 + 𝑏)2 − (√𝑏 2 − 𝜔 2 ) 2
𝜕𝑔(𝑡) 𝜕𝑔(𝑡) 𝜕2 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑂𝑟
Now, replacing 𝑔(𝑡) by and 𝑏𝑦 , we have
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 2 V0 1 1
𝜕 2 𝑔(𝑡) 𝜕𝑔(𝑡) 1 ′ I(̅ s) = [ ] (4)
L 𝑠 3 (𝑠+𝑏+√𝑏 2 −𝜔2 ).(𝑠+𝑏−√𝑏 2 −𝜔2 )
Ṙ{ } = 𝑠Ṙ { } − 3 𝑔 (0)
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡 𝑠 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑏 + √𝑏 2 − 𝜔 2 = 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 𝜔 2 = 𝑐2
𝜕 2 𝑔(𝑡) 1 1 such that 𝑐1 −𝑐2 = 2√𝑏 2 − 𝜔 2 , then equation (4)
Ṙ{ 2
} = s {sṘ{𝑔(𝑡)} − 3 𝑔(0)} − 3 𝑔′ (0)
𝜕𝑡 𝑠 𝑠 becomes
𝜕 2 𝑔(𝑡) 1 1 V0 1 1
Ṙ{ } = 𝑠 2 Ṙ{𝑔(𝑡)} − 2 𝑔(0) − 3 𝑔′ (0) I(̅ s) = [ 3 ]
𝜕𝑡 2 𝑠 𝑠 L 𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑐1 ). (𝑏 + 𝑐2 )
𝜕 2 𝑔(𝑡) 1 1 This equation can be rewritten as
Ṙ{ } = 𝑠 2 𝐺(𝑠) − 2 𝑔(0) − 3 𝑔′ (0) V
I(̅ s) = 0 [ 3
1 1 1
− 3
1
] (5)
𝜕𝑡 2 𝑠 𝑠 L 𝑠 )
(𝑐2 −𝑐1 ).(𝑠+𝑐1 ) 𝑠 (𝑐2 −𝑐1 ).(𝑠+𝑐2
and so on. Taking the inverse GT of (5), we can write
V0 𝑒 −𝑐1 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑐2𝑡
Hence the GT of some derivatives of the g(t) is given by I(̅ t) = [ − ]
L 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑐2 − 𝑐1
1
Ṙ{g ′ (t)} = sG(s) − 3 g(0), Or
s
1 1
Ṙ{g ′′ (t)} = s 2 G(s) − g(0) − g ′ (0) and so on.
s2 s3

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V0 [𝑒 −𝑐1 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑐2 𝑡 ] Let

I(𝑡) =
L 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑑 + √𝑑 2 − 𝜔 ′ 2 = 𝑑1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 − √𝑑 2 − 𝜔 ′ 2 = 𝑑2
Or
2 2 2 2
such that 𝑑1 −𝑑2 = 2√𝑑 2 − 𝜔 ′ 2 , then (10) becomes
V0 −𝑏 𝑡 [𝑒 −√𝑏 −𝜔 𝑡 − 𝑒 √𝑏 −𝜔 𝑡 ] Io 1 1
I(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑉̅ (s) = [ 3
L −2√𝑏 2 − 𝜔 2 C 𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑑1 (𝑠 + 𝑑2 )
).
Or Or
V0 −𝑏 𝑡 [𝑒 √𝑏
2 −𝜔2 𝑡
− 𝑒 −√𝑏
2 −𝜔2 𝑡
] Io 1 1 1 1
I(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑉̅ (s) = [ − ]
L C 𝑠 3 (𝑠 + 𝑑1 )(𝑑2 − 𝑑1 ) 𝑠 3 (𝑑2 − 𝑑1 )(𝑠 + 𝑑2 )
2√𝑏 2 − 𝜔2 Taking the inverse GT this equation, we can write
Or
2 1 2 1 Io 𝑒 −𝑑1 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑑2 𝑡
√ R √ R
R {exp( (2L) −LϹ 𝑡)−exp(− (2L) −LϹ 𝑡)} V(t) = [ − ]
V0 − t C 𝑑2 − 𝑑1 𝑑2 − 𝑑1
I(t) = 𝑒 2L (6)
L R 2 1 Or
2√( ) −
2L LϹ
Io [𝑒 −𝑑1 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑑2𝑡 ]
This equation determines the current flowing through a series V(t) =
RLϹ network with a steady stimulating source of voltage. It C 𝑑2 − 𝑑1
is clear that the nature of current turns on the Or
2 √𝑑 2 −𝜔′ 2 𝑡 √𝑑 2 −𝜔′ 2 𝑡
quantity √( R ) − 1
. The value of the Io −𝑑 𝑡 [𝑒 − − 𝑒 ]
2L ŁϹ V(t) = 𝑒
C −2√𝑑 2 − 𝜔 ′ 2
R 2 1
quantity √( ) − , in turn, turns on the values of L, R, and Or
2L LϹ
C. √𝑑 2 −𝜔′ 2 𝑡 √𝑑 2 −𝜔′ 2 𝑡
Io −𝑑 𝑡 [𝑒 − 𝑒− ]
V(t) = 𝑒
B. Parallel Network of an inductor (L), a resistor (R), C 2√ 𝑑 2 − 𝜔 ′2
and a capacitor (C) With a Steady Stimulating Or
Source of Current 1 2 1 1 2 1
1 {exp( √( ) − 𝑡)−exp (−√( ) − 𝑡) }
Io − t 2RϹ LϹ 2RϹ LϹ
V(t) = 𝑒 2RϹ
2
(11)
A parallel network of an inductor (L), a resistor (R), and a C 1 1
2√( ) −
2RϹ LϹ
capacitor (C) with a steady stimulating source of current
This equation (11) determines the voltage across a parallel
supplying steady current Io is looked over by the following
RLϹ network with a steady stimulating source of current. It
equation [15]-[17]
1 1 is clear that the nature of voltage turns on the
V̈(t) + V̇(t) + V(t) = 0 (7) 2
RϹ LϹ 1 1
Here, V(t) is the voltage at any time t with 𝑉 (0) = 0 quantity √( ) − . The value of the
2RϹ LϹ
I
and V̇(0) = o . 1 2 1
Ϲ quantity√( ) − , in turn, turns on the values of L R,
Taking the GT of (7), we get 2RϹ LϹ
1 1 1 1 and C.
𝑠 2 𝑉̅ (s) – 2 𝑉(0) − 3 V̇(0) + {𝑠 𝑉̅ (s)– 2 𝑉(0)} +
𝑠 𝑠 RϹ 𝑠
1
𝑉̅ (s) = 0 (8) III. DISCUSSION
LϹ
Here, 𝑉̅ (s) is the GT of V(t).
I The nature of current through a series network of an inductor
On putting 𝑉(0) = 0 and V̇(0) = o , (8) becomes (L), a resistor (R), and a capacitor (C) across which coupled
C
2 ̅ (s)
1 Io 1 1 a steady stimulating source of voltage and the nature of
𝑠 𝑉 − 3 + ̅
𝑠𝑉 (s) + 𝑉̅ (s) = 0
𝑠 C RϹ LϹ voltage across a parallel network of an inductor (L), a resistor
𝑂𝑟 (R), and a capacitor (C) across which coupled a steady
1 1 1 Io stimulating source of current are determined by the GT with
𝑉̅ (s) [𝑠 2 + 𝑠+ ] = 3
RϹ LϹ 𝑠 C simple computations and the results established are the same
𝑂𝑟 as found via the other mathematical method or approach like
Io 1 1 ordinary calculus method. This provides corroboration that
𝑉̅ (s) = [ ] (9)
C 𝑠 3 𝑠 2 + 1 𝑠+ 1 the GT is a more puissant mathematical method for the
RϹ LϹ
1 1
analysis of such series or parallel networks than the ordinary
Let 2𝑑 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔′ = √ , then (9) becomes calculus method.
RϹ LϹ
Io 1 1
𝑉̅ (s) = [ ] IV. CONCLUSION
C 𝑠3 𝑠2 + 2 𝑑 𝑠 + 𝜔′2
𝑂𝑟
In the present paper, GT has been flourishingly handed down
Io 1 1
𝑉̅ (s) = [ 2]
for the exploration of a series network of an inductor (L), a
C 𝑠3
(𝑠 + 𝑑)2 − (√𝑑 2 − 𝜔 ′ 2 ) resistor (R), and a capacitor (C) across which coupled a
steady stimulating source of voltage, and a parallel network
𝑂𝑟
Io 1 1 of an inductor (L), a resistor (R), and a capacitor (C) across
𝑉̅ (s) = (10) which coupled a steady stimulating source of current.
C 𝑠3
(𝑠+𝑑+√𝑑 2 −𝜔 ′2 ).(𝑠+𝑑−√𝑑 2 −𝜔′ )
2

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are deeply indebted to Prof. Dinesh Verma and
Prof. Mukesh Kumar Rana for their assistance.
REFERENCES

[1] A Sudhakar & Shyammohan S Palli. Circuits and Networks, Analysis

and Synthesis. McGraw-Hill Education India Pvt, Ltd, 2010.
[2] M. E. Van Valkenburg. Network Analysis. Pub: Pearson Education,
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[3] J. S. Chitode, R.M. Jalnekar. Network Analysis and Synthesis. Pub:
Technical Publications, 2007.
[4] A.V. Bakshi, U. A. Bakshi. Network Analysis and Synthesis. Pub:
Technical Publications, 2005
[5] Murray R. Spiegel, Theory and Problems of Laplace Transforms.
Publisher: Schaum's outline series, McGraw Hill.
[6] Shenkman, A. L. Transient analysis using Laplace transform techniques.
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[7] Franklin F. Kuo, Network Analysis and Synthesis. Pub: Wiley, 1966.
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transform Elzaki transform fundamental properties investigations and
applications, global journal of mathematical sciences: Theory and
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[9] Sunil Shrivastava, Introduction of Laplace transform and Elzaki
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[10] Rohit Gupta et al 2022 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2325 012036.
Doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2325/1/012036
[11] Rahul Gupta, Rohit Gupta, Dinesh Verma. Propounding a New Integral
Transform: Gupta Transform with Applications in Science and
Engineering, International Journal of Scientific Research in
Multidisciplinary Studies, 6(3), pp. 14-19, 2020.
[12] Rohit Gupta, Shivam Sharma, Rahul Gupta, Study of Laminar Flow
between Parallel Plates via Gupta Integral Transform, International
Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology
(IJRASET), 10(6), pp. 385-389, 2022.
[13] Gomez, F., Rosales, J. RLC electrical circuit of non-integer order.
Cent. Eur. J. Phys., 2013, 1361-1365.
[14] V. Del. Toro. Electrical Engineering Fundamentals. Pub: Prentice Hall,
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[15] B. L. Theraja & A. K. Theraja. A Textbook of Electrical Technology. S
Chand & Company Ltd, (2008).
[16] Anuradha S. Deshpande. Transient Analysis of R-L-C Series Circuit to
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Computational and Applied Mathematics, 9(2), 2014, pp. 63-70
[17] Erwin Kreyszig. Advanced Engineering Mathematics. Ed. 10th Pub:
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2008.

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Robotic Arm Aided Thermal Screening System

Mrs. Usha Rani C M Dr. K Shailaja
Department of EIE Department of EIE
JSSSTU, SJCE JSSSTU, SJCE
Mysuru, India Mysuru, India
usharanicm.16@gmail.com kshaila_15@sjce.ac.in

Raksha C Harisha H L Prashanth P

Department of EIE Department of EIE Department of EIE
JSSSTU, SJCE JSSSTU, SJCE JSSSTU, SJCE
Mysuru, India Mysuru, India Mysuru, India
rakshacr20@gmail.com hlharish884@gmail.com prashanthp6655@gmail.com

Abstract - With the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, the health of
people has become more of a concern. With this, temperature
measurement has gained even more significance. Non-contact
thermometers give the advantage of being used in extreme
infectious environments, lightweight, repeatability, and many
more. Thermal screening helps in identifying people with a high
body temperature who are potentially at risk. This research work
focuses on the non-contact human body temperature
measurement with the assistance of a robotic arm. The robotic
arm is used to dispense the power of mobility to the system. The
robotic arm, interfaced with Raspberry PI, is used to dispense the
power of mobility to the system. Non-contact infrared
temperature sensor, MLX90614, is interfaced with Arduino Nano
and is used to measure human body temperature. The
temperature obtained from the thermal gun is fed to the serial
monitor app in the mobile that is connected through the USB
cable to Arduino Nano. The temperature sensor’s data is
displayed on a mobile phone in Celsius unit. The format in which
the sensor data is displayed is programmed using Arduino IDE.
Keywords - Raspberry PI, Arduino Nano, MLX90614- Temperature
Sensor, IR sensor, Robotic arm, Temperature, Degree of freedom
(DOF).
I. INTRODUCTION
People usually overestimate their health and doing so can have
a negative impact on their immediate environment. The
introduction of a thermal screening system, to prevent at-risk
individuals from risking other people, could have a real and
positive impact on public health. With Covid-19 cases
fluctuating across the world and businesses, the education
sector, hospitality industries etcetera striving to reopen,
temperature screening has become predominant for everybody.
Different industries from healthcare to hospitality, business,
and schools have taken added precautions to try to prevent
more virus outbreaks. Fever is one of the main and many initial
symptoms of not only Covid-19 but many other diseases like
influenza, pneumonia, hyperpyrexia etcetera. While initial
Covid-19 may symptoms vary, the centres for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) states that about 83-99% of the people
with coronavirus infection will experience a fever. Therefore,
this makes temperature screening one of the most crucial
measures needed to identify people at risk of developing
Covid-19 or people infected with Covid-19 to slow the spread
of the virus.
Traditionally, body temperature was measured using
thermometers which required contact with the target and a
health care worker to administer the measurement. The
thermometers that were used earlier had to be in contact with
mucosal layers or armpits and required a long contact time.
They are cheap and reliable yet poses many shortcomings
which led to the development of non-contact or infrared
thermometers. The infrared thermometer, non-contact
thermometer, distinctly offers a clear-cut advantage over
contact measurement of human body temperature due to its
capability to determine precisely the temperature of the target
object even in the absence of any physical contact. Several
industrial practices or applications gain advantage from this
technology owing to their non-contact temperature
measurement nature. Infrared temperature measurements
present with the potential to keep track of temperature in
situations where the object maybe out of reach or moving,
where the object may be contaminated or marred by a contact
sensor, where contact is impractical or unfeasible due to
exceedingly high temperatures, or maybe where the object is
electrically active.
Robots are the new trending facet in the medical sector. They
are possibly the next-generation rescuers or saviors in the
healthcare industry. This is because they can perform mind-
numbing or mundane human tasks precisely, accurately, and
efficiently. Robots are custom built to respond to a specific
environment i.e., they are programmed to perform efficiently
in monotonous tasks. Robots are not used explicitly in the

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
operating
DVDroom but also
Part Number: in clinical scenery
CFP22CB5-DVD: to assist healthcare
ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5 Design and implementation of a 5 DOF robotic arm using
workers and strengthen and upgrade patient care. For example, aluminum due to its lightweight, rough use, less cost, and easy
hospitals and clinics are bringing robots into play for a much machining. This model is implemented using MATLAB. The
broader spectrum of activities to aid reduce vulnerability to intellectual capacity of the robot system lies in Arduino
pathogens during the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of Mega2560 and force sensors are used at the gripper to
robotics and automation also expands to research centers. A determine the force put in to the object, and potentiometers are
robotic arm can be used for the measurement of body made use of at the positions to detect the location of the motor
parameters, for assembling medical kits, and many more. shaft. The user gives commands through a graphical user
interface which is received by Arduino and regulates the
The thermal screening robotic arm is developed with the position of the motor shaft which in turn regulate or controls
intention to provide the first line of safety to front-line workers the movement of the joints [5].
such as doctors, medical personnel or anyone who is required For medical diagnostic applications, the system gives out an
to take temperature measurements. It is designed to measure inexpensive thermal imaging system. Implementing a basic
the body temperature of patients from a distance i.e., remotely. thermal array which is used to make out or perceive the
Previously temperature measurement required the temperature infrared radiations from the human body and then it is
sensor (or a thermometer) to be in contact with the subject and converted into an electronic signal. The temperature is then
it is necessary to disinfect the thermometer after every single calculated and a pseudo color image is developed with the
use. In order to overcome this limitation, a non-contact assistance of a microcontroller [6].
temperature sensor is used to measure human body temperature A robot is a system which integrates several subsystems that
without worrying about contamination and does not require communicate among themselves as well as with the
regular disinfection since it is non-contact measurement. It environment in which the robot is put to work. In robotics, end
measures the human body temperature of the patient and relays effectors are the devices at the tip of a robotic arm, designed to
it to a display device. interact with the environment. Gripper is an end effector or a
The main objective of the model is to measure human body tool to latch on to any physical object that may be a human
temperature. The advantage of mobility is given to the system hand or any entity. The gripper can execute the basic functions
using a robotic arm and the sensor data is displayed on a like picking, holding and clasping of objects by way of a DC
computer or a mobile device. This system will be helpful in motor and it layouts the mechanism for spot welding [7].
cases where regular thermal screening is necessary with
minimal human presence. III. METHODOLOGY
The developed system mainly consists of a Raspberry Pi3, 4
II. LITERATURE SURVEY L293D motor drivers, power supply, MLX90614 temperature
sensor, and Arduino Nano.
Implement an automatic temperature screening device for
outdoor temperature measurement. The bots are equipped with The schematic or the block diagram of the Robotic Arm Aided
cameras, a voice broadcast system, GUI, high accuracy system is presented in the figure1. The whole system can be
thermometer, and an ultrasonic sensor [1]. divided into two parts:
The system uses applied robotics to reduce person-to-person ● Temperature sensing part
contact for temperature measurement. The system uses an ● Moving part
infrared sensor for measuring body temperature and a mobile
device shows and accumulates or stores the data collected. The
robotic arm is 3D printed and is made of low-cost electronic
circuitry [2].
The system uses the infrared temperature measurement
technique. The heart of the system is the STC12C5A60S2
microcontroller. The infrared sensor continuously measures the
human body temperature and communicates with the
microcontroller. Upon triggering the extended keys, the
microcontroller reads the sensor data, performs digital
smoothing filtering and displays the data on an LCD display
module, and broadcasts the data through the voice broadcast
module [3].
A Raspberry Pi controlled 5 DOF robotic arm-aided
temperature measurement system is implemented. The robotic
arm is controlled using an application called Blue dot. The
Figure1: Block diagram of the Robotic Arm Aided system.
system is interfaced with an infrared temperature sensor and
pulse sensor. The sensor data is forwarded to the Raspberry Pi
MLX90614: It is a non-contact infrared temperature sensor
module which then notifies the operator with an SMS. The
which measures the temperature of an article in the range -70 to
authors also state that the robot can be used to deliver essentials
+382.2°C. It is a smart sensor since it measures object
like medicines, food etcetera to the patients [4].
temperature and also performs some digital signal processing.

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The MLX90614 temperature
DVD Part Number: sensor is
CFP22CB5-DVD: shown
ISBN: in figure2. The
978-1-6654-6083-5
sensor uses infrared or IR rays to measure the object
temperature even without any physical contact and
communicates to the microcontroller using the Inter-Integrated
Circuit (I2C) protocol. It is I2C supported, therefore it is
interfaced with the I2C bus of Arduino Nano.
The non-contact measurement of temperature is possible
because of Stefan-Boltzmann Law. This law states that “the
total energy emitted per unit surface area of a blackbody
across all wavelengths per unit time is directly proportional to
the fourth power of the black body’s thermodynamic
temperature” i.e.,
u/A = σT4
where σ is Stefan’s constant = 5.67 × 10-8 W/m2 k4.
A body that is not a black body absorbs and emits less radiation
than a black body and the equation is given by
u = e σ AT4
where e is emissivity and lies between 0 and 1.
Figure2: MLX90614 temperature sensor
Arduino Nano: The Arduino Nano is a small Arduino board
formulated on the ATmega328P or ATmega628
microcontroller. The Nano board is described as a sustainable,
reliable, flexible, consistent, and small microcontroller board. It
is half the size of the Arduino UNO board. The Arduino Nano
is complete with the Arduino (IDE), which can run on various
platforms. Arduino is a micro-controller used as the brain of
the robot. It can be programmed to control the way buttons,
motors, switches, lights, and other electronic parts to work
together. In this developed Robotic arm aided system, it reads
the sensor data and displays it on a mobile device.
Raspberry Pi 3: Raspberry PI 3 is a development board in the
PI series. It can be considered as a single-board computer that
works on the Linux operating system. The board has abundant
features and extraordinary processing speed, making it suitable
for advanced applications. It is an open-source platform.
Raspberry Pi OS is a free operating system based on Debian,
optimized for the Raspberry Pi hardware, and is the suggested
OS for regular and common use on a Raspberry Pi. This
operating system is provided with over 35,000 packages, and
precompiled software bundled in a nice design for easy
installation on Raspberry Pi.
Raspberry is a low cost mini-computer used in a wide range of
applications. It consists of Broadcom BCM2837 quad core
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processor and needs 3.3V to power the processor and +5V for
the general purpose I/O pins. In the developed system, it is
used to control three motor drivers (L293D) which in turn
controls two motors each. Raspberry Pi is programmed using
Python programming. A robotic arm connects the temperature
sensing part and the mobile part.
The robotic arm: A robotic arm is a kind of a mechanical arm
that is analogous to the human arm. It has various fragments
which bears a resemblance to the wrist, an elbow, and shoulder
of a human. It can be programmed according to the needs and
can be administered to perform diverse functions just like a
human arm. The robotic arm is made up of Spur gears, Worm
gear, Fibre grippers and DC motors.
• Spur gears present a simple design of straight and
parallel teeth placed around the circumference of a
cylinder body with a central bore that fits over a shaft.
• A worm gear is a gear comprising of a shaft with a
spiral thread that engages with and drives a toothed
wheel. It modifies the rotational movement by 90
degrees, and the plane of movement is also changed
due to the position of the worm on the worm wheel.
• Robot grippers are the physical association between a
robot arm and the work piece.
• The DC motor can easily be governed with the help of
a DPDT switch or with the help of any
microcontroller along with the L293D motor driver
module.
The end effectors, in robotics, are an instrument at the tail end
of a robotic arm, intended to communicate to interact with the
surrounding environment. A gripper is an end effector or tool
to clasp any physical object that may be a human hand or any
article. The robotic arm axis is operated by DC motors and
each DC motor has a potentiometer linked to the gear axis so
that the potentiometer will rotate as the engine rotates. The
potentiometer gives a certain voltage value as feedback that is
used to make out or detect the position of the particular motor.
The gripper module is the state of art robotic arm which can be
utilized in various pick and place kinds of robots. It works on a
DC motor (9-12 volts DC). Change in the rotation direction of
the DC motor generates jaw open and close action. Here we
use the Raspberry Pi 3B model to control the robotic arm. It is
programmed using Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi is used to guide
the movement of the robot i.e., it controls the motor drivers and
the motors. There are three L293D motor drivers controlling a
total of six motors- four of them are the wheels of the robot and
two of them control the robotic arm. The Robotic Arm is
shown in figure3.
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Figure3: Robotic Arm
IR Sensor: Infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that
effuses light in order to sense some object of the surroundings.
An IR sensor can gauge or measure the heat of an object as
well as detect the motion. Generally, in the infrared spectrum,
every object emits some form of thermal radiation. These kinds
of radiation are invisible to our eyes, but infrared sensors can
detect these radiations. The figure4 shows the IR sensor. The
infrared transmitter will transmit infrared radiation which hits
the obstacle (human being) in front of it, and the reflected
radiation is received by the infrared receiver or photodiode.
Based on the intensity of the received radiation, the sensor
output will be defined. If the body temperature is high then
more radiation is reflected back, by the human body to the
receiver, thus increasing the sensor output and this will indicate
that the person has a high body temperature.
Figure4: IR Sensor
L293D (H-Bridge): The L293D is a well accepted 16-Pin
Motor Driver IC. It is mainly used to drive motors and hence it
is called as motor driver. A single L293D IC has the capacity to
run two DC motors at the same time and also, the direction of
the two motors can be controlled independently. The Switch
configuration of H-bridge is shown in figure4.
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Figure 5: Switch configuration of H-bridge
A DC motor rotates either clockwise or anti-clockwise based
on the connection of switches of the H-bridge. There are two
situations:
• If switches S1 and S4 are closed then the right lead of the
motor will be latched to the ground, while the left lead is
latched to the power supply. Current starts flowing through the
motor which energizes the motor in one direction, say
clockwise.
• If switches S2 and S3 are closed then the right lead of the
motor will be latched to the power supply, while the left lead is
latched to the ground. The motor is energized in the reverse
direction i.e., anti-clockwise.
In a bridge, switches S1, S2 or S3, S4 should not be turned on
at the same time. If they are then a low-resistance path is
created between power and ground, effectually short-circuiting
the power supply. This state is called ‘shoot-through’ and is an
almost guaranteed way to rapidly destroy the bridge, or
something else in the circuit.
The MLX90614 sensor is made up of two units - a thermopile
detector and a signal processing unit. The MLX90614 sensor’s
temperature signal that is output by the infrared thermopile
sensor goes through the process as given below:
1. The analog signal is intensified or amplified by the
internal low-noise, low-offset operational amplifier
2. The analog signal is translated into a 17-bit digital
signal by the A/D converter.
3. To further reduce the bandwidth of the signal, to attain
the desired noise performance and refresh rate,
programmable FIR and IIR low pass digital filters,
DSP unit, are used.
4. After processing the output, the output result is kept in
its internal RAM storage unit.
When the python program is uploaded to the Raspberry Pi, the
entire system starts its operation. The working of the developed
system is described below.
● The robot moves forward and stops for a second.
● The temperature measurement of the target subject is
taken for 5 seconds.
● The robot moves in the backward position, to its
16
 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
original
DVD position,
Part Number: and stops for
CFP22CB5-DVD: 5 seconds.
ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
● This process is repeated after the 5-second delay.

The temperature that is obtained from the thermal gun is fed to

the serial monitor app in the mobile by connecting the mobile
to Arduino Nano using a USB cable. In order to stop this
process, the python program should be terminated within the 5-
second delay after the robot moves back to its original position.
If the program is terminated during the process, then the
Raspberry Pi or some other component might get destroyed.

IV. ALGORITHM Side View

The algorithm for the temperature measurement part using
Arduino Nano and MLX90614 sensor is given below,
1. Power the Arduino Nano board.
2. Establish serial communication between Arduino Nano and
the infrared temperature sensor, MLX90614.
3. MLX90614 temperature sensor measures the target’s
temperature.
4. Arduino Nano reads the MLX90614 sensor data.
5. The sensor data is displayed on a mobile phone which is
connected to Arduino Nano using a USB cable.

The algorithm for the developed system is given below:

1. The entire system is first powered on.
2. The python program is uploaded onto the Raspberry Pi
Backside View
using the Raspberry Pi operating system.
3. The robot moves in the forward direction and a delay of 1
second is given for it to become stable.
4. MLX90614 temperature sensor measures the human body
temperature for 5 seconds and this sensor data is displayed on a
mobile phone.
5. The robot moves in the backward direction i.e., to its
original position and a delay of 1 second is given for it to
become stable.
6. The entire process is then repeated infinitely otherwise go to
step 7.
7. If the process has to be stopped, then after the robot moves
in the backward direction a delay of 5 seconds is given. The
python program has to be terminated within the 5-second
delay. Once the program is terminated the process stops.
Front View
V. RESULTS Figure 6: The developed Robotic Arm system.
The developed Robotic Arm system is shown in Figure 6. It
shows the side view of the developed project. Two wheels are The temperature sensor’s data is displayed on a mobile phone
placed on each side of the robot and hence there are a total of in Celsius unit. The format in which the sensor data is
four wheels used to provide movement to the system. The displayed is programmed using Arduino IDE. In the developed
Raspberry Pi, motor drivers, and power supply is mounted on system, it is programmed to display the sensor data in the
the chassis. The temperature sensing part and the chassis are format given below:
connected through a base assembly. The base assemble is <Temperature>: <Measurement value> Celsius>.
placed towards the front of the system. The sensing part,
consisting of MLX90614 sensor and Arduino Nano, is placed The readings from the MLX90614 sensor are read by Arduino
at the front of the system so that it can point to the subject Nano and are displayed on a mobile device. This is shown in
whose measurement is to be taken. Figure 7. The temperature obtained from the thermal gun is fed
to the serial monitor app in the mobile that is connected
through the USB cable to Arduino Nano.

978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE 17

 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
[4] Amrutha R, Dama Manasa, Modiyam Chavva Radhika,
Monisha M Y, Thilagavathy R, “Patient Monitoring and Assistance using
Robotic Arm,” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
(IJERT) NCCDS – 2021 (Volume 09 – Issue 12).

[5] Kruthika, K & B M, Kiran & Lakshminarayanan, Sanjay “Design and

development of a robotic arm,” 1-4, 10.1109/CIMCA.2016.8053274, October,
2016.

[6] S. Sruthi and M. Sasikala, “A Low Cost Thermal Imaging System for
Medical Diagnostic Applications,” 2015 International Conference on Smart
Technologies and Management for Computing, Communication, Controls,
Energy and Materials (ICSTM), ECE Dept Anna University, Chennai, Tamil
Nadu, India, May 06-08, 2015.

[7] Puran Singh, Anil Kumar, and Mahesh Vashisth. (2013). Design of a
Robotic Arm with Gripper & End Effector for Spot Welding: Universal Journal
of Mechanical Engineering, 1(3). DOI 10.13189/ujme.2013.010303.
Figure 7: Temperature data displayed on a mobile. [8] Ranganathan, G. "An Economical Robotic ArmPlaying Chess Using Visual
Servoing " Journal of Innovative Image Processing (JIIP) 2, no. 03 (2020):
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 141-146.
[9] Vijayakumar, T. "Flexible Robotic Electronic Skin with High Sensitivity
Sensor Arrays " Journal of Electronics 1, no. 01 (2019): 43-51.
Temperature measurement has become pivotal everywhere
around the world. With the utilization of the developed
temperature measurement system the burden on health staff, or
anyone who has to monitor people’s temperature, can be
reduced.
With the latest applications and features, healthcare robots are
anticipated to enhance the operational efficiencies, quality,
accuracy, and safety in healthcare service delivery. Robots
work explicitly within the parameters of time and work
delegated to them which is a vital advantage of medical robots.
Additional usefulness of medical robots include flawless
performance, proper monitoring services of patients, does not
waste time, reduced risk of infection, and many more.
The infrared temperature sensor, MLX90614, provides
accurate human body temperature readings. This accurate
measurement becomes crucial in some situations. Robotics
greatly influences the medical industry and along with accurate
temperature measurements, it can greatly simplify human
workload.

The project put forward can be further enhanced and some of

the ideas are listed below:
● Additional sensors, like pulse sensors, blood pressure
sensors, and motion sensors, can be interfaced in order
to measure additional psychological parameters.
● A Raspberry Pi Camera Module can be interfaced
with Raspberry Pi to monitor real-time measurements.
● The sensor data can be sent to a cloud platform so that
the health staff can monitor the patient anywhere,
anytime.

REFERENCES

[1] Zhao Gong, Songwen Jiang, Qizhi Meng, Yanlei Ye, Peng Li, Fugui Xie,
Huichan Zhao, Chunzhe Lv, Xiaojie Wang and Xinjun Liu “SHUYU Robot:
An Automatic Rapid Temperature Screening System (springeropen.com),”
2020.

[2] Andrés Moreira, Paul Criollo, Belén Ruales, “Body Temperature Control
Using a Robotic Arm,” March 25, 2021.

[3] Zipeng Guo, Jinxia Chu, “Design and Implementation of Infrared

Temperature Measurement System,” April, 2017.

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Recent Advancement and Comparative Turnouts of
1Ø Grid Tied Non-Isolated Inverters Topologies
Rushikesh S. Shahakar Dr. Kawita D. Thakur
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Government College of Engineering Government College of Engineering
Amravati, India Yawatmal, India
rsshahakar@gmail.com kawitadthakur@gmail.com
Abstract— Renewable Energy (RE) is environmentally
friendly, abundant, economically feasible and has become a
prime interest as well as a potential substitute to conventional
fossil fuels. One of the fastest growing RE source is Photo-
Voltaic (PV) has gained a lot of momentum these days which can
be hooked to the grid distribution network. Power electronics
interface plays a vital role in power generation. Converter
topologies have quite a substantial impact on the efficiency of a
generation system. This research examines the current
advancements in non-isolated Grid-connected PV (GPV)
inverter systems along with their historical overview. Several
transformerless inverters have been presented using various
ways such as decoupling the DC from the AC side and/or
clamping the common mode or using common ground
configurations. In addition, various trailblazing inverter
topologies are elaborated in a systematic manner with the
foreseeable major hurdles in developing a smart and efficient
system. Furthermore, different performance metrics are
appropriately analyzed and reported in a table. This paper aims
to comprehensively review and classify various transformerless
inverters with detailed analytical comparisons in order to offer
a clear understanding on the development of optimal
transformerless inverters for the rising generation GPV
systems.
Keywords— Transformerless inverter, Photovoltaic system,
Leakage current, Efficiency
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy is an essential driver and precondition for societal
progress, as well as a critical component of long-term
sustainability. According to the International Energy Agency's
Global Energy Outlook 2021 [1] renewable electricity
generation is predicted to increase further by 8% in 2021 and
are already on track to push boundaries in 2022. Solar PV, as
the most widely used RE source, can be considered for future
electrical power generation, since it offers ongoing cost
reductions, a robust system and rapid technological
advancement [2]. PV schemes are classified into two major
classes, one as stand-alone systems that produce power
without being linked to the grid, and other as GPV generating
systems that produce power that being connected to the grid.
The current cost of setting up a stand-alone PV system is
considerable, with an extra drawback of output power
fluctuation because of the intermittent nature of solar
irradiation and temperature [2]. As a result, the GPV system
is performing admirably as a used electrical supply resource.
It is also gaining traction as a result of supplementary services
and lower transmission losses. A robust power conditioning
unit is not only required to boost generation by incorporating
RE sources into microgrids but also to link system
components with grid without endangering safety [3].
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Nutan S. Thakare
Department of Electronics Engineering
Government College of Engineering
Amravati, India
nutan551992@gmail.com
Inverter Filter Grid
PV Cdc
Array
CPV
IL
Fig. 1. Single stage conversion
The key problem in attaining higher efficiency while
feeding electricity to the grid in a 1Ø GPV system is the
number of stages that the power conditioning module
employs [3]. Two-stage conversion system that not only
affects efficiency but also makes the system big and
expensive. In contrast, as shown in Fig. 1 a single stage
conversion system does not use high frequency boost
converter and low frequency transformer. It does, however
have the disadvantage of not supplying electricity when the
PV voltage declines underneath the peak level of the grid
voltage. Before being linked to the utility grid, the DC power
from the PV array is converted into AC power with the
requisite voltage magnitude, frequency, and phase in a GPV
system. With this, a DC-to-AC converter, also referred as an
inverter, will be necessitated. As a result, the inverter is the
most vital part in GPV systems [4]. The maximum power
extraction from PV modules, minimum Leakage Current
(𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 ), stable Common Mode Voltage (CMV), output
variations, the effect on power quality, voltage and current
harmonics, mismatch between PV output and grid
specifications are the issues in 1Ø GPV systems. The ultimate
goal in constructing a GPV generation system is to achieve
maximum power transmission, minimum 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 and the
best possible inverter topology.
This paper examines previously proposed
topologies and contrivances for implementing 1Ø
transformerless PV inverters, with an emphasis on appealing
features such as CMV applied to PV panels, 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 ,
semiconductor devices used in each topology, reliability and
efficiency. The portions of the paper are as follows: The
classification of transformerless inverter topologies based on
DC link voltage equal to 2𝑉𝑃𝑉 and 𝑉𝑃𝑉 is covered in section
II also this section examines various topological
configurations, as well as their benefits and drawbacks.
Section III delves into the principles of 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 and CMV in
addition with a comparative examination of topologies
depending on a variety of parameters, before concluding in
Section IV.
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
To enhance competitive advantage and reliability of GPV, a
number of 1Ø transformerless topologies have been
suggested and built. Despite the fact that several topologies
for transformerless PV grid-connected inverters have been
proposed in the literature, only a few topologies were used in
industrial applications thus far. Fig. 2 depicts the division of
a few fascinating topologies into two primary subgroups
depending on the DC link voltage requirement. Half bridge
inverters, for instance the normal half bridge, NP clamped,
and T type [4,5], which necessitate a substantial high input
voltage from the PV panels, are representative
transformerless inverters with 𝑉𝑃𝑉 = 2𝑉𝐷𝐶 . To achieve the
voltage modulation requirement, one 𝑉𝑃𝑉 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 uses extra
active circuits as well as passive devices, such as common
ground type and H bridge type.
A. Double Input Voltage Type 1Ø Grid Tied
Transformerless Inverter Topologies
This section delves into a few key topologies. The half
bridge inverter [4] is the most common conversion topology
utilized in PV applications. It is comprised of two switches, a
filter inductor, and an input side capacitor divider with its
midway tied directly to the grid's neutral terminal, which
keeps CMV constant. As a response, the 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 is quite
modest. To avoid a DC link voltage short, the gate directives
used to turn on and off the switching devices must be
complementary. To simplify the control system and enhance
efficiency, a new topology known as neutral point clamped [5]
was adopted. It saves money and space, but has DC link
balanced and unbalanced conduction losses, which ultimately
1Ø Grid Tied Transformerless Inverter Topolgies
DC Link Voltage = 2 Vpv
Half Bridge
Common Ground Type
NP Clamped
Decoupling
T Type
Karschny's
Flying Inductor
AC
Flying H6-AC
Capacitor
Four Switch Sunway's
CG HERIC
Fig. 2 Classification of 1Ø grid tied transformerless inverter topology
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
have an impact on the overall system. T type topology
provided a promising approach with bidirectional switches
positioned between the midpoints of DC link capacitors. It has
a high conversion efficiency and lowers conduction loss. The
DC link voltage required for such topologies, on the other
hand, is significantly larger (more than twice the grid voltage
peak value). Furthermore, the switches must be capable of
withstanding the high DC link voltage stress. As a response,
single input voltage topologies gained popularity.
B. Single Input Voltage Type 1Ø Grid Tied Transformerless
Inverter Topologies
The modulation approach used, as well as the CMV across
the PV panel’s parasitic capacitance, have a significant
influence on performance and applicability of a typical full-
bridge inverter. Constant CMV and removal of Common
Mode Current ( 𝑖𝑐𝑚 ) are two notable advantages of such
topologies. To suppress 𝑖𝑐𝑚 many different topologies for 1Ø
transformerless PV inverters have been designed. These
schemes, which include DC-decoupling, AC-decoupling, and
Neutral point clamped (NPC) type 1Ø transformerless
inverters architecture which minimize 𝑖𝑐𝑚 by isolating the PV
array from the grid or by incorporating an auxiliary clamp
circuit to ensure stable CMV.
1) Common Ground Type Topology
A Common Ground (CG) configuration [6-9] is one in
which the negative polarity of the PV panel is
straightforwardly connected to the grid. Fig. 3 to Fig. 6
shown below are CG type topologies. Table I explores the
topology configuration along with their advantages and
associated shortcomings.
DC Link Voltage = Vpv
H Bridge Type
Mid Point Clamping
AC
DC DC
SMA's H5 i/O-H5 iHERIC
Active
H6-DC H5-D
HERIC
H6-DC NPC / NIIFBC
oH5-2/
Ingeteams H6
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

2) H-Bridge Type
A traditional Full Bridge (FB) inverter topology
described in [10] with a unipolar switching pattern and
with bipolar switching. For ensuring constant CMV and
low 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 , an FB inverter with a bipolar arrangement
was used. Switching losses on the other hand are higher,
hence lowering the efficiency. As a result, a unipolar
modulation method is used to solve the efficiency
problem [10].
i. Decoupling Type
All of the other topologies [11-20] discussed in this
section can be implemented by providing a bypass path
on the DC or AC side. Bypassing helps not only grid and
PV isolation, but also avoids reactive power exchange
during freewheeling mode (zero voltage state). As a
result, the inverter's efficiency can be improved.
1. DC-Decoupling Type
An extra circuit at the DC bus is used for DC-decoupling
transformerless single-phase inverters, which decouples
the PV panels from the AC side during the freewheeling
period as shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8.
2. AC-Decoupling Type
AC-decoupling transformerless inverters use a decoupling
circuit on the AC side to achieve low Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD) based output voltage and current, low
𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 , and a balanced system as depicted in Fig. 9 and
Fig. 10.
The dc link is isolated from the grid during decoupling in
freewheeling mode. Due to decoupling the voltages at two
points are floating in relation to the DC connection, the CMV
oscillates and causes 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 . Only galvanic isolation is
insufficient to eliminate the 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 completely. To entirely
eliminate 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 , use CMV clamping in conjunction with
galvanic isolation via bypass.
ii. Midpoint Clamped Type Topologies
TABLE I : EXPLORING DIFFERENT TOPOLOGIES CONFIGURATION ALONG WITH ADVANTAGES AND ASSOCIATED SHORTCOMINGS
At zero state, these topologies not only decouple PV array and
grid, but also connect short-circuited inverter output terminals
to the DC bus's midpoint. As a result, CMV is stabilized, and
the capacitor voltage follows the grid voltage with no high
frequency content. These topologies are made up of switch
junction capacitors, which have an unanticipated effect on
𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 performance. The CMV is clamped to half of the DC
link voltage during the freewheeling phase in this manner, and
the inverters are further characterized as AC/DC decoupling
inverters as illustrated in Fig.11 to Fig. 14.
III. COMMON MODE VOLTAGE (CMV) AND LEAKAGE
CURRENT(𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 )
GPV systems require specific attention to suppress CMV and
to eliminate the 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 . This section focuses on the
fundamental common mode resonant circuit. Since a single
stage conversion system lacks a transformer (galvanic
isolation), 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 gains the closed conduit between PV and
grid. 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 is generated by the average value of voltages
between the inverter outputs and a common reference. This
𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 compromises worker safety, creates electromagnetic
interference, increases losses and induces current ripples [12].
A low THD output voltage is preferred; nevertheless, more
circuitry is required, which complicates the regulating
technique [13].
AC bypass topologies have reduced conduction loss
when compared to DC bypass topologies. In spite this, using
bypass for galvanic isolation does not completely avoid
𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 due to the consequences of stray capacitances and
parasitic components. The inverter architecture and
modulation method must be considered carefully in hopes of
avoiding 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 by creating CMV. Table II enlists
comparison of different topologies on basis of CMV, 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 ,
THD, efficiency and device count which have all already been
addressed. CMV and 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 have varying values depending
on topology architecture. 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 is approximately zero when
CMV is constant. As a result, it is suggested that an
architecture be devised that keeps CMV constant.

Name of Topology Topology Configuration Inference Problems Associated

Half Bridge ✓ CMV constant ✓ Shoot through

+
✓ 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 is negligible ✓ The DC link voltage requirement is
C1 S1 L1 considerably higher

A
PV Vgrid
Array
B
C2
S2 0
-
Fig. 3. Half bridge inverter
Flying + ✓ Fewer active and passive ✓ Voltage stress across all the
S3 component switches is not uniform
Capacitor L1
✓ Low cost
S1
S4
PV
Array C C0 Vgrid
CF
S2 D

-
0

Fig. 4. Flying capacitor topology

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Karschny’s P ✓ Removing any voltage ✓ Low efficiency

fluctuations between the
Flying Inductor D1 L2 PV array and the ground ✓ Higher cost
S1 S3
Topology ✓ Removing any ground ✓ Size of inductor
PV
Cdc L1 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 ✓ Higher losses
Array
D2

S4 C1 Vg
N S2 S5

Fig. 5. Karschny's flying inductor topology

Four-Switch ipv i1 ig v0 ✓ It employs the active power ✓ Possibility of shoot through
P L1 decoupling approach
Single-Phase S3 •
L2 ✓ Film capacitors are utilized
S4
Common instead of bulky electrolytic
PV
C1 capacitors, increasing
Ground PV Array A C2 Vg
B
system dependability and
Inverter lifetime
S1 S2
N

Fig. 6. Four switch single phase CG inverter

Full Bridge A single sinusoidal reference is used for one group of ✓ CMV constant. ✓ The inductor current ripple and
(Bipolar diagonal switches in the bipolar modulation approach, while ✓ Reduces the amount of switching losses in the devices are
modulation complementary signals are used for the other group current that leaks through higher
strategy) the earth ✓ Lowering of efficiency
✓ Additional power loss due to
reactive power flow within the
inverter

Full Bridge To modulate each phase leg, the unipolar modulation ✓ Ripple reduction ✓ At the switching frequency, the
(Unipolar technique uses two sinusoidal references that are 180̊ out of ✓ No internal reactive-power CMV will oscillate
modulation phase flow ✓ Produces a large amount of 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒
strategy)

SMA’s H5 ✓ During the zero voltage state ✓ During the active state, it induces a
P decouples the PV array from high frequency component in the
S5
the grid 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒
LA ✓ 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 is minimum ✓ High conduction losses
S1 S2
PV
Cdc Vg
Array
LB
N S3 S4
Fig. 7. H5 inverter
H6 DC ✓ Employs two symmetrical ✓ Increase in conduction losses
P blocking switches ✓ Induces 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒
S5 ✓ Switches shares the
S1 S2 L1 switching losses
A
PV
Cdc Vg
Array B
S6 L2
S3 S4
N

Fig. 8. H6 DC

H6 AC P LA Lg ✓ Low AC current distortion at ✓ Higher conduction losses

S1 S2 the output ✓ Issues with diode reverse-
✓ Dead time requirement is recovery
Cf Vg
eliminated ✓ Reduces the entire system's
D1 D2
PV
Array
Cdc1 S3 S4 ✓ There is no need for massive efficiency
LB
capacitors in a split DC link

S5 S6
N
Fig. 9. H6 AC inverter

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Sunway’s HERIC LA ✓ CMV does not change ✓ In the 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 , there will be a high
✓ The amount of the ground frequency component
P
𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 is insignificant ✓ Due to the usage of a cascaded
✓ Decoupling prevents DC-DC converter, efficiency is
S1 S2 S5
𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 from flowing in the low at low PV voltage
PV
Vg zero state
Array
Cdc

S3 S4 S6
N
LB
Fig. 10. HERIC AC inverter
iH5/oH5 ✓ CMV is stabilized ✓ Ground current is more than H6
+ ✓ The capacitor voltage ✓ CM characteristics is worse than
S5
follows the grid voltage H6
C1 S1 S2 containing no high
S6 L1
frequency content
A
PV
Array
C0 Vgrid
B
C2 L2
S3 S4 0

-
Fig. 11. iH5 topology
H5-D + ✓ Constant CMV ✓ Using the same electrical
✓ Favored CM current characteristics and power
C1 suppression switches, the CM current is only
S1 S2 L1 around one-third of what it is in
A the H5 topology
PV
Array
D1 C0 Vgrid ✓ The THD is quite high
B
L2
C2 0
S3 S4
-
S5
Fig. 12. H5 D topology
Ingeteam’s H6 ✓ Reducing the switching ✓ Higher conduction losses
P losses ✓ Low efficiency at low PV voltage
S5
Cdc1 D1 LA ✓ Higher efficiency due to use of cascaded DC-DC
S1 S2
✓ CMV is stabilized converter
PV Vg
Array

D2 LB
Cdc2
N S3 S4

S6
Fig. 13. Ingeteam's H6 topology
iHERIC + ✓ CMV is stabilized ✓ Sacrificing the supremacy of RMS
✓ The capacitor voltage is and peak 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 value
S1 S2
governed by the grid
L1
A
voltage, which has no high
C1
frequency content
S7 S6
PV
Array
C0 Vgrid

S5
C2
B
L2 0
S3 S4
-
Fig. 14. iHERIC topology
HERIC Active By modifying and increasing the arrangement of ✓ 𝑖𝑐𝑚 is constant and low ✓ Short through issue
1/2/3 semiconductor devices ✓ Dead time requirement

Superjunction P
S4
✓ The high EU and peak ✓ Bulky coupled inductors are used
MOSFET-based D9 efficiencies ✓ Inductor loss per unit volume is
L2
NIIFBC Cpv1 Cdc1
A ✓ At grid voltage zero high
Cf Vg
D8 B crossings, no dead time is ✓ Temperature rise in core is
PV F required concerned
Array S1 D7 S6
S2 ✓ No reverse recovery
L1
C S5
Cpv2 Cdc2 D
E
S3 D10
N Leakage current
measureing point

Fig. 14. NIIFBC inverter

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TABLE II : SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERLESS INVERTER

Topology Semiconductor No No 𝒊𝒄𝒎 CMV Passive Filter o/p Reported Reported Cost Reported
Name Devices of of (mA) (V) Level PF THD Efficiency
No. of No. of C L No.of No. of (%) ƞ (%)
IGBT Diode C L
Half Bridge 4 2 3 0 ≈0 Constant 1 1 3 0.8 2.1 ++ 97.2@0.5kVA
[4]
Karschny’s 5 2 2 1 ≈0 Constant 1 1 3 Unity N/A ++++ N/A
[7]
Flying 4 1 2 0 ≈0 Constant 1 1 3 0.85 <2 ++ 99.25@1kVA
Capacitor[8]
Bipolar Full 4 0 1 0 ≤ 55 199 to 201 1 2 2 Unity NA + 95.2 @ 5kVA
Bridge[9]
Unipolar Full 4 0 1 0 ≤ 1800 200 to 400 1 2 3 Unity NA + 98.0 @ 3 kVA
Bridge[9]
H5 [10] 5 0 1 0 ≤ 200 159 to 235 1 2 3 Unity N/A ++ 98.5@ 0.5 kVA
H5-D [11] 5 1 2 0 ≤ 50 185to 195 1 2 3 Unity 4.888 ++ 95@650 VA
HERIC [12] 6 0 1 0 ≤ 200 165 to 235 1 2 3 Unity N/A ++ 97.1 @ 2 kVA
HERIC AC 6 2 1 0 ≤ 200 165 to 236 1 2 3 Unity N/A +++ N/A
based [12]
HERIC 7 2 2 0 ≤ 25 199.93 to 1 2 3 N/A N/A ++++ N/A
Active 1 [12] 200
HERIC 7 0 2 0 ≤ 25 199.96 to 1 2 3 N/A 1.7 ++++ 97 @ 2 kVA
Active 2 [12] 200
HERIC 6 4 2 0 ≤ 25 199.91 to 1 2 3 Unity N/A ++++ N/A
Active 3 [12] 200
H6 [13] 6 2 1 0 ≤ 25 150-250 1 2 3 0.95 4.6 ++ 97.31@3.68kVA
iH5/oH5 6 0 2 0 ≤ 20 199.89 to 1 2 3 Unity N/A ++ 96.9 @ 1 kVA
[17] 200
Ingeteam’s 6 2 2 0 ≤ 25 150 to 265 1 2 3 Unity <3 ++ 97.6@5kVA
H6 [19]
The higher the cost, the more "+" there is: + low, ++ medium, +++ high, and ++++ extremely high. "C" stands for Capacitor,
"L" for Inductor, "PF" for Power Factor, and "THD" for Total Harmonic Distortion in the table above.
TABLE III : SUMMARY REPRESENTING RECOMMENDED TOPOLOGY AMONG MAJOR CATEGORIES OF 1Ø TRANSFORMERLESS INVERTER TOPOLOGIES

1Ø Grid Tied Features Downsides Size of the Efficiency Recommended

Transformerless Inverter Topology
Inverter Topologies
Common Ground Type ▪ There is no CM impact ▪ Controlling a flying Small Very high Four Switch
Topologies ▪ There are fewer semiconductor capacitor / inductor, Common Ground
devices in use switching capacitor is
▪ Requires a small filter challenging

Mid-Point Clamping ▪ Constant CMV ▪ Increased complexity Large Medium HERIC Active 2
▪ Low 𝑖𝑐𝑚 ▪ More semiconductor
devices
AC-Decoupling ▪ Conduction losses are minimal ▪ Extra switches are needed Medium High HERIC
▪ The antiparallel diodes of F-B do not ▪ 𝐼𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 in the residual line
allow output current to pas frequency
▪ Lower THD
DC-Decoupling ▪ A DC bypass switch is used to isolate ▪ Conduction losses are high Medium Medium H5
PV from the grid ▪ Unbalanced switching
▪ Additional equipment
required

IV. CONCLUSION
A brief overview of 1Ø grid tied PV
transformerless inverter system is offered, as well as the
main challenges that transformerless inverters confront. The
benefits and drawbacks of different GPV transformerless
topologies are discussed. The properties of topologies are
contrasted and described explicitly. Since of its low
cost/weight and high efficiency when compared to 1Ø
inverters with galvanic separation, 1Ø transformerless PV
inverters have received a lot of attention. The final
optimized strategy must be able to construct an elegant and
cohesive grid tied PV system as per the metrics
customization of individual system components. As a
conclusion to this review, Table III explores the several
major 1Ø transformerless inverter categories with their
features and downsides, as well as suggesting the optimum
topology for each category.
Only PV parasitic capacitance is taken into account
while assessing the leakage current mechanism of grid-
connected topologies. Further investigation can be
conducted by taking into account the effect of parasitic
capacitance value along with stray capacitance of the PV
system. In addition to switching and conduction losses for
switching devices, passive component losses can be
included.

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REFERENCES
[1] IEA (2021), Global Energy Review 2021, IEA, Paris
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[2] Dr. Chetansingh Solanki, “Solar Photovoltaic’s Fundamentals
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[3] Karuppusamy, P. "Design of Inverter Voltage Mode Controller by
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[4] S. L. Kuo, "Half-bridge transistor inverter for DC power
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[6] Y. P. Siwakoti and F. Blaabjerg, "Common-Ground-Type
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[7] D. Karschny, “Flying inductor topology,” German Patent DE 19 642
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[8] Y. P. Siwakoti and F. Blaabjerg, "A novel flying capacitor
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[10] A. Algaddafi, K. Elnaddab, A. Al Ma'mari and A. N. Esgiar,
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[16] San, G., Qi, H., Wu, J. and Guo, X.: ‘A new three-level six-switch
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[19] H. Xiao and S. Xie, “Leakage Current Analytical Model and
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March 2017

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An Automated System for Arrhythmia Detection

using ECG records from MITDB
Gilbert Roland1 , Dhana Sony. J2, S.N.Padhi3,S.Kayalvili4,S Cloudin5,Ashok Kumar6

1
Department of Health Studies, Astria Learning Consortium of Universities, 100 S. Ashley Drive Suite 600, Tampa, FL
33602, USA, gilbert@astrialearning.org
2
Department of Biomedical Engineering,Vel Tech RangarajanDr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology
(formerly known as VeltechDr.RR& Dr.SR University), Chennai-62,Tamilnadu,India,Dhanasonyj@veltech.edu.in
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering,KoneruLakshmaiah Education Foundation,Vaddeswaram 522302, Andhra
Pradesh, India,snpadhi333@gmail.com
4
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Velalar College of Engineering and Technology, Erode – 638012,
Tamil Nadu,India,kayalvilis@gmail.co m
5
Department of Information Technology,KCG College of Technology Karapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600097,
India,scloudin@kcgcollege.com
6
Department of Computer Science,BanasthaliVidyapith, Banasthali-304022,Rajasthan, India,kuashok@banasthali.in

Abstract—Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a common non-invasive

diagnostic technique used to detect cardiac disease. S everal
cardiac abnormalities can be uncovered by analysing the
heart's electrical impulses or the combination of action impulse
waveforms generated by several types of speciali zed cardiac
tissues. Recently, cardiovascular disease has become the most
prevalent disease and demands more healthcare professional to
evaluate the ECG data. This has led to the widespread adoption
of Machine Learning (ML)-based methods for detecting the
ECG features. This research study has collected and cleaned the
ECG signal data obtained from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia
database (MITB). In this work, a range of processing steps such
as augmentation using S MOTE, normalization, denoising, and
feature extraction using Local Binary Pattern (LBP) are used.
The ML techniques employed in this study include S upport
Vector Machine (S VM), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA),
and Neural Network (NN). Further, the experimental findings
are utilized to establish the best model. The NN approach has
been demonstrated to detect arrhythmias more accurately
(92.01%) than the other three examined methods. Even when
prior knowledge is inadequate, the NN approach can aid in the
diagnosis of arrhythmia.

Keywords— Electrocardiogram, SMOTE, Normalize,

Fig. 1. ECG signal [1]
Denoise, Feature, Classification, Metrics

I. INT RODUCT ION Since the prevalence of cardiovascular disease,

The heart is a very essential organ. It is the engine
that provides oxygenated blood to several circulatory
systems. The heart continuously pumps oxygen and nutrients
into the body while removing waste materials 100,000 times
every day. An ECG is a measurement of electrical impulses
in the heart induced by the heartbeat on the body's surface.
Electrodes put on the skin capture electrical activity and
disclose how each chamber performs in the form of PQRST
waves as seen in Figure 1.
people of all ages, but particularly those in their middle and
older years are at high risk. A large number of persons are
impacted, and both disability and death rates are high. The
world's population is aging, which is becoming a concern
right now. The fast deterioration of cardiovascular disease is
one of the most important challenges in public health today
[2]. ECG analysis is a reliable method for assessing heart
health. As a result, understanding how to recog nize and
categorize ECG signals is critical for those suffering from
cardiovascular disease. Aside from saving lives, early
detection is critical for effective treatment. It is critical to

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investigate the categorization of connected ECG signals
[3].Thus, the structure of the ECG signal can be utilized to
infer heart activity and behaviour. Through an investigation
of the heart's behaviour, the ECG signal communicates exact
information about it. As a result, cardiac arrhythmia is
identified when an ECG reveals rhythm irregularities, such
as unusually fast or slow waves. Arrhythmia is the most
prevalent cause of death, and it can have both short- and
long-term consequences for a patient (for example, in the
cases of ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia).
An ECG is a graphical time series that documents
the electrical activity of the heart through every cardiac cycle
and is now commonly used to assess a person's heart rate.
Because this detection method does not include any invasive
procedures, it is commonly utilized to aid in pathology
investigation. The level of skill of a physician is now the
most critical element in determining the presence or absence
of cardiovascular disease. Because of the large range of heart
diseases, false positives are typical in long-term manual
detection. A new problem is determining how to quickly and
precisely analyse certain diseases. Furthermore, because
ECG signals are non-synchronous, low-frequency, and
susceptible, the diagnosis results are inconsistent. Using
Artificial Intelligence (AI)for automated recognition and
categorization of ECG signals is now the de facto norm for
boosting ECG diagnosis speed and precision. With the
development of AI technology, a multitude of ML
algorithms are presently employed in ECG signal feature
recognition, to ease the difficulties of manually processing
the huge volumes of data that comprise ECG signal
characteristics. Recent studies are discussed in greater detail
below.
The authors of the paper [4] offer a novel method
for using ML to categorize ECG signals as one of sixteen
distinct arrhythmia categories . The proposed approach is
trained on 279 cardiac arrhythmia variables from the UCI
ML Repository dataset. By using Principal Component
Analysis for dimensionality reduction and the Bag of Visual
Words methodology for clustering, the method assesses
diverse classification methods and selects the best accurate
algorithm, Support Vector Machine. The author [5] develops
three robust deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN)
architectures to enhance the extraction of features for the
identification of arrhythmia and, as a result, significantly
increase performance measures: a simple CNN and two
Multi-Scale Fusion (MSF)-CNN structures (A and B). On
the publicly available MIT-BIH arrhythmia dataset, five
distinct signal categories are employed to train and evaluate
the proposed models. Six kinds of combustion procedures
are conducted to evaluate the models' accuracy. MSF-CNN
structure A surpasses the simple CNN model. The study [6]
developed a novel Deep Learning (DL) technique for ECG
signal categorization. Employing two suggested DL
techniques, the heartbeats are categorized into many
arrhythmia kinds. The first model derives information from
the ECG by combining a CNN and a long short-term
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memory (LSTM) network. Because it combines LSTM with
several traditional features, the second model can reliably
identify anomalous categories. Bagging is employed to train
such DL techniques, which are later integrated by a merger
classifier to generate a single robust model. On the MIT-BIH
database, the suggested model has been assessed and found
to be significantly more accurate than the present state-of-
the-art approaches.
The article [7] proposes running research on the
subject to discover if they have arrhythmias. Following the
interaction of dataset selection, pre-processing is performed
to address some constant and missing attributes. The dataset
of ECG signal arrhythmias will be categorized into normal
and pathological cases using AI methods such as support
vector machines, ad boosting, and DL algorithms such as
artificial NN. Then, popular computation approaches such as
VF15, closest neighbour, and Naive Bayes are compared to
the precise implementation. The author [8] investigates ECG
signal representation learning for cardiac arrhythmia
categorization. To represent five separate cardiac rhythms,
the dataset was built utilizing data from the CPSC, CPSC-
Extra, and Georgia 12-lead ECG Challenge databases. They
utilize a cutting-edge DL strategy that combines a
Convolutional Auto-Encoder (CAE) and LSTM network to
learn representations and categorize data. CAE was used to
compress the signal given into the LSTM classifier. To
guarantee a balanced distribution of data, researchers
additionally utilized a CAE-based data augmentation
technique. Above 90% accuracy in classification results
shows that the sophisticated DL approach is appropriate for
dealing with the problem.
The research tries to solve the issues in speed
control of BLDC employed in EV with the help of the
above-mentioned journals (Part I). The mathematical model
of BLDC is identified using the first principal method (Part
II), The tuning techniques and their working are studied (Part
III), Evaluation parameters are detailed with mathematical
formula (Part IV), and the BLDC performance on various
PID tuning is discussed (Part V) and finally conclude which
PID tuning is optimal for BLDC speed control.
II. M ET HODOLOGY
An Automated System for arrhythmia detection
using ECG records is detailed in this section. The whole
system is composed of three divisions, namely, data, pre-
process, and classification. In data division, the data
collection is discussed and the splitting of data details is also
shared. Next, in pre-process division, several techniques like
augmentation, normalizing, denoising, and feature extraction
are discussed. This helps to improve the signal quality and
enhance classification accuracy. Then, in the classification
division, three different algorithms are discussed SVM,
LDA, and NN. Finally, the best model with good accuracy is
identified. The workflow of arrhythmia detection using ECG
records depicts in figure 2.
27
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Fig. 2. Workflow of arrhythmia detection using ECG records

3 RBBB 1651
A. Data
For this study, we investigated genuine ECG signals
from the MITDB [9]. The MITB contains roughly 48 hours
of records. Each file consists of the two-channel
ECG recordings of 47 individuals. Data is captured
automatically at a rate of 360 samples per second per
channel. Originally, this dataset was annotated with 16
unique rhythm categories. A total of five types of cardiac
4 PAC 2116
rhythms are chosen for investigation in this paper: Normal,
Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB), Right Bundle Branch
Block (RBBB), Atrial Premature Beats (AP), and Premature
Ventricular Beats (PVC). The MITDB sample signal count,
signal type, and signal count are all listed in Table 1. In the
proportion of 7:2:1, the complete dataset is separated into
three parts: train, validate, and test.
5 PVC 3418
T able 1.ECG data details

Sl. Data ECG Count

No type
1 Normal 37528

2 LBBB
B. Pre-process
The original ECG signal undergoes pre-processing.
4126 After the Pre-Processing step is completed, the true features
of the ECG signals are computed. The steps followed before
the analysis of this study are detailed in greater detail below.

We used the first lead of each record across all

datasets to normalize the ECG signal into 0 and 1. This
technique moves the signal's amplitude's minimum (a) and
maximum (b) values to the range of your choice without
altering the signal's general pattern or structure [10]. The
data for this study were collected in the pre-process with the

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minimum limit set to zero and the maximum limit set to one.
The arithmetic function of normalization for min-max
normalization is as follows:
[1]
where is the normalized signal, a and b are the
minimum and maximum limits, and and are the
data set's highest and lowest values.
Almost all previous investigations have shown that
baseline elimination and high-frequency noise filtering are
used. Raw ECG data is processed with baseline removal to
produce pre-processed ECG data. To determine the
underlying properties of the raw ECG signal, median filters
are employed successively. The pure ECG is obtained by
taking the raw ECG signal and removing the baseline noise.
An example of data imbalance is the
overrepresentation of one class in the training set relative to
other classes. The larger group is referred to as the "majority
class," while the smaller group is referred to as the "minority
class." Most data sets have skewed distributions in practice.
The fraction of N-type heartbeats in the MITB is imbalanced,
as seen in Table 1. The cost of incorrectly misidentifying the
minority (i.e., abnormal data) in clinical condition, which
would prolong the appropriate therapeutic time, is much
greater than the cost of incorrectly misidentifying the
majority categories (i.e., normal data). Moreover, the
majority of ML methods are based on the premise that the
training dataset is distributed uniformly. The SMOTE is the
principal tool for resolving the investigation's inequitable
results. Chawla developed this well-known oversampling
approach in 2002 [11]. This method develops brand new
synthetic minority samples rather than copying existing
minority samples. To generate simulated data, use the
following equation.
[2]
As an example, suppose we have an instance of the
minority class represented by and an instance of the
majority class denoted by , and 's K-nearest neighbors
are all chosen at random. Each vector element is a random
number in the range [0, 1], and it is used to build a synthetic
instance based on two real-world examples, and , which
are the primary and secondary reference instances,
respectively. The creation of synthetic, which happens along
this line, is determined by the direction of the connecting line
between and . Furthermore, it lowers the possibility of
overfitting.
It has previously been possible to use texture
information to categorize images and segment targets.
Because our signals are unidimensional, can either recover
texture-based patterns from time signals or add frequency-
related data to such features to improve the classification
accuracy of arrhythmias. In the evaluation of temporal
signals, we employ the 1D LBP feature extraction technique.
To optimize the input signals, we leverage the second ECG
lead, which has been experimentally demonstrated to provide
extra details on the heartbeat type that the selected
classification can utilize to improve its performance. Because
of their strength and stability, texture descriptors based on
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LBP have seen widespread use in 2D. The 1D-LBP
developed by Chatlani et al. [12] is modified such that it can
be applied to the ECG. The central principle is represented
by micro-patterns, which are utilized to indicate the signal's
underlying texture. The signal structures are then calculated
by quantizing the 1xP neighbours surrounding the core spot
c. For every signal point, the resulting binary pattern is
transformed into a decimal number. The fractional values are
then used to produce a histogram.
C. Classification
For ECG classification three different algorithms
are used and their working is detailed in this section. An
SVM is a popular way to classify things in the field of
supervised ML [13]. In approach, the SVM technique
classifies data by constructing a dividing hyper-plane in an
n-dimensional area (n - input features) that separates class
labels by maximizing the margin among the input
sample mapped in a higher-dimensional area and
reducing the observational misclassification rate.
SVM utilizes kernel functions to figure out. However,
selecting a dependable kernel function remains problematic.
Assume we have training of N samples
, where is the ith example's n-dimensional
feature, is the matching class label, and is the
y-coordinate of the jth feature. The decision function
learned from the training sample may accurately predict the
class label when applied to new data. The kernel is used to
create the following decision function:
(∑ )
The purpose of linear discriminant analysis (LDA)
is to combine existing predictors to create a new variable. To
accomplish this, we will widen the gaps between our newly
established categories. The idea is to add the predictor values
together to create a new composite value, the discriminant
score. To put it another way, the p-dimensional classifiers
are combined into a line, resulting in an example of
excessive data dimension reduction. The final results should
indicate a normal distribution of discriminant scores within
each class, with the greatest possible difference between the
means of the classes. In practice, the technique's
effectiveness can be determined by examining how much the
distributions of the discriminant scores overlap. The form of
a discriminant function computes discriminant scores.
[4]
A discriminant score is thus a linear
mixture of the predictors, each with its weight. As a function
of the anticipated weights, the differences in mean
discriminant scores between classes are maximized.
Predictors with considerable variations in class means have
higher weights, while those with equal class means have
lower weights [14].
NN are computer systems made up of a significant
number of simple, highly interconnected processing units
that are intended to simulate the structure and function of the
nervous system in humans (called nodes or artificial
neurons).The training methods used to teach NNs are
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thought to have been influenced by biological systems'
learning rules. MLPNN will be used to create classification
algorithms in this research. An MLPNN's structure can have
two or more layers. A two-layer ANN's only components are
the input layer, which stores the problem's input variables,
and the output layer, which saves the solution. This type of
network is a decent approximation for linear issues. To deal
with the nonlinearity and complexity of the problem, extra
intermediate (hidden) processing layers are used for
approximating nonlinear systems [15]. The complexity of the
modelled function or process, on the other hand, can dictate
how many hidden layers are required to map the target
function with any desired degree of precision.
III. M ODELEVALUAT ION
To design the best model for Arrhythmia Detection
using ECG records this research is carried on. First, the data
is gathered, processed, and finally classified. The data
T able 2. LDA performance of arrhythmia detection
collected from MITDB is not equally distributed, so the
SMOTE is applied. The performance of the ML algorithm
with and without augmentation technique is compared. Table
2 details the performance of the LDA algorithm on
unbalanced and balanced ECG data. The accuracy of LDA
on unbalanced and balanced ECG data is 84.74% and
85.21%. Next to accuracy, specificity and sensitivity are
taken. The result of specificity and sensitivity on unbalanced
ECG data is78.36% and 88.97%. And for balanced ECG
data, the values attained by LDA are 78.85% and 89.40%.
The precision values of 86.12% and 86.52% are achieved by
LDA on unbalanced and balanced ECG data. Last, the
F1score is calculated and the value done is 87.52% and
87.94%. Next, the values are plotted using a line graph. The
LDA performance value on balanced ECG data is plotted in
orange and unbalanced in blue which is illustrated in figure
3. The orange graph overhead the blue graph. This shows
that the SMOTE technique enhances the performance of the
ML model.

METRICS ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSITIVITY PRECISION F1-SCORE

UNBALANCED DATA + LDA 84.7461 78.3659 88.9721 86.12850082 87.5272

BALANCED DATA + LDA 85.217 78.8551 89.4058 86.52645416 87.9426

Fig. 3. LDA performance in Arrhythmia Detection

To compare how well the SVM algorithm does with
balanced and unbalanced ECG data, see table 3. SVM's
accuracy is 88.34% on imbalanced ECG data and 90.95% on
balanced data. Accuracy is followed by a focus on specificity
and sensitivity. Precision and accuracy on imbalanced ECG
data are 82.75 % and 91.91%, respectively. SVM also
achieves scores of 84.75% and 94.79% for normal ECG data.
SVM can obtain precision values of 89.31% and 90.92%
when applied to imbalanced and balanced ECG data,
respectively. The final step is to determine the F1score,
which in this case yields a figure between 90.59% and
92.82%. Finally, a line graph is used to display the data.

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Figure 4 displays the SVM performance value for The yellow plot is located above the orange one. Evidence
unbalanced ECG data in orange and balanced data in yellow. that the SMOTE method improves ML model efficiency.

T able 3. SVM performance of arrhythmia detection

METRICS ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSITIVITY PRECISION F1-SCORE

UNBALANCED DATA + SVM 88.3497 82.755 91.9182 89.31247964 90.5966
BALANCED DATA + SVM 90.95 84.7594 94.791 90.92934437 92.82

Fig. 4. SVM performance on Arrhythmia Detection

In Table 4, we can see the differences in the NN
algorithm's performance on balanced and unbalanced ECG
data. NN achieves 90% accuracy on skewed ECG data and
92.01% accuracy on normalized data. Specificity and
sensitivity are now prioritized over accuracy. Precision and
accuracy on imbalanced ECG data are 84.84% and 93.02%,
respectively. NN gets between 87.87% and 94.32% accuracy
with normal ECG data. NN can reach 91.30% and 93.31%
accuracy when applied to imbalanced and balanced ECG
data, respectively. The F1-score, which can be calculated
from steps two and three, is in the range of 92.15–93.81%. A
line graph is then used to display the data. The NN
performance value for the two types of ECG data is shown in
red and cement, respectively, in Figure 5. The cement graph
is superimposed on the red one. Support for the claim that
ML model efficiency is enhanced by employing the SMOTE
methodology.

T able 4. NN performance of arrhythmia detection

METRICS ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSITIVITY PRECISION F1-SCORE

UNBALANCED DATA + NN 90.0082 84.8418 93.0263 91.30850048 92.1594
BALANCED DATA + NN 92.0147 87.8788 94.3222 93.31019249 93.8135

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Fig. 5. NN performance on Arrhythmia Detection
Then the analysis helps to know the importance of
data balancing in accuracy enhancement. From the result, we
found that the balanced data metrics value will be high for
arrhythmia detection. Next, the best model is identified by
comparing all three algorithms. The NN model with data
after SMOTE gives the highest accuracy.
IV. CONCLUSION
Major global health concerns include cardiovascular
disease. The ECG is indispensable in the early detection of
cardiac arrhythmia. Manually diagnosing arrhythmias, which
are abnormal changes of the normal heart rhythm, take a lot
of time and relies on the expertise of clinicians. Visually
identifying the ECG signal is difficult and time-consuming
because experts in the medical field are so scarce. Detection
of arrhythmias using ML is performed to address this issue.
We have processed the ECG data we obtained from MITB to
remove noise. First, the signal is balanced using the SMOTE
processing technique, then the signal is normalized and
denoised to remove noise, then LBP feature extraction is
applied to retrieve relevant features, then a classification
model is used to detect arrhythmias from an ECG, and
finally, the model is validated so that the most effective
method can be selected. As can be seen from the results, the
NN model trained on SMOTE data produces superior results,
with an accuracy of 92.01%, a specificity of 87.87%, a
sensitivity of 94.32%, and a precision of 93.32%, and an F1-
score of 93.81%.
REFERENCES
[1]. Sraitih, M.; Jabrane, Y.; Hajjam El Hassani, A. An Automated
System for ECG Arrhythmia Detection Using Machine Learning
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T echniques. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 5450. https://doi.org/10.3390 /
jcm10225450
[2]. McNamara, K., Alzubaidi, H., and Jackson, J. K. (2019).
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[5]. H. Dang, Y. Yue, D. Xiong, X. Zhou, X. Xu and X. T ao, "A Deep
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[6]. E. Essa and X. Xie, "Multi-model Deep Learning Ensemble for ECG
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[7]. V. V. Priya, M. Santhiya, P. Subadharshini and S. P. M. Vasini,
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[9]. Moody, G.B.; Mark, R.G. MIT -BIH Arrhythmia Database. 1992.
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[10]. Yang, Meixue& Liu, Bin & Zhao, Miaomiao& Li, Fan & Wang,
Guoqing& Zhou, Fengfeng. “ Normalizing Electrocardiograms of
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[11]. Chawla, Nitesh & Bowyer, Kevin & Hall, Lawrence &Kegelmeyer,
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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A Multicore ECU-Based Automotive Software Domain
Combining Runnable Sequencing and Task Scheduling
K.Suganyadevi Dr.V.Nandhalal
Assistant Professor(Sl.Gr), Professor,
Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering communication Engineering Communication Engineering Communication Engineering
Sri Eshwar College of Sri Krishna College of
Engineering Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, IN. Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, IN Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, IN. Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, IN.
sugan.er.sd@gmail.com . nandakct@gmail.com
Abstract
Research on multicore architecture for automotive
safety applications is the aim of the ECU group in order to
adhere to strict speed and reliability requirements for real-
time embedded systems. The architectural methodology used
by the automobile industry to create car electronics systems
has to be changed. by incorporating more functionalities into a
smaller number of ECUs (Electronic Control Unit). In
Software applications, the design, improvement, and
substantiation are more complex due to these new
characteristics. As a result, producers in the automotive sector
need effective tools and design approaches to meet their
objectives in a variety of areas. With the intention of uniformly
distribute the CPU burden with respect to time, the challenge
of sequencing an unlimited number of runnables on a finite
number of different cores are addressed in this work.
Additionally, for both synchronous and asynchronous
workloads, runnables offset will be calculated issued on each
core using the Engine RPM. Furthermore, it effectively
exploiting Intertask communication between many Multicore
ECUs to speed up the many runnables execution. In order to
overcome timing constraints on run time, the TIMMO-2-
USE (TIMing MOdel - TOols, Languages, Algorithms, USE
Cases, and Methodology) project is really putting its actual
research on time modeling and analysis for embedded
automotive systems to use.
Index terms: Automotive, Scheduling,
Runnables, TIMMO2-USE (TIMing MOdel - TOols,
languages, algorithms, USE cases, and methodology),
Load matching.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the automotive industry, the usage of
multisource software on a single electronic control unit
(ECU) is becoming more and more common. This
circumstance is one of the main reasons why automakers
aim to decrease the scores of ECUs, which augments to
about 70 for advanced model in automobiles. A significant
area of research in high speed computing is multiprocessor
job scheduling. It is an NP-Complete issue to determine the
best way to distribute a collection of real-time jobs that may
be given to processors without going over the allotted time.
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
N.Thiyagarajan S.Dhanasekaran
Research Scholar, Assistant Professor(Sl.Gr) ,
Sri Eshwar College of Sri Eshwar College of
Engineering Engineering
thiyaguec@gmail.com dhanasekaran.s@sece.ac.in
The Introduction of multi-core architecture has
given this issue contemporary significance. The most
common metrics used to compare various scheduling
strategies are the make span, processor utilization, cache
quality, energy usage, load balance, planning constraints,
and transition price. [1]. Some of its primary advantages
over competing technologies include electrical isolation of
inputs and outputs, multiple Controller Area Network (CAN)
buses, two CAN buses, a serial port, outputs with current
feedback, and a cheaper total cost. Validation tests were run
to ensure that all functionality was present. To evaluate the
ECU's performance in a real-world working environment, an
electric car simulator was also created [9]. The black box
technology improves the development of longer-lasting,
safer vehicle transportation, which boosts the care given to
collision victims. With the use of a car black box system, the
fatality rate can be decreased. The system logs the vehicle's
primary driving information and uses LabView software to
evaluate the incident. This allows for a quick and accurate
analysis of the accident following a collision [2]. Long time
shutting down the vehicles creates unsophisticated
environment inside the vehicle for drivers [18]. The actual
software update is included in a delta file, which is used in
the proposed design. The software modules that require
updating are launched from this delta file, which is stored in
the expanded RAM. The module is updated in the current
programme after being successfully executed from the delta
file. The suggested ECU design enables owners to enjoy
significant car functions while updating their ECUs [6].
Major tasks in the automotive industry include improving
security features and upgrading the ECU software. The time
required to update the ECUs increases as the number of
improvements rises. The amount of the data update affects
how long it takes to update the programme. This document
provides an overview of ECU reprogramming, as well as
information on various reprogramming techniques, the delta
reprogramming method and its benefits, and ECU
communication [3].The "Each ECU performs single
function" representation to more centralized architectural
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designs will be made possible by the Architecture
(AUTOSAR) programme and, in particular, its operating
system (OS)[5]. Another significant problem facing the
automotive sector is that chip manufacturers are no longer in
a position to cost-effectively match the rising performance
demands through frequency scaling alone. This circumstance
is one of the factors influencing the gradual use of Multicore
ECUs in the automobile industry. By running on several
cores where the software formerly ran on multiple ECUs,
Multicore architectures' greater degree of performance may
contribute to the simplification of in-vehicle systems.
Automobile manufacturers may exploit this potential shift
toward more centralized designs as an opportunity to reduce
the scores of network associations and buses. Therefore,
some of the complexity that was formerly a part of the
electrical/electronic architecture will be incorporated into the
ECUs [4]. However, a functionally accessible ECU may
easily add new features thanks to fixed priority preemptive
scheduling. In reality, generalist auto manufacturers'
widespread usage of ECUs and accessible sub networks
makes it difficult to make necessary architectural changes. In
order to accomplish effective product development in
software firms, a hybrid ant colony optimization model for
dependable software automation is needed.[14].
Conventional cars produce greenhouse gas emissions and
contribute to environmental pollution in the transportation
sector [20]. The renewable energy allocation vector is
obtained via the best time constraint method, which lowers
energy costs for each BS during each time slot [21].
The combinatorial issue of selecting offsets has a
substantially smaller search space according to the
Audsley's priority assignment [16]. Integer linear
programming (ILP) is used to solve lesser issues of the NP-
complete optimum memory mapping problem, while
heuristics are used to practically solve larger ones. Our flash
memory mapping approaches cut runtime by up to 8.73%
when caches are deactivated and by up to 2.76% when
caches are enabled, according to tests on dual-core ECU
hardware. In addition, the advantage of using the ILP
method for RAM is 50.48% more than using global RAM to
store all the variables [12]. The real outcomes of the
TIMMO-2-USE project, a temporal modeling and analysis
effort for embedded automotive systems. One outcome is
the Timing Augmented Description Language (TADL2),
which has the ability to represent symbolic time
expressions, provide probabilistic timing data, and apply
timing restrictions to mode definitions [13]. The project's
primary objectives, namely the development of novel
languages, algorithms, tools, and a methodology for the
development of automotive embedded systems that is
supported by use cases, are encapsulated in the acronym
TIMMO-2-USE, which expands TIMing MOdel - TOols,
languages, algorithms, USE cases, and methodology. By
offering suitable protective mechanisms, the Automotive
Open System gives better performance. The round robin
scheduling as part of an integrated task scheduling and SPM
partitioning strategy to speed up the execution of embedded
programmes [19].
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II. AUTOMOTIVE PLANNING AND
ALLOCATION
2.1 Mechanism for Scheduling
High performance computing main research focus
is multiprocessor task scheduling. A set of software
modules called as runnable should be distributed and
assigned on each processor at run time in order to steadiness
the workload on the CPU without exceeding the deadlines.
To prevent run-time issues, runnables are assigned
explicitly (i.e., by dividing up) on each separate core.
2.2 Priority-Based Fixed Scheduling
A task's priority is specified once and never altered
while utilizing fixed-priority scheduling. For scheduling
systems with recurring workloads on comparable
multiprocessors, a novel fixed-priority method is suggested.
On processors with m units of capacity, this computation
markable use is (m+1)/2. Because no fixed-priority
technique for scheduling periodic task systems on
comparable multiprocessors can have an actual utilization
greater than (m+1)/2, this approach is the best one that can
be devised in terms of achievable utilization [8].
2.3 Preemptive scheduling with preset priorities
Resources are distributed among parties making
concurrent and asynchronous requests for them using
algorithms employed in scheduling fields. Scheduling
algorithms are mainly made to avoid resource shortages
and to guarantee impartiality among the parties using the
sources. Scheduling helps to overcome the challenges of
calculating the appropriate demand for their resource.
The automotive industry uses a wide range of scheduling
algorithms. In this case, fixed priority preemptive
scheduling is used. Every method has a defined priority
rank determined by the operating system, and the
scheduler prioritizes the processes before adding them to
the ready queue. Lower priority processes that are
arriving are halted after higher priority processes. Both
overhead and its importance are present. FPPS does not
typically outperform FIFO scheduling in terms of
throughput. Any runnables waiting and response times
are based on the process's priority. Waiting and response
times are acceptable for higher priority operations. The
preemptive process scheduling algorithm is called Round
Robin. Each process is given a set amount of time to do
its work, known as a quantum. Once a process has run for
a predetermined amount of time, it is preempted and
another process runs for the remainder of that time. State-
saving for preempted processes is accomplished by
context switching.
The focus of this study is on fixed priority
proactive scheduling tasks in real-time systems with strict
constraints. We focus more on offset-free tasks where the
scheduling protocol can choose the offset. A task
assignment with number of occurrences n, equal to T1,
T2,... Tn, defines the system model. Every Ti requests,
referred to as instances, have relative deadlines Di and Ci
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for their execution. Which together make up the quadruple
(Ci.Ti,Di,Oi) that characterises a periodic task T1. Two
consecutive instances of Ti are separated by Ti time units
(hence Ti is the task's duration in time.). At time Oi, Ti
appears for the first time (the task offset in the following). If
every instance completes before its deadline, the system is
said to be schedulable. It follows that the system can be
planned in all asynchronous circumstances if it can be
scheduled in synchronous circumstances and decides on a
practical offset from the engine's rpm [7]. To properly load
balance a system, this is usually done.
Fig 1. The Runnables' model.
An instance of a runnable must be used up after it
has been released in order for the subsequent instance to
be released (i.e., the timeframe is the deadline.) are
shown in the figure 1. An algorithm for scheduling must
be able to multitask (run many processes at once) and
multiplex (transmit numerous flows simultaneously) with
a discernible success rate [7].
III. ALGORITHM FOR ALLOCATING RUNNABLES
3.1 Algorithm Intricacy
The increasing complexity of car electronic
systems has had a considerable influence on the speed
demands and peripheral connectivity of automotive
embedded systems. The outputs of several actuators are
controlled by algorithms, which manage the inputs from
numerous sensors and communications networks. An OS
operation called process scheduling arranges processes in
various stages, such as ready, waiting, and operating are
shown in the figure 2. An OS can assign a period of time for
each process’s CPU execution through process scheduling.
The fact that a process scheduling mechanism keeps the
CPU active at all times is another crucial benefit. You may
do this to get programmes to respond as quickly as possible.
Fig 2. The Scheduler Processes.
The majority of operating systems are developed
internally by application experts, however the industry is
swiftly moving toward standardized network architecture
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and operating systems. Many people now consider the
OSEK/VDX operating system to be the open standard. This
standard was created primarily to prevent incompatibility
issues between the application code and the hardware and
divorce the application code (algorithm) from network
management responsibilities. The use of OSEK/VDX
should make software more portable, reused, and capable of
conventional system performance. It is projected that the
OSEK operating system will soon be used in the automobile
sector.
3.2 TIMMO-2-USE
Functionality timing restrictions cannot be
adequately defined by deterministic timing constraints. To
provide the ability to express and test probabilistic temporal
restrictions, this use case aims to enhance the TIMMO-2-
USE language, methodology, and tool environment with
fixed priority proactive scheduling. It must be feasible, in
particular, to characterize the probabilistic temporal
characteristics of events and event chains. For instance,
99% of the time, an event chain’s end-to-end latency must
be less than 10 ms [13]. Of course, existing techniques and
tools for temporal constraint analysis need to be modified.
For instance, the schedulability test can’t only give a result
of true or false. The response should be probability of the
schedulability.
Fig 3. The Run Time Behavior
The application layer is separated from the core
programme by the Runtime Environment (RTE). It
implements the data interchange and manages the
application layer’s runtime behavior and prevent runtime
issues. Individual software components are used to
implement the automation framework of the ECU in the
application layer and are shown in the figure 3. The six jobs
that make up the TIMMO-2-USE Generic Method Pattern.
There are “Define Timing Requirements,” “Develop
Solution,” “Transform Timing Requirements,” “Find,”
“Analyze,” “Verify and Validate,” and “Timing Properties”
are all steps in the process. These tasks are generally carried
out at every level of abstraction. EAST- ADL. Each level of
abstraction is handled at the Analysis, Design,
Implementation, and Vehicle Administrative Levels since
the TIMMO-ADL and the EAST-ADL. To define every
degree of abstraction by a step in usage. Actually, there are
just two: The vehicle’s first start-up is the first exception.
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“Timing Requirements” is a formal, phased-in work product 4.2 Scheduling ECU performances for automobiles
that is inaccessible. The “Specify Timing” work during the Reaching the schedulability bound in both
operating phase Conditions at the completion of the second harmonic and non-harmonic instances is the goal. We
exception “is. No matter what process is presently running, measure the algorithm’s success rate precisely at load levels
the vital processes are permitted to access CPU when they to guarantee that it will work in harmonic circumstances as
enter the ready queue, making preemptive scheduling a well. The performances of algorithms are shown in the table
highly adaptable in TIMMO-2-USE algorithm as well. 1 and 2.
Typically, it maintains the ready queue and changes the
process’s ready status to running state and vice versa. PERFORMANCE OF ALGORITHM:
Preemptive scheduling is preferable to non-preemptive Table.1 Scheduling Performance
scheduling, and its effectiveness depends on how well CPU Hit rate of Processor
usage and average waiting times for processes are managed WCET=600µs
Algorithm Load in %
during scheduling. In order to forecast and assess risk, this
research suggested the DCNN-HAO (Deep Convolutional Hit rate % of LL 89 14
Neural Network-Hybrid Aquila Optimizer) technique [17]. Hit rate % of LP 92 14
Hit rate % of LPσ 93 12
IV. RESULTS Hit rate % of LC 96 11
Hit rate of
4.1 Performance Matching 98 9
TIMMO-2-USE
In this work, we assess how well the TIMMO-2-
USE algorithm for uniformizing CPU load function over
time, consistently providing the simplest answer even under Table.2 Time Modeling Response
extremely demanding load conditions and time response Time TIMMO-
from other algorithms like Least Loaded(LL), Least (µs) LL LP LPσ LC 2-USE
Peak(LP),. Least Peak sigma(LPσ) and Least Crowded(LC) T1 4.5 4.3 4.1 3.7 3.6
are shown in the figure 4 and 5 respectively.
T2 4.6 4.5 4.25 3.4 3.3
T3 5 4.6 4.1 3.2 2.8
Distribution of the load percentage with T4 5 4.4 4 2.8 2
Cores
15 CPU load in V.CONCLUSION
Load Percentage

10 %
Comparatively a single CPU that is constantly
5 Cores being developed faster, multicore CPUs provide higher
advances in computational capability. In order to achieve
0 this, we integrate more functions onto a single processor,
resulting in an effective sharing of Runnables throughout
the CPU during run time. Reducing the digit of ECUs gives
Algorithms us many more technical and financial advantages when
manufacturing new fashionable cars. The mission creates a
multicore ECU with high-performance that is capable of
Fig.4 Load Percentage with Cores carrying out multiple operations simultaneously without
encountering any conflicts between synchronized and non-
6 synchronized processes or offset issues.
Time Modeling Response
References
Response

4 LL
LP [1] ”A Survey on Real Time Task Scheduling” European Journal of
Scientific Research ISSN 1450- 216X Vol.69 No.1 (2012),
LPσ
2 pp.33-41 © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2012 by G. Umarani
LC SrikanthA. P. Shanthi ,V. Uma Maheswari ,Arul Siromoney .
TIMMO-2-USE [2] “Design of Electronic Control Unit with Black Box for Ground
0 Vehicles”, Manojkumar Palanisamy; Dheepanchakkravarthy.
Azhagesan; Balaji Varadharaian; Sathish Kumar, 4th Biennial
T1 T2 T3 T4 International Conference on Nascent Technologies in Engineering
Time in µs (ICNTE),2021.
[3] “Automotive Electronic Control Unit Reprogramming Using
Delta Method-A Review“,Adithi Prasad; P. Shanthi,by Asian
Conference on Innovation in Technology (ASIANCON),2022.
Fig.5 Time Modeling Response [4] “Multisource Software on Multicore Automotive ECUs—

978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE 37

 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Combining Runnable Sequencing With Task Scheduling”
Aurélien Monot, Nicolas Navet, Bernard Bavoux, and Françoise
Simonot-Lion, 3934 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2012.
[5] Multi-source and Multicore automotive ECUs – OS protection
mechanisms and scheduling” by Nicolas Navet, Aurélien Monot,
Bernard Bavou, Françoise Simonot-Lion ,ISIE2010.
[6] “Network of ECUs Software Update in Future vehicles
“,Muhammad Hamza Sarwar; Munam Ali Shah; Muhammad
Umair; Syad Hassnain Faraz, 25th International Conference on
Automation and Computing (ICAC),2019.
[7] “An Automotive Software Domain-Combining Runnables
Sequencing with Task Scheduling on Multicore ECU’s”,
K.Suganyadevi , P.Mariaglenny,IJETT 2014.
[8] “Optimal utilization bounds for the fixed-priority scheduling of
periodic task systems on identical multiprocessors” This paper
appears in:Computers, IEEE Transactions on June 2004,by
Baruah, S.K. Dept. of Comput. Sci., North Carolina Univ.,
Chapel Hill, NC, USA Volume: 53 , Issue: 6.
[9] “Arduino based Open Source Electronic Control Unit for Electric
Utility Vehicles“,Alexandre Francisco; Nuno Vieira Lopes; Luís
Conde Bento; Carlos Ferreira, XXIX International Scientific
Conference Electronics (ET),2020.
[10] “Automatic generation of tests for Inter-ECU communication for
automotive systems”, Ognjen,Veljko,Velibor Bogdan
Pavkovic, 2019 27th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR).
[11] “Constructing ECU Software Architecture Based on OSEK”,
Shourong Lu, Qichun Jin, 2019 4th International Conference on
Mechanical, Control and Computer Engineering (ICMCCE).
[12] “Techniques for Memory Mapping on Multi-Core Automotive
Embedded Systems”, by Rakshith Amarnath on 8 th june
2020.
[13] The TIMMO-2-USE project: Time modeling and analysis to use
M-A Peraldi-Frati, D. Karlsson, A. Hamann, S. Kuntz, J.
Nordlander, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266524600.
[14] Shakya, Subarna, and S. Smys. “Reliable Automated Software
Testing Through Hybrid Optimization Algorithm.” Journal of
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(UCCT) 2, no. 03 (2020): 126-135.
[15] Manoharan, Samuel. “Image detection classification and
recognition for leak detection in automobiles.” Journal of
Innovative Image Processing (JIIP) 1, no. 02 (2019): 61-70.
[16] “Near-optimal fixed priority preemptive scheduling of offset free
systems by Mathieu grenier,joel goossens,Nicolas navet,Loria
Inria campus scientific B9239 54506 Vandoenvre-les-nancy-
france.
[17] “Risk prediction model and classification of various hazards in
automobile industry using HAO based deep CNN”, Anbarasu
Jaganathan* And Karthikeyan Mathesan, Indian Academy of
Sciences,2022.
[18] “Embedded Monitoring of covellar carbon monoxide detection
and air freshening in air trained
automotives”,S.Karpagam,C.Selvarj,PK Shyam
sundar,N.Balaganesh,K.Soundarya,U.Ramani.,ICCESS 2022.
[19] “An Efficient Heuristic to Task Scheduling and Memory
Partitioning for Multiprocessor System-on-Chip”, K.Suganyadevi,
Mariaglenny P International Journal of Engineering Science and
Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2014.
[20] “Design and Implementation of Hybrid PV/Battery-Based
Improved Single-Ended Primary-Inductor Converter-Fed Hybrid
Electric Vehicle”, Aljafari, B., Devarajan, G., Arumugam, S.,
Vairavasundaram, I., (2022) International Transactions on
Electrical Energy Systems, 2022, art. no. 2934167,
[21] “On reducing energy cost consumption in heterogeneous cellular
networks using optimal time constraint algorithm, Kalpana, V.,
Mishra, D.K., Chanthirasekaran, K., Haldorai, A., Nath, S.S.,
Saraswat, B.K., (2022) Optik, 270, art. no. 170008,
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Authors Biographies
K. Suganyadevi Presently working as an Assistant
Professor in Electronics and Communication Engineering
department at Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore,
Tamilnadu, INDIA. Initially graduating in ECE department from
Maharaja Prithvi Engineering College, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu,
INDIA and then M.E from Karpagam University, Coimbatore, and
Tamilnadu, INDIA. Currently, Pursuing PhD in the area of
wireless networks and communications under Anna University,
Chennai, Tamilnadu, INDIA. Besides, 20 B.E projects supervised,
Published 20 papers in reputed International Journals, 02 in
National Conference, attended 15 Workshops conducted by
various Institutes. Other responsibilities i.e. she acts as a Deputy
IQAC head, Department Coordinator of NBA, NAAC and
Governing Council of SECE.
Dr. V. Nandalal is currently working as Professor in
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri
Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore. He
received his B.E. degree in Electronics and Communication
Engineering in University of Madras, Chennai, India and M.E.
degree in Anna University, Chennai, India and PhD degree in
Anna University, Chennai, India. His current research interests
include Wireless Communication, Antenna and Wave Propagation,
Advanced Microwave Circuit and Systems. He is having 16 years
of experience in teaching and published 63 papers in the reputed
Journals, He is Recipient of “Raj Ramachadra Award” He is a
Professional member of IEEE, IEICE.
N.Thiyagarajan is Full Time Ph.D research scholar in
the ECE Department of Sri Eshwar College Of Engineering,
Coimbatore. He has 11 years of experience in the Teaching field as
Assistant professor in various reputed institutions. He has
published 5 papers in reputed journals.
Dr. S. Dhanasekaran received his BE degree in
Electronics and Communication Engineering in 2008
from Sri Balaji Chock lingam Engineering College,
Arani, Tamil Nadu, India. He completed his ME in
Communication Systems in 2010 from PSG College of
Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, and India. He completed
his PhD in the year 2022 from Anna University Chennai in the
area of Communication systems, MIMO, OFDM, etc., He is
currently working as a Assistant Professor in the department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Eshwar College
of Engineering, Coimbatore. He has around 12 years of teaching
experience. He is a life time member of ISTE.
38
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Analysis of Coagulation Effect in Veins using MEMS

Laminar Flow for Early Heart Stroke Detection
T.Vasudeva Reddy1 R.Anirudh Reddy2 P.Kavitha Reddy3 Anisha Reddy4
B V Raju Institute of Technology B V Raju Institute of Technology B V Raju Institute of Technology B V Raju Institute of Technology
Narsapur,Medak dt,Telangana Narsapur,Medak dt,Telangana Narsapur,Medak dt,Telangana Narsapur,Medak dt,Telangana
vasu.tatiparthi@bvrit.ac.in anirudhreddy.r@bvrit.ac.in kavithareddy.p@bvrit.ac.in aneesha.c@bvrit.ac.in

Abstract—In the recent past researchers are working on sensor by the functionality. Performance of the design depends
different designs of biomedical equipment to measure various on the accuracy of the inputs applied to laminar flow. The
health parameters. People are more stressed due to their routine concept of coagulations is measured by MEMS module at the
lives due to their work environments. Therefore, they suffered second stage of heart attack by placing MEMS with stent. As the
with health issue such as heart stroke and so on. This research size of stent is also in millimetres[3-4]. it is feasible to attach the
article designated in the article is to design an electronic model to MEMS sensor with the stent.
measure health parameters. Pressure and velocity across the veins
are treated as inputs and their respective results as outputs. While II. DESIGN OF VEINS BASED MODEL
veins are expanding and contrasting when pressure and velocity of
the blood is varied, this is due to stress and exercise etc. The major a. Laminar flow in veins analysis:
parameters in detecting the laminar flow are pressure and The detailed description of flow analysis is explained for a
velocity. The primary objective is to model a veins in different single vein in laminar flow in fig 1 with the straight veins
shapes. Second objective is to analysis of flow measurements structure. At inlet (position1) pressure is more comparatively
pressure and velocity of blood cross it. The third objective is to than the outlet (position 2). pressure applied at the inlet 1 is 0.09
detect blockages of artery due to fatty and cholesterol containing
Pascal’s and this pressure goes on decreasing to -5.48 x 10-3
deposits build up over time. The final objective of the design is to
Pascal’s at outlet.
describe the working principal of digital stethoscope and wrist
band to measure the health parameter of heart through blood
pressure. Digital Stethoscope principle depends on piezoelectric
effect, generates electrical signal when pressure is applied from
veins of the body. Accuracy, functionality, and Performance of the
design can be analyzed using COMSOL Multiphysics. MEMS is
used in real time applications to alert heart stroke, Bionic eye and
automotive electronics etc.

Keywords— Laminar flow, coagulation. MEMS, Piezoelectric

effect, IDT. Fig.1 Pressure measurements

I. INTRODUCTION
Most of the environments now a days are highly pressurized
to get the most effective throughput. Due to this, many young
working professionals are ill-health in their early stages, which
leads to heart stroke in the long run. Micro electromechanical
system (MEMS) is a miniaturized device with a combination of
electronic features inbuilt on a mechanical structure. The
primary functionality of MEMS can act as a switch and can also
perform as a transducer. The MEMS sensor consists of a mass
suspended between two capacitive plates, where the suspended
mass makes a difference within the electric potential. The size
of MEMS ranges from micro to millimetres [1]. The advantage
of MEMS sensor model is tiny in size and applicable for all types Fig.2 Velocity measurements
of portable and consumable applications. Some of the other
applications that includes flow measurement, heartbeat, blood
pressure etc. The values across the veins operated under different
degrees from the designed model. Simulation and verified under
laminar flow and analysis of the design being done useful alert
in case of heart stroke[2]. Pressure and velocity of veins are
analysed by incorporating valves across the veins. Laminar flow
of blood in veins are captured by MEMS-based piezoelectric

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Fig 2 describes the blood pressure across the vein. Under
high pressure, velocity is more at centre than the outer surface
of walls of the vein. Fig 3 indicates the velocity measurement
of internal view of blood inside the veins.
Fig.3 Velocity view at inlet
Fig.4 L – type pressure analysis
Velocity at different places are indicated in the above Fig 3.
Velocity is more at the center than at the boundaries of the
model. For the pressure applied the velocity is 0.07m/s at the
center of the model and 0.01m/s at the boundaries as a least
value.
III. LAMINAR FLOW IN DIFFERENT VEINS
The geometric models have been used at different places
with different open stages like 50% open and fully open.
Pressure and velocity of the blood in veins change, when any
cholesterol formed [5].
Fig. 5 velocity analysis at different positions
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Partially open path:
a. L-Type veins analysis -Fully open in L-Shape:An L-
shaped Vein is taken for analysis, changes in pressure for 50%
open state. The changes that happen when blockages occurs are
shown below.
Fig. 6 L-type velocity analysis
Fig.7 Two blockages pressure measurement
Velocity of simulation results showed in fig 5. Where the
velocity remains more at center and less at the boundaries. As
it is a laminar flow the velocity is same after the cross section
also.
b. analysis
The Pressure changes can be clearly seen in Fig 4 at the bending
point. At that point the pressure can be observed as 0.05108
Pascal’s, which is less than the pressure applied at the inlet. The
L-shaped pipe with two blockages has been show and the change
in colour indicates that there is change in the pressure or velocity
as showed in simulation results showed in fig 5. Where the
velocity remains more at centre and less at the boundaries. As it
is a laminar flow the velocity is same after the cross section also.
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When a path changes due to change in type, the pressure will
also get affected [6].The velocity increases when a blockage
comes in the middle of laminar flow of blood inside the vein.
The changes that happened when a vein is fifty percent closed is
clearly visible in the Fig 7. Red marked colour indicates in
increased velocity.
Fig.8 fully open path pressure measurements
b. U-type analysis in laminar flow: Fully open
In u-typed vein the pressure gets decreased at the bending side
and becomes more at the outlet. This shows that the pressure
can be analyzed even when there is change in shape of vein also.
Fig.9 Velocity measurements u-typed vein
Fig.10 Pressure measurements in U-type
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At the boundaries the velocity is less, than at the center and it
could change only when any coagulation occurs in middle of
the flow.
Basic design of U-typed veins with two blockages in the path.
The above design is the view before mesh analysis and it’s the
view after the geometry has got finished. The pressure applied
was 0.09 Pascal’s at the inlet but when a coagulation makes a
disturbance to the flow, the pressure decreases as showed in
Fig.10
Fig.11 Velocity measurements in u-type
Fig.12 Divisional flow pressure measurements
As both velocity and pressure are inversely proportional [7]. So,
when Fig10 and Fig 11 are compared, we get to know that at
the blockage point the pressure is decreasing but whereas
velocity is increasing a little bit at the blockage point.
Design of one inlet two outlet pipe:
The division point makes the pressure reduced, so at both the
outlets the pressure gets decreased to 0.0557 Pascal’s.
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reversed. These electrical signals are used to detect the

conditions orabnormality of patients when he suffers with the
heart stroke. The above analysis is totally related to the
workingprincipal of the wristband and a digital stethoscope [13-
14]

Fig.13 Divisional flow of blood velocity

The Velocity in the Fig 13 is more at the center of the inlet but
when a division of the path happened the velocity got reduced.
The main reason for the velocity to reduce is breakage of flow
due to division in path.

IV. PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT

The functionality of the piezo electric transducer is convert the
pressure into electrical energy. The capacity of certain materials
to create an electric charge in response to mechanical stress is
known as the Piezoelectric Effect [8-9]. The piezoelectric effect Fig.16 Wrist Band
is reversible, which means that materials that exhibit the direct
piezoelectric effect [10]. Opposite piezoelectric effect is also
possible i.e. generation of stress or achostistics when an electric
field is applied. We can create devices that generate and
produce acoustic sound waves by using the inverse piezoelectric
effect [11].

Fig.17 Wrist Band and as sensing element

Fig 17. Describes the wrist watch consists of piezo electric
sensor which absorbs the pressure from the veins, due to the
coagulation effect. The description of the coagulation effect is
Fig.14 pressure applied on piezoelectric material
as showed in the analysis of veins design [15]. The final
The pressure from the veins are applied as input to the MEMS
electrical response is obtained from the piezo sensor
piezoelectric sensor [12].
When a piezoelectric materialis subjected to mechanical stress,
the positive and negativecharge centers in the material change,
resulting in an external electrical field. An outside electrical
field stretchesor compresses the piezoelectric material when it is

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pressure Open Min

Pressure pressure Open Max
100%

50%

0%
Free path L U T

-50%
Fig.20 Velocity at open-end veins.
Fig.18 Electric potential (V) Principal stress
TABLE 2. VELOCITY OF BLOOD PRESSURE

Velocity
open Half close
Veins
Model Min Max Min Max
Free Path 0 0.35 0 0.012
L 0 0.004 0 0.009
U 0 0.0025 0 0.003
T 0 0.0012 0 0.001
Fig 20 describes the pressure measurement at open state
Fig.19 Diastole and Systole for checking inflation values of minimum and maximum for different shapes of the
nerve. Each model is evaluated using comsol Multiphysics.
V. Results & Analysis COMSOL is a Multiphysics simulation tool that is used to
TABLE 1. BLOOD PRESSURE AT DIFFERENT SHAPES OF VEINS evaluate the performance of the design. There is a maximum
pressure at the output node and especially in free path and T-
Pressure shaped model, when compared with other type’s paths.
Open Half close Coagulation effect of veins can be easily identified by blood
Veins velocity, when the shape of the veins are straight and T-shaped
Model Min Max Min Max with laminar its flow detection.
Free path 0.36 19.56 -0.022 19.56 CONCLUSION
L 0.00106 0.09609 -0.0067 0.09609
The Variation in the colours indicates that there is change
U 0.00153 0.09577 0.000404 0.09577 in the pressure and velocity values. These parameters
T 0.00098 0.095706 0.000981 0.00846 provide scope to analyse blockages in veins. The results
gained by simulating different models of the veins are very
close to the real time applications. This research work gives
an advantage in making the real-time analysis of heart and
blood pressure using MEMS. MEMS is an
electromechanical system which has a Gel that protects it
from liquid damages. The piezoelectric effect principal that
has been proved using COMSOL Multiphysics will help in
making a digital stethoscope and a wristband, which is
different from the regular reflecting stethoscope.
REFERENCES
[1] Neeraj, Meenakshi Nawal, Mahesh Bundele, “Pressure and Velocity
Measure in the Pipeline for Leak Detection using COMSOL
Multiphysics”, International Journal of Recent Technology and
Engineering,Volume-9 Issue-1, May 2020
[2] M.A. van Iersel,” Analysis of flow patterns and interface behavior
in simulations of immiscible liquid-liquid two phase-flow in micro
Fig.19 pressure at open-end veins

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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channels using the conservative level set method”, Delft University

of Technology Faculty of Applied Sciences, June 2019
[3] Hoai Nguyen, Thang Hoang, “Numerical Simulation of Laminar
Flow Through a Pipe using COMSOL Multiphysics” International
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 6,
June-2017.
[4] S. Zhuang, CAEaid, Inc., Austin, TX, USA, “Modeling and
Simulation of Control Valves via COMSOL Multiphysics”,
Proceedings of the COMSOL Conference in Boston 2017.
[5] S. S. Raza, “analysis of a fully developed laminar flow b/w two
parallel plates separated by a distance by using comsol
Multiphysics” department of metallurgy and materials engineering,
ceet, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, January 2017.
[6] Metin Bilgehan Turgay,” Numerical simulation of fluid flow and
heat transfer in a trapezoidal microchannel with COMSOL
Multiphysics”. An International Journal of Computation and
Methodology, ISSN: 1040-7782, December 2017.
[7] R. Sugunakar Reddy, Gupta Payal, Pugalenthi,” Pressure and Flow
Variation in Gas Distribution Pipeline for Leak Detection”, Energy
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[8] Kwon, Hyun J., “Use of COMSOL Simulation for Undergraduate
Fluid Dynamics Course” American Society for Engineering
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[9] Johann F. Osma, Alba Avila, “Velocity and Pressure analysis for
micro channel networks” Universidad de los Andes (CMUA)
Bogotá, Colombia, 2010.
[10] Sharean, TM Angelin Monisha, and G. Johncy. "Deep learning
models on Heart Disease Estimation-A review." Journal of Artificial
Intelligence 4, no. 2 (2022):122-130.
[11] Venkata ranganathan, A. V., R. J. Hariharan, and M. Roopa. "A
Non-invasive Diagnosis of Early Stage Diseases through human nail
using Neural Networks." ournal of Artificial Intelligence 4, no. 1
(2022): 80-86.
[12] Nashif, S., Raihan, Md.R., Islam, Md.R. and Imam, M.H. (2018)
Heart Disease Detection by Using Machine Learning Algorithms
and a Real-Time Cardiovascular Health Monitoring System. World
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[13] Shaidakov EV, Rosukhovsky DA, Grigoryan AG, Bulatov VL,
Ilyukhin EA. [Antegrade diastolic blood flow and classic reflux in
varicose dilatation of the intersaphenous vein]. Angiol Sosud Khir.
2016;22(2):101-8. Russian. PMID: 27336341.
[14] S. Fournier1and E. Chappel, Modeling of a Piezoelectric MEMS
Micropump Dedicated to Insulin Delivery and Experimental
Validation Using Integrated Pressure Sensors: Application to Partial
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[15] Richards, Haley; Closson, Andrew; and Zhang, John XJ, "Design
and Analysis of a Piezoelectric Pulse Wave Velocity Sensor"
(2020).

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Reviewing the Role of Fiber Bragg Grating

Temperature Sensors in Smart
Factories:Opportunities and Challenges

Paul Stone Macheso1,2∗ , Mohssin Zekriti1

1
Euromed Research Center, Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes, Fes, Morocco
2
Department of Physics, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi.
∗
email: p.macheso@ueuromed.org

Abstract—In this paper, we review the role of Fiber Bragg
Grating (FBG) sensors for temperature monitoring and their
application in the smart factories. In the first instance, we
present the historical context and fundamental principle of FBG
based sensors. Then, we review of recent development in FBG
temperature sensors. We explore the use of FBG sensors in
industry 4.0, specifically in smart factories, and offer a few ideas
that might possibly open up a lot of doors for the development
of fiber Bragg grating sensors.
Index Terms—Fiber Bragg Grating, Optical Sensors, Temper-
ature, Wavelength.
I. I NTRODUCTION
The discovery of photosensitivity fiber optics [1] has had
a significant impact on the development of telecommunica-
tions and sensor systems technologies, with the effect being
leveraged to produce devices for a wide range of applications.
The photosensitivity property of silica fiber doped with ger-
manium is commonly used to produce a Fiber Bragg grating
(FBG). The term ”photosensitivity” refers to the increase in
the refractive index of certain doped glasses after exposure
to ultraviolet (UV) light. As a result, when exposed to UV
radiation, the fiber’s refractive index of the core changes
permanently, depending on the pattern and features of the UV
exposure beam [2-3].
FBG’s have gained popularity in recent years due to their
use in a large wavelength-selective range, allowing them to
be employed in a number of applications. Dispersion cor-
rection and wavelength-selective devices such as filters for
wavelength-division multiplexing have been the most promis-
ing uses in telecommunications. FBG’s have also become
popular as sensing devices for a variety of applications,
including monitoring structures and sensing chemicals [4]. The
refractive index of the core or the grating pitch changes with
any variation in fiber properties, such as strain or temperature,
shifting the Bragg wavelength [5].
FBGs are now widely used as sensing tools for almost
everything from chemical to structural monitoring [6]. Any
African Scientific Research and Innovation Council (ASRIC)
alteration in the fiber’s physical characteristics, such as tem-
perature or strain, alters the grating’s pitch or fiber index,
which alters the Bragg wavelength [7]. A more deduction
about the sensing parameters by figuring out the grating’s peak
reflectivity wavelength. Another Use of fiber bragg gratings
as wavelength reflectors is a significant application for lasers
made of fiber [8].
A promising measurement method for upcoming sensor
system applications in industrial 4.0 and smart factories in
particular is the fiber bragg grating (FBG). The FBG sensor
integration in smart factories has received little attention,
although it is crucial that the FBG is integrated into a typical
smart factory due to its inherent advantages of immunity
to electromagnetic and electrostatic interference,being non
corrosive and also not requiring electric power.
II. L ITERATURE S URVEY
The migration of traditional factories to smart factories
requires physical parameter monitors. Indeed, it requires the
development of novel sensors for physical parameters mon-
itoring in hard-to- access locations. In this regard, over the
last 10 years, numerous optical sensors based on optical
fibers or integrated optical waveguides have been developed
and fabricated. As a potent tool for real-time monitoring of
physical parameters like temperature, pressure, strain, and
humidity, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) based sensors have
attracted a lot of attention. The key reason for using FBG
sensors in smart factories are immunity to electromagnetic
interference and radio frequency; compact in size and offer
multiple sensing to different physical parameters; and ability
to be installed at difficult location to reach.
Because of essential features like as electromagnetic immu-
nity, FBGs have garnered a lot of interest for strain,pressure
and temperature physical parameter monitoring. For example,
in [5] a unique and simple temperature FBG based sensor with
controlled and improved sensitivity is presented.The suggested
method relies on the application of two metal strips with
various thermal expansion coefficients. It was demonstrated

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that when diverse sensing channels are required for multi- III. F UNDAMENTAL P RINCIPLES OF F IBER B RAGG
plexed temperature sensors, the bimetallic architecture has the G RATING T EMPERATURE S ENSORS
potential for a variety of applications.
The underlying idea behind FBG sensors is that measuring
Despite the fact that FBGs frequently refer to permanent
factors like strain, temperature, and force affect how much
refractive index modulation in the fiber core, [6] demonstrated
the Bragg signal wavelength shifts. The sensor sensitivity in-
that the refractive index modulation commonly bleaches when
creases as the grating pitch and core’s refractive index become
exposed to high temperatures. This was done by using FBG
more sensitive to minute changes in the measurand[10]. When
to monitor the temperature in harsh situations. As discussed in
a Bragg grating is present in an optical fiber, the transmission
the previous references, it is evident that optical fiber tempera-
spectra of light with the Bragg wavelength at its center may
ture sensors utilizing FBG are a suitable intelligent distributed
reflect a relatively tiny bandwidth of light. The wavelength
temperature sensor for in-the-moment temperature monitoring.
reflected depends on the period of the Bragg grating and the
Further in [6], a report of high- temperature resistance FBGs
guiding characteristics of the fiber.
produced utilizing hydrogen loaded conventional FBGs for
The physical operation of an FBG sensor is depicted in
developing a simple temperature sensor that can stabilize at
Figure 1. It is based on the Fresnel Reflection principle, which
high temperatures. The proposed approach was not deployed
calls for some incident light to be reflected between various
in a smart factory.
refractive indices, as shown in Equation 1.
In [7], it was showed that FBG can play a crucial role in
measurement of physical parameters for future sensor systems.
Moreover in [7] they prototyped an experimental pass-through
type FBG temperature sensor that is incorporated in a standard
thermocouple housing but was not deployed in a smart factory
setting. It’s worth noting that FBG sensor housing has received
little attention in the literature, even its critical importance in
the energy consumption when its integrated in a conventional
electrical sensor housing.
Ref [8]argues the case for a temperature monitoring system
for glass production that is based on Fiber Bragg Grating
(FBG). Opti-System simulation was used to implement this
proposed system. FBG was chosen because it reflects light at
a wavelength that changes in response to temperature changes.
FBG sensors are typically simple to install, have higher preci-
sion, longer stability, are tiny, are immune to electromagnetic
interference (EMI), and can measure extremely fast events. Fig. 1. Structure of Fiber Bragg Grating [7]
Tungsten DiSulfide (WS2) has a higher sensitivity than
Silica, Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA), and Lead Sul- The initial order Bragg condition is represented by Equation
fide, according to the simulation results in [8]. The findings 1.The partial reflection of light caused by the passage of
also demonstrated that wavelength shifting is influenced by electromagnetic waves through the core of the FBG, which
the materials’ thermo-optic coefficient and thermal expansion contains two or more materials with various refractive indices.
coefficient (PbS). A significant flaw in the work was that the The index difference and incidence angle affect this Fresnel
proposed solution was not incorporated into a smart industrial reflection.
environment.
λB = 2nef f Λ (1)
In [9], the research aims to provide a thorough review of the
most recent developments in metric capacity unit techniques As follows from the equation, the effective refractive in-
commonly used to Predictive maintenance for good producing dex mode (nef f ) and grating period (Λ) affect the Bragg
in smart factories by categorizing the analysis in accordance wavelength (λB ) . Changes in ambient temperature, applied
with metric capacity unit algorithms, machine learning (ML) strain, or pressure have a considerable impact on the Bragg
class, machinery and instrumentation used device employed in wavelength [10],[11].Equation 2 uses partial derivatives with
information acquisition, classification of knowledge size and respect to the variable length, temperature, and wavelength to
kind, and highlighting the key contributions of this work. more precisely illustrate this effect.
For the purpose of predicting the breakdown of many man-  
ufacturing industry machines, the proposed study constructed δnef f δΛ
∆λB = 2 Λ + nef f ∆L
a Random Forest model. In order to show the Decision Tree δL δL
 
(DT) method’s advantage in accuracy and precision, it was δnef f δΛ
+2 Λ + nef f ∆T (2)
compared to the prediction outcome. The disadvantages in [9] δT δT
stemmed from the system’s use of FBG-based sensors, which
 
δnef f δΛ
are superior and have more inherent benefits. +2 Λ + nef f ∆λ
δλ δλ

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where ∆L is the change in the grating’s physical length

brought on by the temperature applied, ∆T is the Temperature
change and ∆λ is wavelength change. In optical sensors based
FBG, the variation of the surrounding medium temperature
influences the grating period by thermal expansion or contrac-
tion. Consequently, the temperature lead to a shift in the Bragg
wavelength, λB . As a result, the Bragg wavelength variation
for a specific temperature change is expressed as follows:

∆λB = λB (ξ + α) ∆T (3)

The thermo-optic coefficient for germanium-doped silica core,

ξ is 8.6X10−6◦ C −1 and the coefficient of thermal expansion,
Fig. 2. Reflectivity Spectrum of FBG Sensor
α is 0.55X10−6◦ C −1

IV. R EFLECTIVITY OF FBG S ENSORS A. Configuration of FBG Temperature Sensors

The Bragg reflection theory serves as the foundation for The basic configuaration has an optical bradband source of
FBGs. Erdogen’s coupled mode theory (CMT) estimates the light e.g. laser which illuminates to the circulator (coupler)
reflectivity obtained in FBG at each grating inside the fiber. and to the FBG sensing probe where pertubation due to
Consider an optical fiber with an average refractive index temperature effect occurs [14].The transmitted, reflected signal
(n0 ) that has been fashioned into a uniform Bragg grating. are interrogated by the Optical Spectrum Analyzer which
The expression for refractive index profile can be denoted as demodulates the signal after channeling through the filter and
a photodetector.The direct method for testing an FBG sensor
2πz
n(z) = n0 + ∆n cos (4) is an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA), which takes a direct
Λ measurement of the FBG’s reflection spectrum and may be
where ∆n is the length of the fiber’s longitudinal axis, z is utilized between -200°C and 350°C and has a high sensitivity.
the distance, and is the magnitude of the induced refractive FBG temperature sensors can be used, for instance, in steel
index perturbation. For a constant modulation amplitude and molds, chemical reactors, and energy storage facilities, to
time, the reflectivity of a grating-based CMT is given by: monitor, regulate, and optimize process conditions.
Ω2 sin g 2 (sL)
R(L, λ) = (5)
∆k 2 sinh2 (sL) + s2 cosh2 (sL)
where R(L, λ) is the Reflectivity (with functions of grating
length L and wavelength λ).The coupling coefficient is de-
noted as Ω, ∆k = k − π/λ is the detuning wave vector , the
propagation constant is k = (2πn0 )/λ and s2 = Ω2 − ∆k 2 .
The coupling coefficient, Ω, is expressed as the index
perturbation’s sinusoidal variation along the fiber axis.
π∆n
Ω= Mp (6)
λ
where Mp is the fiber mode power’s percent. There is no
wavevector detuning at the middle wavelength of the Bragg
grating, and ∆k = 0. As a result, Eq. 7 provides the expression
for the reflectivity of FBG.

R(L, λ) = tanh2 (ΩL) (7) Fig. 3. Configuration of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor

The length of the grating and the induced index of refraction

both rise along with the reflectivity of FBG.
As illustrated in Figure 2 for a 1 cm long homogeneous
FBG, a pass-band reflected amplitude spectrum is produced
by the homogeneous FBG acting as a dielectric mirror in
the wavelength region surrounding the Bragg wavelength.The
spectrum has a Bragg Wavelength λB of 1.5455 µm of
producing a reflection band flanked by sidelobes.
V. FBG T EMPERATURE S ENSOR A PPLICATIONS IN S MART
FACTORIES
FBGS offer a turn-key solution that is customized to meet
the specific needs of each application, whether it is utilized
in casting facilities, industrial processes, or structural health
monitoring. Since temperature directly affects the qualities of
materials and the quality of products, it is one of the most

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crucial parameters in industry 4.0, and more especially smart
factories, must be measured and regulated to ensure high
performance industrial processes. A temperature sensor is a
gadget that can turn temperature-related data from a source
into a quantifiable output[13].
FBG based sensors offer a real opportunity to real time
measurement of temperature variation with high sensitivity and
precision. In order to make manufacturing more intelligent, a
lot of work has been done to improve the application of FBG
temperature sensors in industry 4.0.
FBG temperature sensors in the automobile smart factories
sector, are often employed to detect the intake and coolant
temperatures [14]. In addition, several studies have been
conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the application of
FBG in electrical power systems. Temperature sensors can de-
tect issues including overheating, overloading, and insufficient
cooling by detecting motor heat.
Manufacturers can presumably minimize unforeseen down-
time and save money by restricting maintenance checks and
repairs to when they’re actually needed by detecting problems
early. The features of FBGs, such as their high thermal resistiv-
ity and the ability to rins or write with 800 nm femtoseconds,
will open up many prospects in smart industries with severe
harsh environments, such as power plants, turbines, combus-
tion, cold rooms and space for monitoring temperature and
humidity permanently [15].
Increasing the sensitivity of the sensor by putting forth
novel designs and strategies has been the main emphasis of
researchers in the field of fiber Bragg grating sensing over the
past few years. However, increasing the dynamic range and
improved networking aspect are of paramount importance. It
should be stressed again at this point that the sensor chip is
a generic platform which can be applied to the detection of
several physical parameters.
VI. C HALLENGES OF FBG T EMPERATURE S ENSORS
Industrial sensing applications offer a once-in-a-lifetime
opportunity for the fiber Bragg temperature sensors sector,
which has previously been confined to niche applications
where higher technological costs were justified by Fiber Optic
sensors particular benefits[16]. Smart factory devices that
incorporate FBG based temperature sensors, on the other hand,
could lead to tremendous growth for this technology. It is now
possible to develop cost-effective disposable FBG temperature
sensors for industrial environments but the burden lies to the
cost resulting to the unsuccessful penetration of FBG sensors
in the telecommunication industry [16].
FBG temperature sensors are made up of fragile optical fiber
cables that are incompatible with process conditions, making
them challenging to install in smart factory environments. In
addition to these obstacles, complicated industrial equipment,
such as optical spectrum and oscilloscopes, is required, which
is costly and requires a high level of skill to deploy [17]. Due
to changes in detector sensitivity and light source efficiency
with temperature, as well as the difficulty of demodulating the
wavelength shift, the sensitivity of FBG temperature sensors is
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also vulnerable to changes in the transmission characteristics
of optical fiber cables [17].
Also, in some application, the sensor should be sensitive
to the measurand and less sensitive (or not sensitive) to any
other parameter in such a way the measurement be accurate
and significant. In this regards, further development of the
performance of FBG sensors is required. In order to overcome
this limitation self-referenced FBG sensors can be used where
two or more reflected peak wavelength at different resonance
wavelength can be used. Generally, reference modes are used
in surface plasmon resonance-based sensors and a good result
have been obtained.
VII. C ONCLUSION AND F UTURE S COPE
This paper has discussed the review of Fiber Bragg temper-
ature sensors in smart factories embarking from the historical
context of FBG’s to an extensive review of literature of the
FBG based temperature sensors. The theory behind fiber Bragg
gratings optical sensors and the optical response of FBG
temperature sensors is also discussed. The use cases of FBG
temperature sensors in harsh environments and role adoption
is smart factories with its corresponding challenges of being
too costly to implement and having to utilize sophisticated
equipment like Optical Spectrum analyzers and interrogators.
The future scope of the work will involve the factoring in
of strain in the temperature measurement and the design of
the FBG temperature sensors in ANSYS FDTD Lumerical
software and fabrications using phase mask technology of
FBG temperature sensors and deploying them in smart factory
environments to collect real-time sensor data and aid in
decision making.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The research study was made possible with assistance from
the Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes (UEMF) and the
African Scientific, Research and Innovation Council (ASRIC)
and the authors are much grateful for this support.
R EFERENCES
[1] Hill, K.O., Fujii, Y., Johnson, D.C., and Kawasaki, B.S. Photosensitivity
in optical fiber waveguides: Application to reflection filter fabrication.
Appl. Phys. Lett. 1978, 32, 647–649.
[2] Othonos, A., and Kalli, K. Fiber Bragg Gratings-Fundamentals and Ap-
plications in Telecommunications and Sensing, Artech House, Boston,
MA, 1999.
[3] Kashyap, R. Fiber Bragg Gratings, Academic Press, 2009
[4] Rao, Y. J., Webb, D. J., Jackson, D. A., Zhang, L., and Bennion, I.
(1997). Infiber Bragg-grating temperature sensor system for medical
applications. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 15(5), 779-785.
[5] Jung, J., Nam, H., Lee, B., Byun, J. O., and Kim, N. S. (1999). Fiber
Bragg grating temperature sensor with controllable sensitivity. Applied
optics, 38(13), 2752-2754.
[6] B. Zhang and M. Kahrizi, ”High-Temperature Resistance Fiber Bragg
Grating Temperature Sensor Fabrication,” in IEEE Sensors Journal, vol.
7, no. 4, pp. 586-591, April 2007
[7] Mihailov, Stephen J. ”Fiber Bragg grating sensors for harsh environ-
ments.” Sensors 12.2 (2012): 1898-1918.
[8] Ponmalar, Dr S. ”Tungsten DiSulphide FBG Sensor for Temperature
Monitoring in Float Glass Manufacturing.” Journal of Information
Technology and Digital World 2.4 (2020): 191-200.
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[9] Karuppusamy, P. ”Machine Learning Approach to Predictive Mainte-

nance in Manufacturing Industry-A Comparative Study.” Journal of Soft
Computing Paradigm (JSCP) 2.04 (2020): 246-255.
[10] Daud, S., and Ali, J. (2018). Fibre Bragg Grating and No-Core Fibre
Sensors. New York: Springer.
[11] Daud, Suzairi, Muhammad Safwan Abd Aziz, Kashif Tufail Chaudhary,
Mahdi Bahadoran, and Jalil Ali. ”Sensitivity measurement of fibre Bragg
grating sensor.”Jurnal Teknologi 78, no. 3 (2016).
[12] Zhang, D., Wang, J., Wang, Y., and Dai, X. (2014). A fast response
temperature sensor based on fiber Bragg grating. Measurement Science
and Technology, 25(7), 075105
[13] Pinet, E., and Hamel, C. (2007, July). True challenges of disposable op-
tical fiber sensors for clinical environment. In Third European Workshop
on Optical Fibre Sensors (Vol. 6619, p. 66191Q). International Society
for Optics and Photonics.
[14] Liao, C. R., and Wang, D. N. (2013). Review of femtosecond laser
fabricated fiber Bragg gratings for high temperature sensing. Photonic
Sensors, 3(2), 97-101.
[15] Lee, C. H., Lee, J., Kim, M. K., and Kim, K. T. (2011). Characteristics
of a fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor using the thermal strain of
an external tube
[16] Patrick, H. J., Williams, G. M., Kersey, A. D., Pedrazzani, J. R., and
Vengsarkar, A. M. (1996). Hybrid fiber Bragg grating/long period fiber
grating sensor for strain/temperature discrimination. IEEE Photonics
Technology Letters, 8(9), 1223-1225.
[17] Bowei, Z., and Mojtaba, K. (2005). Characteristics of Fiber Bragg
Grating Temperature Sensor at Elevated Temperatures. In Proceedings
of the 2005 International Conference on MEMS, NANO and Smart
Systems (ICMENS’05).

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IoT-based Intelligent Mobile Application for

Shopping
M. Balamurugan∗, G. Prabhakar†, G. Amsaveni∗, M. Karthikumar†, J.Jasmin Shifa*,E.Sharmila∗
∗Department of ECE,
Erode Sengunthar Engineering College, Erode
†Department of ECE,
Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai

Email: balaer2013@gmail.com (M. Balamurugan)

Email: gpece@tce.edu (G. Prabhakar)
Email: amsavenigesec@esec.ac.in (G. Amsaveni)
Email: mail2mkkumar@gmail.com (M. Karthikumar)
Email: jasaayisha@gmail.com (J.Jasmin Shifa)
Email: sharmiesec2022@gmail.com (E.Sharmila)
Corresponding author: M. Balamurugan

Abstract— Shopping is an essential part of human life. B. Proposed System:

Nowadays, when we want to buy something from a store, it's
critical for us because we have to wait for two reasons. The first
step is to inspect the purchased item. The second step is to make
the payment. Nowadays, shopping is essential, and it becomes
even more complicated during festival seasons. People find it
difficult to shop physically because all of the stores are
overcrowded, and also people have to wait in line for a long time
to verify the items purchased and pay bills. This research study
proposes a novel system to easily handle these complexities. IoT
connects the system to the user's mobile device and a computer
available in the shop. All the details are updated in both the
mobile application and server once an item is added in the cart
with the price and total amount. The payment link is added once
they complete shopping, so user can pay with ease and there will
be no waiting time in the queue to verify the amount and the
list of items purchased.
Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), Mobile App, Shopping, Crowd
Computing
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Existing System:
The available IoT based shopping systems are investigated
here to make the proposed system an efficient one.
•• One of the systems suggests the shortest path to
customers to reach a particular item.
•• The availability of products is listed to customer to
save the searching time of a particular product.
•• The bill generation of purchase items is discussed. The
payment can be made via chatbot type
• •
Inventory management using cloud computing and
IOT is explained.
So, all the existing system offers certain feature like bill
generation, inventory management. None of the system
describes inventory management and bill payment through a
single mobile app. No data about the expiry date of the product
is discussed when one such item is purchased.
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We propose a system for three purposes. One is to generate
the bill once a customer adds the product to the cart. Second
the cart has inbuilt transmitter to send the bill generated to the
customer mobile app and also to the computer available in the
shop. Third is to alert the customer when an expired product
is added to the cart.
Hence to include all features in a single system becomes
complicated. In our proposed system we suggested a single
system that includes bill generation, payment, and stock
related information and makes alert for when an expired
product is added.
Whenever we want to purchase an item from a shop
nowadays it’s crucial for us because after purchasing, we have
to wait for two purposes. One is to check the item purchased.
Second is to make the payment. In Automated vending
machines these problems are rectified. We choose the item we
need and after the payment, the machine itself delivers the
things automatically.
This is done with the help of product RFID tag. As all the
products are available with this tag the stock information can
be checked daily before shop is opened. By checking RFID
tag, we can check the stock available and also the expiry date
of the product. The date of expiry is also made available to the
customer once the RFID is added to the cart. Once the list is
approved by the shop manager customer can make the
payment through the mobile application itself. So the
proposed system is the modification of an automated vending
machine.
With the proposed system inventory management also be-
comes easier with the buzzer alert which alerts manager if
added product in the cart is expired. Customers and they
cashier can check the details of items purchased and the total
amount in the user app and server respectively. The proposed
system eradicates all the difficulties faced by the traditional
billing system as it leads to make the inventory management
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and the shopping automated by using the concept novelty and
IoT.
As all the shops are very crowded, we find it to difficult
to shop and also we have to wait in the queue for long time
to verify the items we purchased and for bill payment. Here
we propose a system that manages these complexities with
ease. The system is connected to user mobile and a centralized
computer in the shop through IoT. Trolley is equipped with
RFID reader which scans the RFID tag attached to the product
when an item is put into it. An LCD displays the price of item
and item name. This is done repeatedly many times until the
customers press the finish button in the trolley. Once the
customer finishes the shopping, they have to press the finish
button.
After this the transmitter in the trolley send the list of
purchase products with their individual amount to the system
available in the shop and the same can be viewed in the
customer phone application. Once they reach the cash counter
it’s very easy to check the amount with the item purchased.
The system also enables the customer to pay the amount
through the link provided in the app after successful
verification done by cashier. Cashier has to enable the online
link for payment then only customer can pay the amount after
shopping. The system also alerts the shopping keeper once an
expiry product is added to the cart.
To make the system implemented all the products in the
shop must be given with RFID tag. So that the reader available
in the trolley can read once they are added. If the customer
wants to remove the product, he has to show the added product
RFID tag once again to the reader. The processor available in
the trolley is programmed to remove the product from the
list if a particular product is shown more than one time. If
a customer wants to add a particular product more than one
time, they have to press time repeat button in the trolley.
The developed android application facilitates the user to
make the payment and also to check the quantities purchased.
The system can be implemented with minor changes for all
types of shops with minimum cost.
II. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
A. Description of the proposed system:
Nowadays all items in a supermarket are labeled by a
barcode. When a customer picks an item before billing that
barcode is scanned by cashier to find the price. It’s done for all
items to generate the bill. After the generation of the bill,
payment can be made by customer easily. This becomes
difficult and also increases manpower and also leads to error
some times while calculating the bill.
The drawbacks of the existing system, we propose a system
in which the bills for all shopped items are generated in the
cart. We send the generated bill to computer in the shop for
verification. By this way the time needed for bill generation is
drastically reduced. They also can pay the payment by using
the option in the android application.
Currently all the items in the shop are available with bar
code scanner. Customer can take all the products they want
and get added to the shopping basket. A bar code reader with
system will be available with the cashier. So. once they
reached the counter all the barcode of the products is read.
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With the help of a barcode reader and a computer the bill will
be generated and the same given to the customer.
With the generated bill customers can the pay the amount
and they can check out. With this system human error can
happen and also it will take long time to check all the
products. The drawbacks of existing system are efficiency and
long time for billing. If a product is put on the trolley, RFID
reader reads the item’s RFID tag to check the item price. This
is repeated again and again whenever an item gets added to
the cart. Once the customer finished shopping, they have to
press the finish button to indicate the cart the shopping is
completed.
After this the cart does two important things. It will send
the shopping list which contains price of purchased products
and total price for the shopped items to the computer in the
shop and the same list can be viewed in the android
application developed for the same shop. The same detail can
also be viewed in the shops website by authorized manager
which helps them to increase their business beyond
boundaries. So, the proposed system saves time in waiting in
billing. It makes shopping easier and smarter using IoT.
Arduino is selected because it offers low power requirement
and also it offers serial communication, USB connection for
debugging. Compared to other processors the price is cheaper
which makes it economical for reducing the system
implementation. The planned structure has the following
important com- ponents. They are RFID reader, buzzer, LCD
and Arduino processor. All the items are tagged with RFID.
When an item is added to the cart, the item name and its price
are automatically read by cart with the help of RFID reader. If
a particular item is not available in the shop it will alert the
shopkeeper to load them. The same detail can also be
viewed in the shop’s website by authorized manager. The
system will send message to shopkeeper if an expired item is
added to the cart. The item availability and their quantity can
also be checked in the application of the shop by manager
which help the shop people to reload the items quickly and
also to interest of customers which will in turn increase the
business. The proposed system can be used for shopping
malls and Departmental store.
B. Transmitter:
The function of the transmitter is shown in Fig.2.1. The
transmitter sends the list of purchased product list with their
individual amount, and also the total amount once the
consumer finished the shopping after they press the finish
button available in the cart. It also passes the stock information
and expiry date of the product which makes the inventory
management easier. The same information about shopping can
be viewed in the customer mobile application after successful
log in using cart id.
©2022 IEEE Fig. 2.1 Transmitter 51
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C. Receiver:
The receiver receives the list of items
purchased items and the total price of all purchased
commodities. The cashier/ store keeper can check the list
with the purchased items. After this cashier can approve
the payment option. Once this is done customer can pay
the amount for shopped items. The functional details are
given in Fig.3.2

Fig.2.2 Receiver

Fig.2.3 Hardware Image Fig.3.1 System Flow

III. IMPLEMENTATION B. Result obtained:

In this system we developed an android application to
A. APP Details:
enhance shopping experience of customers. In the application
We develop an android application which allows the
customers can view the items purchased with bill. Each
consumer to check the purchased items. The shopkeepers
shopping cart is equipped with an id. Customers can log in to
also can also check the stock related information of all
the app with that id and OTP received through mobile. Once
commodities in the shop. Here payment option is also given
for the customer for seamless shopping. For every cart used they log in they will be able to see the items purchased. The
by customers they have to use their mobile no and they can bill can also be viewed by cashier and upon approval payment
log in using OTP received in their mobile phone. The flow link will get enabled. After this customer can pay the bill by
of the proposed system is shown in Fig.4.1. The working of using link. Hence proposed system improves and save the time
the whole system can be explained with the following steps. in waiting que for checking and payment of the bill. The
developed prototype application screenshots are shown in
• Customer can purchase any product of their wish. Fig.3.2,3.3,3.4.
• When one item is added is to cart the RFID reader
adds the name and the price of the product to the
bill.
• The above step is repeated until customer press the
finish button.
• If the customer wants to add a particular item
again, he has to press the add key so that the item
is added twice. If customer wants to add more than
one time they have to repeat this step again.
• Once the customer press the finish button the
processor calculates the bill and it send to the
cashier for approval.
• Once approval is done customer can pay the bill
the amount online by using the app. Fig.3.2 Home Page
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Fig.3.3 Payment Link
Fig.3.4 Payment Confirmation
IV. CONCLUSION
The suggested system has connectivity to computer in
the shop, to the customer mobile application and also to the
shop keeper. It devours lots of merits but it also needs certain
modifications according to the need of different shops. The
system leads to reduction of waiting time at the cash counter for
payment of bill and also checking the items purchased. The bill
also generated automatically and the same is made available to
the cashier. We also integrate payment option in the mobile
application to reduce the waiting time at the cash counter. In
future the system can be implemented in real time that enhances
the shopping experience that leads to atomization of shopping
experience. By using the suggested prototype, shopping turn
into exceptionally easier. We developed a prototype model that
implements automated bill generation and also payment of the
same. In future the proposed system has to be implemented with
certain modifications for real time which might be complicated
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when the system meets real time needs. For payment of the bill,
we must need appropriate permission from UPI or from the
commercial bank for successful implementation.
V. REFERENCES
[1] Anitta D; SahanaSiddappaGuddad; Anusha S; KarthikYanamala; Sahithi
S,”Smart Shopping Cart using IOT and robotic arm”,IEEE digital explorer.
[2] Ruinian Li,, Tianyi Song,, Nicholas Capurso,Jiguo Yu, Jason Couture, and
Xiuzhen Cheng,”IoT applications on Secure Smart Shopping
System”,Internet of Things Journal,2327-4662,2017.
[3] Bourg, L., Chatzidimitris, T., Chatzigiannakis, hancing shopping experiences
in smart retailing. J Ambient Intell Human Comput
(2021).https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02774-6
[4] S. Mekruksavanich, "Supermarket Shopping System using RFID as the IoT
Application," 2020 Joint International Conference on Digital Arts, Media and
Technology with ECTI Northern Section Conference on Electrical,
Electronics, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering (ECTI DAMT
& NCON), 2020, pp. 83-86, doi:
10.1109/ECTIDAMTNCON48261.2020.9090714
[5] Akihiro Ogino, Taketo Kobayashi, Yusuke Iida,”Smart Store Understanding
Consumer’s Preference through Behavior Logs Internationalization,
Design and Global Development, 2011, Volume 6775
[6] Carlos Flavián, Raquel Gurrea, Carlos Orús,"Combining channels to
make smart purchases: The role of webrooming and showrooming",Journal
of Retailing and Consumer Services,Volume 52, 2020,101923,ISSN 0969-
6989 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.1019
[7] U. S. Oruthota, "IOT Based Smart Shopping System," 2021 10th International
Conference on Information and Automation for Sustainability (ICIAfS),
2021, pp. 225-229, doi: 10.1109/ICIAfS52090.2021.9606124.
[8] I. S. Siva Rao, M. Ashutosh Rao, M. S. Teja, N. Teja Sai Pavan, B. S. Krishna
and D. Raviteja, "Shop GO : An IoT based solution for smart shopping,"
2020 International Conference on Computer Science, Engineering and
Applications (ICCSEA), 2020, pp. 1-6, doi:
10.1109/ICCSEA49143.2020.9132889.
[9] A. Sutagundar, M. Ettinamani and A. Attar, "Iot Based Smart Shopping
Mall," 2018 Second International Conference on Green Computing and
Internet of Things (ICGCIoT), 2018, pp. 355-360, doi:
10.1109/ICGCIoT.2018.8752971
[10] S. Kowshika, S. S. Madhu mitha, G. Madhu Varshini, V. Megha and K.
Lakshmi, "IoT based Smart Shopping Trolley with Mobile Cart Application,"
2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and
Communication Systems (ICACCS), 2021, pp. 1186-1189, doi:
10.1109/ICACCS51430.2021.9441866
[11] A. Khanna and R. Tomar, "IoT based interactive shopping ecosystem," 2016
2nd International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies
(NGCT), 2016, pp. 40-45, doi: 10.1109/NGCT.2016.7877387
[12] G. SUCIU, C. BALANEAN, A. PASAT, C. ISTRATE, H. IJAZ and R.
MATEI, "A new concept of smart shopping platform based on IoT
solutions," 2020 12th International Conference on Electronics, Computers
and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), 2020, pp. 1-4, doi:
10.1109/ECAI50035.2020.9223198.
[13] M. Shahroz, M. F. Mushtaq, M. Ahmad, S. Ullah, A. Mehmood and G. S.
Choi, "IoT-Based Smart Shopping Cart Using Radio Frequency
Identification," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 68426-68438, 2020, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2986681
[14] SrinidhiKarjol, Anusha K. Holla, C. B. Abhilash, P. V. Amrutha& Y. V.
Manohar,”Correction to: An IOT Based Smart Shopping Cart for Smart
Shopping”,CCIS,volume 801,2021.
[15] Chen, CC., Huang, TC., Park, J.J. et al. A smart assistanttoward product-
awareness shopping. Pers Ubiquit Comput 18, 339–349 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-013-0649
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Novel Approach to Non-Invasive Blood Glucose

Monitoring Based on Visible Laser Light
Joel T Sakthipriya R* Reena J A Poojha
ECE Department, ECE Department, ECE Department, ECE Department,
R.M.K. Engineering College, R.M.K. Engineering College, R.M.K. Engineering College, R.M.K. Engineering College,
Kavaraipettai, Chennai, India Kavaraipettai, Chennai, India Kavaraipettai, Chennai, India Kavaraipettai, Chennai, India
sakt18335.ec@rmkec.ac.in

Abstract:- Diabetes is a metabolic pathological circumstance of
worry, which impacts crucial organs if no longer recognized and
dealt with punctual. S teady tracking of blood sugar is necessary
to keep away from diabetes. Regularly used glucose measuring
techniques are invasive which typically entails finger puncturing.
These techniques are aching and common piercing causes
calluses at the pores and skin and feature chance of distributing
transferrable diseases. Therefore, there may be a want to
broaden a non-invasive tracking device that may detect blood
glucose constantly without much problematic. The current effort
is centered on improvement of benign blood glucose sensor device
that uses of Near-infrared (NIR) method. Initially in-vitro
glucose measuring model is evolved from usage of unceasing
wave from NIR LED to test the understanding of the device for
precise blood sugar concentrations. Afterwards a sensor patch
was calculated for the usage of photodiode and LED to look at
diffused reflectivity ranges of blood from the human forearm.
Diffused reflectivity ranges of the topics received with this
method become additionally as associated with commercially
accessible invasive finger tip glucose-meter. The effects are
promising and display the capability of NIR for blood sugar
measurement. In the current work model for non-invasive
glucose quantities the usage of Near-infrared LED is primarily
sensor is established. In-vitro and In-vivo experiments are
executed using the model and the effects received as output signal
of model is similar with commercially obtainable glucose meter.
The end outcome suggests the feasibility of the improvement of
non-invasive blood sugar device which is primarily based on
diffused reflectance via forearm.
I. INT RODUCT ION
Diabetes is an disease that occurs when your blood glucose,
also called blood sugar, is too tall. The main supply of energy
ie Blood glucose comes from the food you eat. Insulin, an
internal secretion created by the pancreas, helps glu cose from
food get into your cells to be used for energy. Diabetes is a
metabolic pathologic condition of worry, which touches
important structures of body if not identified and treated
immediately on time. Steady monitoring of blood glucose is
significant to avoid problem of diabetes. Normally used
glucose measuring methods are invasive finger puncturing.
These methods are sore and common pricking cause calluses
on the skin and have risk of scattering communicable diseases.
II. PROPOSED DESIGN
In the projected system, the new non invasive methodology is
offered. Here sensor is to observe the glucose level of the
subject. The benefit of this method is measurement of sugar
level in blood using non-invasive way . The outcome is
observed within the mobile phone. Tall rise of sugar level
might result in coronary failure or any issue situations. Non -
invasive glucose observance make individuals a lot relaxed and
comfy regarding blood sugar testing. LED non-invasive blood
glucose device is employed to display the blood glucose
content , if any irregularity happens the alert is sent to mobile.
This info is unendingly uploaded in mobile via IOT.
A. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The project is divided into two halves. The two major divisions
are hardware and software. This project is an efficient
combination of computer programming and cost-effective
hardware. This section discusses both these aspects in detail.
SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
1. KEIL IDE
2. EMBEDDED C
HARDWARE REQUIRED
1. PIC16F877A Microcontroller
2. LCD Display
3. Blood Glucose sensor
4. ADC
5. UART
6. IOT
7. Buzzer
B.HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
1. PIC16F877A MICROCONTROLLER
PIC16F877A microcontroller is extremely suitable to use, the
software design of this controller is simple. one in all the most
benefits is that it is write-remove many times ,as a result of it
uses flash memory knowledge. It has a complete range of forty
pins and there are thirty three pins for input and outpu t.
PIC6F877A has a lot of application in digital physics circuits.
2. LCD DISPLAY
The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. This section
describes the operation modes of LCDs, then describes the
way to program and interface an LCD to PIC Microcontroller.
It is an electronic display module employed in an intensive
vary of applications like numerous circuits and devices like
mobile phones, calculators, computers, TV sets etc These
displays are given importance for multi-segment light-emitting
diodes and 7 segments. Steps to interface LCD with PIC
Microcontroller.

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Identify: Determine which kind of LCD is needed. AN LCD

may additionally be Back lit.
Connect: Most of the LCD follow the typical Hitachi Pin out
that is Vss for ground, Vdd for power supply, r/w for read and
write, E for modify and pins D0 to D7 for information pins.
Interface: Connect pins D0-D7, E, RW, RS, to pins on the
small controller . if we connect information bus on port A and
the E, RW, RE on port B and for grounding the RW line (
continually in write mode ) . we can observe the graphics on
the liquid crystal display. AN Intelligent LCD would require
few instructions and information to operate Instruction Set for
the LCD.
3. BLOOD GLUCOSE SENSOR
Blood glucose meters are one of the oldest and most normal
Fig 1: Proposed Block Diagram
approaches for measuring glucose. These sensor utilizes
enzyme-coated sample strips which are made with a prescribed
quantity of enzymes that can react with blood sample. The
strips are for single use and cannot be used again. After The diagram describing the planned system and its
interconnection together with the stages concerned is as
receiving a blood sample, the test strip is inserted and measures
delineated above.
the quantity of glucose in the blood and shows the output.
CGM is expensive when compared to strip. The heartbeat generator generates pulses. IR light-emitting
diode emits lightweight within the infrared vary of
4. ADC
electromagnetic radiation spectrum.. Photo transistor detect
The use of A/D converters in a data system is to convert analog light pulses and convert them into digital electrical signals. The
signals to digital data so that it can be processed for display, RC Filter filters signal by blocking certain frequencies and
storage, and analysis. passing others. ADC converts analog signal to digital signal.
Input is given into the microcontroller where the program is
5. UART executed. The output is given in IOT and LCD Display. When
It is expanded as universal asynchronous receiver transmitter .It the value is abnormal, it gives a beep sound in buzzer.
is a protocol which is bidirectional, asynchronous and supports B. HEALTH ANALYSIS
serial data transmission. It has only three signals Tx, Rx, and
ground.It is used mainly for communication over computer When the glucose sensor is kept at the tip of the index finger,
by near infrared (NIR) technique, the blood glucose level will
6. IOT be measured using the visible light. The blood glucose level
Internet of Things (IoT) is a nearby wherein substances, will be displayed in the LCD screen and also the result will be
animals or human beings are furnished with precise identifiers given to the connected smart phone. When the glucose level is
and the cappotential to switch statistics over a community too high, alert will be sent to the smart phone connected.
Therefore, the doctor will be aware of the patient’s condition
without necessitating human being-to-human being or human
even when he is far from the patient who requires continuous
being -to-pc interaction. IoT board presented with SIM900
monitoring.
GPRS modem to prompt net connection additionally ready
with a controller to procedure all enter UART statistics to C. TECHNIQUE USED
GPRS primarily based totally on-line statistics. Data can be up
Near infrared technique (NIR)
to date to a selected web website online or a social community
through which the person can capable of get entry to the D. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
statistics. The capabilities of IOT are electricity supply: DC
Hardware components are connected in this prototype
+12v 1AMP, vehicle mobile statistics updating: 30sec, Digital
output port pins: +5v DC which is supplied with three
hyperlinks statistics updating to a selected internet site, tool
controlling internet site and statistics updating to a social
community. The packages are on-line site visitors tracking,
on-line fitness tracking, actual time delivery and logistics
tracking and each day lifestyles and domestics.
7. BUZZER
The main purpose of buzzer is to alter the audio signal into
sound. It is powered by DC voltage and used in timers, alarms,
computers, alarms, printers, etc. based on different designs, it
can make different sounds like siren, music, bell and alarm.
B. BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Fig 2: Proposed Circuit Diagram

III. RESULT S
This session provides the achieved goals in this project.
Hardware picture is attached for more information.
Fig 3: Proposed Hardware Implementation for Normal Value
a. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
1) A step down transformer is used to reduce the normal 230v
AC input to 12v AC output. When the value is abnormal

2) A bridge rectifier is used to convert12v AC to 12v DC

output.
3) This 12v DC output is sent to voltage regulator 7805 which
converts to approximately 5v DC.
4) Capacitors are used for filtering purpose and a LED is built
so that when it glows, it indicates there is no error in the power
supply circuit.
5) PIC16AF877A is the microcontroller used which has 5
ports and 30 pins.
6) Glucose sensor senses the glucose level when the finger is
placed between IR led and photo transistor and then the value
is sent to microcontroller.
7) Crystal oscillator gives a trigger pulse to the controller. Pin Fig 4: Proposed Hardware Implementation for Abormal Value
13, 14 of PIC16AF877A is connected to crystal oscillator.
8) The program loaded in the microcontroller gets input from
glucose sensor and then the program runs. b. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

9) The blood glucose value is displayed on LCD display and We have done in embedded C language .
when the value is in out of range, the “abnormal” message is
displayed and the buzzer gives a sound.
10) The value is also sent to IOT module using UART protocol.
11) The mobile phone or a laptop connected with the 107
module gets the data. Via cloud.
12) All the patients data is given to cloud using IOT module
and can be viewed in the device connected wherever and
whenever needed.

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Fig 5: Software Implementation
IV. CONCLUSION
This system has been tested to demonstrate its feasibility and
effectiveness. It includes the necessary inexpensive hardware
and software operations. Hardware implementation involves
using a glucose sensor, microcontroller, and power supply,
and software implementation involves uploading values to
cloud-based storage and retrieving those values on a connected
device.
Advantages of Proposed System
1. Easy manner to display blood glucose without taking blood.
2. most economical method.
3. distinctive method.
V. FUT URE SCOPE
Glucose monitoring has already reached an advance level in
terms of cost effectiveness, accuracy and convenience. This
can be used in the scenarios like considering current pandemic
doctors need not visit every patient for measuring, it updates
on time.
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[1] Alsunaidi,B.; Althobaiti,M.;Tamal,M.;Albaker,W.;Al-Naib,I.A Review
of Non-invasive optical systems for continuous Blood Glucose
Monitoring, published 14 th october 2021.
[2] Implementation of wearable glucose sensor node with energy
harvesting for wireless Body Area Network Mahammad Firose,M.
Monica Subashini,2019.
[3] Estimation of blood glucose by non-invasive method using
photoplethysmography, Shraddha Habbu, Manisha Dale and Rajesh
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[4] Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring T echnology: A Review Liu
T ang, Shwu Jen Chang, Ching-Jung Chen, Jen- T sai Liu, published
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[5] Davis, B. What Is the Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus? Available
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diabetes-mellitus/ (accessed on 6 October 2021).
[6] Gonzales, W.V.; Mobashsher, A.T .; Abbosh, A. T he progress of
glucose monitoring—A review of invasive to minimally and non-
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[7] Saeedi, P.; Petersohn, I.; Salpea, P.; Malanda, B.; Karuranga, S.;
Unwin, N.; Colagiuri, S.; Guariguata, L.; Motala, A.A.; Ogurtsova, K.;
et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 an d
projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes
Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2019,
157, 107843. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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[8] Ajjan, R.; Slattery, D.; Wright, E. Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A
Brief Review for Primary Care Practitioners. Adv. Ther. 2019, 36, 579–
596. [CrossRef]
[9] Li, K.; Daniels, J.; Liu, C.; Herrero, P.; Georgiou, P. Convolutional
Recurrent Neural Networks for Glucose Prediction. IEEE J. Biomed.
Health Inform. 2020, 24, 603–613. [CrossRef]
[10] Jernelv, I.L.; Milenko, K.; Fuglerud, S.S.; Hjelme, D.R.; Ellingsen, R.;
Aksnes, A. A review of optical methods for continuous glucose
monitoring. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 2019, 54, 543 –572. [CrossRef]
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sensing techniques: Optical, electrical and breath acetone. Sensors
2020, 20, 1251. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Zhang, R.; Liu, S.; Jin, H.; Luo, Y.; Zheng, Z.; Gao, F.; Zheng, Y.
Noninvasive Electromagnetic Wave Sensing of Glucose. Sensors 2019,
19, 1151. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[13] Delbeck, S.; Vahlsing, T .; Leonhardt, S.; Steiner, G.; Heise, H.M. Non-
invasive monitoring of blood glucose using optical methods for skin
spectroscopy—Opportunities and recent advances. Anal. Bioanal.
Chem. 2019, 411, 63–77. [CrossRef]
[14] Rachim, V.P.; Chung, W.Y. Wearable-band type visible-near infrared
optical biosensor for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring. Sens.
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[15] Joshi, A.M.; Jain, P.; Mohanty, S.P.; Agrawal, N. IGLU 2.0: A New
Wearable for Accurate Non-Invasive Continuous Serum Glucose
Measurement in IoMT Framework. IEEE T rans. Consum. Electron.
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[16] Kumar, D.A.; Jayanthy, T . Review on Non-Invasive Blood Glucose
Measurement T echniques. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE
International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing,
ICCSP 2020, Chennai, India, 28–30 July 2020; pp. 981–986.
[17] Kang, J.W.; Park, Y.S.; Chang, H.; Lee, W.; Singh, S.P.; Choi, W.;
Galindo, L.H.; Dasari, R.R.; Nam, S.H.; Park, J.; et al. Direct
observation of glucose fingerprint using in vivo Raman spectroscopy.
Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eaay5206. [CrossRef]
[18] D’Arco, A.; Di Fabrizio, M.; Dolci, V.; Petrarca, M.; Lupi, S. T Hz
Pulsed Imaging in Biomedical Applications. Condens. Matter 2020, 5,
25. [CrossRef]
[19] Gusev, S.I.; Soboleva, V.Y.; Kublanova, I.L.; Khodzitsky, M.K.
Glucose level sensor based on metasurface in T Hz frequency range.
AIP Conf. Proc. 2019, 2098, 020008. [CrossRef]
[20] Anand, P.K.; Shin, D.R.; Memon, M.L. Adaptive Boosting Based
Personalized Glucose Monitoring System (PGMS) for NonInvasive
Blood Glucose Prediction with Improved Accuracy. Diagnostics 2020,
10, 285. [CrossRef]
[21] Bakker, G.J.; Vanbellinghen, M.C.; Scheithauer, T.P.; Verchere, C.B.;
Stroes, E.S.; T immers, N.K.L.M.; Herrema, H.; Nieuwdorp, M.;
Verberne, H.J.; van Raalte, D.H. Pancreatic 18F-FDG uptake is
increased in type 2 diabetes patients compared to non-diabetic controls.
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[22] Reddy, N.; Verma, N.; Dungan, K. Monitoring T echnologies-
Continuous Glucose Monitoring, Mobile T echnology, Biomarkers of
Glycemic Control. Endotext 2020. Available online:
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10 October 2021).
[23] Gusev, M.; Poposka, L.; Spasevski, G.; Kostoska, M.; Koteska, B.;
Simjanoska, M.; Ackovska, N.; Stojmenski, A.; T asic, J.; T rontelj, J.
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Neural Network Methods and Correlation with Heart Rate Variability.
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[24] Eversense Continuous Glucose Monitoring System—
P160048/S006|FDA.Available online:
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p160048s006 (accessed on 13 July 2021).
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
A Survey on MQTT Bridges, Challenges and its
Solutions
V. Thirupathi
Research Scholar, Dept of CSE
Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
Assistant Professor, Dept of CS& AI
SR University, Warangal, India
v.thirupathi@sru.edu.in*
Abstract— MQTT is an Internet of Things (IoT) protocol
designed to enable machine-to-machine communication.
MQTT's publish/subscribe message transport mechanism is
extremely lightweight. This protocol is useful to establish
remote communication when data transfer rates are limited.
With these characteristics, it can be used in a variety of
scenarios, from temporary to permanent contexts, making it
ideal for machine-to-machine and IoT communications. This
research study reviews the state-of-the-art MQTT bridges,
message format, and configuration. Finally, the study
concluded by stating the current challenges, solutions and
future research directions.
Keywords—Internet of Things, Message Queue Telemetry
Transport, Broker, Topic, bridge, Software Defined Networking
I. INTRODUCTION
MQTT is the abbreviation for Message Queuing
Telemetry Transport [1]. The publish/subscribe mechanism
in which we may send and receive messages as clients. This
facilitates interaction between a wide range of electronic
gadgets. It is a basic communications protocol developed for
devices with limited memory and bandwidth, making it an
ideal choice for IoT based Applications.
Few other protocols match the MQTT's combination of
flexibility and efficiency. The following are some of the
characteristics of a MQTT:
a) Specifically, it is a protocol that allows
machines to communicate with one another.
b) Intended for usage as a lightweight and
straightforward messaging protocol, it relies on
a publish/subscribe model for two-way data
transmission between the client and server.
c) A simultaneous connection between client and
server is not necessary.
d) Much to how WhatsApp and other messaging
services expedite deliveries, so does this one
speed up the transfer of data. It's a protocol for
instantaneous communication.
e) Customers may choose from a curated list of
topics and sign up for updates just on those that
interest them.
Message Queue Telemetry Transport is a lightweight
message communication protocol being used in the IoT
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Dr. K. Sagar
Professor, Dept of CSE,
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology
Hyderabad, India
ksagar_cse@cbit.ac.in
devices. IoT [5] devices have less memory and processing
speed, so they require lightweight protocols like MQTT.
MQTT uses a middle where architecture called a broker.
MQTT follows publish/subscribe communication model.
MQTT broker creates topics. The clients who would like to
receive messages, they need to subscribe to a particular topic.
These clients are calling as subscribers. The clients who need
to send the messages, they need to write on to a particular
topic. These are calling publishers. Fig 1 explains the
architecture of MQTT protocol. MQTT protocol is an
asynchronous protocol, so publisher and subscriber need not
be online at the same time.
Message queue telemetry transport provides reliable
communication because it uses transmission control protocol
(TCP) as communication protocol. MQTT supports three
levels of quality of service (QoS) to transfer messages. They
are QoS 0, QoS 1 and QoS 2. QoS 0 sends message only
once. There is no guarantee that whether the message is
received by destination or not. No acknowledgement shared
between sender and receiver. QoS 0 does not allow for
sending messages duplicate. QoS 1 send messages at least
once. Sender will wait for acknowledgement from the
receiver after sending messages, if no proper
acknowledgement received form receiver, sends keep on
sending messages until receives an acknowledgement. Once
the acknowledgement received broker notifies the sender.
QoS 2 send messages only once. It forwards the messages
slowly as compared other QoS levels. QoS 2 receives
acknowledgement in all the steps.
Fig 1. MQTT Architecture
Fig 2. Shows us the message format. Each command in
MQTT[1] is accompanied by an acknowledgement in the
form of a command acknowledgment, as per the protocol's
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

standardised structure. As can be seen in the image above, all

three of these commands—connect, subscribe, and publish—
receive confirmations. The TCP protocol's handshaking
technique is a good analogy for this approach.

Fig 2. MQTT Message Format

The below fig 3 tells us MQTT packet structure. Every
MQTT packet has a fixed 2-byte header that describes the
contents of the packet. The second section is a heading that
may or may not be included. Another optional element is the
payload. The information being sent is stored in this field,
known as the "payload." The payload is not the obligatory
field we may assume it to be. The payload field is ignored by
certain commands like the disconnect message. Whenever a
publisher publishes a message on a specific topic, but no one
has to subscribed to that particular topic then the message
will be simply discarded. But still the publisher insists the
broker to retain the last message on the topic by setting the
flag called retained message. With the help of retained
message flag users understand the status of the topic. Every
topic is allowed to have only one retained message. If we try
to push a new message that will replace the existing one.
Fig 4. MQTT Bridge
A. Software Defined Networking (SDN)
Software-defined networking's rapid rise to popularity in
today's large data centres, wide area networks (WANs),
branch offices, campuses, data centre networks, and telecom
networks is due in large part to its ability to boost network
efficiency. SDN is becoming an increasingly important
component of contemporary networks due to its ability to
dynamically assign resources, hence lowering maintenance
costs and simplifying operational complexity.
Emerging architecture like software-defined networking
(SDN)[2, 7] is perfect for the high-bandwidth, ever-changing
necessities of current applications because it is flexible,
controllable, cost-effective, and dynamic. This design splits
the actions of network management and forwarding, making
network organization easily programmable and the set-up
components abstracted for use by networks and applications.

Fig 3. MQTT Packet Structure

Let us consider that X and Y would like to know each
other's location updates while they have connected to their
corresponding MQTT brokers at home. If X interested to
share his/her location details, X must subscribe to one of the
topics of Y’s broker in the same way Y would like to send
his/her location updates, Y must subscribe to a topic on X
broker. The topics of one broker are not visible to other
brokers, so we cannot communicate topics of different
brokers. To achieve it we require a group of various MQTT
brokers need to be connected with each other, this is nothing
but bridge of MQTT brokers. When we create a bridge of
brokers communication is established easily. This paper Fig 5. SDN Architecture
helps to understand required literature in making bridge of
brokers. Fig 4. Shows the MQTT brodge SDN [6] architecture has three components, application
layer, infrastructure layer and control layer. Application layer
is responsible for running all service requests. Control layer
controls the flow of the packets according to flow rules. It is
the brain of the SDN architecture. Infrastructure layer consist
of all the network devices like routers and switches. In order
to make communication between these layers SDN uses
north bound and south bound APIs (Application
Programming Interfaces). North bound API can be used to
make interface between application and control layers,
whereas south bound API is an mediator between control and
infrastructure layers. API’s allows applications to

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communicate with each other using predefined data II. RELATED WORK
structures and functions. Mosquitto is the broker software which is being used as a
MQTT broker. Mosquitto support for bridging two or more
North Bound API MQTT brokers. To create a bridge, we must enable bridge
In order to determine what resources are available, property of a MQTT configuration file.
applications using an SDN must depend on the controller to
report the current state of the network infrastructure. The
SDN [6] controller may also make sure that application
traffic is routed according to predefined rules. Through
northbound APIs, applications may communicate with the
control layer and inform it of their resource requirements and
final destinations. To ensure that applications make efficient
use of the network's resources, the control layer coordinates
their deployment. It then employs its shrewdness to choose
the best route, taking into account the application's latency
and security requirements. Typically, RESTful APIs are used
for northbound communication. Orchestrations are now fully
automated and not set by hand.
HTTP GET: used when we want to retrieve information.
HTTP POST/PUT: used when we want to upload or
update information.
Fig. 6 MQTT bridge configuration
It's very much like surfing the web, except that instead of
requesting a website or image, you're asking the SDN Above figure shows MQTT bridge [17] with two
controller for something specific, like a list of all the VLANs different brokers broker0 and broker1. Broker1 has enabled
on the network. as a bridge and broker0 is acting as client for broker1.
The SDN controller will respond to the HTTP GET
request with the desired data in an HTTP GET response. The
data is sent in a standard format. Most often encountered data
formats are:
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

South Bound API

The SDN[7] controller uses southbound APIs to talk to
network devices like routers and switches. The controller
then instructs the underlying network infrastructure as to the
optimal route that the application data should follow. The
controller can make real-time adjustments to the data-transfer
protocols used by the routers and switches. No longer do
devices and routing tables decide the destination of the data.
Instead, smart judgments are made by the controller to direct
data in the most efficient way possible. OpenFlow, and Cisco
OPFlex are few examples for south bound API.
SDN Controllers
An SDN controller is a piece of software that monitors
and manages the network as a whole. The controller is used
by network managers to set policies for the forwarding layer
of the underlying infrastructure. Policies that govern the
operation of the network are also enforced through the
controller. Policies are established by network administrators
and implemented consistently across all network nodes.
Traffic on a network might have different levels of access,
resource allocations, and priority settings determined by
rules called "network policies." Simpler, more consistent
network administration is possible with a centralised view of
the network and the rules in place.
The above lines explain broker1 configuration file where
we mention the client machine’s name, address with
connection and address properties and topic name. When we
would like establish a connection with a particular topic, we
must indicate, whether that connection can be used for
receiving (in) messages, sending (out) messages or both
(both) receiving and sending. If a network has a greater
number of MQTT brokers with more number of topics this
process would become cumbersome.
VernMQ [17] is another broker which can be used as a
MQTT broker. It can also support for bridging of two or
more brokers similar to mosquito. The procedure of creating
bridge as similar as mosquito.
To guarantee the availability of network data, Schmitt et
al. [11] focus on exchanging information between groups of
vehicles equipped with IoT using the Message Queue
Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol and their hot
connection. They provide a novel paradigm of dynamic
connection that is static for IoT. With this strategy, we can
save a lot of messages while just slightly increasing our
transmission expenses. Our concept, which borrows heavily
from the study of multi-agent systems, involves the dispersal
of brainpower across a collection of inanimate objects.

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However, it pays little attention to the client While it approach solves the availability and scalability issues by
comes to improving data transfers in the Internet of Things making data accessible at every broker in the network. As a
(IoT) when working with limited resources and potentially result, a new technique for controlling data flow is
unstable networks, Chen et al. [12] developed a novel introduced in this work to deal with customers connected to a
publish-subscribe message routing approach. The proposed failed broker.
method utilises a rerouting strategy to adapt to the ever-
A software defined network (SDN) controller manages
evolving network architecture of IoT devices. Furthermore,
we demonstrate how to leverage MQTT's rerouting feature to the brokers in an IoT-based dispersed network. In order to
have a controller take over topic-based session flows in the identify a crashed broker in a network, the controller and the
event of a failed broker. In addition, it has the ability to brokers in the network have been exchanging periodic
messages. After a certain period of time without a
redirect the client under certain essential limits, making it
unfit for a widespread IoT infrastructure.t-broker interaction communication from a broker, the SDN [7] assumes the
in the absence of an online presence. broker has crashed. After determining whether alternative
brokers are functional, the controller may reroute the
Using a lightweight container orchestration framework customers who were previously connected to the failed
and a collection of single-board computers, Thean et al. [13] broker. Aspects of performance include CPU speed, RAM
show how to build a cluster of MQTT brokers at the memory, the number of customers connected to the broker,
network's periphery. The primary goal is to provide an and processing capacity. By rerouting the client's IP address
inexpensive, scalable, and lightweight messaging system for to the communication port of another active broker in the
Internet of Things (IoT) devices in underdeveloped countries network, the SDN distributes customers around the network
with spotty Internet access. Currently, a cluster server in accordance with the performance of those brokers.
intermediate layer is being developed to supplement and aid Therefore, the suggested technique can deal with the clients
the collective processing of dispersed MQTT brokers. associated with the crashed MQTT [1] brokers in a scalable
Message throughput, execution time and end-to-end latency manner and solve the scalability problem in dispersed IoT
performance evaluations of the MQTT broker cluster are also networks [16-19].
provided. There must be a large number of intermediate
cluster nodes, however, between the customer and the When it comes to managing the infrastructure of a
massive dispersed IoT network, an SDN controller is used at
broker.
the network control layer. In an SDN, each switch operates
In [14], Longo, et al. propose MQTT-ST, a protocol for on its own data plane, while the SDN controller manages
constructing a distributed architecture of brokers using packet traffic. For data to reach the MQTT broker after being
spanning trees. Since a centralised approach cannot handle published, packets from the client must travel via the
the anticipated influx of IoT devices, distributed solutions network's switches. When an SDN switch receives data, it
including a number of collaborating brokers are required. notifies the SDN controller of this fact by sending a
Relocating distributed brokers from the cloud to the network PACKET_IN message to the controller. The controller
might significantly reduce latency. The described protocol subsequently sends a PACKET_OUT message to the data
sends its control messages using in-band signalling. But the plane of the switch to acknowledge the input packets. The
whole communication is now there in every broker. PACKET_OUT message from the controller is sent to the
switch, and the switch then delivers it to the MQTT broker.
Literature review reveals that [11] doesn't focus on
dealing with clients with an offline broker; [12] reroutes the
client under specific important limits, which isn't ideal for a
large-scale IoT network; [13] necessitates several extra
cluster nodes between the client and broker; [14], [15] use
broadcasting of messages to all brokers in the network,
which impacts the memory capacity of brokers. For effective
data transport, it is crucial to address these problems in the
MQTT protocol.
III METHODOLOGY
In the publish/subscribe architecture utilised by MQTT,
one of the most popular IoT protocols, several clients
communicate with a central hub, or broker. In the same way,
a dispersed network of brokers is connected by a bridging
mechanism. However, anytime the publisher and subscriber
are linked to separate brokers in the network, it has issues
with availability and scalability, which is why this study
proposes a robust data exchange availability approach to deal
with the issue on the subscriber client side. To do this, each
broker in the network creates a topic set table containing a
collection of topics, the ID of the broker where the subject
was published, and the ID of the publisher client for that
topic. Data published by a customer in a broker is shared
with other brokers in the network. The topic set table is used
to publish information to a subscriber when a client Fig. 7 Block diagram
subscribes to a topic with a different broker. The described

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
IV. CONCLUSION
From the solutions suggested by different
researchers, the challenges occur during the design and
development of different MQTT brokers are extensively
studied. There is no solution to establish communication
with all the topics, which consists of different MQTT
brokers. There is no optimal solution for identifying
failure broker. If any of the broker has failed, there is no
solution for adjusting the clients connected with that
failure broker. Hence, a proper routing mechanism
should be established.
This study finally suggested a novel approach to
make a bridge with high number of MQTT brokers,
which can effectively identify the failed broker at the
same time adjusting the clients to some other broker
which is online. It can be done with the help of software
defined networking. It is highly required to suggest a
solution to bridge different MQTT brokers provided by
different vendors. This is called interoperability.
Security plays a major role while working with bridges
of different brokers. This can be implemented as a future
work.
V. REFERENCES
[1] V. Thirupathi, K. Sagar, “Implementation of Home Automation
System using MQTT Protocol and ESP32” International Journal of
Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958,
Volume-8, Issue-2C2, December 2018
[2] Sandeep, C. H., Naresh Kumar, S., & Pramod Kumar, P. (2020).
Significant Role of Security in IOT Development and IOT
Architecture. Journal of Mechanics of Continua and Mathematical
Sciences, 15(6), 174-184.
[3] Thirupathi, V., Sandeep, C. H., Kumar, S. N., & Kumar, P. P. (2019).
A comprehensive review on sdn architecture, applications and major
benifits of SDN. International Journal of Advanced Science and
Technology, 28(20), 607-614.
[4] Sandeep, C. H., Pradeep, C. H., & Sivalenka, V. (2020, December).
Key business drivers for IoT development and security principles. In
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 981,
NoDr. D. Kothandaraman, Dr. C. Chellappan, Human
[5] Dr. D. Kothandaraman, Dr. C. Chellappan, Human Activity Detection
System Using Internet Of Things, International Journal on Computer
Science and Engineering (IJCSE), Vol. 9 No.11 Nov2017, e-ISSN :
0975-3397 p-ISSN : 2229-5631. 4, p. 042001). IOP Publishing.
[6] Keshav Sood, Student Member, IEEE, Shui Yu, Senior Member,
IEEE and Yong Xiang, Senior Member, IEEE. “Software Defined
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Wireless Networking Opportunities and Challenges for Internet of
Things: A Review,” DOI 10.1109/JIOT.2015.2480421, IEEE Internet
of Things Journal.
[7] M. Gupta, J. Sommers, P. Barfors, “Fast, Accurate Simulation for
SDN Prototyping,” Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Workshop
on Hot Topics on Software Defined Networks 2013 (HotSDN13,
China, pp. 21-36, 2013.
[8] Kothandaraman, D., Sheshikala, M., Seena Naik, K., Chanti, Y., &
Vijaykumar, B. (2019). Design of an optimized multicast routing
algorithm for internet of things. International Journal of Recent
Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 8(2), 4048-4053.
[9] Thirupathi, V., & Sagar, K. (2020, December). Web of Things an
intelligent approach to solve interoperability issues of Internet of
Things communication protocols. In IOP Conference Series:
Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 981, No. 3, p. 032094). IOP
Publishing.
[10] Thirupathi, V., Thallapalli, R., Sandeep, C. H., Chandhar, K., Kumar,
P. P., & Pradeep, C. H. (2022, May). Web services a novel approach
for solving interoperability issues in internet of things. In AIP
Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2418, No. 1, p. 020080). AIP
Publishing LLC.
[11] Schmitt, Alexandre, Florent Carlier, and Valerie Renault. "Data
exchange with the MQTT protocol: Dynamic bridge approach." 2019
IEEE 89th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Spring).
IEEE, 2019.
[12] Chen, F., Liu, P., Zhu, J., Gao, S., Zhang, Y., Duan, M., ... & Hwang,
K. (2020). Improving Topic-Based Data Exchanges among IoT
Devices. Security and Communication Networks, 2020.
[13] Thean, Zhong Ying, Vooi Voon Yap, and Peh Chiong Teh.
"Container-based MQTT broker cluster for edge computing." 2019
4th International Conference and Workshops on Recent Advances and
Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE). IEEE, 2019.
[14] Park, Jun-Hong, Hyeong-Su Kim, and Won-Tae Kim. "Dm-mqtt: An
efficient mqtt based on sdn multicast for massive iot
communications." Sensors 18.9 (2018): 3071.
[15] Longo, E., Redondi, A. E., Cesana, M., Arcia-Moret, A., & Manzoni,
P. (2020, June). Mqtt-st: a spanning tree protocol for distributed mqtt
brokers. In ICC 2020-2020 IEEE International Conference on
Communications (ICC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[16] https://medium.com/jungletronics/mosquitto-bridge-5b44e9687fb3
[17] https://docs.vernemq.com/configuring-vernemq/bridge
[18] Prathik, A., S. Ahiraj, Y. Harsha, and Kevin Prince. "IoT based Smart
power Extender with Timer Feature Controlled through a Mobile
App." Journal of Information Technology 4, no. 2 (2022): 61-73
[19] Bhatt, Pramod Kumar. "Smart Wires and Modular FACTS
Controllers for Smart Grid Applications: A." Journal of Electrical
Engineering 3, no. 4 (2021): 286.
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Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Dynamic Pagerank Frequent Subgraph Mining
by GraphX in the Distributed System
Sadhana Priyadarshini
Department of CSE, GIT, GITAM
Gandhi Nagar, Rushikonda,
Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
sadhana.priyadarshini00@gmail.com
Abstract
Graph Mining has been the most demanding research
area for the last few decades in different fields, such as
biological networks, the world wide web, mobile
applications, sensors, online, social networks, etc.
Frequent Subgraph Mining (FSM) plays a vital role in
Graph Mining to exercise, study and generate
interesting patterns from graph data. Basically, FSM
techniques are classified into two types such as an
apriori-based method, and a pattern growth-based
method. This technique faces the problems such as the
generation of the duplicate frequent subgraph, having
no proper technique to rank during candidate
generation, and how to map the threshold values. In
this proposed system, a Dynamic PageRank GraphX-
based Frequent Subgraph Mining (DPRGFSM) model
that is able to extract interesting patterns from the
distributed system by eliminating duplicates by
ranking them to the proper level. In addition, we also
use load balancing, pre-punning, and optimization
techniques to improve its performance in both memory
requirements and time complexity. The potency of
methods defined in this paper is evaluated rigorously
with different threshold values and comparative
studies with different parameters with existing Spark-
based Single Graph Mining (SSIGRAM) and A
Ranked Frequent pattern Growth Framework (A-
RAFF) and found drastic improvement with all four
datasets. The proposed methodology is 1.6 times faster
than the Spark-based Single Graph Mining
(SSIGRAM) model and 50 times faster than the A
Ranked Frequent pattern Growth Framework (A-
RAFF) for recurrent subgraph extraction.
Keywords: PageRank; subgraph; threshold value;
frequent subgraph mining;
I. INTRODUCTION
The association among various entities in different
applications such as web data mining,
bioinformatics, text extraction, etc., is represented in
graphical format. The research work on recurrent
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Sireesha Rodda
Department of CSE, GIT, GITAM
Gandhi Nagar, Rushikonda,
Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
sireesharodda@gmail.com
subgraph extraction which is a subpart of Data
Mining has been known to have been started since
its inception in this year 1994 to deal with graphical
data structure [1].
The methodologies designed for extracting
subgraphs based on the identification and generation
of patterns fully depend on both compositional and
topological structured information either from node
or link. For local patterns, MinnerLSD uses the
COMODO model to optimize the primary
estimation for its local modularity [2].
There are two techniques used for subgraph
isomorphism: the filtration and verification
approach is used for feature indexing and the branch
and bound approach is used for candidate vertex
verification. The Hybrid Graph (HyGraph)
algorithm combines both approaches to identify
subgraph isomorphism. The need to extract
interesting patterns within a huge graph dataset
requires high computational isomorphism testing
[3].
When we deal with distributed graph
datasets, there are various challenges such as
memory resource availability, and the number of
CPUs for calculation of the frequency of subgraphs.
Cloud computing, Giraph, and MapReduce
framework have enough features to sort out these
issues [4]. Wenqing et al. developed a filter-and-
refinement algorithm to extract recurrent subgraphs
that is well for parallel execution with the
MapReduce framework. They minimize the
computational cost at individual worker nodes with
a top-down as well as a bottom-up approach [5].
Wilfried Yves Hamilton et.al proposed a DPHV
algorithm to solve the NP-complete problem which
occurs during occurred due during k-partitioning of
a large graph database for balancing individual
division weights and preserving the graph topology
in a distributed graph system. This algorithm relies
on master-slave architecture for k-partition in
scattered databases [6].
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Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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II. BACKGROUND AND RELATED
WORK
The pattern of frequency calculation is initially done
by sampling subgraphs (Kasthan et al. 2004) that
have better computational time. In 2010, Silva and
Riberio designed a g-tries algorithm that
restructured the associated method and data
structure for both directed weighted and unweighted
graph databases [7]. HitalSlan et al., developed the
Physarum algorithm to search the smallest path for
a single graph as a hybrid of Dijkstra’s and BFS
methods. It solves many problems that arise in
computers, social and road networks, etc. The
method is a two-state combination approach to fast
computation in directed weighted and unweighted
graphs [8].
David Robin and Chris Scogings proposed
a generic algorithm that can reduce overlapping
contested subgraphs by testing at different levels to
verify patterns in the context of threshold value [8].
The graph partition uses either the vertex-cut or
edge-cut method. Wenfei fan et al. designed
incrementalization in the graph partition with added
features of load-balancing, smallest cut-size, and
lowest theta changes [10]. Jingbo Xu et al. proposed
GRAPE, a parallel Graph query engine that
overcomes issues in previous approaches. The
programming is very simple, and semi-structured
which enables the optimization of sequential
algorithms and graphs by simultaneous computation
on vertex-based systems such as GraphLab, and the
Giraph framework [11].
Miguel E Coimbra et.al proposes the
VeiGraph algorithm which is a faster, improved
computation method for stream-based graph
datasets. It achieves the result with exactness above
95 on a scale of a hundred. The algorithm uses
architecture and model to make proper coordination
between user-appropriate processing methodologies
and make a correct selection between them [12].
Deep learning can be used in matching context
features for user messages and photos. The
researcher developed a design space by combining
attention summarization on RNN and text
embedding [13].
Frequent subgraph mining can be achieved
in graph transactions based on a single graph base or
a set of small-size graphs. In the case of the first one,
the transaction consists of a set of tiny size or
medium size graphs as input whereas in, the second
one, a huge graph database is used. The main
objective of FSM is to extract a subgraph whose
value is greater than the user-given threshold value
[1].
To make model functionality more flexible,
it should be capable of handling complex queries as
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and when the big graph dataset changes. Graph
databases are more flexible than Relational Database
Management Systems (RDBMS) in various criteria
[15-17].
A new version of the Ullmann algorithm
developed by Shang et al., called Quick SI, and has
effective pruning and processing cost. Based on
edge-weighted, a minimum span tree is created in
the database [18].WengingLin et al. developed a
two-step filter-refined algorithm implemented on
MapReduce for interesting pattern generation. To
gain low estimation cost, they examine the algorithm
with both top-down and bottom-up methods at
individual worker nodes [7]. Saif Ur Rehman et.al
developed, A Ranked Frequent pattern framework
(A-RAFF), which uses FSR-rank measures to
minimize the duplicate and enormous recurrent
patterns. The algorithm consists of three layers i.e.
pre-pruning, graph-pattern mining, and analytical
layer. Each layer has a different objective but works
together in a framework [14].
III. PROBLEM DEFINITION
In today’s era, we are surrounded by big data
generation, where data can be of any type and our
main objective is to extract needful information in a
faster way despite computational complexity,
networking, and data storage. Hence researchers
emphasize not only recurrent subgraph generation
from big data but also ranking them at the proper
level on the basis of a given threshold value so that
computation time is less. In this paper, we develop a
Dynamic PageRank GraphX-based Frequent
Subgraph Mining (DPRGFSM) algorithm that uses
dynamic page ranking in MapReduce Geometric
Multi-way Advanced Optimized Frequent Subgraph
Mining (MGMAOFSM) to generate frequent
subgraphs with less execution time [19].
IV. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Apache Spark, which is based on Scale language, is
developed for a faster clustering platform in AMP
Lab. NameNode and DataNode architecture are used
in HDFS to execute the distributed file system to
achieve better performance. HDFS allows faster
transfer of data among nodes. The features of HDFS
are fault tolerances, high availability, scalability,
reliability, distributed storage, replications, etc.
High fault tolerance is achieved in HDFS by
dividing data into a number of blocks. If any system
in a cluster is out of the performance, then the client
is able to retrieve required data from another system.
The copy of data is distributed to all the clusters. At
any moment, if any failure occurs, a client can be
able to access it from other nodes as a replica of data
is present. Data replication improves the availability
of data in HDFS. Due to a distributed storage
system, each replica of data can be available in
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Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

various clusters. It supports both horizontal and
vertical scalability.In the case of Hadoop, data is
distributed on different sites, and performs all
computations there. But it requires a Hadoop
Distributed File System (HDFS) for the whole
output of individual maps and reduces jobs to be
materialized into the local file. This leads to
decreased system performance due to fault tolerance
mechanisms. In the case of Spark, this issue was
resolved by putting the information in distributed
memory format and lessening the expensive shuffles
which take place at the time of data processing as
shown in Fig1.
Spark Task
If data in memory is disoriented, then with the help
of a resilient feature it can be regenerated in RDD.
However, fault tolerance is achieved through a
signal of lineage. Spark keeps track of all series of
operations of the corresponding data set. Whenever
a portion of an RDD is disoriented, it has sufficient
information to rebuild it from other RDD [20]. To
reduce the communication and memory
requirement, the GraphX Resilient Distributed
Graph (RDG), uses the records with nodes and links
in the graph to generate horizontally division sets.
The process depends on vertex-cut division to
encode the graph as shown in Fig 3.
Data

RDD

HDFS Steps RAM Steps RAM Steps

Transformation

Fig. 1. Task flowchart of Spark framework

The Resilient Distributed Datasets (RDD) is the RDD

basic programming abstraction of Spark, a memory
data format that allows the privileged user to hold
data into cluster memory and frequently send a
Action
query. The RDD abstraction allows programmers
during in executing pipelines into memory across
clusters to be materialize. During multiple iterations,
the same data need not be reloaded and recalculated. Value
Hence it saves time. Due to the immutable data
format in RDD, the even data in a distributed system
Fig. 2. Flow chart of Resilient Distributed Datasets
is unchanged. In the case of Spark, the division task
is done automatically, but the program may decide Sample Graph
how many partitions are needed for an RDD. Like
Hadoop, a key-value pair for an individual element B C
of RDD is required to generate the pair RDD [19].
A. Operations for Spark F
A
There are basically two operations performed by
Spark.
E D
a) Transformation
b) Action
Edged Table
The process of developing new Resilient Distributed
Datasets to fit a prediction is called transformation Partition 1 Partition 2
(e.g. filtration). Spark transformation is a method
that generates an updated new version RDD from
old one by taking immutable RDD and creates any
number of modified RDD. The process of generating
a result based on existing RDD and returning the
corresponding result to either the driver program or
saved at an external storage system is called action
(e.g. HDFS) as shown in Fig. 2.

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Vertex Data
A B
A
Partition 1 Partition 2

D
C

Fig. 5. Sample Graph

Let’s take an example shown in Fig.5 and calculate

Vertex Maps the rank of a webpage in the website. In this case,
Partition 1 Partition 2 we have four web pages i.e. A, B, C, and D. We can
A 1 A 1 map these into a graph. In fig.5, A is pointing to B
A 2 means the website A has a link to B. The webpage
A 2
D 2 of a given site in the next iteration is the page rank
B 1
E 2 of a given site of the previous iteration, generally,
C 1 F 2 we have to concentrate only on the pages pointing to
a given site. Then we have to divide it into the
Fig.3. Resilient Distributed Graph (RDG) representation of number of outgoing links as shown in equation (1).
Graphs in GraphX
𝑃𝑅𝑖(𝑃𝑖)
PR i+1(Pi) = ∑𝑃𝑖 (1)
At the top of Apache Spark, the GraphX framework 𝐶(𝑃𝑖)
is presented for processing distributed graph datasets
as shown in Fig.4.There are two API available in In equation 1, PR i+1(Pi) is the PageRank value at
GraphX i.e. Pregel abstraction and MapReduce. i+1 th iteration with respect to the previous iteration,
Pregel is well suited for large-scale graph databases C(Pi) is the total count of probability value at ith
due to its programming easiness, and limited iteration . In iteration 0, we initialize the system. In
our implementation, we initialize the PageRank for
memory resources as space complexity. However,
every single webpage site to be equal to 1/n, where
MapReduce has super steps concepts to efficiently
n is the total number of the webpage on the website.
handle graph problems.
In this example, the total number of web pages is 4.
A. Page Rank Algorithm in GraphX for Hence all nodes are initialized with a ¼ rank value.
recurrent subgraph mining. In iteration1, for node A, only B is pointing to it, so
PRIi+1 (A)=PR i(B)/1=1/4=3/12. Similarly, we can
The PageRank algorithm is used to generate calculate for B, C, and D as 4/12,1/12,4/12
important pages from websites. The same concept respectively. Now we can observe that the sum of
we can apply for extraction of the relative each webpage in each iteration is 1 as shown in
importance of a subgraph in a graph dataset. In this Table 1.
paper, we calculate a vertex's significant value in the
graph by the assumption that there is an association
between vertices with this vertex.

Programming PYTHON JAVA R SCLALA

Language

Libraries SPARK SQL MLIB GRAPHX TREAMMING

Engine SPARK CORE

Cluster HADOOP YARN APCHE MESOS SPARK SCHEDULER

Management

Fig.4. Overview of Spark GraphX framework.

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TABLE I PAGERANK VLAUE AT EACH ITERATION
Iteration 0 Iteration 1 Iteration 2 PageRank
A ¼ 3/12 4/12 4
B ¼ 4/12 5/12 5 For empirical analysis, we use laptop-UHNIA59G
C ¼ 1/12 1/12 1 with64-bit operating system, x64-based processor,
D ¼ 4/12 2/12 2 Windows 11 Home Single Language, and 8GB
In GraphX, there are two methods available to
implement PageRank
• Static method where there is a
predetermined number of iterations is to
follow to get the desired PageRank value of
nodes in the Graph database.
• Dynamic method, PageRank algorithm
performs iterations until a specific
threshold value is not reached.
In our paper, we implement a dynamic PageRank
algorithm as the user has to enter a threshold value
and according to that frequent subgraph generate on
a distributed platform. As the real world is large-
scale with dynamic changing, we prefer the dynamic
changes, hence our focus moves to the incremental
PageRank algorithm which can be achieved by
either Partition and Aggregation algorithm or Monte
Carlo-based algorithm. Due to the presence of
accumulative error in the Partition and Aggregation
algorithm, we focus on Monte Carlo-based
algorithms. The optimization technique, numerical
integration methods, and generating draws from
a probability distribution are different methods of
existing Monte Carlo algorithms. Existing Monte
Carlo-based algorithms are able to perform well in
certain cases such as where nodes are fixed (no
insertion or deletion possible), and there should not
be any random movement that re-traverses a node.
Our proposed Dynamic PageRank GraphX-based
frequent subgraph mining (DPRGFSM) model can
be performed with the insertion and deletion of
vertices at any moment. The main problem with the
existing algorithm is finding out the exact number of
random movement segments, adjusting perfectly to
the affected segment by random movement, and
managing all random movement segments.
V. EXPERIMENTAL OUTCOMES
AND ANALYSIS
In this section, we elaborate on the experimental
comparative study of our proposed Dynamic
PageRank GraphX-based frequent subgraph mining
(DPRGFSM) model with the existing Spark-based
Single Graph Mining (SSIGRAM) and A Ranked
Frequent pattern Growth Framework (A-RAFF)
algorithms. In this research work, we use Cedar file
system that supports caching and duplication
techniques to reduce space requirements. Spark
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transformation used RDD which is immutable in
nature
Empirical setup:.
RAM. In this paper, we take four datasets: Google
database, Neural network, Twitter graph datasets,
and Amazon networks. We implement the proposed
algorithm in Google datasets to extract the rank of a
website which are frequented more often by
customers. Using this algorithm, we can also find
out the number of followers of a specific person on
Twitter. However, it is easy to generate a PageRank
of neurons from the neural network that has been
found to correlate with its relative finding rate. Our
DPRGFSM algorithm was used to determine the
order that a product appears to the user from a search
in case of the Amazon website.
The particulars of datasets are CSV format that used
in the experimental analysis (Table 2):
▪ Google database: This dataset is loaded from
www.stnadford.edu. The webpage and the
hyperlinks between them are denoted by
vertices and edges respectively. The total
number of vertices and edges are 875432 and
5109049 subsequently. The sum of vertices in
biggest Weakly Connected
Components(WCC), links in biggest Weakly
Connected Components(WCC), vertices in
biggest Strongly Connected Components
(SCC), and links in biggest Strongly Connected
Components(SCC) are as follows: 8532490
(0.978),506743(0,876),424918(0.567),332753
21(0.876) respectively.
▪ Neural network: This dataset is a classification
of artificial neural networks that can be
processed in a graphical database. We consider
Graph auto-encoder networks that are able to
reconstruct the input graph using a decoder. The
dataset consists of vertices, edges, features, and
classes 28540, and 1265437 respectively.
▪ Twitter graph datasets: This dataset is
downloaded from Stanford Large Network
Dataset Collection. The data is collected
between 01/06/2009 to 31/12/2009 for 20
million users and 467 million tweets posted.
Each public tweet consists of the author’s name,
time of tweet, and messages. We consider the
dataset with 28,996,071 number of users,
4165,344,674 number of tweets, 18,789,423
total unit of URLs used, 49,293,684 hashtags
and 71,835,017 number of retweets.
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▪ Amazon networks: This dataset is downloaded conclusion that our proposed algorithm is 1.6 times
from https://snap.stanford.edu/data. The faster than the Spark-based Single Graph Mining
customers are denoted by vertices and (SSIGRAM) model and 50 times faster than the A
purchasing items are represented by links. In Ranked Frequent pattern Growth Framework (A-
this paper, we collected a portion of the whole RAFF). The scalability of our proposed model is
database consisting of 334863 vertices and empirical analysis with different ranges (i.e. 0,10,
925872 links. In the largest WCC, there are 20,..,100) percentage of dynamic links added and
334863(1.0) vertices, and 925872(1.0) links mean out degree ranging from 1 to 2048. Fig.8
available. Similarly, in the largest SCC reflects that our proposed one is large-scalable graph
334863(1.0) vertices, 92587(1.0) links are network. The accuracy for insertion remain the same
present. o 10 10 % and 60 to 100%, only varying ranges for
of 0.4 to 0.6. The mean modify time is inversely
TABLE II. EXPERIMENTAL DTATSETS DETAILS proportional to the mean out degree.
Datasets Google Neural Twitter Amazon Neural network Twitter graph datasets
database network graph networks Amazon networks
datasets 2
Static 845908 645908 445908 245908 1.8
vertices 1.6
Dynamic 94868990 74868990 54868990 34568720 1.4
vertices

Accuracy
1.2
Static 997989761 907959967 9079525958 879605958 1
edges
0.8
Dynamic 10245631223 9823987458 98237654098 887654098
0.6
edges
0.4
0.2
0
In Fig. 6 (a), Amazon networks have more accuracy 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
than the other three datasets with dynamic insertion Percentage of dynamic edges inserted

of edges with our proposed model. Google database,

Neural network, and Twitter graph datasets have a) Percentage of dynamic links added (%)
more average accuracy than Amazon networks. The
neural network has constant accuracy growth with
Google database Neural network
an increase in the addition of edges. When dynamic
Twitter graph datasets Amazon networks
edges are deleted, the accuracy is quite improved for 2.5

Amazon networks and approximately the same

2
remaining database is almost constant as shown in
Accuracy

Fig 6. (b). The efficiency of the proposed model 1.5

evaluation is done by average upgrading time for
1
adding and removing links with existing models as
shown in Fig 7. In the case of random insertion 0.5
edges, the accuracy of Spark-based Single Graph
0
Mining (SSIGRAM), A Ranked Frequent pattern 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Growth Framework (A-RAFF and our proposed Percentage of dynamic links deleted
Dynamic PageRank GraphX-based frequent
subgraph mining (DPRGFSM) model In the case of b) Percentage of dynamic links deleted (%)
Fig. 6. Accuracy of the proposed model in four real-datasets
random deletion links, the accuracy of SSIGRAM,
A-RAFF, and the proposed DPRGFSM model are
ranging from 2 to 2,8, 1.2 to 2.2, and 0.5 to 0.6
respectively. Hence, we conclude that in both
insertion and deletion dynamically our proposed
model has constant accuracy are ranging from 0.6 to
1.4, 0.7 to 1.5 and 0.5 to 0.8 respectively. In both
cases of insertion and deletion, the accuracy of our
proposed model varies very less compared with the
other two models with respect to changing
percentages of insertion edges. For the insertion of
dynamic edges, it is almost constant with an
increasing percentage. From Table 3, we got the

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Google database Neural network

Twitter graph datasets Amazon networks
100%
90%
80%
70%

mean modify time

60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
mean outdegree

b) out-degree vs modify link of dynamic edges inserted

Fig.8. Evaluation of proposed algorithm with other parameters

with four datasets

Google database
50
45
40
35
Threshold values
30
25
20
15
10
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000
subgraph geneartion
Proposed DPRGFSM Model A-RAFF SSIGRAM
Fig.7. Accuracy analysis with existing Spark-based Single Graph
Mining (SSIGRAM) and A Ranked Frequent pattern Growth
Framework (A-RAFF)

TABLE III. THE AVERAGE MODIFY TIME IN Neural network

MILLISECONDS FOR ADDING AND REMOVING FOR
50
INDIVIDUAL EDGE
45
Datasets Proposed DPRGFSM SSIGRAM A-RAFF 40
Threshold value

Addition subtraction Addition subtraction Addition subtraction 35

Google 10.20 17.67 69.34 45.56 20.45 35.56 30
database 25
Neural 16.21 17.34 75.23 56.71 34.89 34.21
network 20
Twitter 25.12 22.45 85.25 61.45 52.32 42.78 15
graph 10
datasets
Amazon 72.15 10.67 78.45 75.45 34.84 20.33 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
networks Subgraph generation
A-RAFF SSIGRAM Proposed DPRGFSM Model

Amazon networks Twitter graph datasets

Twitter graph datasets
Neural network Google database 50
1000 45
40
Threshold value

800 35
30
Mean outdegre

600 25
20
400 15
10
200
0 20000 40000 60000 80000
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Subgraph generation
Proposed DPRGFSM Model A-RAFF SSIGRAM
Percenatge of dynamic links added

a) Mean out degree vs percentage

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Amazon Networks
50
45
40
Threshold value
35
30
25
20
15
10
0 20000 40000 60000
Subgraph generation
Proposed DPRGFSM Model
Fig.9. Comparison of the proposed algorithm with SSIGRAM
and A-RAFF methods for frequent subgraph generation in
different datasets.
The number of subgraph generations in recurrent
subgraph extraction is inversely proportional to a
user-given threshold value. In Fig. 9 we make a
comparative analysis with existing algorithms with
four different datasets and get more subgraphs
compared with the other two by adding missing
subgraphs due to improper ranking.
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
WORK
In this research work, defined the dynamic
PageRank algorithm in the GraphX system to
generate the frequent subgraph in a distributed
system to cut down communication value and
warehouse overhead. The study performs a vertex-
cut method for graph division horizontally which
leads to less-value fault tolerance. As the use of
GraphX with dynamic page ranking, the indices
across the graphs and view of collections’ number of
super steps reduce. Hence, system performance is
improved.
The research work also make a
comparative analysis with existing Spark-based
Single Graph Mining (SSIGRAM) and A Ranked
Frequent pattern Growth Framework (A-RAFF)
algorithm by adding and removing edges. The
accuracy of the proposed Dynamic PageRank
GraphX-based Frequent Subgraph Mining
(DPRGFSM) model is speedy and successful with
four graph databases. In the future, the proposed
system will expand this model to other frameworks
and improve the overall performance of frequent
subgraph mining in the distributed system.
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M. Kuramochi and G. Karypis. Frequent subgraph

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Prediction of Solar Energy using Time
Series Methods
Sakshi Shukla
Department of Mathematics
Birla Institute of Technology and Science
Pilani, India
p20200443@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
Sumanta Pasari
Department of Mathematics
Birla Institute of Technology and Science
Pilani, India
sumanta.pasari@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
Abstract—The utilization of solar energy as a
source of electricity is increasing day by day, raising
interest in prediction of solar irradiation. A successful
integration of solar energy sources with existing
grid system is the biggest challenge due to volatile
and unpredictable behaviour of solar energy. To
date, several approaches are proposed to analyse
and predict solar irradiation as well as to improve
forecast accuracy. The present study concentrates on
hourly to monthly forecasting of solar irradiation
through various statistical methods, namely AR, MA,
ARMA, ARIMA, and Holt Winter’s technique. From
the decomposition of time series data, we found
that the dataset exhibits seasonality and randomness.
The adequacy of the models is assessed from the
Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). We note that
the model performance improves with the increase
of time horizon (from hourly to monthly), probably
due to enhanced clarity in seasonality. In case of
ARIMA, the RMSE value turns out to be 124.21 in
hourly forecasting, whereas this value reduces to 15.66
in monthly forecasting. A similar change has been
observed for other models as well.
Index Terms—Renewable Energy, Time Series,
Solar Irradiance, Forecasting.
I. I NTRODUCTION
As one of the crucial components in the
industrialization and urbanization processes, energy
plays a crucial role in economic and technical
advancement. Moreover, a significant increase in
population has led to a large exacerbation of the
energy crisis. So far, the fossil fuels are the main
cause of concern, which continue to be the most
dominant source of energy production across the
globe. At the same time, fossil fuel combustion
has resulted in a number of environmental issues,
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Sarita Sheoran
Department of Mathematics
Birla Institute of Technology and Science
Pilani, India
p20180439@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
including the greenhouse effect, glacial melting,
and acid rain [1]. As a result, renewable energy
has received increasing attention around the
world because the resources are abundant and
inexhaustible, and it is clean, green and reduces the
emission of greenhouse gases. Although renewable
energy is an effective alternative to fossil fuels,
it brings unpredictability and uncertainty, affecting
the energy system’s reliability and stability. The
abundant energy from Sun is renewable and capable
of generating large amounts of power [2]. Apart
from India, many other countries including United
States and China have adopted regulatory measures,
rewards and subsidies to promote the use of
renewable energy [3].
Reliable forecasting of renewable energy helps
in planning and estimating the energy output on
a short term to a long term basis. Short term
(up to hourly) prediction of solar irradiance values
can be used for rapid and immediate planning.
Medium-term forecasting helps deciding the days
with higher irradiance for high energy production,
whereas long-term forecasting is used for long term
scheduling and energy planning.
For accurate solar energy prediction, various
methods are available in the literature. These
methods can be broadly divided into three
parts: physical methods, statistical methods, and
computational approach. Hybrid techniques are also
used for forecasting of solar irradiation. In 2012,
Dazhi et al. [4] applied the ARIMA model using
three different approaches on variables affecting
the solar energy. The model is applied on GHI
value, DHI and DNI values, and cloud cover values,
respectively. The result shows that the performance
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of the ARIMA model is better in terms of goodness
of fit value for cloud cover. In 2019, Alsharif et
al. [5] have reviewed statistical ARIMA method for
forecasting of daily and monthly solar energy data.
Cheng et al. [6] in 2021 provide daily to weekly
solar energy forecasting using convolutional long
short term memory. In 2020, Belhmandi et al. [7]
provide one month ahead forecasting using time
series model. Lu [8] presents heuristic time series
method for renewable energy forecasting in Taiwan.
Similarly, Cheng [9] presents hybrid solar irradiance
short-term forecasting by fusing Kalman filter and
regressor.
The layout of the remaining paper is given below.
Section 2 provides an overview of time series
methods whereas Section 3 presents the summary of
methodology and dataset description. The outcomes
of the implemented models are discussed in Section
4, whereas the concluding summary is presented in
Section 5.
II. OVERVIEW OF T IME S ERIES M ETHODS AND
E RROR M ETRIC
In this section, a brief overview of time series
methods and RMSE (error metric) along with their
mathematical formulations is provided.
A. Autoregressive (AR)
An autoregressive is a random process which is
used to predict future outcomes of a sequence from
previously observed outcomes of the sequence. It
takes into account that the output variable depends
linearly on its own previous value and a random
component (the unpredictable term). An AR (p)
model is given by [10]
p
Xt = ∑ ψi Xt−i + ωt = ψ1 Xt−1 + ... + ψp Xt−p + ωt
i=1
B. Moving Average (MA)
It is also known as moving-average process,
a common process for modeling univariate time
series. The Moving Average (MA) process specifies
that the output variable depends on numerous
random terms of present and past values. The MA
(q) process is as follows [11]
q
Xt = ∑ θj ωt−j +ωt = θ1 ωt−1 +θ2 ωt−2 +...+θq ωt−q +ωt
j=1
C. Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA)
An ARMA model provides a concise explanation
of a stochastic process in terms of two polynomials,
one for the autoregression (AR) and other for
the moving average (MA). The AR part involves
regressing the variables on its own past values while
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the MA part is used for modeling the error term
occurring at various times in the past. The model is
usually referred to ARMA (p, q), as defined below
[12]
p q
Xt = ∑ ψi Xt−i + ∑ θj ωt−j
i=1 j=1
D. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average
(ARIMA)
It is a generalization of ARMA model. An
ARIMA model is applied where data shows some
evidence of non-stationarity in sense of mean (not
in variance). Predictions are based on regressing the
variable on its own lagged, regression error, and
the differencing values. It is generally denoted by
ARIMA (p, d, q) and is formulated as follows [13]
p q
(1 − ∑ ψi Li )(1 − L)d Xt = (1 + ∑ θi Li )ϵt
j=1 j=1
Where, ωt denotes white noise;
ψ = (ψ1 , ψ2 , .., ψp ) and θ = (θ1 , θ2 , .., θq ) are
the model coefficients of AR and MA model
respectively; d refers to the degree of differencing;
p and q respectively denote the order of AR and
MA models; Xt represents the predicted value of
time series at time instance t.
E. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)
The root mean square error (RMSE) is a fre-
quently used measure to quantify the discrepancies
between values predicted by a model or estimator
and the actually observed values. The RMSE value
is a square root of average of squared error.
The mathematical formulation of RMSE value is
expressed as follows
¿
Á ∑n (X − X̂ )2
Á
À j=1 i
RM SE =
i
n
Where, Xi is the actual and X̂t is the predicted
value of time series.
III. DATA S ET AND M ETHODOLOGY
This section presents the data and methodology of
time series model used for solar energy forecasting.
Solar irradiance data used in this study is obtained
from the National Solar Radiation Database
(NSRDB; https://maps.nrel.gov/nsrdb-viewer), hav-
ing spatial resolution of 10×10 km and temporal
resolution of 1 hour. The data set is recorded
at a location in Gujarat, India. The dataset
contains several atmospheric variables, namely, GHI
(Global Horizontal Irradiance), DNI (Direct Normal
Irradiance), DHI (Direct Horizontal Irradiance),
Relative Humidity, Pressure, Solar Zenith Angle.
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Figure 1: Additive time series decomposition of daily (upper left panel), weekly (upper right panel), and
monthly (lower panel) data

The GHI value is most appropriate parameter Table I: Hourly forecasting

used in solar irradiance prediction. The proposed Technique RMSE Best Parameters
AR 342.23 p=9
methodology is classified into three categories, the MA 226.27 q=7
first of which is to do an exploratory data analysis. ARMA 147.43 (p,q)=(3,7)
ARIMA 124.21 (p,d,q)=(6,0,4)
It consists of visualising solar energy data and Holt Winter’s 109.61 Trend=“add”, seasonal=“add”, seasonal periods=110
executing an additive time series decomposition
to look for any seasonality or trends. From
decomposition plot in Figure 1, we can observe Table II: Daily forecasting
that daily and weekly data fail to show seasonal Technique RMSE Best Parameters
AR 60.32 p=5
pattern through decomposition due of large data MA 62.49 q=9
points. However, monthly data confirms seasonality. ARMA 57.10 (p,q)=(8,3)
ARIMA 56.99 (p,d,q)= (4,1,6)
In the second step, we resample the hourly data Holt Winter’s 75.47 Trend=“add”, seasonal=“add”, seasonal periods=334
into an daily, weekly and monthly manner for
the purpose of training the models. The next step
is to implement the time series models, namely Table III: Weekly forecasting
AR, MA, ARMA, ARIMA and Holt Winter’s Technique RMSE Best Parameters
AR 36.94 p=2
technique. Hourly, daily, weekly and monthly MA 45.11 q=3
data are forecasted and compared to their actual ARMA 36.14 (p,q)=(1,1)
ARIMA 35.28 (p,d,q)=(0,1,1)
values. For the accuracy measure, the Root Mean Holt Winter’s 33.07 Trend=“add”, seasonal=“add”, seasonal periods=52
Square Error (RMSE) values are calculated. The
training, testing and model evaluation is done using
pmdarima, sklearn and statmodels library on Jupyter Table IV: Monthly forecasting
notebook. Technique RMSE Best Parameters
AR 26.12 p=1
MA 40.33 q=1
ARMA 15.66 (p,q)=(6,6)
ARIMA 15.66 (p,d,q)=(6,0,6)
Holt Winter’s 15.90 trend=”add”, seasonal=”add”, seasonal periods=12
IV. R ESULTS
V. S UMMARY AND C ONCLUSION
The comparison of models on different horizon The findings of this study are as follows:
of GHI dataset is shown by the time series plots in 1. Due to the higher order of seasonality in
Figures 2, 3, and 4. Tables I, II, III and IV present hourly data set, conventional time series models
the results of GHI forecasting of the implemented have not provided satisfactory results for hourly
models for hourly, daily, weekly, and monthly forecasting. However, as compared to others in
predictions, respectively. The model parameters’ terms of accuracy measures, the ARIMA(6,0,4) and
optimal values are also included here. Holt Winter’s model provides satisfactory results

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Figure 2: GHI data in Gujarat from 2000–2014.

Figure 3: Performance of models on daily GHI data.

Figure 4: Performance of models on weekly GHI data.

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Figure 5: Performance of models on monthly GHI data.
with their associated RMSE values 124.21 and
109.61 respectively.
2. For daily forecasting, ARMA(8,3) and
ARIMA(4,1,6) provide the best performances,
whereas Holt Winter’s technique provides best
outcomes for weekly forecasting.
3. The accuracy of the ARMA and ARIMA
models are acceptable for monthly forecasting. The
RMSE values fall as the time horizon expands;
model’s complexity reduces as well.
4. The dataset is stationary with respect to
standard deviation but not with respect to mean.
The mean value changes with time. The ARMA
and ARIMA models provide approximately similar
results for daily, weekly and monthly dataset.
5. Holt’s Winter model does not outperform
other models because the dataset doesn’t have trend
component as observed from the decomposition
plot.
In summary, the present research provides a
comprehensive evaluation of time series models for
solar energy forecasting over a desired time horizon.
The proposed methodology and the related results
are useful to enhance energy sector’s planning and
management.
R EFERENCES
[1] H. Wang, Z. Lei, X. Zhang, B. Zhou, J. Peng, ”A review
of deep learning for renewable energy forecasting”, Energy
Conservation and Management, 198, pp. 1-14, 2019.
[2] P. Kumari, D. Toshniwal, ”Long short term memory-
convolutional neural network based deep hybrid approach
for solar irradiance forecasting”, Applied Energy, 295, pp.
1-20, 2021.
[3] Z. Yongning, Y. lin, L. Zhi, S. Xuri, L. Yansheng, J. Su, ”A
novel bidirectional mechanism based on time series model
for wind power forecasting”, Applied Energy, 177, pp. 793-
803, 2016.
[4] Y. Dazhi, P. Jirutitijaroen, W.M. Walsh, ”Hourly solar
irradiance time series forecasting using cloud cover index”,
Solar Energy, 86, pp. 3531-3543, 2012.
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
[5] M. H. Alsharif, M. K. Younes, J. Kim, ”Time series
ARIMA model for prediction of daily and monthly average
global solar radiation: The case study of Seoul, South
Korea”, Symmetry, 11(2), pp. 1-17, 2019.
[6] H. Y. Cheng, C. C. Yu, C. L. Lin, ”Day-ahead to week-
ahead solar irradiance prediction using convolutional long
short-term memory networks”, Renewable Energy, 179, pp.
2300-2308, 2021.
[7] B. Belmahdi, M. Louzazni, A. E. Bouardi, ”One month-
ahead forecasting of mean daily global solar radiation using
time series models”, Optik, 219, pp. 1-9, 2020.
[8] S-Li. Lu, ”Integrated heuristic time series with modified
grey forecasting for renewable energy in Taiwan”,
Renewable Energy, 133, pp. 1436-1444, 2018.
[9] H. Y. Cheng, ”Hybrid solar irradiance now-casting by
fusing Kalman filter and regressor”, Renewable Energy, 91,
pp. 434-441, 2016.
[10] J. Moon, Md. B. Hossain, Ki. H. Chon, ”AR and
ARMA model order selection for time-series modeling with
ImageNet classification”, Signal Processing, 183, pp. 1-11,
2021.
[11] X. Li, Y. Liu, L. Fan, S. Shi,T. Zhang, M. Qi, ”Research
on the prediction of dangerous goods accidents during
highway transportation based on the ARMA model”,
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 72,
pp. 1-8, 2021.
[12] T. Chen, G. Chen, W. Chen, S. Houd, Y. Zheng, H.
He, ”Application of decoupled ARMA model to modal
identification of linear time-varying system based on
the ICA and assumption of short-time linearly varying”,
Journal of Sound and Vibration, 499, pp. 1-21, 2021.
[13] D. Yongganga, W. Huan, W. Mingqiang, T. Linjianga,
Y. Tao, ”Application of ARIMA-RTS optimal smoothing
algorithm in gas well production prediction”, Petroleum,
pp. 1-8, 2021.
[14] S. Shukla, R. Ramaprasad, S. Pasari, S. Sheoran, ”Statisti-
cal Analysis and Forecasting of Wind Speed”, International
Conference on Energy, Power and Environment (ICEPE),
pp 1-6, 2022.
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A Novel MPPT Approach for a Grid Tied

Wind Energy System
Dr. D.RaviKishore 1 , Dr. B. Kavya Santhoshi2 , K. Sravani3 , Kalpaguri Maruthi4
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Godavari Institute of Engineering and
Technology (Autonomous), Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada, Rajahmundry, A.P, India. 1,2,3
Dr.Samuel George Institute of Engineering (JNTUK), AP, India4 .
dravikishore@gmail.com1 , kavyabe2010@gmail.co m2 , emandisravani8@gmail.com3 ,
maruthi.kalpa@gmail.co m4
* Corresponding Author Email ID: kavyabe2010@gmail.co m

Abstract. As the number of distributed power systems
that use non-linear loads has increased, improving
power quality has become a top priority for
academics. In this work, we look at how the
harmonics in a distributed power system may be
reduced with the use of a device called a Distribution
S tatic S ynchronous Compensator (D-S TATCOM).
When compared to other FACTS devices, D-
S TATCOM has more reliable voltage stability
because to its built-in voltage regulator. As a result of
its high voltage-gain ratio, LUO converter is
employed. Using an ANFIS -based MPPT (Maximum
Power Point Tracking) guarantees regulated output
and facilitates the extraction of maximum power from
the PV panel. The DFIG-based WECS utilises a
PWM rectifier, which is in turn controlled by a PI
controller, to complete the AC-DC conversion.
Reference current generation is essential for
harmonic removal, and this is achieved by the
Hysteresis Current Controller. MATLAB is used to
simulate the complete regulated process, and the
results show that the suggested method provides
higher power quality with less distortion than other
methods.
Keywords: maximum power point tracking, PV
system, power quality,Point of Common Coupling

I INTRODUCTION reactive power on a cycle-by-cycle basis. It is not

preferred for industrial power systems owing to the
The word "power quality" is used to
high cost of switching devices [3]. By regulating
indicate the current, voltage, and frequency
the impedance of the transmission line, the
variations in the power system. As a result of the
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC),
addition of a significant number of electronic
which is a fixed capacitor linked in parallel with
components to the distributed power system, power
the Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR), keeps the
quality issues have become one of the most crucial
power flowing, increases system stability, and
problems faced by customers and electric utilities.
boosts power transfer efficiency. Modeling TCSC,
The non-linear loads like diode bridge rectifier, RL
with its nonlinear switching properties, is difficult
load, variable speed drives , etc. employed in
[4, 5]. Typical distance protection is ineffective
distributed power system create several power
because of the TCSC's fluctuating impedance, as
quality issues such as voltage swell, voltage sag,
measured by the distance relay [6]. Connected
harmonics, impulses, transients, etc. The power
between a battery and the electrical grid, the
quality issues if not resolved properly leads to
Voltage Source Converter (VSC) in a Static
equipment dysfunction which in turn disrupt the Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) does
entire distributed power system causing severe
reactive power correction [7].
economic loss [1, 2]. These power quality issues
are rectified with the help of different Flexible AC In recent years, the use of renewable
Transmission systems (FACTS) devices like energy sources for electricity generation has gained
TCSC, SVC, STATCOM, etc. widespread attention. The need for a clean, cheap,
and reliable power source is universal, and
The Static Var Compensator (SVC) is
renewable energy sources provide just that. When
mainly employed to carry out voltage regulation,
compared to other renewable energy sources, solar
flicker minimization, and power factor adjustment.
power has the most promising future. Solar cells
The SVC facilitates voltage regulation and
are combined with power electronic converters,
improves power quality by offering switched

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storage batteries, tracking systems, power
conditioning circuits, and other components to
deliver electricity into the utility grid in a solar PV
system. When exposed to sunlight, photovoltaic
cells that are built of semiconductors create direct
electric current. The amount of solar radiation that
falls on the photovoltaic panel's surface influence
the amount of electric power it generates [8-11].
II PROPOSED SYSTEMDESCRIPTION
When it comes to power quality concerns
like voltage sag, swell, harmonics, etc., FACTS
controllers have shown to be indispensable.
Figure 1: Block diagram of proposed system.
The Luo converter is improved using the
ANFIS-based MPPT approach so that it can follow
the MPP voltage of the PV system. Combining
features of ANN and FLC, the ANFIS based MPPT
approach is regarded as a powerful artificial
intelligence tool. An inverter uses a PWM rectifier
to convert the alternating current (ac) electricity
produced by the Wind Energy Conversion System
(WECS) into direct current (dc). The pulses from
the PWM generator regulate the PWM rectifier's
output. The PI controller compares the reference
voltage and actual voltage so as to
produce an error signal which initiates the PWM
generator to produce PWM pulses. The output of
PWM rectifier is stored in the capacitor bank. The
constant DC voltage thus obtained from both the
PV system and WECS is fed to the inverter in order
to make its output constant. To reduce the source
current harmonics, it is necessary to find the
reference current from the source current.
RNN based reference current generation compares
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Because it avoids problems seen by other
compensating devices, the D-STATCOM is used in
this setup to keep power disturbances to a
minimum. Power quality problems, such as voltage
sag and voltage swell, impact the source voltage
and introduce harmonics into the source current
when three-phase AC electricity is delivered to a
nonlinear load. The voltage sag and swell can be
effectively minimised using STATCOM, but the
source current harmonics cannot. In Figure 1, we
see a block representation of the suggested system.
the source voltage and source current to
generate the reference current by using the
DQ theory. To regulate the inverter's functioning,
the Hysteresis Current Controller (HCC) generates
PWM pulses by contrasting the latter with a
reference current. There is an LC filter between the
inverter and the Point of Common Coupling (PCC),
which regulates the current flow. The inverter
current isinjected in to the distribution line with
particular phase angle and magnitude so as to
regulatesource current at the rated sinusoidal
waveform and in phase with the source voltage.
III PROPOSED MPPT
An ANFIS based MPPT controller which
has the properties of both fuzzy logic controller and
neural network gives excellent tracking accuracy
and quick convergence speed in comparison with
other artificial intelligence MPPT methods . It
possesses improved fuzzy membership functions
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having identical neural trained data. The back
propagation approach is used to train the fuzzy
membership functions so as to obtain tuned
membership parameters. A fuzzy logic controller is
used to convert linguistic variables to numerical
values. Unlike conventional MPPT algorithms,
ANFIS-based MPPT reliably pinpoints the
maximum power point without introducing any
oscillation (MPP). When establishing fuzzy rules, it
is recommended to do so only after a thorough
analysis of the system's behaviour. The process
flow for the proposed MPPT approach is shown in
Figure 2.

Figure 2: Flow chart of ANFIS based MPPT controller

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS STATCOM based power quality enhancement

The enhancement of power quality using D-
STATCOM for a hybrid energy system that
encompasses PV system with ANFIS MPPT in
addition to DFIG based WECS is discussed in this
work. The simulation for the proposed D-
scheme is carried out using MATLAB. Table 1
gives the parameter specification for PV panel
along with LUO converter.

(a) (b)
Figure 3: (a) Voltage input waveform and (b) current input waveform
The voltage and current input of the LUO converter is not stable. The current is at a high value of 550A
is seen in Figure 3. A voltage of 68V is fed to the at 0.08sec and from 0.15sec, current of 420A is
converter, however the current fed to the converter supplied to the LUO converter.

(b)
(a)
Figure 4: Waveforms of converter (a) Output voltage and (b) Output current
The output voltage and current waveform stable voltage 600V and 38A is obtained from the
of the LUO converter is shown in Figure 4. A converter at 0.14sec and 0.15sec respectively.

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Figure 5: DFIG output voltage waveform

The DFIG based WECS is one of the most voltage of 500V is acquired in the beginning,
predominantly used techniques for generation of which steadily increases and stabilizes around
power through transformation of wind energy. A 600V from 0.1s as illustrated in Figure 5.

(a)
(b)
Figure 6: Waveforms representing (a) Grid voltage and (b) Grid current
Voltage and current waveforms in the grid are voltage or grid current. It has been measured that
shown in Figure 7(a) and 7(b), respectively. There 330V and 10A are the maximum voltage and
are no hiccups or fluctuations in either the grid current, respectively.

(b)
(a)
Figure 7: (a) Real Power and (b) Reactive Power Waveforms
The value of real and reactive power, as illustrated DC link voltage is included in Figure 8(a) and 8(b)
in Figure 7 is 5500W and -50VAR respectively. respectively.
The waveforms that represent the power factor and

(a)
Figure 8: Waveforms of (a) Power factor and (b) DC link voltage
The proposed technique of DSTATCOM based
hybrid renewable energy system is highly
successful in maintaining a unity power factor. A
steady DC link voltage with a magnitude of 600V
is maintained from a quick time of 0.14s.
(b)
V CONCLUSION
The booming integration of many
renewable energy sources and sensitive loads to the
distribution energy system has sparked concerns
about maintaining the power quality. The ceaseless
supply of power to the dis tribution energy system is
provided from a hybrid energy system, which

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combines DFIG based WECS and PV. A stable

power from the PV of desired voltage level is
acquired using a highly efficient LUO converter
and ANFIS MPPT. From the simulation results
obtained using MATLAB, it is concluded that the
proposed technique is successful in maintaining the
reliability and stability of the distributed energy
system.

REFERENCES

1. W. E. Reid, "Power quality issues-standards and

guidelines," in IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 625-632,1996.
2. M. Kezunovic and Y. Liao, "A novel software
implementation concept for power quality study," in IEEE
T ransactions on Power Delivery, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 544-
549, 2002.
3. T . L. Baldwin, T . Hogans, S. D. Henry, F. Renovich and P.
T . Latkovic, "Reactive-power compensation for voltage
control at resistance welders," in IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1485-1492, 2005.
4. K. Li, J. Zhao, C. Zhang and W. Lee, "Dynamic Simulator
for T hyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor," in IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 46, no. 3, pp.
1096-1102, 2010.
5. B. K. Perkins and M. R. Iravani, "Dynamic modeling of a
T CSC with application to SSR analysis," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1619-
1625, 1997.
6. A. A. R. Mohamed, H. M. Sharaf and D. K. Ibrahim,
"Enhancing Distance Protection of Long T ransmission
Lines Compensated With T CSC and Connected With
Wind Power," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 46717-46730,
2021.
7. P. Rao, M. L. Crow and Z. Yang, "ST ATCOM control for
power system voltage control applications," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1311-
1317, 2000.
8. K. Sarita et al., "Power Enhancement With Grid
Stabilization of Renewable Energy-Based Generation
System Using UPQC-FLC-EVA T echnique," in IEEE
Access, vol. 8, pp. 207443-207464, 2020.
9. S. Pradhan, B. Singh and B. K. Panigrahi, "A Digital
Disturbance Estimator (DDE) for Multiobjective Grid
Connected Solar PV Based Distributed Generating
System," in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,
vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 5318-5330, 2018.
10. Shakya, Subarna. "Performance analysis of wind turbine
monitoring mechanism using integrated classification and
optimization techniques." Journal of Artificial Intelligence
2, no. 01 (2020): 31-41.
11. Chang, Jia-bao, Fang-linNiu, and Tao Chen. "An Overall
Improved Ant Colony Optimization algorithm trained
BPNN for PV MPPT." Journal of Electrical Engineering 3,
no. 4 (2021): 322-339.

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Design and Implemetation of Combinational Logic
Circuits using Open Source Tool
N. Divya, *G. Ilakkiya, M. Dheeraj, R. Hinduja, M. Gokul Nathan, M. Harish
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
*ilakkiya.2103036@srec.ac.in,
Abstract— Digital Systems plays an important role in
today’s modern technology. The practical implementation of
digital circuits in laboratories leads to a complex wired circuits
and testing finds difficult. The damage of ICs, breadboards due
to complexity needs replacement. This paper disseminates the
virtual use of all the components using an open source tool.
Digital circuits are of combinational logic circuits and
sequential circuits. Implementation of combinational circuits
using logic gates in virtual mode is described. Autodesk
Tinkercad is an open-source software tool for the development
of system. The design of combinational circuits such as Adder,
Subtractor, Encoder, Decoder, Code converters are
implemented with ICs using Tinkercad tool.
Keywords— Digital system, Combinational circuits,
Tinkercad
I. INTRODUCTION
The development of Integrated Circuits (IC)
evolves from the invention of semiconductor technology.
The IC technology leads to the development of all
electronic products like mobile phones, laptops and so on.
Digital circuits plays a major role in this technology
development. Digital circuits are the broadly categorized
into combinational circuits and sequential circuits. The
design and development of circuits using breadboards and
ICs during laboratories leads to a complex circuitry
systems. The use of online open source tools for circuit
design will bring the virtual form of circuit without any
complexity and it also brings economic viability. In
combinational circuits the output corresponds to the logical
representation of inputs depending on the real time
situations as shown in fig.1. Some examples of
combinational circuits are Adders, Subtractors, Encoders,
Decoders, Parity circuits, code converters. The design of
any combinational circuit has to follow the design
procedure. First, from the logical situation truth table has to
be defined. Second, from the truth table Karnaugh map (K-
map) for logical function is obtained. From Logical
function the implementation of circuit in virtual mode or
hardware is obtained.
Fig.1 Block diagram of combinational circuits
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divya.n@srec.ac.in
II. TINKERCAD
Tinkercad is a CAD programme that supports
people and companies in the manufacturing and advertising
sectors. The medical and architectural industries also profit
from it. Copying preexisting designs and editing files is
made easier by freeware. Older 2D and 3D blueprints can
also be updated and changed by designers. Tinkercad
enables you to redesign garments by modifying its designs
and parts. After that, you can stack blocks, add movements,
and mix forms in Tinkercad. These processes can be used to
create the 3D designs needed for prototypes. The modifiable
traces and shapes in Tinkercad can also be used to build
circuits [10-11]. The code blocks can then be used to create
GIF-based advertising campaigns. Tinkercad consists of
interface presets that will help you get began out with the
software [13-15].
III. COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS
Combinational circuits works on the logic behind
the real time situation or a problem statement. The logic is
applied on set of inputs and depending on the logic outputs
are obtained. To design any combinational circuit the
following steps are essential:
1. Problem statement or logical situation.
2. Declaration of input and output parameters.
3. The parameters or literals are designated using
alphabets.
4. From the logic and input – output declaration Truth
table is obtained.
5. Truth table enables to logic expression by means of
K-map simplification.
6. From K-map logic expression for each output is
obtained.
7. Using the logic expression and with the help of
logic gates, Logic diagram is drawn.
IV. CIRCUIT DESIGN USING AUTODESK TINKERCAD
AUTODESK Tinkercad is an open source software
tool. This tool is intended for code blocks, 3D designs and
circuits. The basic fundamental units of arithmetic circuits
are Half (2-bit) adder, Full (3-bit) adder, Half (2-bit)
subtractor, Full (3-bit) subtractor.
A. 2 – BIT ADDITION : HALF ADDER
Half adder consists of two inputs as A, B and two
outputs as Sum (S) and Carry (C). Fig.2 represents the block
diagram of Half adder circuit.
Fig.2 Block schematic of Half adder
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The design part of half adder circuit consists of Truth table,
k-map simplification and logic diagram.
Table 1. Truth Table for Half Adder
B. FULL ADDER
Full adder circuit employs on three inputs A,B,Cin
and two outputs Sum(S) and Carry (Cout) [1-2]. Fig.6
represents the block diagram of Full adder circuit.

Fig.6 Block schematic of Full adder

From the truth table given in Table 1, k-map simplification
is performed and logical function is obtained as in Fig.3. The truth table of full adder is as follows:

Table 2. Truth Table for Full Adder

Fig.3 K-map simplification for Half Adder

From the truth table given in Table 2, k-map

simplification is performed and logical function is obtained
as in Fig 7.

Fig.4 Logic diagram for Half Adder

For implementation of the hardware circuit as in
Fig.4 the requirement is two input AND gate IC – 7408, two
input XOR gate IC. The hardware implementation is done
virtually using AUTODESK Tinkercad considering inputs
as slide switches and outputs as Indicators- LED [5-9]. The
combinations of various inputs are verified using the Fig.5.
The virtual implementation looks exactly as the hardware
real time implementation of the circuits.

Fig.7 K-map simplification for Half Adder

Fig.5 Implementation of Half adder circuit using Tinkercad

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From the truth table given in Table 3, k-map simplification

is performed and logical function is obtained as in Fig.11.

Fig.11 K-map simplification for Half subtractor

Fig.8 Logic diagram for Full Adder
For implementation of the hardware circuit as in Fig 8,
the requirement is two input EXOR gate IC – 7486, two
input AND gate IC – 7408, two input OR gate IC-7432. The
combinations of various inputs are verified using the Fig.9

Fig.12 Logic diagram for Half subtractor

For implementation of the hardware circuit as in Fig.12,

the requirement is two input AND gate IC – 7408, two input
XOR gate IC – 7486 and two input NOT gate IC - 7404.
.The combinations of various inputs are verified using the
Fig.13

Fig.9 Implementation of Full adder circuit using Tinkercad

C. HALF SUBTRACTOR
Half subtractor consists of two inputs as A, B and
two outputs as Difference (D) and Borrow (B0). Fig.10
represents the block diagram of Half subtractor circuit.

Fig.13 Implementation of Half subtractor circuit using

Fig.10 Block schematic of Half subtractor
The design part of half subtractor circuit consists of Truth
table, k-map simplification and logic diagram.
Table 3. Truth Table for Half subtractor
Tinkercad
D. FULL SUBTRACTOR
Full Subtractor circuit employs on three inputs A,Bin,C
and two outputs Difference (D) and Borrow (B0) [12].Fig.10
represents the block diagram of Full subtractor circuit.

Fig.14 Block schematic of Full Subtractor

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The truth table of full adder is as follows:
Table 4. Truth Table for Full Subtractor
From the truth table given in Table 4, k-map
simplification is performed and logical function is obtained
as in Fig.15.
Fig.15 K-map simplification for Full Subtractor
Fig.16 Logic diagram for Full Subtractor
For implementation of the hardware circuit as in Fig 16,
the requirement is two input EXOR gate IC – 7486, two
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input AND gate IC – 7408, two input OR gate IC-7432
AND not GATE. The combinations of various inputs are
verified using the Fig.17
Fig.17 Implementation of Full Subtractor circuit using
Tinkercad
E. ENCODER
Encoders are digital circuits that do the opposite of what
decoders do. As a result, the alternative to secret writing is
referred to as encoding. A logical circuit that converts a live
signal into a coded output signal is known as an encoder [3-
4]. It has one input line and m output lines, only one of
which is active at any given time. It encodes one of the
active inputs into an m-bit binary output. In an encoder, the
number of outputs is less than the number of inputs.
Consider a four to two encoder, which has four inputs for
each four digits and two outputs that generate the binary
number. The following output Boolean functions are
implemented using Tinkercad as shown in Fig.18:
Fig.18 Implementation of 4:2 Encoder circuit using
Tinkercad
F. DECODER
Most virtual devices require register interpretation. A
simple circuit that converts an n-bit binary input code into 2n
output lines, each of which can be enabled for the simplest
possible input combinations A 2 to 4 decoder has two A and
B inputs and four outputs (D0-D3). Based on the two inputs,
one of the four outputs is chosen.
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The logical expression for the outputs can be written as

follows and implemented using Tinkercad as shown in
fig.19.

Fig.20 Logic Diagram for BCD to Excess – 3 code converter

Fig.19 Implementation of 2:4 Decoder circuit using This logic diagram is the complex circuit to implement in
Tinkercad real hardware part. If any hardwire goes wrong have to re-
G. CODE CONVERTERS circuit everything which is a tedious process. This can be
implemented in a robust manner using Tinkercad as in
Binary codes are classified into weighted codes, non- Fig.21.
weighted codes, BCD codes, alphanumeric codes and Error
codes. Excess 3 code is an example of weighted code. Any
binary code can be converted to any other binary code. For
example we have binary to excess 3 code, binary to gray
code, BCD to excess 3 code and so on. The design of code
converter circuit for BCD to Excess 3 circuit is done. BCD
varies from 0 to 9. The truth table is given in Table 5.

Table 5. Truth Table for BCD to Excess – 3 code converter

Fig.21 Implementation of BCD to Excess – 3 code converter

To design any combinational circuit k map is essential.
From the k map simplification, logic diagram is drawn as
shown in Fig.20.
circuit using Tinkercad
V. COMAPRISON WITH OTHER OPENSOURCE
TOOLS
There are several advantages to using the
Tinkercad platform over other circuit simulation tools. An
excellent circuit design and simulation interface, open
source software that does not require installation on the
computer, no licensing is required, and features for
monitoring students' work are all included.
Survey has been taken among a set of students
under various criteria to compare the ease work of
Tinkercad among other platforms.

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1. Which one is useful among the online platforms
for a self-learner and without any assistance?
2. Which platform helps the students to engage
more and involve in circuit design activities?
3. Which platform offers circuit design sharing?
ie., one can work on others circuit easily by link
sharing.
4. Which Platform helps the Teachers to guide and
monitor the students’ performance individually?
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CONCLUSION
Design and Implementation of any electric circuits in
hardware mode brings complexity in installation. As a trial to
build the circuits open source tools provides a software
platform for design and implementation. Among the other
open source tools for circuits Tinkercad provides the
flexibility, hands on experience, easy way of learning,
knowledge acquirement, individual exposure and so on. This
paper described the design and implementation of digital
circuits in a smarter way using Tinkercad, which
demonstrates the virtual laboratory experience.
REFERENCES
[1] N. Raghav, M. Bansal, “Analytical Study of Full Adder Circuit using
Modified Glitch Free Cascadable Adiabatic Logic”, International
Conference on Advanced Production and Industrial Engineering
(ICAPIE-2017), 2017.
[2] D. Ruhela, M. Bansal, “Vedic Multiplier with Chinese Abacus Adder
Design using Reversible Logic Gates”, 2nd International Conference
on VLSI, Communication and Networks (VCAN-2015), pp. 9-12,
2015.
[3] Bansal, Malti, Harmandeep Singh, and Gaurav Sharma. "A
Taxonomical Review of Multiplexer Designs for Electronic Circuits
& Devices." Journal of Electronics vol 3, no. 02, 77-88, 2021
[4] Madhura, S. "A Review on Low Power VLSI Design Models in
Various Circuits." Journal of Electronics 4, no. 2, 74-81, 2022
[5] Yadav, A.K., Shrivatava, B.P., Dadoriya, A.K.: Low power high
speed 1-bit full adder circuit design at 45nm CMOS technology. Int.
Conf. Recent Innov. Signal Proc. Emb. Sys. (RISE), 427–432, 2017
[6] M. Aguirre-Hernandez and M. Linares-Aranda, "CMOS full-adders
for energy-efficient arithmetic applications", IEEE Transaction Very
Large ScaleIntegration (VLSI) Syst., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 718-721, Apr.
2011.
[7] Deepa Sampath and V Kumar, "Analysis of Low Power 1-bit Adder
Cells usingdifferent XOR-XNOR gates", IEEE International
Conference on Computational Intelligence & Communication
Technology, 2015.
[8] Arvind Nigam and Raghvendra Singh, "Comparative Analysis of 28T
Full adder with 14T Full adder using 180nm", International Journal of
Engineering Science Advance Research, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 27-32,
March 2016.
[9] Partha Bhattacharyya, Bijoy Kundu, Sovan Ghosh and Vinay Kumar,
"Performance Analysis of a Low-Power High-Speed Hybrid I-bit Full
Adder Circuit", IEEE Transactions on Very Large scale Integration
(VLSI) Systems, vol. 24, no. 11, Nov 2015.
[10] Prabhat K. Patnaik, Peddiniti Ajay, M.Manoj Varma “A New
Approach for Implementation and Simulation Study Of Digital
Circuits using CEDAR Logic”, International Journal of Smart Sensors
and Ad Hoc Networks, vol 3, no.1, 2012.
[11] G. Thrishala, K.Ragini “Design and Implementation of Ternary Logic
Circuits for VLSI Applications”, International Journal of Innovative
Technology and Exploring Engineering, vol 9, no 4, 2020
[12] Manoj Kumar, Sandeep K. Arya, Sujata Pandey “Single bit full adder
design using 8 transistors with novel 3 transistors XNOR gate”,
International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems,
vol.2, no 4, 2011.
[13] Manuel E. Macias, Israel Mendez, “eLab - Remote electronics lab in
real time”, Frontiers in Education (FIE) Conference,2008
[14] E. Guimaraes, A. Maffeis, R. Pinto, C. Miglinski, E. Cardozo, M.
Bergerman, et al., "REAL - A Virtual Laboratory Built from Software
Components", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 440-448,
March 2003.
[15] N. Ertugrul, "Towards Virtual Laboratories: a Survey of LabVIEW-
based Teaching/Learning Tools and Future Trends" in The
International Journal of Engineering Education, TEMPUS
Publications, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 171-180, 2000.
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Architectural Designs and Performance Analysis of

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Adiabatic-based 6T, 9T, and 12T SRAM Cells

Parvathi M
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
BVRIT HYDERABAD College of
Engineering for Women
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
parvathibendalam@gmail.com

Abstract—Many applications use SRAM as the core
memory architecture, which necessitates the development of
various SRAM cell architectures. A few design methods of
SRAM cells use various low-power techniques, but adiabatic
logic, such as reversible gates, proves its performance
improvement by providing zero heat dissipation. In this
paper, the design of each 6T, 9T, and 12T SRAM cell using
Feynman and Toffoli gates is presented. While comparing the
results of both Feynman and contemporary CMOS based
SRAM designs, it is observed that the critical path delay is
reduced and speed improvement is raised by 62.7%, 82.3%,
and 69.2%, respectively. It is also observed from the results
that the maximum operating current Imax is less in Toffoli
based SRAM designs, and the reduction advantage is 99.5%
and 40% in 9T and 12T cells, respectively. Furthermore, the
area reduction advantage is observed in Feynman-based
SRAMs at 17%, 63.5%, and 10.8%, respectively, and is much
more comparable to CMOS-based SRAMs.
Keywords— Reversible logic, Static RAM cells, low power,
area reduction, adiabatic logic
I. INTRODUCTION
The fundamental problem that is always prone to design
upgradation in SRAM is data instability due to its write and
read line architectures. The major influencing parameters
for data stability in SRAM cells are identified as supply
voltage, threshold voltages, static noise margin, leakage
current sources, etc. In a 6T SRAM cell, the essential
parameter static noise margin (SNM) [1, 2, 3] is a measure
of read and write margin violation. This causes an increase
in the delay while performing read and write operations [4].
Another parameter is scaling [5]. As the technology goes
down to the marginal level, it will have a significant impact
on SRAM cells, causing random fluctuations in behavioral
characteristics. This in turn causes variations in transistor
threshold voltage and leakage current levels [6]. As a
consequence, the reading and writing margins have violated
their parametric ratings. As a result, the SRAM cell
becomes unsteady under low power supply operations. In
addition to that, huge static power results due to large
leakage current that is caused by the low threshold voltage
and thin gate oxide [7, 8]. This makes it difficult to attain
applications at lower technology nodes. Given the
instability of SRAM 6T due to decreased SNM and
increased write and read delays, literature has suggested
using separate read and write lines to ensure that the SRAM
cell operates without delay. This led to the evolution of
higher designs for SRAM cells. Hence, in 9T, which uses a
separate reading line, and in 12T, which uses separate
reading as well as writing lines. This results in an upgrade
of stability in the core cell. Despite the read/write stability
of SRAM using a larger number of lines, it is prone to
suffering from performance overhead in terms of power,
area, and delay. This over-head disability will become
severe in higher-range memory capacities. As an
alternative, low-power designs have emerged using wider
technologies, reversible logic is one amongst the best. The
logic that retains the information without loss of energy is
called reversible logic. The literature [9, 10] suggests that
the loss of energy in irreversible computations in the form
of heat will be an amount of KT × ln2 Joules for every bit,
where K is Boltzmann's constant and T is temperature in
kelvins. Due to the tremendous rise in memory usage in
applications, the need for low-power memory designs has
become essential in recent years. However, the
computations that take place in conventional memory are
irreversible. In general, heat dissipation occurs in the
memory cells during the write operation of data because the
existing data is re-placed with the new data. Sometimes
false operations due to presence of errors also leads to
energy distribution [11]. These causes an irreversible
operations. The same advantage is brought into SRAM cell
design with reversible circuit design [12]. The main
challenge in reversible logic designs is to reduce the number
of garbage outputs and unused inputs as well. The
competent SRAM cell design for 6T, 9T, and 12T is
showcased in this paper with minimised garbage outputs
and with minimised quantum delay and quantum cost. The
following sections are arranged as follows: Section II
explains the literature review. Section-III focused on the
proposed reversible SRAM cell. Section-IV illustrates the
results and analysis, followed by Section-V conclusions.
II. REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE:
A. Existing SRAM Designs and Limitations
A contemporary memory cell using a number of six
transistors is shown in Fig.1. The basic functionality of
SRAM relies on write and read operations. In a write
operation, the cell stores the corresponding bit value. For
this, the value to be written has to be placed on bit lines and
then the logic line WL has to be asserted. By observing
nodes Q(QB), one can understand the core cell's stored
value. If Q(QB) is held at logic high, it indicates a ‘1’(0) is
stored, else a ‘0’(1) is stored. While in the read operation,
read ‘1’ needs precharge of both bit lines in prior to asserting
the write logic line. This allows Q(QB) value to be
transferred through access transistors towards bit lines
BL(BLB). If BL (BLB) is observed with ‘1’(0) indicates
the read value is ‘1’(0). whereas reading ‘0’ needs a simple
assertion of the WL line. The size of the bit line and driver
transistors plays an important role in the read operation,
since voltage division influences the read stability. In the
similar way, the write operation causes an instability on an
unselected column when the word line is activated. Indeed
the essential influencing parameters on read stability are
scaling on supply voltage, cell ratio and temperature [13].

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The majority of the literature has focused on read and write
stabilities using the SNM parameter, which is a measure of
SRAM cell stability used to identify the amount of node
voltage present in the cell required to flip the cell value [14].
Further, the key issues related to read and write instability
in 6T cells are rectified by using two or more transistors for
separating the read and write operations. As a result, the 9T
and 12T have been developed [15], as represented in Fig 2
and 3.
Fig. 1. Traditional 6T SRAM cell
A standard 6T bit cell along with three extra transistors
were employed in the 9T SRAM cell as shown in Fig 2. The
core cell of the 6T SRAM cell remains the same for which
additional transistors are connected to separate write and
read operations. The two write access transistors are
controlled by a write signal (WL). As usual, the data storage
is done through the core cell itself. The lower sub-circuit of
the new cell is composed of the bit-line access transistors
and the read access transistor. The operations of bit-line
access transistors are controlled by the data stored in the
cell. The read access transistor is controlled by a separate
read signal (RL).
Fig. 2. SRAM 9T Architecture
Fig. 3. SRAM 12T Architecture
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In the case of a 12T SRAM cell, the operation of bit lines
and write logic remains the same as SRAM 6T cell
operation. In contrast to the 9T SRAM cell, the 12T cell has
3 more new transistors added as shown in Fig 3. It is almost
similar to a double cell model using a 6T cell. We have
analysed the performance of CMOS based SRAM 6T to 12T
cells considering the parameters like power dissipation,
maximum operating current, area, and delay.
We have observed the limitations when the design goes
ahead from 6T to 12T SRAM architectures are i) a
decrement in the speed by 36.4%; ii) an increment in the
area by 59.7%; iii) an increment in the power dissipation by
55.8%; and iv) an increment in the current by 49.1%. Few
of the important influencing parameters considered under
unrealistic worst-case scenarios are leakage currents, bias
temperature instability (BTI), hot carrier injections (HCI),
and device threshold voltage affects circuit behavior in
weird manner that causes subtle performance degradation.
This parametric performance degradation greatly affects the
higher range of multicellular memory architectures.
B. Review on Reversible logic Designs
A reversible gate is indeed a circuit having k inputs and
k outputs (k*k) which always produces the expected result
pattern for every possible input pattern. Numerous 3X3
reversible gates have been described in the literature [16].
The essential measuring parameter in a reversible gate's
performance is quantum cost. A reversible gate's quantum
cost is the number of 1 X 1 and 2 X 2 reversible gates or
reversible logic gates needed in its construction. The basic
reversible gates are regulated NOT that employs 1-1 NOT
gate and 2-2 reversible gates such as the Controlled-V-and
V+ gates, and the Feynman gate [17]. The SRAMs can
account for half of the power consumed by the CPUs [18].
The drawback of high power consumption due to high
capacitance and high access rates of static RAMs can be
eliminated using a reversible logic design approach.
Numerous SRAM architectures using reversible logic have
been reported [19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. A few reversible logic
gate structures are shown in Fig.4. The quantum cost and
worst case delay are the crucial parameters while choosing
the reversible gates in the implementation of the chosen
SRAM design. The comparison of various reversible gates
in terms of performance measuring parameters is shown in
Table.1.
Fig. 4. Reversible gates (a) Feynman (b) Toffoli (c) Peris (d) Fredkin
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TABLE I. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS REVERSIBLE GATES [17,18, &

19]
Reversible Quantum Quantum Number of Number of
Gate Cost Delay Gates Transistors
Feynman 1 1 1 12
Peres 4 4 3 30
Toffoli 5 5 2 18
Fredkin 5 5 8 28

From Table 1, the best reversible gates that help in

improving the design performance in terms of low quantum
cost with less delay-area are identified as Feynman and
Toffoli, which are used in our proposed work for the
implementation of 6T, 9T, and 12T SRAM cells.
III. PROPOSED METHOD OF SRAM ARCHİTETECTURE
DESIGNS USİNG REVERSİBLE LOGİC
The main limitation of conventional 6T cell is slow read Fig. 7. Feynman based 12T SRAM cell
or write operation and is due to time lapse in activating the
access transistors while accessing the latch. Due to this the B. SRAM cells 6T, 9T and 12T using Toffoli Gate
leakage power would increase in the span of read or write
One of the key logical gates is Toffoli gates, also called
operation. This can be overcome using low power reversible
controlled-controlled-NOT (CCNOT). This gate is a
design approaches.
universal gate since it can be used to construct all the logic
A. SRAM cells 6T, 9T and 12T using Feynman Gate circuits with desired binary operations. Using the Toffoli
The configuration of SRAM cells 6T, 9T, and 12T using gate as a key component in place of core SRAM, the three
Feynman is shown in Figs. 5, 6, and 7, respectively, which architectures are configured as shown in Figs. 8, 9, and 10
uses two Feynman gates in the place of conventional respectively.
transistors. In fact, the access transistors can also be
replaced with appropriate reversible gates [15], but the
proposed SRAM architectures are intended to build the core
SRAM cell itself. The read and write operations are similar
to the conventional SRAM cell operation itself.

Fig. 8. Toffoli gate based 6T SRAM Cell

Fig. 5. Feynman based 6T SRAM cell

Fig. 9. Toffoli gate based 9T SRAM Cell

Fig. 6. Feynman based 9T SRAM cell

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requirement are compared with respect to three

configurations of SRAM (6T, 9T, and 12T). Fig. 11
compares power dissipation, Fig. 12 compares maximum
current, Fig. 13 compares critical path delay, and Figure 14
compares area analysis.

Fig. 10. Toffoli gate based 12T SRAM Cell

Fig. 11. Power dissipation comparison in proposed reversible SRAMs
IV. RESULT ANALYSIS
The simulation results using respective read and write
operations are observed for each proposed SRAM cell.
Table 2 shows the comparisons between proposed design
results with respect to conventional CMOS-based SRAM
configurations. In our work the circuits are designed using
the default parameters under the model of BSIM3, which
uses constant temperature of 270, threshold voltage of 0.4v,
for a supply voltage of 1.2v for 120nm technology node.

TABLE II. COMPARISON OF PROPOSED REVERSIBLE SRAM

DESIGNS WITH CONVENTIONAL CMOS

PARAMETER CMOS FYNMAN Fig. 12. Comparison for maximum current requirement in proposed
6T SRAM Cell reversible SRAMs
0.066- 0.206- 0.47-
POWER
1.43uW 0.41mW 52.7uW
DELAY, ns 1.69ns 0.63ns 0.08ns
CURRENT, mA 0-0.814 0.19-0.36 0-0.48
AREA, um2 81.6 67.7 108
9T SRAM Cell
0.15- 0.20- 0.46uW-
POWER
0.86uW 0.574mW 0.17mW
DELAY,ns 2.66ns 0.47ns 0.97ns
CURRENT, mA 0-0.743 0.19-0.66 0-0.53
AREA, um2 125.9 117.9 149.2
12T SRAM Cell
0.6- 0.51- 1.05uW-
POWER
3.24uW 1.57mW 0.74mW Fig. 13. Critical path delay comparison in proposed reversible SRAMs
DELAY,ns 2.5 0.77 1.04
CURRENT, mA 0-1.6 0.53-1.71 0-1.26
AREA, um2 202.6 180.7 248.3

From the results, it is observed that the Toffoli based 6T

SRAM is good at resulting in low power and Feynmann
based 6T is good at reducing maximum current and area
requirements with its counterpart CMOS based SRAM
architecture. In a similar way, for both 9T and 12T,
Feynmann based SRAM is observed with low area and
delay capabilities, while Toffoli with low current capability. Fig. 14. Area analysis in proposed reversible SRAMs
The improved parameter values are highlighted in "yellow"
in Table 2. V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper proposes the design and implementation of
Each individual parameter is compared with the rest of
SRAM architectures for 6T, 9T, and 12T using reversible
all the configurations. Each configuration is observed for
logic configurations for the improvement of the
read and write operations individually with logic ‘0’ and
performance of SRAM-based VLSI architectures. The
logic ‘1’. The corresponding observed parametric variations
designs are implemented using Feynman and Toffoli, in
are given in Table II. From Table II, each individual
which the power dissipation of Feynman gate based SRAM
parameter's power, delay, and maximum current
cells is less. That results in an advantage as the design goes

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from 6T to 12T while looking for the improvement of Static
Noise Margin (SNM). The Toffoli-based SRAM has a lower
operating current (Imax) than all other counter
configurations. As the design scales from 6T to 12T, the
area in a Feynman-based SRAM cell approaches that of a
CMOS-based SRAM cell. Primarily, it is observed that the
reversible logic designs are far better in improving the
overall performance of the design parameters. It is observed
with Feynman gate SRAM from 6T to 12T that the critical
path delay is reduced and the performance in speed is
improved by 62.7%, 82.3%, and 69.2%, respectively.
Despite the speed improvement, the power dissipation is not
a major issue and is observed to be a maximum of 1.5mW
in Feynman gate and 0.7mW in Toffoli gate based 12T
SRAM, respectively. It is observed that Imax in Toffoli
SRAM is less than the other two designs, and the reduction
advantage is approximately 99.5% and 40% in Feynman
and Toffoli gate based 12T SRAMs, respectively. The area
reduction advantage in Feynman SRAM from 6T to 12T is
observed to be 17%, 63.5%, and 10.8%, respectively, and is
much more comparable with CMOS-based SRAM as the
design progresses toward SNM improvement. Hence, it is
observed that Feynman gates can be used for the SRAM cell
design where the need is for high speed and a reduction in
the area consumed. The Toffoli gate is more suitable for the
de-signs of SRAM cells where there is a requirement for a
reduction in power dissipation and maximum current
(Imax).
REFERENCES
[1] Paridhi Athe S. Dasgupta: A Comparative Study of 6T, 8T and 9T
Decanano SRAM cell, 2009 IEEE Symposium on Industrial
Electronics and Applications (ISIEA 2009), October 4-6, 2009,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. pp. 8.10-8.11.
[2] S, Birla, R.K. Singh, and M. Pattnaik: Static Noise Margin Analysis
of Various SRAM Topologies, IACSIT International Journal of
Engineering and Technology, Vol.3, No.3, 2011.
[3] Tejinder Kaur, Rachna Manchanda, Chanpreet Kaur: Parameters for
Stability of Reconfigurable Memory and 6T SRAM Cell,
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring
Engineering (IJITEE), ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8, Issue-9S, July
2019, Pp: 887-892.
[4] Neil H.E.Weste, David Harris and Ayan Banerjee: CMOS VLSI
DESIGN – A Circuits and System perspective, Pearson eduction,
Third edition, ninth impression 2009, pp. 179.
[5] Madhura, S. "A Review on Low Power VLSI Design Models in
Various Circuits." Journal of Electronics 4, no. 2 (2022): 74-81.
[6] Shigeki Ohbayashi, Makoto Yabuuchi, Koji Niiand, Susumu
Imaoka: A 65-nm SoC Embedded 6T-SRAM Designed for
Manufacturability With Read and Write Operation Stabilizing
Circuits, IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, Vol. 42,April 2007,
pp820 829.
[7] Sanjeev K. Jain and Pankaj Agarwal: A Low Leakage and SNM Free
SRAM Cell Design in Deep Sub micron CMOS Technology,
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[8] Rajasekhar Keerthi and Chein-in Henry Chen: Stability and Static
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[9] Landauer, R.: Dissipation and noise immunity in computation and
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Device for Power Circuit Safety." Journal of Electronics and
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[12] M. Morrison and N. Ranganathan: Synthesis of dual-rail adiabatic
logic for low power security applications, Computer-Aided Design
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[13] Sreekala K .S, Krishnakumar S., “RNM Calculation of 6T SRAM
Cell in 32nm Process Node based on Current and Voltage
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10(29), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2017/v10i29/116049, August 2017.
[14] Ajay Gadhe, Ujwal Shirode, “Read stability and Write ability
analysis of different SRAM cell structures”, International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1073-1078.
[15] P. N. V. Kiran and N. Saxena, "Design and analysis of different types
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7002-5/14, 2014 IEEE Computer Society, Pp:1-4.
[19] M. Aditya, B. Balaji: Performance Analysis Of SRAM Cell Using
Reversible Logic Gates, International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics, Volume 117 No. 19 2017, 203-207
[20] Chinmay Sharma, Varun Chhabra, Balwinder Singh, Hitesh Pahuja:
Design of SRAM array using Reversible logic for an efficient SoC
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Design and Development of Neuro-Fuzzy based
Multi-Level Inverter using FPGA
Ameer Ahamed Z
Research Scholar Professor Dept of ECE Lovely
Dept of ECE Bhagwant University
Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
ameerahamed007@gmail.com
Abstract— In the power electronic applications
the power electronic converters represent its usefulness
with the advance topology to drive the Grid. In this paper
the multilevel inverters are designed with intelligent
control techniques which given a precise output at the
Grid. The paper proposes a three phase three-level
inverter with advance Neuro-Fuzzy technique which is
used to generate a constant voltage at the grid,
connected a BLDC motor as a reference grid with the
influence of FPGA PWM pulses to drive switches. The
three phase three level inverter is designed with a six
power switches, the AC output is given to BLDC motor,
the speed is measured and compared with rated speed,
the error signal is taken into an Neuro-Fuzzy controller,
the output of controller is taken as a reference to
generate PWM pulses from FPGA using Verilog
programming to drive switches, the proposed modeled is
simulated with ModelSim tool of MATLAB/Simulink
environment
Keywords— Inverter, FPGA-Field Programmable Gate
Array, Neuro-Fuzzy, Neural Networks, Xilinx ISE, Verilog,
ModelSim.
I. INTRODUC TION
In the power electronic industries the Multi-level
inverters designed is a crucial factor to get the precise
output in the high frequency switching applications,
hence many methods are proposed for real time power
electronic applications, the conventional controllers such
as microcontroller and DSP controllers are given a
widespread applications in controlling or driving power
electronic switches but they [1] are well suited only for
the low and medium frequency applications. The VLSI
based logic is considered as the solution for high
frequency applications. The Verilog programming is a
straight forward programming tool with user-friendly
instruction with less complexity, the FPGA
programmable device is the device used with the Verilog
programming to execute the model, since the FPGA is
having a very wide development period and the feature of
re-programmability and also it is having a capacity to
drive the high frequency power electronic converters. The
wide range of power electronic converters application is
based on three level phase inverters, they have a good
response at MW power level.
The three level inverter topology is cost effective with the
following applications:
• UPS-Uninterruptible power supplies
• Inverters with the high frequency output.
• The higher clock frequencies dynamic Servo-
Drives which are designed for rapid regulation.
• Inverters with smart grid applications such as-
Battery Management, [2] Regenerative industrial
supply.
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
The main Two features for the above applications:
Dr. Anuj Jain Dr.V.K Sharma
Professor Dept of ECE Bhagwant
Professional University University, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
Punjab, India viren_krec@yahoo.com
a1978jain@gmail.com
1. These applications operate at more than 10kHz
frequency, this means the switching losses would
not exist had has no role at the operating
frequencies, here only thing is there will be
forward loss which made three level inverter cost-
effective.
2. When the power crosses the 10kW, the higher
level of activation process is required for the
systems with lower powers, for this 12 drivers are
needed instead of 6 IGBT drivers, hence these
devices cost will be more. However with larger
power less number of IGBT drivers reduces the
device sizes, anyhow the heat sink elements
prevails and makes the device cost-effective.
In the section II the basic of three level phase inverter is
explained in comparison with Two-level inverter and their
respective voltage waveforms are shown, in the section III
the proposed system is presented with the block diagram
with the explanation of each block, in the section IV, the
basic of XILINX Verilog programming is formulated with
respect to the proposed system and also the basic
advantages of using FPGA based system is explained, in
the section V a detailed basic information about the Neuro-
Fuzzy system, the section VI presents the simulation circuit
and waveforms of different stages of inverter finally in the
section VII the whole system is concluded.
II. THREE PHASE INVERTER
Traditional 2-level and 3-level inverters display
characteristics that are common to DC-AC converters.
From the available direct current, both methods can
generate alternating voltage with variable frequency. Only
the use of IGBT switches, diodes, and capacitors will be
different between these two inverters. The three-level
single-phase inverter has three output stages as opposed to
the two-level inverter's two, which has four switches with
four free-wheeling diodes and two additional clamping
diodes to link the neutral point.
In contrast to the two-level design, where the IGBT must
switch the entire link voltage, the three-level configuration
only causes the IGBT to lose half of the DC link voltage.
Multi-level Inverters has advantage over standard two level
and three level inverter because of less cost, complexity,
EMI, voltage tension and switching losses [3]. The most
widely used topologies for MLI are flying capacitors,
clamped diodes and cascaded H-bridge inverters.
The DC link capacitor needs to be built so that it can cut the
DC link voltage in half. This occurs automatically in almost
all inverters with a link voltage of about 600 V because two
weakly-charged capacitors are connected in series.[5]
There are numerous intricate commutation methods for
switching procedures in a three-level phase. In order
93
to do
this, the module must have short current channels, an
 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
efficientDVD
layout, and a CFP22CB5-DVD:
Part Number: gate control circuit that takes this
ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
into account. This is necessary to reduce switching surges
and increase efficiency using the highest link voltage
possible.
Figure 1: a) two-level inverter b) three-level inverter
With the three-level design, each phase's output voltage is
significantly closer to the ideal sine wave (Figure 2).
Smaller inductivities can be employed because of the
voltage time region between the desired sine wave and the
switched output [4] voltage, which is producing the current
ripple. The devices can be made smaller and cheaper by
designing a much smaller filter. Lower copper losses
contribute to greater efficiency. The EMC filter can also be
made simpler since with a three-level inverter, one switch
edge only activates 50% of the DC link voltage.
Figure 2: A three-level inverter (b) can reproduce the desired sinusoidal
voltage curve better than a conventional two-level inverter (a).
Controlling three-level inverters:
Many microcontroller manufacturers offer specialised
motor control peripherals with built-in 6-phase PWM units.
Starting from the controller, gate drivers are used to
connect the six signals to the six IGBTs in order to create a
motor controller. Microcontrollers with two 6-phase PWM
blocks to control two motors can be used to control a three-
level inverter with a little finesse (such as synchronising the
PWM blocks). However, creating these features is quite
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
challenging.
and they include very significant restrictions. These
processors, especially those [3] with higher operating
frequencies, are unable to complete the necessary
calculations in the allotted time. As a result, the gate control
circuit and protective circuit for power semiconductors are
almost usually stored in programmable logic, such as in a
CPLD or FPGA, in at least part. A powerful, simple single-
chip solution is produced when control is solely handled by
an FPGA. A fly back converter and an initial switching
power supply are used to provide a 15 V dc voltage from
the DC connection voltage in order to power the drivers.
This is utilised to provide the gate drivers for the lower
IGBTs directly (IGBT 4). For the remaining voltages,
which are electrically isolated for each gate drives from 3.
III. PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM
The figure 3 shows the proposed system, in this system a
single phase inverter is shown while in the simulation
model is simulated for the three phase inverter, the output
of the inverter is connected to load/Grid, here the load in
the simulation is a simple BLDC motor, the feedback is
taken from the load and given as input to the Neuro-Fuzzy
and FPGA subsystem [17], here the feedback signal will be
the speed of the motor, which is given to the NFS system
from which the controlling output signal is obtained based
on that controlling data the gate pulses are designed, the
duty cycle is designed based on the output of the neuro-
fuzzy system, the gate pulses generated from FPGA
programmable [6] device is incorporated in MATLAB
SIMULINK MODELSIM tool, which can be used to
control the ON/OFF of IGBT switches of the inverter, this
controlling action will generate a constant voltage/speed at
the output.
Figure 3: Proposed Block Diagram
The output of the FPGA block has the PWM gate pulses
with duty cycle, here the voltage of these pulses is 3.3V,
hence the gate pulses are amplified using interfacing and
driving circuit, from which the 12V gate pulses is obtained,
required to drive the IGBT switches.
IV. FPGA-VERILOG MODULES
The architecture of the FPGA-based controller [10] is
modular. A schematic illustration of the top level of the
three-level PWM IP block is shown in Figure 4.
94
 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5 or byte-wide Flash memory, or it is serial to reduce pin
requirements..

V. NEURO-FUZZY LOGIC

By fusing the learning [8] and connectionist structure of

neural networks with the human-like reasoning style of
fuzzy systems, neuro-fuzzy logic make a bridge for two
methodologies so that the output should be more precise
which suppresses their respective disadvantages. The
primary benefit of neuro-fuzzy systems is that they are
approximate models with a wide range of inputs, as shown
in figure 5.
The primary advantage of neuro-fuzzy systems is that they
are interpretable IF-THEN systems with universal
approximates. The interplay between interpretability and
accuracy in fuzzy modeling is at the core of neuro-fuzzy
systems' strength. One of the two qualities usually wins out
in practice. The topic of study on neuro-fuzzy fuzzy
modeling is separated into two categories: exact fuzzy
modeling, which is focused on accuracy, and linguistic
fuzzy modeling.

Figure 4: If the target value of the voltage vector is not within the 24
sectors.

The above figure shows the space vectors present on the

three level inverter, there will be 24 vectors in the proposed
inverter, in which we are selecting the 19 space vectors, the
space vectors are nothing but the different stages of output
voltages which are taken for example (0,1,2), here the 0-
Zero voltage, 1-+Vdc voltage and 2—Vdc voltage, by this
we will get different space vectors in which 5 space vectors
are rejected of same output stage that is (0,0,0), (1,1,1),
(2,2,2).

XILINX:

You may use this document and its associated intellectual

property (hence referred to as "the Design") to create
designs that can interact with or run on Xilinx FPGAs. Any
unlawful use of the Design could [15] be against the law in
terms of copyright, trademarks, publicity, and laws Figure 5: Simple Neuro-Fuzzy implementation
governing communications.
In addition, Xilinx does not grant any license under any of
ANFIS Architecture:
its patents, copyrights, or other rights, nor does it undertake
any liability resulting from the use or use of the Design.
ANFIS [5] includes five layers as depicted in figure 6. The
You are in charge of acquiring any rights you might need
input variable's relative mapping to each membership
for the Design's use or execution. Xilinx maintains the right
function is done by the first hidden layer. The output layer
to alter the Design whenever it deems it necessary in its
totals up all the signals that come into this layer to
sole discretion. Xilinx [16] disclaims all responsibility for
determine the overall output. The least mean [11] square
correcting any errors in this document or informing you of
approach and back propagation learning are used by ANFIS
any changes that could be made. Xilinx disclaims all
to find the membership function parameters which are
responsibility for its accuracy or completeness.
required to generate the output and the consequent
parameters, respectively.
F.P.G.A:
The iterative learning algorithm comprises two elements for
The most popular method of building a [7] PWM generator
each phase. In the first section, here the input parameters
is using a field programmable gate array (FPGA). When a
are operated and the parameters generated as linguistic
design is implemented on an FPGA, the connection
variables are made fixed and the iterative minimum squared
between the blocks can readily be changed, making the
method algorithm is used to determine the parameters of
design adaptable. Compare to conventional converters the
the consequents. The input patterns are repeated in the
FPGA exhibit low delay, hence it is well known method for
second section, and every time the linguistic learning
PWM generation and also for design of inverters. For
outcomes with back propagation system is applied to
modest applications, it is less expensive. The configuration
change the parameters of neuro-fuzzy inference system [12]
data path is either byte-wide for optimal performance or
and the consequents constant.
serial to reduce the amount of pins needed In either
The community has believed that creating a fuzzy system
instance, the configuration data channel is either byte-wide
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE 95
with good performance is not an easy undertaking ever
for optimal performance or for simpler interfaces to CPUs
since fuzzy systems started to gain popularity in industrial
 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
applications. Finding
DVD Part the
Number: right membership
CFP22CB5-DVD: functions and
ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
rules is typically a time-consuming trial and error process.
This inspired the concept of using fuzzy systems to teach
learning algorithms. It had been suggested that neural
networks, which have effective learning algorithms, may be
used instead of automating or supporting the development
of fuzzy systems.
Fuzzy systems and neural networks can be integrated to
enhance each other's benefits and treat specific problems.
Neural networks contribute their computational learning
features into fuzzy systems and get the interpretation and
clarity of the systems' representation back from them.
As a result, the capabilities of neural networks make up for
the shortcomings of fuzzy systems. The fact that these
methods complement one another warrants using them
together.

Figure 7: Simulation circuit without feedback.

Figure 6: ANFIS architecture [18].

VI. SIMULATION RESULTS

The below figure 7 shows the three phase inverter with the
load as induction motor drive, the controlling of switches in
the three phase inverter with PWM pulses obtained from
the Neuro-Fuzzy system, In the below figure there is no
implementation of FPGA pulses and also no action taken to
get a constant speed/voltage required to a motor to run in a
rated speed.
Figure 8: Simulation circuit with FPGA pulses

The above figure 8 shows the three phase inverter with

Neuro-Fuzzy controller without feedback, but an attempt
made here to generate the PWM pulses using Xilinx-
Verilog programming using FPGA programmable device.
The figure 9 shows three phase inverter output for above
circuit; the only difference between two circuits is the
FPGA PWM pulses are generated using XILINX ISE [13]
and figure 10 shows the PWM pulse voltage in the FPGA
module.

978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE 96

Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Figure 9: Three phase inverter waveform Figure 11: RTL schematic of proposed DPWM Architecture

As shown in figure 10 the PWM pulses generated using

VERILOG programming, which are synthesized and
simulated using XILINX-ISE model and then they are
given to the MOSFET switches of the three phase three
level inverter using MODELSIM tool of
MATLAB/SIMULINK, the pulses are generated with a
specified duty cycle, the duty cycle intern designed with a
reference speed and the actual speed of the motor as input,
thus these PWM pulses control the ON-OFF of the
MOSFET switches, which generates the constant voltage
intern constant speed

Figure 10: FPGA pulses using XILINX ISE

Figure 12: Behavioral Simulation for duty cycle =62.5%

Figure 11 and figure 12 shows the RTL schematic and

pulses with a duty cycle 62.5% designed according to the
neuro-fuzzy controller output.

978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE 97

 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
The figure 13 Number:
DVD Part shows CFP22CB5-DVD:
Neuro-Fuzzy ISBN:
based978-1-6654-6083-5
three phase
inverter with BLDC motor a load [14], which is connected
as feedback and compared with reference speed and the
error output is given to the NFS controller to generate
controlling pulses required to obtained constant voltage to
run a motor at a rated speed, the figure 14 also shows the
same circuit with clear subsystem of controller subsystem,
error subsystem and BLDC motor subsystem to measure
speed, angular frequency etc.

Figure 15: Three Phase inverter waveform

Figure 13: Three Phase inverter with NFS system.

Figure 16: Constant Speed waveforms of BLDC Motor

The figure 15 and 16 shows the three phase inverter

waveform and constant speed of the motor with a Neuro-
Fuzzy controller.

The figure 17 shows the complete circuit of the model in

which a three phase three level inverter is designed with a
induction motor as a load with a feedback to run a motor
with a constant speed with the help of Neuro-Fuzzy
controller and according to the input from the NFS the
FPGA generate the PWM pulses to drive the IGBT
switches and they are modeled in the
Figure 14: Three Phase inverter with NFS system-2
MATLAB/SIMULINK using MODELSIM tool.

978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE 98

 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Figure 17: The Inverter with NFS-FPGA
Figure 18: Three Phase Three-Level Inverter
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022
Figure 19: FPGA pulses modeled in MATLAB/SIMULINK
Figure 20: Motor speed matching the reference speed
The figure 18 shows the three phase three level inverter
with three stages of output +Vdc, 0, -Vdc. The figure 19
shows the FPGA PWM pulses modeled in
MATLAB/SIMULINK using Hardware in Loop logic and
the Figure 20 shows that how the speed of the motor
becomes constant exactly at the reference speed with
almost zero error, the figure 20 shows the scope of the
motor speed measurement tool of MATLAB/SIMULINK,
here in this scope it clearly shows that the motor is running
with a different speed at one stage when we simulate the
circuit, the speed is measured and given to the NFS
controller which is compared with the reference speed and
then the action is taken to run the motor for reference speed
with very low acceptable error.
VII. CONCLUSION
The Multilevel inverters, here the three level inverter is
designed with three different control techniques, the three
level inverter with system PWM pulses is designed and
simulated, the same inverter is designed and simulated with
Neuro-Fuzzy PWM pulses and the output is connected to
the BLDC motor, The three phase three level inverter is
designed and simulated using MATLAB Simulink with
Neuro-Fuzzy controller to run the BLDC motor with a
constant speed and lastly the same three phase three level
inverter is designed with FPGA PWM hardware pulses
which is simulated in Hardware in Loop
MATALB/SIMULINK ModelSIM tool, for mitigation of
harmonics from which the output voltage at the load will be
constant without any error at the grid.
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Integrated Energy Storage Management in Electric Vehicles:
Emerging Trends, Analytical Assessment and Future Research
Opportunities” VL - 11 10.3390/electronics11040562
Electronics.
18. Vafaeenezhad, H., Sadegh Ghanei, S. H. Seyedein, H. Beygi,
and Mohammad Mazinani. "Process control strategies for dual-
phase steel manufacturing using ANN and ANFIS." Journal of
materials engineering and performance 23, no. 11 (2014):
3975-3983.

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Fuzzy Logic Controlled SEPIC With Coupled

Inductor-based Converter for High Voltage
Applications
D.Kirubakaran1,S.Gomathi2,T.Kavitha3,M.Sai Silvya4,P.Rajeshwari5,T.D.Subha6

Professor1,St.Joseph’s Institute of Technology, Chennai

Associate Professor2, Saveetha school of Engineering, Chennai
3
Assistant Professor ,Vel Tech Multi Tech Dr.Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai
Student4 5, Assistant Professor 6,RMK Engineering College, Chennai

Mailid: kirubad@gmail.com,sgomathi411@gmail.com,kavithat.it@veltechmultitech.org,sais20338.ec@rmkec.ac.in,
raje20331.ec @rmkec.ac.in,tdsubha2010@gmail.com

Abstract: This research work presents a novel I. Introduction

hybrid-modified SEPIC DC-DC converter with
coupled inductors that is well suited for
photovoltaic applications. Low-noise operation is
made possible by the active components such as
controller and clamped switching waveforms.
Continuous mode conduction reduces peak and
RMS currents. The evaluation of the
semiconductor's voltage and current stress leads
to the continuous conduction mode (CCM), which
will be determined by analyzing the steady-state
dynamic characteristics and the static voltage
regulation conversion ratio. After that, a
simulation of the converter's PI-PI and FL-FL
controlled closed loop will be executed. Once the
theoretical design is complete, a prototype has
been constructed to prove the feasibility of the
proposed solution and reveal its primary practical
features and limitations. To determine the
significance of the proposed model, it will be
compared to other related topologies. Finally, the
new hybrid converter will be used in an all-
inclusive photovoltaic panel system for converting
the solar energy. The MPPT and solar system will
then be tested in a real-world environment after
being modeled and simulated.
Keywords: PM Coupled inductor, DC-DC Converter,
proportional-integral (PI), fuzzy-logic-controller,
steady-state analysis, and RL-load.
DC power supplies were commonly adopted in
different areas, including electric vehicles and
airplanes [1]. In order to meet the DC voltage
specifications of the DC power stack, DC-DC
converters were employed. In addition, DC-DC
converters were crucial in the force-shaping of
alternative electrical energy sources like PV, breeze
generators, and energy unit architecture. The DC-DC
converter industry stands to benefit from these trends,
which bode well for the industry's future expansion
[2].Conventional DC-to-DC converters used power
semiconductor equipment that functioned as
electronic controllers; these were usually referred to
as switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) -approach
DC-to-DC converters (TDC-converters). A duty
cycle change was made that did not consider the
voltage range or the weight variations to embrace the
yield voltage consistency [3]. The trading devices
triggered nonlinear behavior in the boost converters
[4]. These useless nonlinear observables required a
positive-reaction controller in converters [5]. P, I and
D controls have changed [6]. The PID controller
reacted slowly to sudden changes in the stack or data
voltage. Electronics design centers focused on power
conversion feasibility. Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) converters could handle market volatility [7].
Fuzzy logic and the neural networks are examples of
fake sharp control that can verify, adapt, and control
nonlinear dynamical structures [8]. Increased yield
could be obtained by splitting the current, producing
it in two, mitigating against I2R catastrophes and AC
difficulties. Different applications of modified SEPIC

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converters include power factor correction (PFC), In CCM, the modified SEPIC equations can be
energy unit (EU) systems, PV arrays, and many written as
more. The modified SEPIC converter was built to
eliminate ripple in the output voltage and data
current. Its etymological origins can be traced back to
……………………………… (1)
a method that has been used to structure basic,
complex, and newly-introduced systems based on The modified SEPIC converter duty ratio is
user input, known as fuzzy logic. [9]. When precise
mathematical plans are unrealistic, fuzzy logic
controllers become a suitable alternative. During the
halfway point of the duty cycle, the inductor expands ………… (2)
and clears out any accumulated debris. Capacitor
yield was the sum of currents through two diodes Where the voltage transfer function is C and the
(I1+I2), which is not the yield DC and lowers the efficiency of the converter is 𝜂, Resistance to
yield capacitor wave current (IOUT) and helps to minimum and maximum loads are
complete the duty cycle. The total DC yield from
both diode streams is monitored at a precise time
when the duty cycle was monitoring for 0%, 50% and …………………………..(3)
100%. Capacitor output should channel the inductor
growth currents under any effect based on ideal and
working centers. High-step-up converters are
implemented with a single yield capacitor and a
coupled inductor connected in series and parallel (10-
………………………..(4)
11). The interleaving strategy manages each switch,
and PWM sign difference remain 1800. Since the
current magnitude through each inductor is reduced
between stages, the size and inductance of the ……………………… (5)
inductor, as well as the information current wave can
be made smaller. II. Research Gap

DC to DC Modified SEPIC high step-up The dynamic response of the modified high step-up
Converter converter-DC-DC RL load system must be improved.
However, the background literature does not cover
The capacity of the modified SEPIC converter is
using a proportional-integral/Fuzzy-logic-controlled
meant to act as a voltage step-up converter from one
two-loop modified SEPIC converter-DC RL load
level to the next level. Figure 1 is an example of the
system to improve the dynamic response. Therefore,
circuit used in DC-DC high step-up converter.
this paper proposes a Fuzzy-logic-controller for the
DC-RL Load System with a modified SEPIC
converter.

2.1. System Description

Figure 1: DCDC-Modified SEPIC-Converter-Circuit
FL Controller
If the input is not normalized, a gain is applied to
make it normal, and the output is then scaled by this
gain. An adjustment to the input-to-output scale
factor is necessary if the input's usable range is to be
expanded or contracted. This controller design
reduces T Rise, T Settle, E steady.

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voltage at the input, which is 20V, is portrayed in

Fig. 2 displays a simulation diagram of an open loop
source disturbance system. Figure 3 shows the
simulation of a PI-PI controller in a closed loop. The
block diagram for the FL-FL controller in closed-
loop simulation is shown in Figure 4. In closed-loop
simulation, PI-PI and FL-FL controllers can both be
found.
Figure 6. Figure 7 illustrates that there is a voltage
difference of 220V across the RL load. The 4.5A
current shown in figure 8 is the one that is flowing
through the RL load. It can be seen in Figure 9 that
power is 1000W. The simulation's configurations are
presented in Table1.
Table-1

Simulation parameters

Vin 15V

C1 1000µF

L1, L2 5µH
Figure 2: Block Diagram of Proposed System
C2,C3 2000µF

Frequency 20Khz

Mosfet IRF840

Diode IN4007

R 50Ω

V0 165V

Figure 3: Proposed System with PI-PI Controller

Figure 5: Modified SEPIC Converter with Source

Disturbance
Figure 4: Proposed System with FL-FL Controller

2.2. Open loop modified SEPIC converter with

source disturbance

circuit diagram of a modified SEPIC converter along

with a source disturbance is represented in Fig 5. The

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shown in Figure 13. Fig. 14, shows the power output

is 550W.

Figure 6: Input voltage

Figure10: Modified SEPIC converter with PI-PI

controller
Figure 7: RL-load Voltage

Figure 11: Voltage

Figure 8: RL-load Current

Figure 12: Voltage across RL-Load

Figure 9: Power

III.Two loop-ILBC-DCMS-with P.I-P.I controller

and FLC-FLC

Circuit diagram of a closed-loop PI-PI controller for

a customized SEPIC converter is shown in Figure 10.
Observed in Fig. 11, the input voltage is 20V. Figure
12 shows the 165V across the RL-load that was
measured. Current through the RL load was 3.35A, as

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Figure 13: Current through RL Load Figure 16: Input Voltage of Modified SEPIC
Converter

Figure 14: Power

A modified SEPIC converter with a closed-loop FL- Figure 17: Voltage across RL-Load
FL controller is shown in Figure 15. According to
Fig. 16, the input voltage is 20V. The RL-load
voltage is 165V, as shown in fig. 17. Fig. 18 displays
the 3.35A current through the RL load. The 550W of
power is displayed in Figure 19.

Figure 18: Current through RL Load

Figure 15: Circuit Diagram of Modified SEPIC

Converter with FL-FL Controller
Figure 19: Output Power

Table 1 shows a comparison of the time domain

parameters of the PI-PI and FL-FL controllers used in
the modified SEPIC converter system. Figure 20 is a
bar chart comparing the Time Domain Parameters of

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the original SEPIC converter system to those of the FL-FL controller. The FL-FL controller allowed for a
modified system using PI-PI and FL-FL controllers; 76% improvement in efficiency, with the steady-state
the Rise time was reduced from 0.43 s to 0.05 s error going from 1.60 V to 0.12 V. Results show that
thanks to the FL-FL controller. Reduced from 0.54 s the closed-loop FL-FL controller in the modified
to 0.07 s, the Peak time is a direct result of the FL-FL SEPIC converter system is superior to the PI-PI
controller. The FL-FL controller allows us to reduce controller.
the settling time from 0.93 s to 0.09 s, a significant
improvement. Utilizing the FL-FL controller reduced
the steady-state error from 1.60 V to 0.12 V. As seen
Table -2 Comparison of Output Parameters
in the results, the modified SEPIC converter system's
closed-loop FL-FL controller outperforms the PI-PI Converter Vin(V) Vo(V) Vor(V) Ior(A) Po(W)
controller in terms of overall system performance.

Table -1 Assessment of time domain parameters Existing 15 95 1.5 0.03 180

SEPIC
Controllers T Rise T Peak T Settle E steady
Modified 15 165 0.9 0.02 550
(s) (s) (s)
SEPIC
PI-PI 0.43 0.54 0.93 1.60

FLC-FLC 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.12

Figure 21: Bar Chart Comparison of Output

Parameters

IV. Conclusion

Simulation of the real SEPIC converter system is and

modified SEPIC converter are modeled. These
Figure 20: Bar Chart Comparison of Time Domain structures are evaluated against one another. The
Parameters output voltage of this modified SEPIC converter
system rises from 95V to 165V. Reduce the output
Time domain parameters of the PI-PI and FL-FL
voltage ripple from 1.50V to 0.90V by using a
controllers of the modified SEPIC converter system
specially designed SEPIC converter system. The
are compared in Table 1. Time Domain Parameters
output ripple current of the SEPIC converter system
for the original SEPIC converter system and the
was reduced from 0.03A to 0.02A as a result of the
modified system using PI-PI and FL-FL controllers
modifications made. The output power was raised
are shown side-by-side in Figure 20. The Rise time
from 180W to 550W using a modified SEPIC
was reduced from 0.43 s to 0.05 s thanks to the FL-
converter system. The updated SEPIC converter
FL controller. Peak time decreases from 0.54 s to
system performs better than the traditional SEPIC
0.07 s when the FL-FL controller is used. Settlement
converter system as a result. A modified SEPIC
time is reduced from 0.93 s to 0.09 s when using the
converter circuit is put to the test in this simulation

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using a closed-loop PI-PI controller. The circuit
layout of a customized SEPIC converter outfitted
with a closed-loop FL-FL controller system is
displayed in this simulation. We assess and contrast
the PI-PI and FL-FL controllers' time-domain
parameters. Reduce the Rise time by 50% with the
FL-FL controller, from 0.43 to 0.05 seconds. Reduce
the Peak time from 0.54 s to 0.07s by using the FL-
FL controller. The settling time is reduced by the FL-
FL controller from 0.93s to 0.09s. When using the
FL-FL controller, the steady-state error decreases
from 1.60V to 0.12V. According to the results, the
modified SEPIC converter system's closed loop FL-
FL controller is superior to the closed loop PI-PI
controller.
[10]LiP.IngGuo, Johny.Hung and Nelms RM (2009) Evaluation of
DSP-based PID and fuzzy controller for dc converters. IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
[11] Suganyadevi et al, “Performance Comparison of Different
Bidirectional DC-DC converters For Solar PV System” Journal of
Electrical Engineering,Vol.1.pp 1-6,2019.
[12] A.Deepak et al, “Photovoltaic based Induction motor speed
control Using SEPIC converter” International Journal of Advanced
Science and Technology, Vol.29.pp 3932-3945,2020
[13]Gomathi, S et al., “Multiple Input Bidirectional DC-DC
converter” International Journal of Advanced Engineering
Technology, Vol.7.pp 959-963, 2016.

V. References

[1] Navamani J D, et al.,(2017) Analysis of modified-quadratic DC

to DC boost converter. IEEE International Conference on
Inventive Systems and Control (ICI-SC)15, 2017.
[2]Gomathi S ,et al (2016), “Soft-Switching Design of Isolated
Boost Converter with Coupled Inductor” International journal for
Research in Applied Science in Engineering and
Technology,Vol.4.pp 154-159,2016.
[3]Ibrahim O and Yahaya NZ (2016) PID Controller Response to
Set Point Change in DC-DC Converter Control, International
Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJ-PEDS)7(2).
[4]Ali-A,et al.,(2015) Implementation of simple moving voltage
average technique with direct control incremental conductance
method to optimize the efficiency of DC microgrid, IEEE
international Conference-on-Emerging Tec(ICET)15.
[5] Padmakala.S et al., (2021), “Enhancement of Modified Multi
port boost converter for hybrid system”, International Conference
on Innovative Computing, Intelligent Communication and Smart
Electrical Systems (ICSES) Sep 2021.
[6] Khayamy M,et al.,(2016) Adaptive fuzzy logic control mixing
strategy of dc/dc converter in both discontinuous and continuous
conduction modes, Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical
Systems27(3):274288.
[7]Kumar PVR and Kalavathi MS,(2018) Fractional Order P.ID
Controlled Interleaved Boost converter Fed Shunt Active Filter
System, International Journal of Power
ElectronicsandDriveSystem9(1).
[8] Gomathi .S et al.,(2022) ,“PFC Based Three Stage Interleaved
Boost Converter For Renewable Energy System” 6th
International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics
(ICOEI) April 2022.pp.289 – 295.
[9]Budiyanto and Setiabudy R (2013) Inverter Development as A
Boost Converter for DC Microgrid, TELKOMNIKA
Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control 11(2).

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Optimal Siting and Sizing of Dispersed Generation
in Electrical Distribution Network with PSO
Aishwarya M. Holi Mihir V. Patel
Shubham B. Kattikar patelmihir006@gmail.com
holiaishwarya@gmail.com Shubhamkattikar1309@gmail.com KLS-GIT, Belagavi
KLSGIT, Belagavi
KLS-GIT, Belagavi
Santosh M. Nejakar
santoshnejakar@jitd.in
Rudresh B. Magadum JIT, Davanagere
rbmagadum@git.edu
KLS-GIT, Belagavi

Abstract—Due to changes in the lifestyle of consumers

demand, the load is increasing day by day. Because of this, we Many scientists, energy managers, policy makers,
are facing power loss power quality issues and poor voltage supplying companies, academicians, industrialists, power
profile at consumers or load side. To address this issue many generating companies to augment the overall operation and
methods are used to solve them those as FACTS devices, Shunt
performance of electric grid [5-6]. Mainly,
capacitors placements, Network reconfiguration, Smart
substations, DTC placement, Automatic Voltage Regulators  Up-gradation of T&D infrastructure
(AVR), and fast operating power electronics components, etc.  Express feeders
So we are addressing this issue by optimal allocation and sizing  Network reconfiguration
of DG in electrical distribution arrangements. In this paper,  Make use of high-speed operating power electronic
the forward & backward sweep method with PSO is employed devices
to identify the most suitable location to enhance the overall  DTC/AVR Placement
network efficiency without violating the security constraints.  Integration of dispersed power generation
Keywords — Particle Swarm Optimization; Dispersed
generation; Line outages; Power quality; Voltage profile;
From the available literature PSO method is more
Power loss. reliable compare to other methods. It facilitates usual
control of the acceleration coefficient, inertia weight and
Nomenclature: other algorithm parameters at the run time thus perk up the
search usefulness and efficiency at the identical time [7].
DG Dispersed Generation
Vmax Voltage maximum
PSO simulates the social behavior of living communities
Psave Power Saving and the main advantage of PSO algorithm as compared to
RDN Radial Distribution Networks other evolutionary ones is easy to implement. The
AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator computational time of PSO is reasonably priced as
PSO Particle Swarm Optimization compared to other optimal algorithm due to its bounded
PL Active power loss number of parameters and also PSO is simple. For its fast
In Node current convergence and ease of implementation in this paper, PSO
NR Newton Raphson Method method is used for optimal siting and sizing of dispersed
DC Direct Current generators in distributed networks and using python
LFA Load Flow Analysis
language for simulation [8-13]. Fig.1 shows typical
kW Killo Watts
p.u. Per Unit electrical network integrated with different types of loads,
k Number of iterations T&D infrastructure and central generating units.
T&D Transmission and Distribution
GS Gauss Siedel
AI Artificial Intelligence
ML Machine Learning
SLD Single Line Diagram
DN Distribution Network

I. INTRODUCTION
Distributed generation is a supple technology that
can be benefited to lower the cost of service [1]. It is a
encouraging solution to the instituted problems in the power
system such as power loss, voltage regulation, etc.
Installation of distributed generators in suitable places can
upshot in more energy losses and voltage instability which
leads to higher operating costs [2-3]. However, the Fig.1 Electrical network
placement of Distributed generators has significant
improvement on the power loss reduction and magnification In this paper, most advantageous allocation and
of voltage profile [4]. sizing of DG is conceded out using backward/forward
method with PSO technique to find the most favorable

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location with proper penetration of power to boost the most favorable siting of dispersed generation setback to
overall health of the network with significant enhancement diminish the loss takes the following steps:
of the efficiency and voltage profile.
Step 1. Read the network line parameters, load values and
II. METHODOLOGY node data, and node voltage values.
As the major objective of this work is to find out the Step 2. Compute the loss with distribution LFA supported
optimal node and sizing of the dispersed generation in the on a backward/forward method.
DN to curtail the active power loss, the following objectives Step 3. Arbitrarily generates a preliminary population of
function is chosen as: particles with random positions and velocities on
Min{PTL}=Min{I2R} (1) dimensions in the solution space. Set the iteration
counter k = 0.
Without breaching the voltage and power balance Step 4. For every particle, if the node voltage is contained
equations i.e. by permissible limits, compute the total loss using
Vmin≤V≤Vmax eqn (3). if not, that particle is unrealistic.
Step 5. For every particle, contrast its intended value with
PG=PD+PTLoss (2) the individual best. If the objective value is lower
QG=QD+QTloss (3) than Pbest, set this value as the current Pbest, and
record the corresponding particle position.
Load current can be computed by, Step 6. Select the particle correlated with the smallest
Ij(k)= (( PLj+jQLj )/ Vj (k-1))* for j= 2,3….N (4) individual best as Pbest of all particles, and set the
value of this Pbest as the current generally best
Imn(k)= In(k) + Σ branch current (5) Gbest.
Vn(k) =Vm(k)- Zmn Imn(k) (6) Step 7. Revise the position and velocity of particle using
equations (2) and (1).
Where, n,m= 2,3…………..N and n != m, N Step 8. If the iteration value attains the utmost boundary,
attend the step 9. if not, situate iteration key k = k +
1, and revisit the step 4.
Step 9. Publish the most advantageous elucidation to the
intended predicament. The unsurpassed position
comprises the finest allocation and range of DG,
and the resultant fitness value correspond to the
lowest active power loss.

The PSO algorithm is capable to attain a superior

solution by predetermined steps of progress steps carry out
on a predetermined set of potential elucidation.

Apart from conventional load flow methods the

backward/forward method is used for the LFA due to high
convergence rate & precise computational time. For
distribution network NR, GS and FDC methods are not
suitable converging issues.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The IEEE 33 nodes network is used as a test system.
The SLD of the network is exemplified in Fig. 3. The IEEE
33-bus system has 32 transmission corridors with a total
load of 3715 kW and 2400 kVAR. The active power losses
are 180 kW. The base MVA is 100 MVA and the foundation
kV is 12660 V. For PSO parameter, Upper bound, Lower
bound, Maximum Iteration = 100. Fig.3 represents the SLD
of IEEE-33 node electrical DN.

Fig.2 PSO based backward/forward method

The flowchart of the intended methodology is exemplified

in Fig.2. The PSO-supported technique for deciphering the

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Prior to the integration of the DG in the network, the

voltage is observed concerning 0.9063 pu volts, which is the
least of all node voltages is shown in Fig. 6. Meanwhile
after integration of a DG, the voltage is progressed.
Nevertheless, after the integration of DG, the voltage at
node-18 is found 0.9510 pu volts. From the LFA, it can be
observed that a DG gives a superior preference for the
enhancement of the voltage profile of the system.

Fig.3 IEEE-33 bus RDN

The Forward/Backward sweep method was applied

to IEEE 33-nodes network with the total active load of
3.715 MW and reactive load of 2.4 MVAR. The real power
losses are 180 kW when computed by using load flow for
the base case. The Fig.4 shows voltage profile of the system,
as shown in the figure voltage profile has very poor at 18th
bus and per unit voltage at this bus is 0.9065 pu which is
minimum of all node. After this node 33th bus has poor
voltage rating that is 0.9231 pu.
Fig 6 Voltage Profile Comparison
Before installation of the DG in the system, the real
power loss is 180 kW, after integration of DG at 6 bus
and it size is 1000kW, the real power loss is reduced to
60kW (67.66 % of total real loss), the power losses at
each bus after installation of the DG was represented in
Fig.7.

Fig.4 Voltage profile without DG Fig.7 Power Loss Comparison

The Fig.5 shows active power loss at each bus and the total
active power loss is 180 kW when computed by using load
flow for the base case.
The voltage values of the entire network at every
node are shown in Fig.8 before and after DG
integration of two DG’s. For two DG, the real power
loss was condensed from 180 kW to 41.4 kW, which is
77.12% of the overall active power declination. It can
be observed that the most favorable siting for DG is at
bus 6th and best possible size of the DG is 1000 kW.
Whereas the optimal siting for second DG is at bus
13th and finest size is 635 kW.

Fig 8 Voltage Profile Comparison

Fig.5. Active Power Loss

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Fig.9 Power Loss Comparison
IV.CONCLUSION
The optimal sizing and siting of DG play a extremely
significant role in the power system to promote the grid
reinforcement, loss minimization with enrichment of voltage
profile. The literature reviews shows that there are different
methods for the finest site & sizing of DG in usage. In this
project, we have believed the PSO method for the finest
sizing and site of DG in Python software. Proposed methods
are tested by considering the IEEE 33 bus; finally, it is
observed that the optimal location & sizing of DG facilitates
to improve the voltage profile, real power loss minimization
which helps to improve the power system stability.
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[8] Thomas Allen Short, “Electric Power Distribution Equipment and
Systems”, CRC publishers, Nov-2015.
[9] Vinay J. Shetty, SG Ankaliki, “Electrical distribution system power
loss reduction and voltage profile enhancement by network
reconfiguration using PSO”, IEEE ICEES-.2019.
[10] Tejaswi Timasani, “Minimization of power loss in distributed
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[11] R. B. Magadum, V. J. Shetty, A. V. Deshpande and S. D. Hirekodi,
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[12] R. B. Magadum and D. B. Kulkarni, "Performance Enhancement of
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[13] Soliman, A.M., Emara, S.M. & Nashed, M.N.F. Grid Performance
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A Study of Genealogy and Tracking Systems for

Automotive Manufacturing Industries
AKHIL THOMAS ARVIND A R ANGELINA GEETHA
Hindustan Institute of Technology & Science Ashok Leyland Hindustan Institute of Technology & science
Chennai, India Chennai, India Chennai, India
akhilthomas2702@gmail.com ara.arvind@gmail.com angelinag@hindustanuniv.ac.in

Abstract—Automotive manufacturing involves aggregation of
large quantity of parts into a single product. Genealogy, tracking
and traceability are vital due to the complexity in handling the
quantum of parts which runs into thousands. Understanding
the nuances of Genealogy, tracking and traceability is of vital
importance. Moreover, vehicle recall policy mandates automotive
industries to have a robust traceability system in place. This
paper focuses on the study of various genealogy and tracking sys-
tems in use globally for automotive manufacturing, the standards
governing them and recommends the use of IT based systems as
optimal for cost control and operations friendliness.
Index Terms—Genealogy, Tracking, Traceability, Cost control,
Vehicle Assembly
solve the problems of lack of complete information and
transparency associated with conventional information
tracking. In addition, they can also track the quality of steel
goods properly [2].
Implementation of an e-commerce system based on
blockchain to track spare parts ownership between original
equipment manufacturers, suppliers, and consumers. In order
to execute these functions, trigger events, and modifiers,
smart contracts were developed. They integrated decentralized
storage services (IPFS) to store spare parts details and quotes
from suppliers [3].

I. I NTRODUCTION The paper explains PartChain, a blockchain-based tool for

Manufacturing industries generally use multiple input com-
ponents/ ingredients and convert into basket of products. The
input material undergoes a change in physical (Automotive)
/ chemical (Oil and natural gas) / biological (Pharmaceutical)
properties through a series of processes into a final product.
There is a requirement to trace the variety of ingredients which
is supplied by multiple vendors and track the sequence in
which they undergo the process. This requirement has of late
been mandated as a legal requirement by many governments
globally. The paper intends to study various systems used for
the purpose.
II. R EVIEW OF L ITERATURE
The paper observes the usage of RFID based tracking
systems in dairy products manufacturing companies for
their finished products. RFID solution collects and tracks
dairy product manufacturing from raw materials to finished
products and in the process tracks the flow of material in
totality. At any time, it can check the information on products,
ensure the quality of products, enhance the reputation of
enterprises and brands, and lay the groundwork for future
product development [1].
A blockchain-based system for tracing steel products is
designed to improve the quality of steel products. Steel
products can be certified using information generated by
manufacturing enterprise, logistics companies, and customer.
Consumers can gain a greater understanding of the actual
manufacturing process by using this process, which can
creating, monitoring, and sharing tamper-proof and secure
digital representations of physical parts across multiple supply
chains. A low entry barrier method that is especially useful
for small and medium-sized businesses, PartChain enables
businesses to establish an effective, cost-effective supply
chain traceability system [4].
A game-theoretical model is given to capture the
interactions among manufacturers, retailers, and consumers.
Studying upstream and downstream competition in the
recall supply chain by enhancing the tracking capability and
reliability of products. In essence, describes the differences
between traceability and reliability optimization [5].
Throughout the supply chain, blockchain technology
will be used to track the condition and traceability of
aircraft spare parts. Hyperledger Fabric has been used as
a framework and software architecture to enable ASPM
(Aircraft spare parts inventory management) to integrate and
share information in a safe and appropriate manner through a
consensus mechanism and channels. This article discusses the
various traceability, condition tracing, and security aspects of
blockchain technology [6].
Automating the safety monitoring of medical devices and
provides the regulator with information about products at the
right time and offer data on the most prevalent inconsistencies
on the market, which, after a comprehensive study, aids in
the improvement of product quality [7]).

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A Complex product configurations in the automotive
industry can be tracked from the time of production to
completion. By enabling decentralised manufacturing settings
with a trusted and shared database, Ethereum’s consortium
and Proof of Authority consensus serve both as transparent
and economic frameworks [8].
A discussion on parts tracking, traceability, product geneal-
ogy and describe some parts tracking applications. Printed bar-
codes can be used, as well as Direct Part Marking (DPM) and
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technologies, which
have become the technologies of choice in recent years, as
DPM is permanent, while RFID is readable and can bear prod-
uct genealogy data on the product, instead of in a database.
The study also discusses Automated Data Collection (ADC)
technologies, which are either optical or non-optical Perma-
nent Optical Marking/DPMs. Because most bar codes cannot
be left on forever, manufacturers turn to DPMs, especially for
products that are exposed to harsh conditions [9].
III. G ENEALOGY, T RACKING & T RACEABILITY
A. Genealogy
Genealogy focuses on documenting the parent child rela-
tions between the parts, assemblies, and sub-assemblies that
comprise a finished product. It’s basically a ”cradle-to-grave”
collection of product data which contains both forward [12]
(what further additions happens) and backward [11] (what pre-
vious additions have happened) information about the product.
The parent part for the tracking system is the one that is
being tracked, but all relations with consumed parts are also
maintained.
B. Tracking
Tracking is knowing where and what parts are at any
time within manufacturing and warehousing processes. This
is typically done by through identification (marking) and
tracking (tracing within the organization) the container or
pallet in which the items are conveyed or packaged, which
is usually performed within shipping, receiving, and inventory
functions. With the introduction of Just-in-time (JIT) concepts,
the material is fed directly to line side (by-passing stores and
inventory) towards better cost control (indirect expenses like
labor for tracking can be eliminated, which further improves
cost efficiency) and traceability. It most often involves the
use of printed bar code/Quick response (QR) code/Radio
frequency identification labels/tags and handheld scanners to
perform the tracking functions.
C. Traceability
The concept of traceability refers to the tracking of all
processes in the manufacturing process, from the procurement
of raw materials, to the production, consumption, and disposal
of a product so that its origin, location, or application can be
confirmed. Depending on the industry, its definition differs
slightly, such as automobile, electrical component, food, and
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pharmaceutical. However, in the manufacturing industry it
is defined as Information on manufacturers, distributors, and
suppliers is recorded. Throughout the entire manufacturing
process, from the procurement of raw materials and parts to
the assembly, machining, distribution, and sales, this data is
tracked so that the history of all products can be traced.
D. Genealogy and Tracking differentiated
• Even though both genealogy and tracking share some
similar technologies they function entirely different ways
to meet very specific goals.
• Genealogy is the record of data about a finished product
and all its process from basic material to a finished
product. It is used to limit the risk of getting a defective
product.
• Tracking on the other hand is used to know the location
of the parts of a finished product in the manufacturing
process. It is used to increase company efficiency.
E. Importance of Genealogy and Tracking
• Comprehensive Product Documentation
As part of a quality management system, records of
product genealogy are kept electronically so they can
be audit ready. A documented audit trail also ensures
complete product traceability. Documents pertaining to
the quality of products and services include configuration
records as-built or as-maintained, as well as disposition
records for nonconformances. The system maintains a
digital thread of historical production data [12].
• Improved Quality Tracking
Manufacturing companies need to monitor custom spec-
ifications of a product or component and assign various
levels of control over its products, lots, shipments, or
clients. Specific product requirements are tracked traced
using unique identifiers like month and batch codes [13],
running serial numbers printed over bar code [14] or QR
sticker [12].
• Fewer Product Defects and Product Recalls
Good parts management system allows to track, recall,
and dispose of suspect items. Problems can often be iden-
tified quickly (Product traceability with batch number,
running serial number and unique identifier as filters will
help with quick identification of defective product), and
rework can be avoided when a product can be traced back
to its raw material processes. By improving visibility, a
company can process fewer recalls or warranty claims
and thereby reap the benefits of better profitability [12].
• Helps Maintain Regulatory Compliance
Regulatory and compliance requirements can be met by
implementing a quality management solution. To facil-
itate conformity throughout the lifecycle of a product,
standards can be managed within a quality management
system. This is particularly valuable in an environment
characterized by fast-paced regulatory changes [12].
• Streamlines Shop Floor Operations
Enables managers make better decisions through access
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for real-time product lifecycle information. Automation
of production processes ensure workflow centred on
quality, thereby reduces shop floor time while maximizing
efficiency [12].
• Holds Suppliers Accountable
The genealogy of a product keeps vendors accountable
for maintaining quality standards. By identifying points
of failure, it can be quickly determined where product
quality is lacking. At each stage of the product lifecycle,
key metrics for suppliers should be available. Continuous
improvement will be encouraged. The suppliers of first-
tier products can be linked to the suppliers of sub-tier
products to enable better traceability [12].
• Improved Customer Satisfaction
Manufacturing companies can rest assured that their
products’ quality is closely monitored throughout the
lifecycle. Customer satisfaction increases when fewer
defects and recalls occur, and when the overall quality
of the products is higher than usual [12].
F. Standards governing Genealogy and Tracking
symbol, and must display the data Identifier in paren-
theses rather than start or stop characters when a data
Identifier is part of the HRI.
• Two-dimensional symbols can include multiple data fields
(Data Matrix and QR Code).
• Use ISO/IEC 16022, Symbology Specification - Data
Matrix, or ISO/IEC 18004, Symbology Specification -
QR Code, when dealing with two-dimensional symbols.
• Due to the large number of characters that 2D symbols
can encode, it may not be possible to create a human-
readable interpretation (HRI) of the symbols. Alterna-
tively, descriptive text or Human Translation (HT) may
accompany the symbol rather than literal text.
The benefit of adopting standard is as below:
• Usage of globally unique identifier
• Inclusion of human-readable information, such as a sup-
plier name, product description, and lot number
• Enables employees training (ie by mandating and moni-
toring training mandays)
• Usage of automated data capture processes (for preventive

This second iteration of the Automobile Industry Action and predictive analytics)
• Emphasis on Inventory and resource management
Group (AIAG) B-4 Standard describes the approved identi-
• Serial tracking
fication and tracking symbols for automotive parts that are
• System auditing
required for genealogy and tracking of the finished product.
• Monitoring and storing data
As part of the standard, linear symbols such as Code 39 and
Code 128 are encouraged, as well as two-dimensional symbols G. Vehicle recall policy
such as the Data Matrix and QR Code. Due to the availability
of auto-discriminating equipment, this standard recommends Manufacturers and distributors are exposed to the biggest
the use of multiple symbols. The goal of this standard is risks when it comes to product recalls. Manufacturers in the
to provide a minimum standard for identifying or labelling automotive industry have the highest rate of product recalls
individual components, subpacks, unit packs, assemblies, kits, (refer fig 1)
or subassemblies that has been disseminated outside of their
original site. This specification gives for the most freedom in
terms of symbol size, location, and information. Neither the
dimensions of the labels, marking areas, or marking methods
of the individual parts or unit packs are outlined in this
standard [15].
The following are some of the standards mentioned regard-
ing linear symbols and 2D symbols in this standard:
• A part or label can be marked with any data field that is
agreed upon by trading partners.
• A data field must contain a Data Identifier followed by
data associated with it.
• Linear barcode symbols (Code 39 and Code 128) must
each contain unique data.
• The length of Code 39 or Code 128 symbols should be Fig. 1. Absolute number of recalls in automotive industry (SIAM data)
no longer than 20 characters and should not exceed 30
characters. The risk that companies face when it comes to recalls
• Depending on the linear symbology, ISO/IEC 16388 Bar and regulations that enforce quality and compliance makes
Code Symbology Specification - Code 39 or ISO/IEC it increasingly important for manufacturers and distributors
15417 Bar Code Symbology Specification - Code 128 to have a manufacturing execution system (MES) in place
must be followed. that can provide genealogy and track any changes made to
• A human-readable interpretation (HRI) of the Code 39 the product during the course of its lifespan. These MES
and Code 128 symbol should include all encoded infor- should be able to track and trace vendors and products entering
mation, should be placed consistently above or below the the company, products and processes inside the organization,

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Fig. 2. Voluntary recall information of 2021-2022 in India [16]
Source: Society of Indian Automobile Manufactures, 2022
and customers delivered goods. In order to reduce the effect
of product returns and recalls, manufacturers and distribu-
tors should use accurate genealogy, tracking, and traceability
throughout the product lifecycle and supply chain, as well as
reviewing current materials, products, and processes to reduce
the possibility that such events reoccur.
H. Benchmarking various genealogy, traceability and tracking
systems in use by automotive manufacturing
A detailed study was carried-out on the various genealogy,
traceability and tracking systems across the globe and the
findings are presented in the figure 3.
Figure 3 compiles the genealogy and traceability systems
currently available on the market. It is important to note that
the above classification was based on the importance attribute
assigned by the system, even though most of the systems
shown in artifact 2.0 provide both genealogy and traceability.
As we look at the artifact, we gain a better knowledge of
the many types of systems in use today to provide product
genealogy and components traceability as we examine the
artefact. In addition, we can conclude from the above artifact
that most automotive companies utilize modernized IT systems
to improve product quality.
IV. C ONCLUSION
In this paper, we explore genealogy, traceability, and track-
ing within the automotive industry. Additionally, this paper
provides the importance, differences, and standards that govern
genealogy and tracking at the time of manufacturing.The
manufacturing industry has been using genealogy and tracking
extensively in its supply chain. While defects and risks are
inevitable, genealogy and tracking have made it possible
for manufacturers to reduce these risks and defects in their
manufacturing processes. In the past year, the automotive
industry had the greatest number of recalls, which emphasizes
the need for genealogy and tracking, as outlined in this paper.
Additionally, the paper covers different types of systems that
are used by various automobile manufacturers to track and
trace the genealogy of their products and the usage of part
solutions in lieu of complete MES package. Genealogy and
tracking are essential to a manufacturing company because
they reduce costs by decreasing defect rates in the finished
product.
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[1] Zhang, T., Cao, C., Yu, H. and Liu, Y., 2020. Design and Implementation
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[4] Miehle, D., Henze, D., Seitz, A., Luckow, A. and Bruegge, B., 2019.
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national Conference on Decentralized Applications and Infrastructures
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[11] Gehl, R. W. (2017). (Critical) Reverse Engineering and Genealogy. Le
Foucaldien, 3(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.16995/lefou.26
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[14] Bhutta, M. N. M., & Ahmad, M. (2021). Secure Identification, Trace-
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[15] Webmaster, A., 2022. Parts Identification & Tracking — AIAG.
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recall.aspx?mpgid=31&pgidtrail=84¿ [Accessed 18 October 2022].
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Fig. 3. Broad classification and benchmarking study of genealogy, traceability and tracking systems across the globe

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A Generic Algorithm for
Controlling an Eyeball-based Cursor System
Praveena Narayanan Sri Harsha.N Sai Rupesh.G
Assistant Professor Department of Department of Computer Science and Department of Computer Science and
Computer Science and Technology Technology Technology
Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Madanapalle Institute of Technology &
Science Science Science
Madanapalle, India Madanapalle, India Madanapalle, India
praveenan@mits.ac.in harsha.appu6653@gmail.com guntisairupesh@gmail.com

Sunil Kumar Redy Rupesh.S Yeswanth.M

Department of Computer Science and Department of Computer Science and Department of Computer Science and
Technology Technology Technology
Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Madanapalle Institute of Technology &
Science Science Science
Madanapalle, India Madanapalle, India Madanapalle, India
konkisunil67333@gmail.com rupeshsriuma@gmail.com machayeswanth013@gmail.com

Abstract— This paper introduces a specific human-
computer interaction system. To get input from the user, a
system solely depends on various input devices. But the people
who are afflicted by specific ailments or disorders, are unable to
use computers. Allowing persons with disabilities and vision
impairments to operate computers with their eyes will be very
beneficial to them. Additionally, this form of control will reduce
the need for other parties to assist in operating the computer.
The individual who is handless and can just utilize their eye
motions to work will find this measure to be most useful. The
center of the pupil is intimately related to how the cursor moves.
The electronic device controls the movement of the computer
cursor. In this proposed system, OpenCV libraries and the Haar
cascade algorithm are used for detecting eye movements.
Keywords— Eyeball Movement, OpenCV, Haar cascade,
Computer.
I. INTRODUCTION
In today’s era, computers have become a significant part
of human lives. Human-computer interaction is becoming
increasingly important as computer technologies advance.
Currently, there are around 21 million people in India who are
suffering from one or more physical disabilities, and it
constitutes around 2 percent of India’s population. Such
people cannot readily use the computer system [9]. There is a
need to find appropriate technology that allows for effective
communication between humans and computers. Eyeball
movement control is primarily used by the disabled. By
integrating this eye control system with a computer, one can
operate a computer without assistance from others.
If the person’s body is completely paralyzed, then the way
the person can communicate with the computer was
uncertain. Later, a solution that was proposed is that a
universally recognized nonverbal expression still carries
significant weight in the eyes of humans. Most people agree
that the human eyes can express hundreds of words' worth of
immense emotions and feelings. Despite this, there are
instances where people suffer from a sickness that prevents
them from moving anything but their eyes. Eye movement is
now essential for the patient to communicate with the
environment and the outside world.
Therefore, in this work, OpenCV is used to call a web
camera that is set to continuously take images from the
eye's focusing pupil. Eye recognition and tracking are
accomplished using various image processing techniques.
Because the pixel position in the image does not
correspond with screen resolution, various scaling
techniques are used depending on the size of the image
taken by the camera.
The proposed method for using a non-
invasive human-computer interface consists of face
detection, face tracking, eye detection and real-time
interpretation of eye blink sequences. Traditional mouse-
based computer interaction is replaced with eye motions.
This method will make it easier and more efficient for
persons with paralysis, those who are physically
challenged, and especially those without hands to compute
[10]. First, the camera captures the image and uses
OpenCV code for pupil detection to focus on the eye in the
image. As a result, the human eye is in the center position
(pupil). The human or user then controls the cursor's left
and right movement based on the pupil's center position as
a reference.
The purpose of this work is to develop a system that
can help people who are physically disabled but visually
intact to use the computer system, so that their physical
disability won’t hinder their abilities to use a computer.
II. RELATED WORKS
A. Sivasangari et al., [1] proposed a generic
algorithm for face detection along with some hardware
requirements, which resulted in poor performance and
functional limitations. Need for advancement in the field
of Human Computer Interaction (HCI), which focuses on
creating an interface between people and computers and
become very crucial. It claimed that a different method of
computer communication for those who have physical
limitations needs to be developed. In order to save money
and time, pictures were taken using the laptop's built-in
camera and utilized the very precise and sophisticated

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Haar cascade classifier technique to identify facial vectors
for detecting facial expressions.
Vadana et al., [2] proposed a hybrid algorithm and
implemented them in Java. The image was scanned around
a rectangle, which then divided the rectangle into six
pieces and stored them. The face was detected using SSR
and SVM. However, the method had low accuracy and
efficiency, making the USB camera more expensive and
burdensome for the user.
It is quite easy to graph eyeball movement to mouse
movement using a raspberry pi and OpenCV mobile IP
based system, but it is also rather expensive because it
requires additional hardware. Naveed et al., [3] used this
method to recognize face features.
For face detection, Brooks,R.E et al., [4] used
MATLAB and a webcam. The monitoring of the eyes and
calculation of the iris shift were done by using the
MATLAB package, which was used for face and iris
recognition. Once the shift was mapped using a graphical
user interface, the mouse pointer travelled in accordance
with the calculated iris shift. Only a monochromatic image
may be searched for in MATLAB; binary conversion is
necessary. By converting the grey colours, it can only
detect the white and black hues.
A real-time webcam-based eye ball tracking system
utilizing MATLAB was suggested by Chih Wu et al. [5]
MATLAB libraries and the hardware mouse control
mechanism were employed in this system. Although it is
not user-friendly, it is cost-effective. It was connected to
the USB port to allow for user-computer interaction.
The "Eyeball Movement Based Cursor Using Deep
Learning" approach was proposed by Ehrlich,K et al. [6].
It considered picture and eye ratio as a factor for running
a program. It delivered high accuracy but it increased the
overhead problem by using large datasets.
Eye Tracking System with Blink Detection by Eric
Sung et al. [7] in 2012. MATLAB was used to analyse the
data in the following steps: image capture, smoothing,
edge detection, pupil segmentation, and blink detection,
but only with recorded films, not live ones.
Murphy.L et al. [8] designed a low-cost eye tracking
system for total rehabilitation of incarcerated patients.
The method involved the use of MATLAB and Java
programming, some hardware, and while processing the
data may take longer, it was somewhat cost-efficient.
Sangeetha. S. K. B. made a survey on Deep Learning
based Eye Gaze estimation methods. The paper discussed
about how gaze estimation methods work with HCI to use
for the digital devices in daily lives to avoid the human
interaction but in these, there was no method for clicking
mouses in PC. When compared to the proposed algorithm
in this paper, it is not efficient.
Sathesh. A. proposed Typing Eyes: A Human
Computer Interface Technology. MATLAB was used to
analyse the data using the following steps: photo capture,
smoothing, aspect detection, pupil segmentation, and blink
detection, however handiest with recorded
films, not live ones.
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III. PROPOSED WORK
The computer cursor movement in this proposed
system is controlled by eye movement using OpenCV. The
eyeball movement is detected by a camera and can be
processed in OpenCV. Open CV is an important
component of the working module that keeps the eye
moving. The mouse cursor was controlled using the
PyAutoGUI library.
The model serves two important purposes. A
detector for detecting faces and a predictor for predicting
landmarks are used. The face detector is built using
conventional Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG),
linear classification, image pyramid and sliding window
detection functions.
HOG is widely used as feature descriptors for object
and human face detection in computer vision and image
processing. Object search is based on a detection
technique applied to a small image defined by a sliding
detection window that probes region by region of the
original input image and its scaled version. HOG detection
consists of dividing the source image into blocks (e.g.,
16x16 pixels). Each block is divided into smaller regions
(e.g., 8x8 pixels) called cells. Blocks typically overlap, so
multiple blocks of the same cell can occur. The vertical
and horizontal gradients for each pixel are present in the
cell. HOGs are commonly used in conjunction with
Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers. HOG
computes each descriptor and passes it to the SVM
classifier to determine if the object is found.
A. Face Detection
Face detection is an application-specific computer
technique that recognizes human faces in digital
photographs. The suggested technique recognizes facial
features [11]. A simple facial tracking system can be
developed using frontal face detector function which
returns the pre-trained HOG + Linear SVM face detector
included in the dlib library, and combine with Shape
predictors, also called landmark predictors, which are used
to predict key (x, y)-coordinates of a given “shape”.
Without any user or person contact, face photos can
be analyzed. The tracking of attendance and time
information can be done using facial recognition
technology. Human-computer interface and emotion
recognition are two examples of the applications that can
benefit from the facial data that the human face offers.
Feature extraction can be done using the OpenCV
algorithm. 33-pixel images can be captured via the web
camera. Pixel values can be transformed to binary values
of 0 or 1 using encoding processes. N blocks make up the
image of the face.
The following is a description of the threshold function:
To calculate the LBP value, weight values are
calculated for each neighbor.
B. Eye Region Detection
To pinpoint the precise location of the pupil,
horizontal and vertical integral projection are employed.
These projections separate the entire image into
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homogeneous subsets. The proposed method employs an

arbitrary threshold. A Gaussian filter can be used to
remove noise [12]. Noise in photography can be defined
as a random variation in the image pixels i.e., random
variation of brightness or color information in images. The
gaussian filter finds the average value of surrounding or
neighbouring pixels and replaces the noisy pixels present
in the image based on Gaussian distribution.
The minimum gradient point is used to calculate the
strong pixel value. The lower threshold protects the
contrast region from splitting edges. The inner and
outermost boundaries are determined using the circular
Hough transform. Utilizing the Hough transform, each
edge point's coordinates are compared to its center. The
Hough transform is used to isolate features of a particular
shape within an image, as it requires the desired features
i.e., eye position be specified in some parametric form
such as lines, circles, ellipses, etc.
The most fundamental element that effectively
utilizes face landmarks is Eye-Aspect-Ratio [EAR].
Among other things, EAR helps to find blinks and winks.
C. Eye Movement Classification
The various eye movements are classified using the
Regression Tree architecture. The webcam records eye
movements such as open eyes, closed eyes, and left and
right eyes [13]. Data can be analyzed and classified using Fig. 1. Flowchart of the proposed methodology
regression tree architecture. IV. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
A specialized video camera must be mounted above When the model is run, it captures the video with the
the user's computer or PC monitor while using it to observe OpenCV module and then begins recognizing facial
the eyes. The laptop continuously analyses the video landmarks by using Dlibs prebuilt model. The advantage of
image of the user's focus to determine where the user is using this model is it can detect face detection quickly and
looking on the screen. Nothing is fastened to the
predict 68 2D facial landmarks in high accurate manner. To
consumer's body or head. A key is "picked out" by gazing
detect specific actions like Eye Aspect Ratio and Mouth
at it, for a predetermined amount of time, and a key is
"pressed" by simply blinking the eye. For this gadget, there Aspect Ratio, blink or wink or yawn in face are used to
is no need for a calibration process. The most fundamental predict face landmarks. The PyAutoGUI library is used for
eye in this system is enter process. There is no need for controlling the mouse cursor and those specific features are
external hardware connection. programmed as triggers in this project for controlling the
cursor movement.
The camera receives information from the eye. After
receiving these streaming movies from the cameras, these A. Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR)
videos will degrade into frames [14]. After receiving Eye Aspect Ratio is used to determine the eye action like
frames, it will verify the illumination because cameras whether it is open or close by utilizing the orientation points
need sufficient lighting from outside sources; otherwise, a on the eye. To increase the performance of this proposed
message informing the user of the error will show up on algorithm and overcome the disadvantage of the existing
the screen. Possibly already in RGB mode, the acquired benchmark method, rather than considering the whole face
frames are changed to black and white. Images (frames) for detection, only 68 distinct landmarks on the sample face
from the entry supply that focus the eye are used for iris
are considered.
recognition (middle of the eye).

B. Mouth Aspect Ratio (MAR)

In order to identify whether the mouth is open or closed,
Mouth Aspect Ratio is used. The mouse that was previously
used to move up and down will now scroll up and down after
opening the mouth for around five seconds. To deactivate the
scroll one, the user can repeat the process.
Every person has different eye and mouth dimensions.
Hence, this model calculates both eye and mouth dimensions
as shown in Fig. 2.

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to control their computer systems. To increase the efficiency

of the system, all functions of the mouse can be covered with
the movement of the eyes to extend the work. Currently, by
interacting with the computer system without the use of a
mouse, this system can be useful for overall operational
behaviour. Cursor control system based on eyeball
movement.

REFERENCES

[1] Sivasangari, A., D. Deepa, T. Anandhi, Anitha Ponraj, and M. S.

Fig. 2. Moving and Left Click
To move the mouse cursor across the screen, one has to
move the nose outside the reference circle. When the user
points the nose in the direction of the circle's center, the mouse
pointer will follow it. As shown in Fig. 2, keeping the nose tip
in the reference circle will stop the moving cursor.
Matplotlib and cv2 help to detect the points on the face and
based on the movement, the graph displaces. The below graph
shows the performance of a cursor movement in all mouse
clicking events like left-clicking, right-click, scrolling mode,
etc. This proposed method performs well when compared to
all benchmark methods [15].
Fig. 3. Graph depicting the performance of the cursor
movement
V. CONCLUSION
The OPENCV and Haarcascade systems are used to create
an eyeball movement-based cursor control system. The
above experimental results demonstrate that we can
efficiently control cursor functions without using a mouse.
In terms of cursor control, the operations performed by this
system are simple. This system could be a solution to all of
the problems caused by the existing manual for controlling
the cursor with the mouse, which is not possible for people
with disabilities. This system provides users with new ways
Roobini. "Eyeball based Cursor Movement Control." In 2020
International Conference on Communication and Signal
Processing (ICCSP), pp. 1116-1119. IEEE, 2020.
[2] Khare, Vandana, S. Gopala Krishna, and Sai Kalyan Sanisetty.
"Cursor Control Using Eye Ball Movement." In 2019 Fifth
International Conference on Science Technology Engineering
and Mathematics (ICONSTEM), vol. 1, pp. 232-235. IEEE, 2019.
[3] Sidra Naveed, Bushra Sikander, and Malik Sikander Hayat
Khiyal “Eye Tracking System with Blink Detection”, IEEE,2012.
[4] Brooks,R.E.(1997) ―Towards a theory of the cognitive
processes in computerprogramming,‖ Int. J. Man-Mach. Studies,
vol. 9, pp. 737–751.
[5] Cheng- Chih Wu, Ting-Yun Hou(2015)‖Tracking Students’
Cognitive Processes DuringProgram Debugging‖—An Eye-
Movement Approach, IEEE.
[6] Ehrlich,K. and Soloway,E.(1983) ―Cognitive strategies and
looping constructs: Anempirical study,‖ Commun. ACM, vol. 26,
no. 11, pp. 853–860.
[7] Eric Sung and Jian-Gang Wang (2012)―Study on Eye Gaze
Estimation‖, IEEE, VOL. 32,NO. 3, JUNE .
[8] Murphy,L. (2008)―Debugging: The good, the bad, and the
quirky—A qualitative analysisof novices' strategies,‖ SIGCSE
Bull., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 163–167
[9] QiangJi and Zhiwei Zhu (2007)‖Novel Eye Gaze Tracking
Techniques Under Natural HeadMovement‖, Senior Member,
IEEE, VOL. 54, NO. 12, DECEMBER.
[10] Rajlich,V. and Xu,S.(2004) ―Cognitive process during program
debugging,‖ in Proc. 3rdIEEE ICCI, pp. 176– 182.
[11] Renumol,V.(2009) ―Classification of cognitive difficulties of
students to learn computerprogramming,‖ Indian Inst. Technol.
India.
[12] Seung-Jin Baek and Young-Hyun Kim(2013)‖Eyeball Model-
based Iris CenterLocalization for Visible Imagebased Eye-Gaze
Tracking Systems‖,IEEE.
[13] Tianchi Liu, Yan Yang.Driver (2015)‖Distraction Detection
Using SemiSupervisedMachine Learning‖, IEEE.
[14] Lee, Jun-Seok, Kyung-hwa Yu, Sang-won Leigh, Jin-Yong
Chung, andSung-Goo Cho. "Method for controlling device on the
basis of eyeballmotion, and device therefor." U.S. Patent
9,864,429, issued January 9, 2018.
[15] Hossain, Zakir, Md Maruf Hossain Shuvo, and Prionjit Sarker.
"Hardware and software implementation of real time
electrooculogram (EOG) acquisition system to control computer
cursor with eyeball movement." In 2017 4th International
Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE), pp.
132-137. IEEE, 2017.
[16] Sangeetha, S. K. B. "A survey on Deep Learning Based Eye Gaze
Estimation Methods." Journal of Innovative Image Processing
(JIIP) 3, no. 03 (2021): 190- 207.
[17] Sathesh, A. "TYPING EYES: A HUMAN COMPUTER
INTERFACE TECHNOLOGY." Journal of Electronics and
Informatics 1, no. 2 (2019): 80- 88.

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A Hybrid Optimizer based Nonlinear Model
Predictive Control for Rotary Inverted Pendulum
Supriya P. Diwan
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Department,
Government College of Engineering,
Karad, Dist. Satara, MH, India
Supriya.diwan8@gmail.com
Abstract— A popular nonlinear system in several fields,
including as robotics, aircraft, and shipping, is the rotating
inverted pendulum. In this work, an optimized Non-linear Model
Predictive Controller (NMPC) is designed to keep the pendulum
in an upright posture and to deal with disruptions by obtaining a
fast dynamic response and reducing computational time. Here, a
new concept-based hybrid algorithm named Seagull Insisted
Particle Swarm Optimization (SI-PSO) is proposed to enhance
faster dynamic system response and reduce the overall
computational time. Simulation results are presented to reveal
the optimized NMPC’s robustness to the non-linear systems with
the conventional optimization algorithms. The presented
approach has the potential to be used to regulate a variety of
nonlinear systems.
Keywords— Non-linear Model Predictive Controller, Seagull
Insisted Particle Swarm Optimization, Rotary Inverted Pendulum.
Nomenclature
Abbreviation Description
MPC Model Predictive Control
NMPC Non-liner Model Predictive Control
SI-PSO Sea gull Insisted Particle Swarm Optimization
GA Genetic Algorithm
PSO Particle Swarm Optimization
SOA Seagull Optimization Algorithm
RIP Rotary Inverted Pendulum
SRIP Single Rotary Pendulum Inverter
FLC Fuzzy Logic Control
A. INTRODUCTION
A RIP is similar to a man balancing a stick in his palm
while moving his palm horizontally to keep it from falling
[12]. Yet, the study of RIP drives the development of
controllers for rockets that help them stay erect and conduct
automatic landings. In the downward position, a regular
pendulum is stable, but in the upright position, it’s unstable.
During the past decades, NMPC has received a lot of attention
[13]. Beyond traditional chemical engineering applications,
advancements in hardware, algorithms, and specialized
implementations have enabled demonstrative NMPC
applications in a variety of domains, including mechanical
systems and power electronics[14]. MPC has been used as a
general process control in process industries, oil plants, and
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Shraddha S. Deshpande
Electronics Engineering Department,
WCE, Sangli, MH, India
shraddhadeshpande@walchandsangli.ac.in
real-time applications [10], [11]. However, due to the
difficulty in developing a model and the prevalence of
uncertainty, its industrial applicability is still limited [15].
Moreover, NMPC is a popular control strategy for controlling
the behavior of complex systems with high dynamic
performance in both industrial and theoretical applications
[16]. As a result, its application to nonlinear control is
challenging because of the optimization strategy used in these
controllers. In order to solve non-convex constrained
optimization problems, the NMPC approach is required [6].
The majority of the existing work is based on nonlinear
programming approaches that only produce local optimal
values, but the latter is dependent on the starting point selected.
Therefore, a numerical linearization technique has been
developed for this opportunity to gain a convex constrained
optimization problem [7]. To solve the non-convex
optimization problems, there proposes a Genetic Algorithm
(GA) however; it faces several challenges including large
computational costs due to its natural physical activities [8].
The availability of embedded optimization algorithms that can
resolve more quickly, generate a solution within the sample
interval available, and are simple and easy to programme
within the constraints of onboard chip architectures as well as
being parallel in nature to fit into the FPGA architecture is
also mentioned as another barrier to NMPC implementation
on an FPGA chip [9]. Therefore, a number of effective
optimization techniques were considered for solving the
NMPC problems. In 2021, Farshid Asadi [1] established an
approach that focused on Learning-based model predictive
control (MPC) to reduce the computational cost of MPC.
Constraints on the MPC are successfully enforced through
constrained training of neural networks. For the learning-
based MPC technique, recursive feasibility and robust stability
requirements are also derived.
In 2021, Fnadi and Julien [2] used the NMPC in
conjunction with interval analysis methods. Filtering and
branching processes are used in the proposed controller to
discover input intervals that satisfy state restrictions and
ensure convergence with the reference level. Also, opt for the
optimization techniques que then calculates the best and most
timely control input for the system's actuator to the stabilize
pendulum. In 2019, Deebak et al. [3] have presented a new
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MPC to keep the pendulum upright and to deal with �−

disruptions. The difficulty of arm angle tracking control is also �� � (1)
taken into account. The MPC, which runs on the LabVIEW
platform, was created to control a rotary inverted pendulum in 1 1
real time. Anyhow, by using the MPC toolbox in LabVIEW, − �� �� �� ��� � � + �� + 4 �� �2� � −
2
1 1
MPC can handle even fast system in this case, 10ms sampling �� �2� ��� � ��� � �2 − �� �� ���� � =−
4 2
time. In 2019, Roja Eini and Sherif [4] have suggested an
�� � (2)
indirect adaptive FLC MPC technique for a nonlinear RIP
with model uncertainties. The parameters of the fuzzy system
were then tweaked using the adaption rules to ensure that the Where,
Lyapunov stability condition was met and the system tracking θ is the rotational arm position
error was kept to a minimum. Supriya and Shraddha et al. α refers to pendulum position
presented the development of the NMPC in 2019 [5] to control � refers to arm velocity
the extremely nonlinear rapid dynamic SRIP system inverted � refers to pendulum velocity
posture with successive linearization at sub-optimal level .
However, the still there is scope for improve the Table1: Physical parameters used for the modeling of the
computational time with using evolutionary algorithms who SRIP. [5]
has parallel search abilities like PSO. Its ability to adapt new
versions of hybridization with other algorithms makes it useful Symbols Description Value (mm)
for solving optimization problem. SI is one of the optimization
Rm “Motor armature resistance” 2.60 (ohm)
method which has been hybridized with PSO to improve the
optimization problem solving capability within prescribed kt “Motor torque constant” 0.00767
sampling time of the system performance. (N.m/A)
km “Motor back-EMF constant” 0.00767
This paper's main contribution is the application of SI- (V.s/rad)
PSO-based optimization for NMPC, which results in a kg “Total gear ratio” 70
reduction in overall computational time and increased quick jr “Motor armature moment of 0.0010 (kg.m2)
dynamic system response which stabilizes the pendulum inertia”
position in the inverted direction. g “Gravitational constant” 9.81 (m/s2)
The major contribution of this research work is: mp “Pendulum Mass with T- 0.127 (kg
 Focuses on developing a new validated and fitting”
reliable Optimized NMPC that is based on an Lp “Full Length of the pendulum 0.337 (m)
uncertain mathematical model is more (w/ T-fitting)”
specifically built. Lr “Distance from pivot to centre 0.216 (m)
 compares the supplied optimized model against of gravity”
the current optimized model to do performance Jp “Pendulum moment of inertia” 0.00120
analysis. (kg.m2)
Br “Viscous damping coefficient 0.00240
The paper is formatted as follows: You may see the reviews as seen at the rotary arm axis” (N.m.s/rad)
in Section II. The proposed system's system model is
Bp “Viscous damping coefficient 0.00240
portrayed in Section III. The constraints problem is solved
in Section IV using the suggested optimization algorithm, as seen at the pendulum axis” (N.m.s/rad)
the results are shown in Section V, and the task is finished
in Section VI. The servo motor generates the torque which is applied to
the base of the rotary arm as calculated by Eq. (3).
B. MODELLING OF PROPOSED SYSTEM ηg Kgηmkt(Vm−Kg kmθ)
τ=
Rm
(3)
a. Modelling of Single Rotary Inverted Pendulam (SRIP) The model is deployed for predicting a state's trajectory
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique, over a given time frame and also for shifting a state from one
a simplified SRIP control model that is relevant with two that isn't desirable to one that is, by taking the necessary
degrees of freedom is employed [15]. control measures.
A rotatable arm and a pendulum make up the mechanism,
with the arm's rotation regulated through a motor for
keeping the pendulum balanced in an inverted posture. A C. FORMULATION OF NMPC
nonlinear model is derived by Eq. (1),(2).
1
�� �2� ��� �2 + �� )� − �� �� �� ��� � � + The nonlinear model is used in the construction of the
1
2
1
NMPC which regulates the nonlinear rapid dynamic system
�� �2� ��� � ��� � �� + �� �� �� ��� � �2 = [17].
2 2

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a. Control relevant Model Selection Nh

2
Ni
2
Y   b(t )  h t  bref W1   (v(t  i t )) W2 (9)
Let us consider the system as non-linear and its state-space h 1 i 1
model is given by Eq. (4)(5), and its constraints are imposed Where, W1 and W2 are the weighing matrices.
by input and output defined by Eq. (6).
v(t  i t )  v(t  i t )  v(t  i  1t )
a ( t  1)  f ( a ( t ), v ( t )) t  0, a (0 ) (4)
The first �� , �ℎ values are calculated and the rest control
b (t )  h ( a (t ), v (t )) (5) inputs are discarded to calculate the cost function to calculate
the cost function Y . During the optimization process, the
control and prediction horizons will be moved ahead, and the
vmin  v(t)  vmax procedure will be repeated with new determined values.
(6)

bmin  b(t)  bmax

.
a  f (a, v)

Where a � ∈ ℜ�� is the state vector, � � ∈ ℜ�� is the input

vector, � � ∈ ℜ�� denotes the controlled output with the t as
the current sampling instant. f and h are system functions of
the process model, v min , vmax , b min and bmax are constants
which are nothing but upper and lower boundaries of the
constraints.
b. Discretization
By using forward Euler discretization, the non-linear state
space model is divided into samples with sample time T S . Eq.
produces the differential equation for the motion of the rotary
arm and pendulum (7).
aek1  aek  Ts fe (aek, vek )  fl (aek, vek )
Fig.1 Linearized NMPC
As shown in Fig. 1, the optimization problem is handled at
each subsequent interval by linearizing the nonlinear problem
at the sampling moment using updated process parameters.
Here, an Seagull Insisted PSO (SI-PSO) algorithm is
introduced to tackle the constrained NMPC optimization issue
in this work, which will be discussed in the following session.
D. PROPOSED SI-PSO
(7)

A new delay has been added to the state model by considering, In this work, a new hybrid algorithm named "Seagull
Insisted PSO" is proposed to overcome the disadvantages of

ak  aekT xvkT T
, vk  vek , the PSO algorithm [18] to optimize the angle position of RIP.
The PSO algorithm has the disadvantages of being easy to fall
f (ak , vk )  [ fl (aek , vek )T vekT ]T it takes the form is given into a local optimum in high-dimensional space and having a
in Eq.(40). poor iterative convergence rate. So we hybridized the position
update of the seagull algorithm into PSO to overcome the
aK 1  f (ak , vk ) (8) deficiencies of the PSO algorithm. The SOA algorithm was
primarily inspired by the natural seagulls' migratory and
c. Optimization Problem with Constraints fighting behaviour [19]. To show how broadly applicable it is,
it is used to resolve seven constrained real-world industrial
The optimization problem is defined by using dynamic applications. It is a fairly competitive algorithm that is on par
model is shown in Fig. (1). with other optimization methods and is able to resolve difficult
large-scale constrained problems.
minv Y (b(t),v(t))
The optimal moves can be defined by the difference a. The SI-PSO Algorithm
among the expected and reference output signal. The cost
function is given by Eq. (9). In the search space, the PSO algorithm keeps track of a set
of possible solutions and analyses the solution's fitness
iteratively based on the objective function being optimized. A

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proposed solution to the optimization issue is represented by

every particle in the swarm. The algorithm's first stage selects
y'  r  sin(k)
candidate solutions at random from the search space, which is
made up of all possible solutions. Because the PSO method z'  r  k
has no prior knowledge of the objective function, the goal is to
find the solution that is closest to the local or global maximum.
r  u  e kv
Simply put, the PSO algorithm operates on the fitness
values obtained after evaluating its candidate solutions using
the objective function. The position of particle i at iteration
k k
here Ps (x) stores the best option and keeps track of other
k is represented as xi . The velocity vi of particle i determines
how it flows across space. Each particle's position is updated
search agents’ position. Ds is the distance between the search
as per Eq. (10) agent and best fit search agent. Cs is the location of a search
agent that is not in conflict with any other search agents. r
xik1  xik  vik1 (10) denote every spiral turn’s radius, and k is a number at random
within [0 ≤ k ≤ 2π]. The spiral shape is defined by the
parameters u and v . The flowchart of proposed SI-PSO
Particle position xik 1 is a combination of the last personal Algorithm is shown in Fig. 2.
best position and the velocity of the particles. It's named
velocity because three acceleration parameters of previously
saved velocity, c 1 r1 , and c 2 r 2 . The optimization process is
driven by particle velocity, which is updated using the
following methods Eq. (11)

vik 1  X *[vik  c1r1 ( pik  xik )  c2r2 ( gik  xik ) (11)

Here inertia is X , r1 and r 2 refers to numbers at random

[0,1], and c 1 and c 2 refers to metrics that represent
cognitive and social activity, respectively. Furthermore, the
best position so far for the i th particle's is Pi , while the best
point for the swarm is gi . The inertial parameter X controls
the algorithm's search behaviour, with highest range of about
1.4 implying a more global search and lowest range of about
0.5 implying a more local search. It has low convergence rate
so it is easy to fall into local optima. Here, a Seagull algorithm
is deployed to resolve the constrained NMPC optimization
issue. The position update equation of seagull is

Ps ( x)  ( Ds  x '  y '  z ' )  Pbs ( x) (12)

Where,

Ds  Cs  M s

x'  r  cos(k) Fig. 2. Flowchart of SI-PSO Algorithm

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E. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
a. Simulation Setup
The presented model was coded and executed in
MATLAB software. Performance analysis was carried out
based on the accuracy, precision, specificity and so on. In
general, two control methods are used to balance an inverted
pendulum’s position: swing up control and balancing control.
The suggested algorithm can balance the pendulum from its
rest position, as illustrated in the simulation results.
b. Response of Rotary Inverted Pendulam
As illustrated in Fig.3, the desired point is used as a
reference to assess the rotary arm's robustness against
disturbance in the Fig.3c for SOA and 4c for PSO and 5c for
SI-PSO based NMPC.
Likewise, the simulation has been carried out while the
starting position is nearly identical to the intended position π
as shown in Fig. 3d, 4b and 5d. The pendulum angle response
shows a faster response with the SI-PSO algorithm and is able
to reject the disturbance more efficiently than SOA and PSO
algorithms which in terms of switching between swing-up to
the balance position of the Pendulum arm. As if we go through
the results SI-PSO based NMPC shows the fast rise time as
compared to others. Also the control input requirement for the
algorithm is reduced as we move towards the SOA and PSO,
to SI-PSO optimization methods. The input generated through
SOA has large variations in between +5 to -5 volts. However
the SI-PSO and PSO reduced it to approximately within +2 to
-2 Volts for balance control of Pendulum.

a. Control Input b. Pendulum Position

-
C.Rotary arm position d. Pendulum Vs Arm Position angle
Fig.3 Rotary inverted pendulum's response from its rest position to its inverted position by using SOA NMPC

-
a. Control Input b. Pendulum Position

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c. Rotary arm position d. Pendulum Vs Arm Position angle
Fig.4 Rotary inverted pendulum's response from its rest position to its inverted position by using PSO NMPC

-
a.Control Input b. Pendulum Position

-
c.Rotary arm position d. Pendulum Vs Arm Position angle
Fig.5 Rotary inverted pendulum's response from its rest position to its inverted position by using SI-PSO NMPC

To summarize, the validated NMPC appears to have a F. CONCLUSION

better chance of successfully enabling the system to converge
to the reference point with more precision and a short settling
time. For the pendulum's stability and safety, the imposed
state and control limitations are respected, important, and
necessary.
The stability analysis of pendulum angle is given by fig. 4
and 4. It is evident that the settling time of SI-PSO optimized
RIP is settled faster (within 0.02s computational time) than
other conventional algorithms.
The proposed SI-PSO based NMPC algorithm is
successfully applied to a nonlinear rapid dynamic system with
robustness testing in this research. The stipulated constraints
were followed by all of the states. The processing time is also
decreased effectively, demonstrating its suitability for real-
time control of fast dynamic systems. The proposed optimized
system is based on simulation with conventional optimization
strategies for handling the system’s nonlinearities and
uncertainties effectively. Optimized NMPC successfully move
to balance condition after swing-up condition. The signle SI-

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PSO based NMPC shows effectiveness to handle both swing-

up and balance control entirely, so that the arm position and
input abide by their respective limits.
References

[1] Asadi, Farshid. "Constrained Deep Learning Based Nonlinear Model

Predictive Control." arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.13514 (2021).
[2] Fnadi, Mohamed, and Julien Alexandre dit Sandretto. "Experimental
Validation of a Guaranteed Nonlinear Model Predictive
Control." Algorithms 14, no. 8 (2021): 248.
[3] Deepak, K. N., K. Rahul Sharma, and T. Ananthan. "Model Predictive
Control for rotary inverted pendulum using LabVIEW." In IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 577, no. 1, p.
012113. IOP Publishing, 2019.
[4] Eini, Roja, and Sherif Abdelwahed. "Rotational inverted pendulum
controller design using indirect adaptive fuzzy model predictive
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(FUZZ-IEEE), pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2019.
[5] Diwan, Supriya P., and Shraddha S. Deshpande. "Nonlinear Model
Predictive Controller for the Real-Time control of Fast Dynamic
System." In 2019 International Conference on Communication and
Electronics Systems (ICCES), pp. 289-294. IEEE, 2019.
[6] Pas, Pieter, Mathijs Schuurmans, and Panagiotis Patrinos. "Alpaqa: A
matrix-free solver for nonlinear MPC and large-scale nonconvex
optimization." arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.02370 (2021).
[7] Campi, Marco C., and Simone Garatti. "A sampling-and-discarding
approach to chance-constrained optimization: feasibility and
optimality." Journal of optimization theory and applications 148, no. 2
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[8] Konak, Abdullah, David W. Coit, and Alice E. Smith. "Multi-objective
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[9] Xu, Fang, Hong Chen, Xun Gong, and Qin Mei. "Fast nonlinear model
predictive control on FPGA using particle swarm optimization." IEEE
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[10] Ganga G, Dharmana M M, 2017, “MPC controller for trajectory tracking
control of quadcopter”, International Conference on Circuit, Power and
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[11] Jayanthi R and Anwamsha K, 2016, “Fuzzy-based sensor validation for
a nonlinear benchmark under MPC”, 10th International conference on
intelligent Systems and Control (ISCO), pp. 1-6.
[12] Milton, John, Juan Luis Cabrera, Toru Ohira, Shigeru Tajima, Yukinori
Tonosaki, Christian W. Eurich, and Sue Ann Campbell. "The time-
delayed inverted pendulum: implications for human balance
control." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 19,
no. 2 (2009): 026110.
[13] Novak, Mateja, and Tomislav Dragicevic. "Supervised imitation
learning of finite-set model predictive control systems for power
electronics." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 68, no. 2
(2020): 1717-1723.
[14] Kothare, Mayuresh V. "Dynamics and control of integrated
microchemical systems with application to micro-scale fuel
processing." Computers & chemical engineering 30, no. 10-12 (2006):
1725-1734.
[15] Meireles, Magali RG, Paulo EM Almeida, and Marcelo Godoy Simões.
"A comprehensive review for industrial applicability of artificial neural
networks." IEEE transactions on industrial electronics 50, no. 3 (2003):
585-601.
[16] Allgower, Frank, Rolf Findeisen, and Zoltan K. Nagy. "Nonlinear model
predictive control: From theory to application." Journal-Chinese Institute
Of Chemical Engineers 35, no. 3 (2004): 299-316.
[17] Diwan, Supriya P. "Parallel Constrained Predictive Control based on the
Improved Particle Swarm Optimization for Nonlinear Fast Dynamic
Systems." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education
(TURCOMAT) 12, no. 13 (2021): 2371-2378.
[18] V. Kennedy and R. Eberhart. : Particle swarm optimization. In: Neural
Networks,1995. Proceedings., IEEE International Conference on,
volume 4, pages 1942-1948,1995
[19] Dhiman, Gaurav, and Vijay Kumar. "Seagull optimization algorithm:
Theory and its applications for large-scale industrial engineering
problems." Knowledge-Based Systems 165 (2019): 169-196.

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Interactive Performance Indicator Dashboard for

Modern Enterprise
Grace Anzel G
Vidya Dharani L Manikanta K Department of Computer science and
Department of Computer science and Department of Computer science and Engineering,
Engineering, Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah
Koneru Lakshmaiah Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation,
Education Foundation, Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India 190030461@kluniversity.in
190030946@kluniversity.in 190031882@kluniversity.in

Sasi Kiran V Srithar S Aravinth S S

Department of Computer science and Department of Computer science and Department of Computer science and
Engineering, Engineering, Engineering,
Koneru Lakshmaiah Koneru Lakshmaiah Koneru Lakshmaiah
Education Foundation, Education Foundation, Education Foundation,
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
190031761@kluniversity.in sss.srithar@gmail.com aravinthkrithick@gmail.com

Abstract—Dashboards help stakeholders to improvise the
level of decision-making by visualizing the things which need to
be monitored on a daily/weekly/bi-weekly/monthly basis. With
the ease in the understanding of dashboards, the use and
demand for these increased a lot nowadays. The dashboard
system also helps to provide solutions for many different
problems in the current industry. Another problem with these
dashboards is many open open-source applications help users
to get their visualization done within no time. It is better to
have an individual application for each company to have their
visualization done for the things they need to compare. In this
paper, the implementation and a comprehensive literature
review intending to have a Common System for all
stakeholders which will help them to refer to the Defects status
at any point in time without any dependency on SQA emails.
The main aim is to refer to the status of defects at any point in
time without depending on any other SQA emails or
something. To achieve that, the data to be available in the
database at any point in time so that the status whenever it
needs to be checked. The data which is available in the
database is under one hierarchy to be followed. That hierarchy
helps us to get the defects by getting the values in days and the
total time taken. Different columns were needed to get a
Dashboard. For our project group name, team name, project
name, and part name are required to get the values in the days,
the number of defects, and the total time taken. The Dashboard
which will be getting from the given data helps stakeholders to
have a complete picture of the project details. In this regard, a
project which helps stakeholders to refer for the status of
defects.
Keywords: Enterprise, Performance Indicator, Visualization,
Metrics, Analysis, Dashboard.
I. INTRODUCTION
A Dashboard system is also considered to be a tool under
information management that is used to get track of the given
KPIs, metrics, and some other key data points which are
relevant for the specific business domain or department or
any kind of specific process [1][2]. The visualization can be
done for the data from various sources like databases, web
services, and some other locally hosted files. Specifically, the
right dashboard will give you some key benefits as follows:
• Visibility into the Business system.
• Time Saving.
• Improvised Results.
• Ease in understanding.
• Productivity increment.
• Increment in Profits.
As mentioned, the dashboard shows us exactly which
areas of our business are performing poorly. In our project
also, the main aim is to create a dashboard that helps
stakeholders to have an overall view of the metrics given.
Some many ways or frameworks that will create the
dashboard for the given data or metrics. Our task is to create
such a framework without using the existing frameworks that
are available in the current market. Any programming
language or framework is used to complete this task but
using a framework that gives the optimized output is the
better choice to use. There is no Single System to have a
consolidated dashboard view of all PLM KPI/Metrics for
Project/Part/Group/Team[3][4]. Stakeholders are required to
refer to different excel based reports for KPI/Metrics Status
on weekly/Bi-weekly reports. Every time the SQA is
required to use the Master Reports deriving the
Project/Part/Group/Team based status reports which are
time-consuming.
As the metrics are confidential for particular companies
or stakeholders, the information which are using for the
visualization in the dashboard needs to be authenticated by
respective stakeholders. The authentication module performs
this task by allowing only particular and allowed admins.
Dividing our application into different modules helps us to
work efficiently and also gives us the knowledge of exactly
what our application will do in a specific manner. It starts
with the authentication module and ends when the session
ends after a particular user or stakeholder logs out. It is a
better option to give download access to a particular user or
stakeholder for the dashboard that was generated for the
given data or uploaded data [6] [7]. Along with the
dashboard, required specifications are calculated using
formulas and display them on the front end. The better

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option for choosing a programming language for systems in the market. We got to know the working of those
visualizations is python and the framework that is well dashboard systems and worked on it for some time on, we
recommended for the same is React JS. To get the data from started working on our proposal i.e, to build a website that
the user or from the database, it is recommended to use gives a dashboard for the given data [9] [11]. To get started
spring boot. Hopefully, using these specifications, we can with our solution, we required example metrics to work on
build the desired and effective dashboard. and asked our mentors for them. With the provided dummy
data which is in the form of excel, we started working with
II. LITERATURE REVIEW that data. To get the dashboard, we need to get the data from
the database as the data need to be stored for analysis. At the
Catherine E [5] et al, Investigated that Dashboards also initial stage of our project, we started it off using python in
help in the improvement of necessary fields in various the Streamlit framework as it is easy to build graphs using a
departments. One of those departments is health care in python programming language. At this stage, our phase of
which the performance of physicians will visualize Based on difficulties had started. We are expected to change our
that visualization the growth of those physicians will be framework as well as our way of approach because it is not
improved. Most importantly, patient care and quality of secure to host our prepared solution. The new requirements
treatment would get better. of our project to be secured are using react as frontend,
Francesco Schiavone [8] et al, Investigated monitoring spring boot as backend, and PostgreSQL as a database.
the KPIs in the digitalized health networks, they developed a These requirements keep our project to be secure when it
dashboard system using a conceptual approach that is gets hosted. To meet the given requirements, we started
supported by direct observation of cancer networks in working on these frameworks(react, spring boot). Finally,
Southern Italy. As a result, they were able to outline an we created a website that visualizes different graphs like Bar
inductive process model through which healthcare network charts, Pie charts, Donut Charts, and line charts. We can
managers can develop an MCGDM using the conceptual able to add or delete a record based on our requirements. We
model. also added an option to download the visualized chart. Fig. 1
shows the flow of the project. Table 1, 2, and 3 shows the
Katharine,H [10] et al, Invested to make visualizations sample key metrics.
easy they developed individualized cytopathologist and
cytotechnologist dashboards with unique features. These
dashboards are confidential and based on the previous 10-
year calendar years. The CP and CT dashboards visualize
different metrics and the laboratory director can access all
the results whereas the CP and CT dashboards are updated
on weekly basics [12][13]. This dashboard is developed
based on Tableau and visualizes the color-coded displays. As
a result, it successfully implemented personalized dashboards
which help individuals to focus on their performance and
reach professional benchmarks.
SomnathArjun [14] et al, Investigated they developed a
smart sensor dashboard for a manufacturing workshop. With
the existing visualization, we cannot able to visualize both
temporal and spatial information simultaneously. By using
the three parts IoT units with a single-board computer, an
interactive visualization module, and an early warning
system they visualized the data in 2D, and to get results more
effectively they developed 3D visualizations which allow
users to interact naturally. They went through several user
stories and inferred the results.
Tat’Yana, A [15] et al. Investigated the Vaccine Safety
Datalink(VSD) investigators developed a dashboard system
that visualizes the rapid reviews of vaccine surveillance data
every weekly. They developed using tableau software to get
the visualization done for the required metrics. Throughout Fig. 1. Proposed Flow Diagram
the pandemic, these dashboards which were created by this
team were helpful to track COVID-19 cases, deaths, and also
testing including the aid management of patient flow in
clinical settings.

III. SYSTEM DESIGN

To get the solution for the given problem, we got a
proposal to build a website/web application that gives us a
dashboard for the given data to check on a daily/weekly basis
which helps the stakeholders to have a complete report of
KPI. At first, we observed the already existing dashboard

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TABLE I. SAMPLE METRICS 1

ProjectCode11 3.95 233 919.52
Project code Y21 Project Name Team Name ProjectCode12 4.43 13 57.58
Project Name 1 Team1
ProjectCode1 ProjectCode13 0.91 2 1.81
Project Name 2 Team1
ProjectCode2 ProjectCode14 4.12 218 897.95
Project Name 3 Team1
ProjectCode3 ProjectCode15 7.35 66 485.21
Project Name 4 Team1
ProjectCode4
Project Name 5 Team1
ProjectCode5
Project Name 6 Team1 IV. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
ProjectCode6
Project Name 7 Team1 We used a simple conceptual methodology through
ProjectCode7
which all the necessary visualizations happen. Technically,
Project Name 8 Team2
ProjectCode8 as we have worked in different frameworks since the start of
ProjectCode9 Project Name 9 Team2 the project, there are many technical models or
Team2 methodologies that were used to build the project. In the
ProjectCode10 Project Name10
Django framework, we used models, charts, notifications,
Project Name11 Team2
ProjectCode11 and forms for our implementation and we got succeed in
ProjectCode12 Project Name12 Team2 using these methodologies. As a result of these
Team2 methodologies, we got an interactive dashboard as a result in
ProjectCode13 Project Name13
the Django framework.
Project Name14 Team2
ProjectCode14
In python, we have built in functions and methods for
Project Name15 Team2
ProjectCode15 the visualization which is very easy compared to all for the
implementation and we implemented this using streamlit
TABLE II. SAMPLE METRICS 2 framework. In React framework, we used react bootstrap for
Project code Group Name Part Name SQA
the front end and react components, react router, redux ,state
Part1 SQA1
and props methodologies for the implementation. Using all
ProjectCode1 Group1 these methodologies within react framework and got
Group1 Part1 SQA1 succeed as we got the dashboard with all the required
ProjectCode2
Group1 Part2 SQA1 visualizations. There are seven steps to be followed to
ProjectCode3
achieve mission.
Group2 Part3 SQA1
ProjectCode4
Part4 SQA1 Step 1: Give each and every column from the front end i.e.
ProjectCode5 Group2
from React.
Group2 Part5 SQA1
ProjectCode6
Part3 SQA1
Step 2: The values which were given in the front end will be
ProjectCode7 Group2 stored in the database. The frontend(React) is connected to
Group3 Part6 SQA3 backend(Spring boot) through API calling which made our
ProjectCode8
Group3 Part7 SQA3 job easy.
ProjectCode9
ProjectCode10 Group3 Part7 SQA3 Step 3: The details which were stored in the database will be
Part7 SQA3 fetched again to the front end.
ProjectCode11 Group3
Group3 Part7 SQA3 Step 4: Those values need to get visualized in different
ProjectCode12
charts to get the report in the front end.
Group3 Part8 SQA3
ProjectCode13
Part9 SQA3 Step 5: Visualization includes various forms of graphs like
ProjectCode14 Group3
charts, pie charts, etc.
Group4 Part9 SQA3
ProjectCode15
Step 6: Using the React framework, the data will be
visualized, and the user will be able to observe the graphs.
TABLE III. SAMPLE METRICS 3
Step 7: All the graphs are dynamic; the user will be able to
update or delete the values and can observe the change of
flow in the visualization.
PLM KPI 1 No of Total time
ProjectCode (Value in Days) Defects Taken V. IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
Project Code 1 4.11 154 632.34 Initially, the framework which we implemented is a
Project Code 2 3.22 18 57.89 streamlit framework using python. As python is one of the
best options for getting data visualization, we kick-started
Project Code 3 7.45 5 37.24
our project using python and we were able to succeed by
Project Code 4 6.11 198 1208.95 getting the necessary dashboard for the given data there is an
Project Code 5 2.60 47 122.36 option to change/update the required fields for the
dashboard. Due to security reasons, we were asked to change
Project Code 6 2.57 702 1801.03 our more secure framework. We decided to work on the
Project Code 7 2.10 500 1048.35 Django framework which is user-friendly and technically
Project Code 8 4.12 650 2681.16
easy to implement. The reason behind choosing this
framework is a python programming language Using models
Project Code 9 0.10 1 0.10 in Django, it is easier to get the visualization done for the
ProjectCode10 4.41 173 763.54

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given data. And for security reasons, we added an getting the analysis of the data in the front end which is used
authentication action module in this framework. to get a complete and clear idea of the summary of the data.
Even after working with 2 different frameworks, we were
given some specific requirements at the final stage of our
project. To meet those requirements we again changed our
framework. For the Implementation, we used react as our
front end for the visualization and getting input from the
user. The data which was given will be stored in the
PostgreSQL database using API calling in spring to connect
with React. Using this API calling we stored the data from
the front end to database and fetched the data from the back
end to front end. We used the spring tool suite (STS) for
implementing spring boot and visual studio code for the Fig. 4. Summary of data in Python
react part and implemented our project in localhost. Fig.2
shows the pie chart visualization between the total time In react framework, we integrated an option to download
taken and groups from the sample data. We can customize the necessary graph from the dashboard in the form of PNG
the input based on our requirements. which we didn’t get on various platforms. In Fig.5 you can
see the option “download as PNG” at the bottom of the chart.
Through this feature, you can able to download and save the
PNG and can see it at any time.

Fig. 2. Pie Chart in Python (total time taken for a group)

Fig.3 shows the pie chart visualization between the total

time taken and groups from the sample data using React
Framework. Here, you can even see the value by hovering on
the graph. Fig. 5 Download option for Line chart

VII. RESULT ANALYSIS

As a result, we succeeded to get the dashboard for the
given data. The dashboard includes various forms of graphs.
After getting login into our website, the user will be able to
enter the details and will be able to see the dashboard for the
given data, and also has access to update or delete the
wanted/unwanted details. In Fig.6 we can able to see the
overview of the dashboard in React. Also, here we can able
to see different charts.

Fig. 3. Pie Chart in React (total time taken for a group)

VI. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH EXISTING

WORK
While working on inbuilt frameworks, we decided that Fig. 6. Dashboard overview in React
our solution needs to be user-friendly and doesn’t require any
demonstration to work with. Comparatively, our solution is
simple and user-friendly. We added an extra advantage or
feature in all three implementations which we didn’t observe
in the existing ones. Fig.4 shows in python, we will be

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Fig. 7 shows that we can add a new record into the

database with different metrics. This also contains
validations like numerical data cannot be in the form of text
and no metric should be empty.

Fig. 10. Sample Bar Chart

Fig. 7. Dashboard overview in React
Fig. 8 shows all the records from the database. We can
verify the individual record from this and can make
necessary changes if required.
Fig.11 shows the visualization of a sample Pie chart
between the Project Code and the Number of defects. Here,
we can customize the number of inputs also we can able to
see the value whenever we hover over it.

Fig. 8. Dashboard overview in React

Fig.9 shows the visualization of a sample Doughnut chart

between the Project Code and the Number of defects.
Fig. 11. Sample Pie Chart

VIII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

In this technologically competent world, there is nothing
that we don’t get in the desired manner. In the process of
completing our project also, we met up with many
challenges technically. Finally, we were able to satisfy our
mentors by developing a dashboard with the given
requirements. While changing from one framework to
another framework, we had some good real-time learning
experiences. The aim of helping stakeholders to have all the
necessary visualizations in one place is finally completed.
The building of the dashboard was completed but there is
a scope for the improvement of updating each chart with the
necessary columns. Along with individual update in charts,
we need to check with further updates after our application
gets hosted.

Fig. 9. Sample Doughnut Chart

Fig.10 shows the visualization of a sample Bar chart

between Project Code and the Number of defects. Here, we
can customize the number of inputs also we can able to see
the value whenever we hover over it.

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REFERENCES

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Switching and Morphological Studies on Si15Te80Cu5
Glass and Thin Film
Diptoshi Roy
Department of EEE
CMR Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, India
diptoshi.r@cmrit.ac.in
Abstract— I-V characterization of the bulk and amorphous
thin film of the as-prepared Si15Te80Cu5 sample is carried out to
better perceive the electrical switching behavior. Memory and
threshold switching have been discerned in bulk glass, but only
memory switching has been shown by amorphous thin films. The
thin film device exhibits a substantially lower threshold voltage
than its bulk version, suggesting that it could be used for phase
change memory (PCM). The glass is subjected to Set –Reset
using a triangle pulse of 6 mA for set operation and a rectangle
pulse of 12 mA for reset operation to determine the suitability of
the provided glass for PCM use. A constant recurrence of a few
Set-Resets is evident in this study. Morphological study has also
been carried out on the bulk sample.
Keywords— Chalcogenide glasses, electrical switching, Set-
Reset
I. INTRODUCTION
Alloys of chalcogenides have a wide range of application
like in the field of semiconductors, electronic, photonic devices
[1]. The capability of chalcogenides to reverse its phase stands
as a basis for PCM materials which has evolved to a propitious
candidate against its parallel crystals and is the reason for
vigorous research [2]. The problems encountered by the PCM
get skillfully decrypted with the help of engineered solutions,
developing models which are of low cost and this is the main
reason behind its success. The PCM has two phases namely
amorphous and crystalline which has subsequent variation in
resistance and in turn causes apotheosis of PCM [3].
Amorphous phase has around three to four orders resistivity
higher as compared to the crystalline phase. Progress has been
the part of PCM in the last few years of which some are
amelioration in density, vigorous rate of device scaling,
reduction in programming power. Device scaling stands as
important reason towards decrease in power required for
switching and hence in the development of PCM technology.
PCM technology has the following positive features:
capabilities of fast read and write; large number of writing and
erasing cycles; ability which helps in writing in the memory
without prior erasing step known as bit alterability [4]. Another
important feature of PCM is to preserve and sustain more
number of bits for a long duration. For the promising features
as listed above, the PCM has a wide range of application like
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Chandasree Das
Department of EEE
BMS College of Engineering
Bengaluru, India
chandasreedas.eee@bmsce.ac.in
addressing wireless system, embedded application, solid state
subsystem and computing platform [4]. An alteration in phase
is experienced by the amorphous semiconductors due to the
implementation of electric field and this process is coined as
electrical switching. This process transforms the glasses from
low conducting “OFF” state (which is amorphous in nature) to
high conducting “ON” state (known to be crystalline in nature),
this transformation is termed as SET process. The reversal of
the SET process is known as RESET process which involves
transforming the glass from ON to OFF state. The glass is
maintained by the switching process (which is a constructive
process) in a particular conductive state when changed to ON
state. Switching occurs at threshold voltage and the latter is an
element of the composition of the active material, its thickness
[5], prompt history of applied voltage and surrounding
temperature [6].
The attributes of chalcogenides manifests a variation when
metallic dopants like copper or silver is added. The network
connectedness, electrical conductance and crystallizing ability
of a network containing chalcogenides is seen to increase when
metallic dopants bonds with them [7]. Optical as well as
electrical attributes of chalcogenides containing metallic
dopants are dissimilar in comparison to the ordinary glasses.
This highlights the reason of wide application of chalcogenide
containing transition metal in optical memory and laser
materials.
Ge- Te glasses doped with elements from fourth to sixth
group of the periodic table have found salient recognition
because of its broad scope of application in technology [8]. In
contrast literature shows less documentation on amorphous Si-
Te although it can be used as switching diode [9] because of
being effectual optic and acoustic material. Study of various
characteristics of Si- Te glasses with metal or semiconductor as
dopant enjoys significant interest.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Glassy chalcogens which display the gradation of phase from
non- crystalline to crystalline has been employed in electronic
memory technology from ages [10, 11, 12]. Whilst the basic
principles of PCM has been a part of discussing during the
initial work, advancement in material and device technology
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in the last 20 years has assisted in demonstrating PCM as an

alternative to requisite technologies like flash [13]. While The I-V characteristic recorded by Keithley (2410c)
flash is battling to sustain the present level of credibility and Source-Measure unit (SMU) is used to study the switching
execution with growing density the above criteria seem to be behavior of the sample. The non-crystallinity of the as prepared
hardly adequate for modern applications. Non volatile solid- bulk glass is perceived by XRD which has been carried out by
state memory technologies which have the advantage of good PANalytical X’Pert3 Powder X-ray diffractometer with CuKα
performance, density and less cost can introduce significant radiation, the setting of the generator is 30mA, 45KV. SEMs
changes across the memory and storage segment of the are captured using VEGA3 TESCAN to investigate the
computing network. In case the cost per bit is decreased to morphological differences between switched and un-switched
least value by ultra- high memory density, the magnetic hard samples.
disk drives (HDD) can be possibly displaced by storage class
memory (SCM) [14-19].
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
III. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
Bulk Si15Te80Cu5 glasses have been created by quenching A. Switching Studies
high-temperature melts. High purity integral elements have
been taken in quartz ampoules that have been evacuated and Fig 2 shows the I-V attribute of representative Si15Te80Cu5
sealed at 10-6 mbar. The sealed ampoules are kept in the bulk glass thinned down to a thickness of 0. 3mm.The figure
horizontal rotary furnace, which is set up to heat them to 1100 infers that the bulk material exhibits an ohmic conduct at the
0
C at a rate of 100 0C/hr. To ensure the uniformity of the melt, initial stage. This stage is consequently named as “OFF” as an
the ampoules were continuously rotated in the furnace for 24 insignificant current course through the sample. On reaching
hours before being finally quenched in ice-water mixed with the threshold voltage, also known as switching voltage, the
NaOH. glass changes to its high conducting ON state depicting non-
ohmic or current controlled negative resistance operation.
Flash evaporation technique has been employed for coating
of thin film devices and has the following specifications: (a)
Room temperature and a vacuum of 6.5×10-6 mbar has been
maintained inside the chamber of flash evaporation unit. (b)
Molybdenum boat has been used for evaporating the material.
(c) Coating of the devices has been done in sandwich fashion.
(d) Both the top and bottom electrodes are coated with
aluminum. The diagrammatic representation of Si15Te80Cu5
thin-film switching device is shown in fig 1. The source
material is coated using a flash evaporation method on a 25
mm x 75 mm cleaned glass substrate. At room temperature and
a high vacuum of 6.5x10-6 mbar, the flash evaporation process
is conducted. For the purpose of evaporating the substance,
molybdenum boats are used. The device in this paper has been
raised in a sandwich design. Top and bottom electrodes have
both been made out of aluminum. In order to create the
sandwich pattern, the chalcogenide amorphous sample is
deposited in between the top and bottom electrodes. By using
the right mask, the desired pattern can be produced.

Fig 2: I-V Characteristic of Si15Te80Cu5 showing threshold switching

On limiting current the examined Si15Te80Cu5 bulk glass is

Fig 1: Diagrammatic representation of Si15Te80Cu5 thin-film
switching device
observed to regress to initial low conductance OFF state and
hence can be concluded to exhibit threshold switching. The
kind of switching by a glass fundamentally is dependent on the
following aspects (a) On state current, (b) Thermal diffusivity,
(c) Thermal stability, (d) Network topological impacts.
Fig 3 shows the I-V characterization (memory switching)
of Si15Te80Cu5 bulk glass. The present findings point out that
on restricting the current to the lesser magnitudes, the glassy
system manifests switching of threshold type, in other words
lowering the current brings the glass to OFF state where the
holding voltage is seen to be lower compared to the threshold
voltage. It has also been found and shown in fig 2 that the glass

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manifests memory type of electrical switching at higher ON
state current, wherein the sample is seen to remain latched to
the ON state on removal of the administered current. A similar
behavior is observed in several chalcogenides containing
tellurium [10]. Electrical switching notices the transformation
in the sample from amorphous to crystalline phase and in
memory type the crystalline phase is locked by glass. A
filamentary path is created owing to joule heating of the glassy
material which is in between the electrodes [11]. Memory type
of switching is linked with change in structure and so the
presence of cross linkage which fabricates the system as rigid
makes restructuring of glass intricate. As a result, the systems
with large number of cross linking elements have been seen to
display threshold switching rather than memory. The memory
switching of glasses can be discerned by studying the features
of phase change memory.
Fig 3 (A and B): I-V Characteristic of Si15Te80Cu5 showing memory
switching
Fig 4 manifests the I-V characteristics of Si15Te80Cu5 thin
film device. At the initial stage, an ohmic nature is exhibited by
the device since the current varies linearly with voltage. The
thin film is observed to be in ON condition with a proof of
increase in current through it, and this condition is seen to
occur when the device changes from amorphous to crystalline
condition at a distinct voltage termed as switching voltage. The
device is said to indicate memory switching if it exists in the
ON state whilst the current is stopped.
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Fig 4: I-V Characteristic of Si15Te80Cu5 thin film showing memory switching
To understand the application of a glassy system as PCM it
is essential to study the contrast of electrical switching pattern
of bulk Si15Te80Cu5 glass with its equivalent thin film samples.
An analysis on bulk Si15Te80Cu5 glass specifies that the glass
exhibits memory as well as threshold switching [12] and the
behavior is dependent on the ON state current.
B. Set- Reset Study
Bulk samples thinned to 0.3 mm has been subjected to SET-
RESET experiment to carry out an analysis on the same. The
samples have been exposed to 6 mA of triangle pulse during
SET and 12 mA of rectangle pulse during RESET. Fig 5
shows the SET- RESET analysis of typical Si15Te80Cu5 bulk
sample. The glass is seen to store the detail semi- permanently
in the SET process as there is a transition from amorphous to
crystalline state of the glass with an application of
administered current or voltage. The RESET process reverses
the glass to amorphous state by the introduction of sharp -
current of high magnitude wherein conducting crystal melts
locally followed by formation of amorphous state.
C. Morphological Studies
i. Electron microscopic analysis
Fig 6 shows the SEM pictures of switched and unswitched
regions of Si15Te80Cu5 glass respectively. The pictures shows
distinctly the variance in the switched region in comparison to
the region where switching did not occur. Instantaneous
heating, sparking and partial splashing of the sample could be
one of the reason for the recognizable morphological alteration
displayed by the switching region of Si15Te80Cu5 glass.
Alteration in the resistance and density could be one of the
reasons for the image contrast seen at the switched regions.
ii. Edge Switching
An analysis of switching on the edge for Si15Te80Cu5
system has also been undertaken to recognize the phenomenon
of switching. The consideration of thermal as well as electronic
effect which results into a coupled reaction known as electro-
thermal effect is important during the qualitative examination
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of switching phenomena. The instigation of switching along

with maintaining the ON state in chalcogenide threshold
switches is basically electronic [13]. The ON (memory) state is
latched by the thermal effect which is its essential role and
wherein the thermal induction leads to the transformation of
amorphous to crystalline phase [14-19].

The sample changes its phase from amorphous to

crystalline and exhibits memory switching when the joule heat
of the current transmitting channel is large enough to
incorporate the transition and is displayed in fig 7. Or else,
threshold behavior is exhibited by the glass.

Fig 5: Set- Reset response of Si15Te80Cu5 bulk glass (B) for an

input triangular SET pulse of 6 mA amplitude and rectangular RESET pulse
of 21 mA amplitude (A).

Fig 6: SEM of un switched (top) and switched region (bottom) of Si15Te80Cu5

bulk glass

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Fig 7: I-V characteristic (top) and SEM (bottom) showing channel like
formation of Si15Te80Cu5 glass
V. CONCLUSION
Bulk Si15Te80Cu5 glass concocted by melt quenching
technique has exhibited both threshold and memory switching.
Thin film Si15Te80Cu5 device has shown only memory
switching with lower threshold voltage compared to the bulk
sample. The bulk as well as thin film devices of Si15Te80Cu5
glass has shown good switching response and the data were
reproducible. The as- prepared bulk sample has shown
repetition of few cycles in Set- Reset study. Switching study on
the edge of the bulk sample is done to visualize the formation
of channel like structure during memory switching. This has
helped to correlate the phenomena linked with the switching
effect.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge SERB (file no
SPG/2021/000359) under which the research was carried out.
REFERENCES
[1] H.S. Nalwa, Handbook of Advanced Electronic and Photonic Materials
and devices, Chalcogenide Glasses and Sol–Gel Materials, Vol 5,
Academic Press, 2001.
[2] Diptoshi Roy et al., Influence of Cu doping in Si-Te based chalcogenide
glasses and thin films: Electrical switching, Morphological and Raman
studies, IEEE Trans. Elec. Dev., vol 68, pp. 1196- 1201, Mar 2021.
[3] H. S. P. Wong et al., Phase change memory, Proc. IEEE, vol. 98, no. 12,
pp. 2201–2227, Dec. 2010.
[4] Martijn H.R Lankhorst, Bas W.S.M.M Ketelaars and R.A.M.
Wolters,Low-cost and nanoscale non-volatile memory concept for future
silicon chips, Nature.Mat, Vol. 4, March 2005, pp. 347-352.
[5] D. Adler, Amorphous Semiconductors, London, England, Butterworth,
1971
[6] A. C. Warren, Reversible thermal breakdown as a switching mechanism
in chalcogenide glasses, IEEE Trans. Elect. Dev., Vol. ED-20, Feb.
1973, pp. 123–131.
[7] J. Z. Liu and P. C. Taylor, The formal valence shell model for structure
of amorphous semiconductors, J. Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 114, pp.
25–30, Aug. 1989.
[8] J. Hegedus, S.R. Elliott, Microscopic origin of the fast crystallization
ability of Ge-Sb-Te phase-change memory materials, Nat. Mater., vol 7,
pp. 399- 405, May 2008.
[9] Yu. V. Ilisavskij, L.A. Kulakova, B.T. Melekh, E.Z. Yakhkind,
Amorphous SiTe alloy: An efficient acoustooptic material in the
infrared, Acoust Phys-Engl TR., vol 40, pp. 279, March 1994.
[10] S.R. Ovshinky, Symmetrical current controlling device, U.S. Patent
3271591, 1966.
[11] S.Kim, et al., Thermal disturbance and its impact on reliability of phase
change memory studied by micro- thermal stage, in 2010 IEEE
International Reliability Physics Symposium, Anaheim, CA, USA, 2010
[12] S. R. Ovshinky, Reversible electrical switching phenomena in
disordered structures, Phys.Rev.Lett., vol. 21, Nov 1968
[13] S. Lai, Current status of the phase change memory and its future, in
Proc. IEEE Int. Electron Devices Meeting, Dec 2003
[14] Tanaka H et al., Bit cost scalable technology with punch and plug
process for ultra high density flash memory , 2007 IEEE Symposium on
VLSI technology, Jun 2007.
[15] Jagannatha K.B, Diptoshi Roy, Chandasree Das, Electrical switching
and crystalline peak studies on Si20Te80-xSnx (1 ≤ x ≤ 7) chalcogenide
bulk glasses, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, vol. 544, pp. 120196, May 2020.
[16] H. J. Stocker, C. A. Barlow, and D. F. Weirauch, Mechanism of
Threshold Switching in Semiconducting Glasses, J. Non-Cryst. Solids,
vol. 4, pp. 523–535, April 1970.
[17] Diptoshi Roy, Chinmayi H.S. Nadig, Aravindh Krishnan, Akshath
Karanam, Abhilash R., Jagannatha K.B., Chandasree Das, Electrical
switching studies on Si15Te85-xCux bulk (1 ≤ x ≤ 5) glasses, AIP
Conference Proceedings, vol. 1966, pp. 020033, May 2018.
[18] D.M. Kroll, Theory of electrical instabilities of mixed electronic and
thermal origin. II. Switching as a nucleation process, Phys. Rev. B, vol.
11, pp. 3814- 3821, May 1975.
[19] Arun Madan and Melvin P. Shaw, The Physics and applications of
Amorphous semiconductors,London,Academic press Inc., 1988.
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Performance Analysis of Slotted Microstrip Antenna

with Variant Substrates
R Gayathri, T Perarasi, M Leeban M oses, P Ramya
Department ECE, Department ECE, Department ECE, Department of ECE
Bannari Amman Institute Bannari Amman Institute Bannari Amman Institute Bannari Amman Institute
of Technology, of Technology, of Technology, of Technology
Erode, India Erode, India Erode Erode, India
*gayathrir@bitsathy.ac.in perarasi@bitsathy.ac.in leebanmoses@gmail.com ramyap@bitsathy.ac.in

Abstract—In this paper, a simple double-side slot [17]. The patch antenna displays similar radiation
rectangular microstrip patch (DS S -RP) antenna is characteristics and acts like a dipole. The antenna is
presented. The antenna is used for multi-band purposes
supported mechanically by the substrate, which also
and the operating frequency ranges from 2 to 4GHz. In
aids in resonance [4]. For the antenna to maintain its
this design, five different substrates (BAKELITE, RT
overall integrity and endurance, the substrate is
DUROID, FR-4, TACONIC, and RO4003) have been
analysed for the proposed antenna design. The crucial. Permittivity and loss tangent are two of a
comparison performance is analysed based on the substrate's most crucial properties that must be taken
Reflection coefficient, VS WR, Axial ratio and into Selecting the right substrate material will
appropriate gain characteristics within the frequency improve antenna performance, lower surface wave
range. This slotted antenna design structure improves losses, and enable beam re configurability[11-13]. To
the dual-band responses for wireless communication. select the substrate, the properties to be considered
The slot insertion on the radiating element will provide
are dielectric constant or a measure of
the appropriate gain characteristics (>1.5dBi) and
electromagnetic wave and loss tangent.
promote the enlargement of the bandwidth.
In this article thicker substrate and increased strip
width to maintain impedance [8]. This will result in
Keywords—Patch antenna, different substrates-
more power through it due to a greater Q, but at a
Bakelite, Rogers RT/duroid, Flame Retardant epoxy
cost be heavier and emanate more power from the
resin and glass fabric composite of type 4(FR-4).,
transmission line. At a resonant frequency of 3 GHz,
Taconic, and Rogers RO4003, Wireless
the antennas were simulated with a strip line feed. To
Communication, CadFEKO antenna software
broaden the bandwidth, the dielectric constant must
simulation tool.
be low for a thick substrate [1-3]. The choice of
substrate is a crucial part of the antenna design
I. INTRODUCTION
process. In microstrip antennas, the substrate is
mostly needed to provide the metallization of the
In the modern world, microstrip antennas are
antenna. A dielectric must be present on the substrate
extensively recognized and utilized in
to offer this support. It could have an impact on the
communication systems due to their durability, small
electrical performance of the antenna [2].
size, ease of manufacture, lightweight, and other
The majority of small microstrip antenna designs
benefits. Due to their many applications, microstrip
exhibit declining antenna gain as a result of the
patch antennas are quickly gaining favour in personal
smaller antenna. To prevail to overcome this
wireless communication systems [9-10].
drawback and increase antenna gain, fabricating a
Reconfigurable bandwidth requirements for practical
substrate with a permittivity dielectric constant
applications shall be met while maintaining a small
microstrip patch antenna that is s mall [5], [6].
and compact size. The three main parts of a
Coaxial feed, microstrip feed and quarter wavelength
microstrip patch antenna are ground, substrate, and
feed are the common feeding methods which could
patch. The metal patch is positioned on one side of
be used for the antenna design. Compared with one
the slab, while the dielectric substrate is on the other
another, microstrip feed is used as it is a

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straightforward approach to feeding the antenna. The

slot is brought to the middle of the patch so that the
performance is multiplied by others [7], [12-18].

II. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

The common rectangular patch antenna was designed

in the base paper and the parametric analysis was
taken for different substrates. The proposed method
includes the design made by providing a slot on the
radiating element to promote the enlargement of
bandwidth. There are five different dielectric
materials have been compared for the suitable use of
Fig. 1. Antenna design
the substrate.
The S-band frequency ranges from 2 to 4 GHz.
The design of the slotted patch antenna is shown in
Considering 2.285GHz as a centre frequency, the
fig. 1. The elements of the antenna and their
length(L) and the width(W) for the patch with
dimensions are the width of the patch Wp is 28.2mm,
different substrates are calculated manually using the
the feed line Wm1 is 1 mm and the substrate Ws is
following formula.
√
32.3 mm. Similarly, the length of the patch Lp is 36.7
W= (1) mm, the microstrip line Lm1 is 25 mm and the
√
Where Vο is the free space velocity of light, fr is the substrate Ls is 38 mm.
resonant frequency and εr is the dielectric constant of III. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
the substrates.
The basic antenna performance is analysed based on
L= (2)
the Reflection coefficient, VSWR, Gain and Axial
Here λ is the wavelength and ∆L is the patch’s ratio for the five different substrate materials. The
incremental length, which can be calculated using radiation pattern for five different dielectric
equation 3. substrates has been shown in fig.2 and the
∆L= ( ) ( ) ( ) (3) corresponding dielectric constants are tabulated in
table 1.
In this, εr, eff is the effective dielectric constant
Table 1. Parameters of different dielectric materials
which is expressed in equation 4.
( ) ( ) (4)
√( ( )) Dielectric Loss
Parameters
constant tangent
The width and the length of the rectangular patch are
BAKELITE 4.78 0.03045
calculated using equations 1, and 2. To calculate the
length and width of the patch we assume the design TACONIC 3.2 0.002
frequency to be 2.45GHz. The permittivity of the
FR-4 4.36 0.013
substrates is given to be 4.78, 4.36, 3.4, 3.2 and 2.2
for Bakelite, FR-4, RO4003, Taconic TLC and RT- RT-DURIOD 2.2 0.0004
Duroid respectively. The overall size of the antenna RO4003 3.4 0.002
is 60mm x 70mm x 1.58 mm.

One of the important parametric analyses for the

proposed slotted antenna design is the radiation
pattern that is simulated for the above-mentioned
substrates at the centre frequency of 2.45GHz which
is depicted in Figure 2.

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BAKELITE TACONI FR-4

RT DUROID RO4003
Fig. 2. 3D Radiation pattern of five different dielectric
materials Fig. 4. VSWR Vs Frequency

As already mentioned, the substrate will be chosen The reflection coefficient versus frequency analysis
based on the analysis of different parameters such as is based on S11 (< -10 dB) parameter. Compared to
Reflection coefficient, VSWR, Gain and Axial ratio. all materials RT-DUROID and FR-4 have a good
The simulated results are given for five different reflection coefficient.
substrates and depicted in fig 3. The simulated results are compared for five different
dielectric substrates and given in table 2. For any
system, the VSWR ratio must be less than 1.5 dB and
in this design, the VSWR has been achieved for
different substrate materials.
Table I. Parametric analysis of an antenna
Reflection
Frequency VSWR
Substrate Coefficient
(GHz) (<1.5 dB)
(<-10dB)
BAKELIT
2.16 -12.5298 4.1845
E
TACONI 3.42 -13.6709 3.65287
FR-4 2.96 -30.6709 0.50311
RT-
2.26 -34.8886 0.312994
DUROID
RO4003 2.5 -16.7336 1.34097
Fig. 3. Reflection coefficient Vs Frequency
Compared with one another RO4003 and FR-4 has
very good VSWR value. The gain characteristics of
Bakelite, FR-4, RO4003, Taconic TLC and RT-
Duroid are plotted in fig 5. The gain of an antenna is
the proportion of a particular direction's maximum
radiation intensity to that direction's maximum
radiation intensity from a reference antenna.

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Fig. 5. Gain characteristics of different substrates
IV. CONCLUSION
Simulated is a rectangle patch with a slot on the
radiating element. Five distinct substrate materials
(BAKELITE, FR-4, RO4003, TACONIC, and RT-
DUROID) with dielectric constants ranging from 2.2
to 4.8 are investigated. All five substrate materials
were tested for different antenna attributes such as
reflection coefficient, VSWR and gain. When
compared to all other substrate materials, the FR-4
substrate produces the best results for the given
design. The suggested structure is effective for RFID
applications in the S-band, which operates at a
frequency of 2-4GHz.
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(ICCC), pp. 680-684. IEEE, 2019.
[11] Christina, G. "A Review on Novel Microstrip Patch Antenna
Designs and Feeding T echniques." IRO Journal on
Sustainable Wireless Systems 4, no. 2 (2022): 110-120.
[12] Sahdman, Syed Abid, Kazi Shihabul Islam, SK Shahabuddin
Ahmed, Samir Sakir Siddiqui, and Farzana Shabnam.
"Comparison of Antenna Parameters for Different Substrate
Materials at Terahertz Frequency Region." In 2019 IEEE 5th
International Conference on Computer and Communications
(ICCC), pp. 680-684. IEEE, 2019.
[13] Ramli, Nurulazlina, Shehab Khan Noor, T aher Khalifa, and
N. H. Abd Rahman. "Design and performance analysis of
different dielectric substrate based microstrip patch antenna
for 5G applications." International Journal of Advanced
Computer Science and Applications 11, no. 8 (2020).
[14] Sidhu, Sumanpreet Kaur, and Jagtar Singh Sivia.
"Comparison of different types of microstrip patch antennas."
International Journal of Computer Applications 975 (2015):
8887.
[15] Nyunt, Swe. "Implementation of microstrip patch antenna for
wi-fi applications." American Journal of Computer Science
and T echnology 1, no. 3 (2018): 63-73.
[16] Srivastava, Harshit, Amandeep Singh, Arathy Rajeev, and
Usha T iwari. "Comparison of different microstrip patch
antennas with proposed RMPA for wireless applications." In
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[17] Majidi, Negar, Mohammad R. Sobhani, Bahadır Kılıç,
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[18] T ütüncü, Bilal, Hamid T orpi, and Bülent Urul. "A
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Overview on Battery Management System and
Energy Storage System of Electric Vehicle
Sanitha Michail C Chithra M
Department of EEE, Department of EEE,
CMR Institute of Technology CMR Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
sanitha.c @cmrit.ac.in chithra.m@cmrit.ac.in
Abstract— World is moving towards the path of reducing
pollution by reducing the carbon foot prints and eliminating the
emission of greenhouse gases. Electric vehicle (EV) technology is
a boon that has been developed by mankind towards this goal.
But EVs are still facing a lot of challenges in Energy Storage
System (ESS) and Battery Management System (BMS). Energy
storage techniques used in different types of ESSs used in EVs,
comparison between different ESSs and its challenges are
discussed in this paper. Different functions of battery
management systems (BMS), importance of monitoring the
battery health and various algorithms used for monitoring the
status of battery are also reviewed in this paper.
Keywords— Electric vehicle, Energy storage system, Battery
management system, Renewable energy, Battery technology.
I. INTRODUCTION
Electric vehicle is a technology has been established to cut
the carbon emission. Nowadays environmental pollution is
more due to highly increased carbon emission. So
electrification of automobiles is one of the solutions for clean
and green energy utilization. Block diagram of Electric
Vehicle (EV) is shown in figure 1. Here the typical IC's engine
and fuel tank of normal car are swapped out with an electronic
motor and battery pack, respectively. Other two main parts of
EVs are Energy storage system (ESS) and energy management
system. The electric vehicle's energy storage system is crucial.
There are different kind of the energy storage system such as
battery, fuel cells, and super capacitors. ESS is used for
driving motor, lightning system and other operating
mechanism. It has mentioned in the figure 2.
Fig. 1. Block Diagram of EV
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Nithara P V Reshma P Eldho
Department of EEE, Department of EEE,
CMR Institute of Technology CMR Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
nithara.p@cmrit.ac.in reshma.e@cmrit.ac.in
Additionally, EV batteries frequently have to meet sudden
power demands, they frequently charge and discharge their
batteries which reduces their lifespan. This is one of the key
factors that deter people from utilizing EVs, thus finding ways
to increase battery lifespan is critical. Therefore, energy
storage systems are crucial for EVs. Mostly rechargeable
energy storage devices (ESD) such Zink batteries, lead-acid
batteries, Li-ion batteries, nickel batteries, and SC are used in
EVs. The need for portable electric components, particularly
those used in EVs, has grown quickly with the improvement
of ESD technology.
Fig. 2. Summary of the Study.
The battery management system (BMS) is crucial in
electric vehicles (EV). BMS is a comprehensive system that
includes configurations and techniques for assessing overall
performance for different types of ESD, overall health,
charging and discharging processes, battery tracking, data
collection, thermal control, device management, duration, and
thermal management for cell protection. In ESD, an
unbalanced cell voltage during the charge or discharge period
as a result of an electrochemical process. One of the primary
areas of development in the BMS is to enhance the voltage
balancing systems. Researchers are creating cell balancing
systems to increase the longevity of the cell, safeguard it
against explosion, and enhance the voltage balance systems.
Various research studies examined energy management
techniques linked to different energy storage system. The
BMS for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and hybrid
electric vehicles (HEVs) is explored in [1] by summarizing
offline, real-time, and learning-based algorithms. But in [2]
another evaluation of the BMS for HEVs through 2012 is
provided and contrasted. [3] While looking at the typical BMS
of hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles, a general overview of
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ESSs, power converters, and charging systems is provided. enhance ESS performance and develop a storage device that is
Authors in [4] identify the control tactics used in fuel cell affordable, many researchers and manufacturing companies
hybrid vehicles, and compare the benefits and drawbacks of work diligently.
each. A more thorough segmentation of optimization-based
tactics in HEVs is established has mentioned in [5].
Energy Storage System
This paper explains the many types of energy storage
technologies that are now available and different ways of
energy management system.
Electro-Chemical Battery
· Lead-Acid Battery
II. ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS (ESS)
· Nickel-Based
Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more prevalent on · Air-Based
the road and in the grid of power plants. In the design of EVs, · Zinc Based
the energy system and management are crucial components. · Sodium-Based
Fully battery electric vehicles (FBEVs) and hybrid electric
· ZEBRA
vehicles are the two main forms of EVs (HEV). Operating
energy for HEVs is provided by Internal Combustion Engine · Lithium Based
(ICE) and Stored Energy (SE). HEVs are valuable in and of · Vanadium Redox
themselves, and their fuel economy can be increased. There
are two forms of HEVs: fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) and
plug-in electric hybrids (PHEVs). BEVs are entirely powered Electro-Magnetic
by electricity, which is stored in the battery pack. The process · Super capacitor
of regeneration braking, which the automobile must perform · Super-conducting Magnetic
in order to regain SE, involves charging the battery pack from Energy (SMES)
the charging station. The battery's power determines the
BEV's operating range. Classification of electric vehicle is
shown in figure 3. Chemical
· Fuel cell
· Hydrogen Storage
ELECTRIC
VEHICLE(EV)
· Synthetic Natural Gas
· Biofuel

Fully Battery Electric Hybrid Electric Hybrid

Vehicles (FBEVs) Vehicles(HEVs) · Battery and super capacitor
· Battery and Fuel cell
· Super-capacitor and Fuel cell
Fuel Cell Electric Plug-in Hybrid · Battery,Super-capacitor and
Vehicles (FCEVs) Electric Fuel cell
Vehicle(PHEVs)
Fig. 4. Types of ESS
Fig. 3. Classification of Electric Vehicle.

A. Types of Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
The ESS (batteries) in EVs should be able to accept high
power repetitive charges from regenerative braking operation,
have a large number of life cycles, operate in a wide range of
temperatures, and have a high energy density to increase the
driving range of EVs and a high-power density to enable quick
acceleration of EVs.
Figure 4 depicts the split of ESS into electrochemical
storage, electromagnetic storage, chemical storage, and hybrid
storage systems that is pertinent to electric vehicles. Each ESS
has several different characteristics. The responsibility for
various implementations should be based on these properties.
An adequate ESS helps the consumer save money in addition
to reserving the electricity for a longer period of time. To
1)Electro-chemical Storage:
A battery can store energy by electrochemical storage,
which uses a chemical process. Primary and secondary
electrochemical batteries are the two different types. The
market has changed significantly as a result of advancements
in battery technology. The most common type of battery in
conventional EV systems is the lead-acid battery. Following
that, researchers continued to work developing the EV system
and recommended storage with higher specific energy and
power density.
The literature mentions batteries made of nickel and lead,
such as nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), nickel-cadmium
batteries (NiCD), and lithium-ion batteries (LI-ION). NiMH
batteries require extensive maintenance and perform poorly at
higher temperatures. NiCD batteries have a poor energy

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density but are suitable for high temperature operation of energy storage system needed for an EV relies on a number
conditions. Because LI-ION batteries have a higher energy of variables, including the type of electric vehicle, consumer
density, they are lighter and require less maintenance in demand, cost, and environmental friendliness, among others.
comparison.
Lithium-ion batteries are the dominant electro chemical III. BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
energy storage system. Electric mobility is moving towards global penetration day
by day and it is the responsibility of the manufacturers to
2) Electro-magnetic Storage:
provide a safe and comfortable driving experience to the
Electrodes and electrolytes are used in electro-magnetic
customers. It is inevitable to ensure safety and security of the
storage systems, sometimes known as super- or ultra-
passenger and the vehicle. BMS plays a crucial role to monitor
capacitors, to store static energy. Super capacitors are used as
the battery. BMS is the essential part in almost every high-end
secondary ESS due to their high power density, long life and
electronic device including smart phones, laptops, electric
fast charging capability. The power density range of super
vehicle and so on. The purpose of Battery Management
capacitor is 300- 5000 W/kg. The combination of electrode
system includes (i) Data acquisition (ii) Cell Equalization (iii)
and electrolyte materials, as well as the breakdown voltage
Provide Over/Under charge control (iv) Thermal management
level, affect an ultracapacitor's (UC) ability to store energy.
(v) Battery Stage Determination (vi) Safety and security.
Activated carbon is the most common electrode due to its
Figure 5 shows the main functions of BMS. Even though the
higher energy density and surface area. There are three
battery breakaways and damages cannot be eliminated,
different types of ultracapacitors:
however, the safety functions in the BMS provides a better
i. Double layer electro-chemical UC and safer environment for the batteries to reduce the likelihood
of undergoing unstable situations.
ii. Pseudo-SC
iii. Hybrid SC
3) Chemical Storage System:
3.1. Fuel Cell :
The environmentally friendly hydrogen fuel cells are
another alternative energy storage system that is already
available. Although it has a lesser energy density than
batteries and super capacitors, it is nonetheless favored
because of its minimal environmental impact. Fuel cells only
produce heat and water as waste. The most often used fuel
cells for electric vehicle energy storage systems include
proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), phosphoric
acid fuel cells (PAFC), direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs),
solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), alkaline fuel cells, and molten
carbonate fuel cells.
3.2. Bio-Fuel :
The type of bio-mass used determines the classification of
bio fuel. Algae, non-edible feedstock, and edible feedstock are
the three main categories of biofuels. In addition to being
economical, these fuels cut GHG emissions by lowering CO2, Fig. 5. Basic Components of BMS
PM, hydrocarbon (HC), and SOx emissions. Although liquid
biofuels can be utilized as a substitute to gasoline, their high
cost and ineffective conversion processes provide significant A. FUNCTIONS OF BMS
practical difficulties.
Energy storage systems used in EVs includes Electro-
Synthetic fuels can be created by mixing carbon monoxide chemical, Electro mechanical and Electrical Batteries. Most
and hydrogen, which eliminates the need to use fossil fuels electrochemical batteries are prone to overheat. Moreover,
altogether. Production of synthetic fuel is primarily based on Lithium based batteries tend to explode while thermally
biomass or recovered CO2. Synthetic methane, methanol, and unstable. To maintain the battery temperature, BMS plays as
diesel/gasoline are a few examples of liquid synthetic fuels. essential role. On any event of fault, the temperature of the
battery pack or the system can tremendously rise which leads
4) Hybrid Storage System: to abnormal heat generation, external heat transfer and poor
The integration of two or more energy storage systems is heat dissipation. Major reasons of thermal shoot up include
known as a hybrid storage system. So, battery and super external short circuit, current sensor fault, overcharging,
capacitor, battery and fuel cell, super capacitor and fuel cell, battery connection fault, cooling system failure, mechanical
or battery fuel cell and super capacitor are all viable options shocks such as collision and many more. The thermal runaway
for hybrid storage systems. Every storage system has can cause battery swelling, battery permanent damage, fire,
advantages and di sadvantages of its own. As a result, the kind

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explosion and smoke. During thermal runaway, it checks for
options to turn on cooling system and helps to provide a better
the cell environment. Moreover, it can shut down other cells to
protect from severe damages during emergencies. BMS
monitors the battery health and acquire the information
regarding SOH, SOL, State of Power (SOP) and SOC and
ensure the life and safety of the batteries well in advance.
SOH utilizes and captures the age of battery as capacity fade
and internal resistance [17]. A capacity decay of 20% and / or
an internal resistance rise of 100% are generally considered as
the End-of-Life (EOL) of a battery in automotive application.
There are various techniques available to estimate the battery
properties such as state-of-charge, state-of-health, state-of-
power as mentioned in [18]. Moreover, the status of the
battery can be obtained using various algorithms. Many
researches are progressing towards obtaining the said battery
parameters with ultimate accuracy. Main challenges and
advancements in the field of state estimation is showcased in
[19].
Cell equalization is a very vital feature of the Battery
Management System. The vehicle battery is made of
combination of many cells in series/parallel. It is extremely
common to have unequal charging rates between each cell in
the battery pack. To ensure that each cell reaches full charge at
the same time, there are various cell equalization
methodologies existing. Cell equalization techniques include
(i) Active cell balancing and (ii) Passive cell balancing
methods.[20]-[21]. In passive cell balancing, which is also
called as resistor bleed method dissipated the charge as heat
across the resistor. In active balancing, it utilizes an inductor
or capacitor to transfer the charge effectively from high
charged cell to low charged cell thus supporting balancing in a
much effective manner. An active balancing technique for
Lithium-ion battery is presented in [22] based on inductor
balancing method. The paper presents equalization of eight
series connected cells in reduced time. Conventional issues in
inductor-based methods such as longer time and lesser
accuracy is eliminated here. Intense communication is
inevitable which helps in proper decision making. Interaction
with the motor controller as well as upper vehicle controller
must be carried out correctly for the vehicles to operate as
intended. A data link is utilized by a BMS's communication
function to monitor performance, log data, issue diagnostics,
or set control variables. The two most widely used protocols
by BMS to interact inside the vehicle are CAN (standard
communication) and RS232 and RS485 communications
through the data bus. In [23], a new battery fault diagnosis
algorithm is proposed with better battery safety by utilizing
charge duration, charging current and capacity of the storage
element. SOC, SOH calculations are implemented and initial
error is reduced using Coulomb counting method (CCM). A
further subject area that necessitates BMS monitoring is
charging control. Two stages are involved in charging.
Constant Current (CC), during which the charger provides
constant current. The secondary stage, known as Constant
Voltage (CV), is where the battery receives a fixed voltage
level while only receiving little current. The BMS makes sure
that all these processes go smoothly.
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IV. CONCLUSION
As we are moving towards the world of green energy,
electric vehicles play a crucial role in it. Energy storage
system and battery management system are two important
functions which need to be discussed in EVs. Researchers are
finding a lot of challenges in these areas. This paper discusses
about the different types and challenges of ESS in EVs. It also
gives a detailed explanation about the battery management
system in EVs. A lot of research is still need in these areas to
improve the performance of EV.
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[16] Kang, Taewoo, et al. "Thermal analysis of a parallel-configured battery
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[17] Hu, Xiaosong, et al. "State estimation for advanced battery management:
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)

Enhanced Vehicle Plate Identification using YOLO

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Gayana M N Alonie Jane Crasta Shreenath Acharya

Dept. of Computer Science and Dept. of Computer Science and Dept. of Computer Svience and
Engineering Engineering Engineering
St Joseph Engineering College St Joseph Engineering College St Joseph Engineering College
Mangaluru, India Mangaluru, India Mangaluru, India
gayana.mn@gmail.com aloniejane@gmail.com shree.katapady@gmail.com

Carol Dsouza Divya Cheryl Moras Karvender Singh

Dept. of Computer Science and Dept. of Computer Science and Dept. of Computer Science and
Engineering Engineering Engineering
St Joseph Engineering College St Joseph Engineering College St Joseph Engineering College
Mangaluru, India Mangaluru, India Mangaluru, India
carold131199@gmail.com morasdivya@gmail.com karvender98@gmail.com

Abstract— In the urban areas, there is an increased demand
for ownership of the vehicles which has led to a civic problem of
traffic control and vehicle identification. For an
organization/institution or any restricted areas, security is
important and to enhance this security it is advisable to keep
track of the vehicles entering. Hence vehicle number plate
recognition plays an important role in solving these problems. It
is an image processing technique that uses a number plate to
identify the vehicle. In this approach, the image of the vehicle
has been enhanced and threshold technique was applied for a
better resolution. Our approach to license plate recognition is
based on a Convolution Neural Network YOLO, holistically
processes the whole image, avoiding segmentation of the license
plate characters. This work aims to recognize license plate
images automatically to fulfill the requirement for automation
in surveillance of any highly restricted areas. The result shows
the success rate of number plate recognition is 98.6% and 84.7%
in vehicle number detection. This accuracy can be improved
greatly by positioning the camera suitably to capture the best
frame and using better image enhancing techniques
Keywords—vehicle identification, restricted areas, threshold,
You Look Only Once
I. INTRODUCTION
India is a developing country with the second-highest
population in the world. Most of the population depends on
conventional public transport like buses for commutation,
while the others prefer private vehicles. Vehicles are an
integral part of transportation systems today, and their use has
increased exponentially due to population growth. As there
was a rapid development of economy around the world, along
with the increase in the usage of the car, the problems such as
car theft case, traffic accident, road congestion have also
increased. In order to solve these problems, each country is
actively studying how to manage and monitor vehicles more
effectively with low cost and high efficiency.
License/Number plates were introduced to uniquely
identify the vehicle. Our work is inclined to license plate
recognition for vehicles entering restricted areas like military
camps, research centers, college campuses and so on. When
we consider a venue where political conferences are held, it is
important to make sure no one trespassers are allowed in. For
this purpose, security guards are assigned to each entry point.
However, the process of manual vehicle verification is long
and tiresome and inefficient in the long run. To overcome this
problem, we add a verification system to the existing
technology of CCTV cameras as Vehicle Number Plate
Recognition system. The ultimate goal is to identify a plate
number from pictures taken from vehicles (vehicle images).
Several problems can arise from environmental conditions
like illumination, deteriorated plates, etc., which motivate the
development of robust and reliable systems for Automatic
Number Plate recognition.
II. RELATED WORK
In India, The number plate usually contains the first two
letters as the state code followed by district code and then a 4
digit code that is specific to a particular vehicle file. Example,
KA 19 M 5990 where KA stands for Karnataka, 19 for
Dakshina Kannada, M 5990 corresponds to vehicle specific
number. Some techniques have been proposed to detect Indian
vehicle number plates. One of the method adopted to detect
the number plate is bounding box [1]. As a first step, the image
is obtained. This obtained image is then converted into
grayscale and noise is removed using a median filter. The
boundaries of the image were detected using Sobel edge
detector. After extracting the desired region, bounding box
method is used to map each character. Each letter will be
mapped a box and displayed each character into a single
image. This was then followed by segmentation. After
segmentation, comparison has been made for each character
with and correlation is used for recognition of each character
in the number plate.
One more method for number plate detection was
proposed which is based on Hough lines using Hough
transformation and template matching [2]. After the image
capturing, a pre-processing technique was used. It was then
followed by using the Canny detector to detect the edge of the
license plate. After that, the Hough transformation was used
to determine the horizontal and vertical edges. The characters
were divided with the use of a dilatation procedure. For
template matching, blocks measuring 38 x 20 were created.
After cross-correlating, the ASCII values were then acquired
using OCR. The proposed method [13] uses a combination of
Feature Extraction Model and Back Propagation Neural
Networks for license plate detection. Here, the first step
involves boosting the Automobile image’s contrast ratio. The
second step is to use integral projection method in order to
identify the correspond number plate. The three sets of
features are then combined to create a new feature extraction
model, which is then trained using Back Propagation Neural
Networks to accurately recognize the characters on license

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plates. The approach suggested in [11] use K-means Thus, the proposed method of detecting number plates can
clustering and Convolution Neural networks to identify be divided into sub-parts which contain: 1. capturing the
automobile license plates. The CCA and IBA models are used image of the vehicle, 2. Locating the number plate of the
in the first step to locate and detect the License Plate. This is image, 3. Pre-processing the image i.e. image enhancement,
then followed by segmentation step, using clustering reducing noise, adjusting brightness and contrast of the image,
technique. The last step involves usage of CNN model to 4. Recognizing the characters on the number plate, 5.
identify the characteristics. The work [14] has been carried out Verifying if the obtained number plate is a registered one or
using YOLOv4 along with thresholding, Morphological not. Hence a database has to be maintained for the verification
transformations. The characters were recognized using OCR of the registered number with that of the obtained number
technique. As an another approach, a neural network based plate.
Deep Learning Model is proposed [4], wherein, A
comparative study of detecting the mechanical parts of car III. METHODOLOGY
engine using different versions of YOLO is conducted. YOLO The proposed system is to identify vehicle number of a
is a real-time object detection framework and stands for You vehicle in St Joseph Engineering College and to allow only
Only Look Once. The experiment involved identifying eight registered vehicles. The high level architecture diagram is
different mechanical parts of a car engine using different shown in Figure 1. The model for Vehicle Number
versions of YOLO. Experimentation revealed that YOLOv5 Identification has four main steps: image extraction, vehicle
could adequately handle the detection problem. Along with plate detection, Image enhancement techniques and OCR
the detection, YOLOv5 was able to detect object parts from API. The image enhancement is an essential step since the
real time video streams, with high accuracy. A review on resolution of the image is low. Figure 2 depicts the main steps
Indian Number Plate recognition system [10] demonstrates involved.
that the basic steps would involve preprocessing, detection,
segmentation and recognition. A comparative study has been
made and observed that mathematical morphology technique
results in higher accuracy.
A few issues may arise while detecting the appropriate
images. One issue is character recognition in number plate
images. The work [12] is carried out on License plate Fig.1. High Level Architecture
detection in unconstrained scenarios. The approach involves
initially to identify the vehicles. It is then followed by
identifying the license plates. This step is supported using
Warped Planar Object Detection Network. It looks for License
plates and does one affine transformation regression for each
detection. This results in License plate area identification.
This obtained rectified detections are then passed onto the
final step which involves using Optical Character Recognition
network. The study [9] focuses on various plate segmentation
methods and discovered that edge-detection based methods
are the most efficient of all techniques. The work also
addresses the issue of unwanted boundary plates which can
lead to character recognition errors. The problem is addressed
here using thresholding technique. Reference [3] concerned
with dealing with difficult situations such as varying
illumination, blurred, skewed, noisy images, non-standard and
partially worn out number plates. For image pre-processing,
various techniques have been used. Border following contours
are used for number plate segmentation and these contours are
filtered based on character dimensions and spatial
localization. The K Nearest Neighbor algorithm was used for
character recognition with the query point labelled with a class
that has the most neighborhood support; considered as the
nearest neighbor’s simple majority vote. It was implemented
using scikit-learn.
Image resolution is still another issue to be solved. It was
suggested to use unique CNN model [5] for single image super
resolution. This technique uses a sub-pixel convolution layer
in the CNN architecture to upscale the low resolution input Fig. 2. Steps involved in Vehicle number identification
image to a high resolution image. The study [8] shows how to
construct applications using two distinct algorithms—number A. Dataset and Image extraction
plate detection and recognition—along with learned models The dataset for this system is the CCTV camera
rather than random initialization. The task was carried out video footages taken between the timings 8:30am to
using the TAO toolbox. 9:00am and 4:45pm to 5:15pm. This video footage will be
converted into suitable form for further processing. In
order to reproduce the images from the CCTV video, the

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video is split into frames. The following algorithm is used D. Image Enhancement and Thresholding
to accomplish this task The number plate image that has been thusly discovered
Algorithm: Extraction of frames from the video has a low resolution. The image has a resolution that varies
BEGIN from 57 x 26 pixels to 91 x 68 pixels. We applied a model
Video is taken from user known as "Super-Resolution for Single Images and
getFrame(seconds) Videos in Real-Time Utilizing a Powerful Convolutional
Video is set to position to get the frame Sub-Pixel Neural Network "model in order to improve the
It gets the frame model's resolution[5]. It doesn't use perceptual loss or
Frame is Saved generic loss, but because it upscales with sub-pixel
If Success convolutions, it is a very quick model. The model triples
Increase Count the image's enhancement. After enhancement, the image
Increase seconds (Add FrameRate) resolution is 672 × 672 pixels.
The seconds is rounded off To reduce background noise and improve the image,
Get the rest of the frames various different approaches like grey scaling and
till the video is ended Gaussian blur were applied. Thereafter, a thresholding
Seconds is initialized to 0 (start) process will follow, in which pixels below 100 will be
Frame Rate is defined made darker while those above 255 will be made lighter.
Get the first Frame
END E. OCR API
B. Annotation of number plates and dividing the dataset Usually, applications use segmentation of characters and
use models like CNN to train the characters to recognize
The extracted images then, shall be further processed for them. Although such methods have been tried, the low
annotation. This step would result in two different types of quality of the images and the angle at which the CCTV is
files, text file and image file. The task is achieved using placed make them ineffective. This can be accomplished
Computer Vision Annotation Tool (CVAT)[15]. The by making use of OCR API.
dataset is exported in YOLO format for further processing.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
C. Vehicle Plate Detection Using YOLOv5
YOLOv5 model [6] is applied for training the data to In our experiment, we have used CCTV video footages
detect the number plate. It is implemented as a captured at the front gate between the timings, 8:30AM to
convolutional neural network. It consists of 24 9:00AM and 4:45PM to 5:15PM. These videos were in .avi
convolutional layers followed by two fully connected format which was then converted to .mp4 format. Image
layers. The current implementation utilizes the YOLOv5s frames were extracted from the videos at the rate of 2 frames
model, which is a pre- trained model. The model needs to per second.480 images were used for training the algorithm
be trained using trained data, obtained in the previous step. and 105 images were used to test the algorithm. The
A simple algorithm [7] is applied to get the region of annotation of the number plate is done by CVAT tool. We
interest on test images annotated all the training data using CVAT and export it as the
YOLO 1.1 dataset. We now have an image and a text file,
Algorithm: Retrieve the Region of interest which includes the bounding box coordinates in the YOLO
BEGIN format. The current implementation of the application utilizes
Img<-original image the YOLOv5s model, which is a pre-trained model. We
dh,dw<- height and the width of original image trained the model using 16 batches and 100 epoch. The
open text file containing the coordinates of the image training of the model took 15 minutes and 30 seconds. Figure
in yolo format 3 shows the detected number plate using the model YOLOv5.
data<-Read the text file
Initialize ROInumber to 1
#convert yolo format coordinates to box coordinates
For each line in data
Read values in x,y,w,h , convert into float
L<-int((x-w/2)*dw)
R<- int((x+w/2)*dw)
T<- int((y-h/2)*dh)
B<-int((y+h/2)*dh)
If L<0 then L<-0
If R>dw-1 then R<-dw-1
If T<0 then T<-0
If B>dh-1 B<-dh-1
Create a Bounding Box using L,T,R and B Values
Get the ROI Image
Save the Image
Increase the ROI Number Fig. 3. YOLOv5 model recognizing the number plate
END We have used Google CoLab for training our model.
Using the Region Retrieval algorithm, the region of interest
will be obtained on the test image. A sample output after this
step is shown in Figure 4.

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YOLOv5s 8mins 24 s 143 50

YOLOv5m 20mins 11s 95 50
YOLOv5l 24min 37s 127 50

TABLE 2 TABLE FOR DIFFERENT MODELS WITH EPOCH 100

Model Time Taken Number plate Epoch
detected
Fig. 4. Region of interest identified
YOLOv5s 15mins 30 s 144 100

The image resolution we get after enhancing is 672 X 672
pixels. The enhanced image is shown in Figure 5. It was then
followed by thresholding. The corresponding image is shown
in Figure 6.
Fig. 5. Enhanced image
Fig. 6. Image after thresholding
This image is then given to OCR API to identify the
vehicle number.
YOLOv5m 29mins 22s 143 100
YOLOv5l 46mins 51 s 143 100
We have used YOLOv5s model, which is the smallest version
of YOLOv5 models. Additionally, there are models YOLOv5l
and YOLOv5x, the latter of which is the largest. The
performance of the network may also increase as its size
increases, at the expense of longer processing times. As a
result, the larger models may only be useful for complex
problems with a large dataset. We have also analyzed the
training set using different models of YOLOv5, using a
constant epoch and batch size. The results are shown in
TABLE 1 and TABLE 2.
With OpenCV, thresholding is a technique that assigns pixel
values based on threshold values. Thresholding consists of
comparing each pixel value with a threshold. If the pixel value
falls below the threshold value, it is set to 0. Otherwise it is set
to the maximum value (generally 255). The thresholding
technique is used in computer vision on grayscale images. As
a result, the image has to first be converted into grayscale.
There are different types of thresholding methods like
BINARY, BINARY_INV, TOZERO, and TOZERO_INV.
We have used different methods, the analysis of this is shown
in TABLE 3. From the table, we can deduce that TOZERO
produces the best result. Hence, we have used the TOZERO
value for thresholding.
TABLE 3 TABLE FOR DIFFERENT THRESHOLD VALUES

A simple user interface is developed to retrieve vehicle
number of vehicles and either to give the result as allow or
deny. The user opens the file explorer to query a picture
obtained by the videos of CCTV footage and uploads it to the
application for prediction. The API gives the result which is
compared to the database to either allow or deny the vehicle.
In the above example, the image takes 14.27 seconds to be
processed after the user uploads the image in the application.
Additionally, it has correctly identified the number plate as
"KA51AF6349" with an accuracy of 0.879. In some cases,
poor image quality results in incorrect identification. In the
following step, the result is compared with the records on the
database that contain the user's personal information along
with the vehicle number If the result is matched the vehicle is
allowed or else the vehicle is denied.
TABLE 1 TABLE FOR DIFFERENT MODELS WITH EPOCH 50
Model Time Taken Number plate Epoch
detected
Threshold value Total images Detected images
TOZERO 144 122
BINARY 144 98
Without Thresholding 144 95
A model's accuracy is determined by the percentage of
correctly identifiable images among all images in a dataset.
Testing has been conducted using 146 images. The number
plate could be discerned in 144 images out of 146, which is
98.6% accuracy. Among the 144 images analyzed by the OCR
software, 121 number plates were correctly identified,
corresponding to an accuracy of 84.7%.
V. CONCLUSION
The work carried out adheres to St Joseph Engineering
College and the problem is approached using Convolution
Neural Network and Yolov5. Although there are several other
methods like Bounding box and Segmentation, a problem
would arise here due to the variant forms and font of license
plates. The proposed system was designed to identify vehicle
plate numbers and to see if that vehicle is allowed to enter or
not. This system which was designed works satisfactory for

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wide variations of conditions and different types of number
plates. Hence it is an effective method of identification of
vehicle number plates. The number plate was made to be
recognized from the images obtained. It was then trained for
identification of the characters on the number plate. Whenever
a user enters the image of the vehicle the model can detect it’s
number plate characters and if that number plate was already
registered in the database, the user is allowed to go otherwise
it’s obvious that he/she is not allowed to get in or was not
invited to the place. We can detect the number plate that has
different font size and also different font type. Hence it is an
efficient method to manage vehicles in a private or public
place.
The accuracy achieved in identifying the vehicle numbers can
be increased by incorporating neural networks into the image-
enhancing process.
Law enforcement officers may avail the benefit of license
plate recognition in real-time with the aid of an integrated
system with smaller cameras that can read license plates
quickly, along with more compact and durable processors that
can fit in police vehicles. Hence the recognition of number
plates should be possible from the video processing as well.
The system robustness can be increased if a bright and sharp
camera is used which may be used in dealing with varying
illuminated, noisy, and nonstandard number plates. Also, it
can improve the security related to the women’s as they can
easily detect the number plate before using a cab or other
services.
There are some drawbacks to the system, such as the fact that
it does not identify vehicle numbers in low-quality images. A
damaged or distorted vehicle plate will not be detected by the
system. It cannot recognize the vehicle number plates of
motorcycles since they are too small to be recognized in the
CCTV footage.
This work can be taken a step further by live monitoring the
vehicle entering the grounds and notifying the admin if a non-
registered vehicle would approach.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are grateful to the Management of St Joseph
Engineering College for providing us required data for
carrying out our work.
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REFERENCES
[1] K. Mahesh Babu., M V. Raghunadh, M. V, “Vehicle number plate
detection and recognition using bounding box method”, International
Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing
Technologies (ICACCCT), May 2016, IEEE Xplore, January 2017.
[2] Saqib Rasheed, Asad Naeem and Omer Ishaq “Automated number
plate.recognition using hough lines and template matching”,
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer
Science Vol I WCECS , October 24-26, 2012, San Francisco, USA.
[3] Varma P, R. K., Ganta, S., B, H. K., & Svsrk, P. “A novel method for
indian vehicle registration number plate detection and recognition
using image processing”, ELSEVIER, Procedia Computer Science,
Vol 167, pp 2623-2633, 2020
[4] Ana Malta , Mateus Mendes and Torres Farinha , “Augmented Reality
Maintenance Assistant Using YOLOv5”, MDPI, Applied Sciences, Sp.
Issue , Artificial Intelligence in Service Systems, May 2021.
[5] Wenzhe Shi , Jose Caballero , Ferenc Huszar , Johannes Totz , Andrew
P. Aitken,, Rob Bishop , Daniel Rueckert , Zehan Wang1R. Nicole
“ Real-time single image and video super-resolution using an efficient
sub-pixel convolutional neural network”. CVPR, September 2016.
[6] Lihi Gur Arie , “The practical guide for object detection with YOLOv5
algorithm”, Towards Data Science, March 2020
[7] Mohit Maithani ,”Guide to Yolov5 for Real-Time Object Detection”,
Developers Corner, Dec 19, 2020
[8] Yue Zhu, Morgan Huang and Fei Chen, “Creating a real time License
Plate Detection and Recognition App”, Technical Blog, NVIDIA
DEVELOPER, Feb 2021
[9] Pankaj Sharma,Jai Karan Sing , “Challenges and Overview of License
Plate Character Segmentation”, IJCSE, Vol 3, Issue 2, Feb 2015.
[10] Varsha K hadke, Rutuja K,Deode, Sonali P Shejwal, “Indian License
Plate Recognition – A Review”, Journal of Electronics and
Communication Systems, vol 1, Issue 3, pp 1-15, 2016
[11] Chen, Joy Iong Zong, and Joy Iong Zong. "Automatic Vehicle License
Plate Detection using K-Means Clustering Algorithm and CNN."
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[12] Sergio Montazzolli Silva and Claudio Rosito Jung , “License Plate
Detection and Recognition in Unconstrained Scenarios”, ECCV 2018.
[13] Fei Xie, Ming Zhang, Jing Zhao, Jiquan Yang, Yijian Liu, Xinyue
Yuan, “A robust license plate detection and character recognition
algorithm based on a combined Feature Extraction Model and BPNN”,
Journal of Advanced Transportation, Vol 2018
[14] Adarsh Sai, Paritosh Pandey, Sambhav Jain, S Kalaivani, “Automatic
License Plate Recognition using YOLO4 and TESSERACT
OCR”,International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology,
Vol 12, May 2021
[15] Boris Sekachev, Andrey Zhavoronkov, Nikita, Manovich, “Computer
Vision Annotation Tool: A Universal Approach to Data Annotataion”,
Article, Intel.com, Feb, 2019.
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Exploratory Analysis on Geo-Locational Data
Krishna Sahithi Kakunuri
S.Ravi Kishan Akshitha Raj Parasa
Department of CSE
Faculty at Department of CSE Department of CSE
V R Siddhartha Engineering College
V R Siddhartha Engineering College V R Siddhartha Engineering College
Vijayawada, Andhrapradesh
Vijayawada, Andhrapradesh Vijayawada, Andhrapradesh
198w1a0522@vrsiddhartha.ac.in
suraki@vrsiddhartha.ac.in 198w1a0542@vrsiddhartha.ac.in
Prathap Gamini
Vamsipriya Patlolla
Department of CSE
Department of CSE
V R Siddhartha Engineering College
V R Siddhartha Engineering College
Vijayawada, Andhrapradesh
Vijayawada, Andhrapradesh
198w1a0516@vrsiddhartha.ac.in
198w1a0545@vrsiddhartha.ac.in

Abstract—Analyzing Geo-locational data provides a powerful
source of information about places and regional human
behavior. In the fast-moving, effort-intense environment that
the average person inhabits, an amenity rich place which ease
their uses. Most of the time in order to know about a location,
different amenities are explored and calculates whether it is in
our budget or not. So with data visualization and clustering In
this article,amenity rich places near to the given location are
figure out and within the given radius by considering different
parameters which are near to the location like restaurants,
cafes and parks as a whole .This project involves the use of
Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering to group population,
and to group geo-locational data ,that are applied on the geo-
locational data obtained from Foursquare API (Application
programming Interface)URL(Uniform Resource Locator)to find
the best accommodation for a person in a location of latitude
and longitude by classifying accommodation for the people on
the basis of their preferences on amenities, budget and
proximity to the location. Our aim is to find the places which
are rich, average and poor in amenities and representing them
on map.
Keywords—Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering, Foursquare
API, Geo-locational Data
I. INTRODUCTION
Geolocational data analysis aids in learning about locations
and local human behavior. Finding the ideal place to live
might be challenging for those who travel frequently. India
contributed 1.57% of all foreign visitor visits in 2020.
10.67% of all foreign visitors to the Asia Pacific region in
2020 were from India. In comparison to 2018, India
embraced over 17.9 million foreign tourists, an increase of
3.5%. India currently ranks 22nd globally and is the eighth
most visited nation in the Asia-Pacific region. With so many
tourists paying close attention to India, it will be difficult for
them to locate a place to stay and enjoy their trip.
So, depending on the location they selected as well as their
preferences for the location, we decide where would be best
for them. People that relocate to a new location would
already have certain likes and tastes, hence exploratory
analysis on geo-location is utilized in the domain of
determining the ideal location. If the customers lived close to
the favorite outlets, it would save them a lot of trouble.
The population or data points are divided into a number of
groups only with the aim of making each group's data points
more similar to one another than those of the other groups. In
other words, the objective is to put people in groups based on
the qualities they have in common.
The most typical hierarchical clustering method used to put
objects in clusters based on their similarity is called
agglomerative clustering. Each object is first treated as a
singleton cluster by the algorithm. Pairs of cluster centers are
progressively combined after all groupings have been
consolidated into one large cluster that contains all items.
The outcome is a dendrogram, which is a tree-based
depiction of the objects as seen in Fig 1.
Fig. 1. A Dendrogram (right) Representing Nested Clusters
(left)
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Yang et al.[1] used interactive steering a technique for visually
monitoring limited hierarchical clustering that makes use of
both user public and user private knowledge. This entails
integrating knowledge (knowledge-driven) and inherent data
distribution (data-driven) to automatically create constraints
for hierarchical clustering and enables interactive clustering
steering through a visual interface (user-driven). Each data
item is initially mapped using this technique to the most
pertinent knowledge base elements. The ant colony
optimization approach is then utilized to extract an initial
constraint tree. The technique evenly distributes the width and
depth of the tree and provides high confidence coverage of the
data points. Dos Santos et al.[2] discussed hierarchical density
based clustering that is based on a precise, yet very
computationally intensive, random blocks parallelization
method. For effective application of hierarchical density-
based clustering to large datasets using MapReduce, we
proposed a novel parallelization rough clustering hierarchy
based on a noticeably faster, recursive sampling approach.

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Chen et al[3] used Foursquare API (Application programming
interface) to gain knowledge about location-based social
networks (LBSNs). It is impossible to offer a comprehensive
picture of the user community because the majority of
existing research focuses on a biased sampling of users.
Instead of solely relying on social connectedness data, It
provided a machine learning method to assess a user's
influence by reviewing their profile and user-generated
content (UGC).The detailed LBSN data, which also offers
information on the movement of a large number of users, can
be used to anticipate .Wunsch et al.[4] used a technique
which is based on performance assessment, aggregative
hierarchical clustering (HC-PE), an improved clustering
technique, is proposed in this study for the reduction of high-
order dynamical system models. Either a genetic algorithm
(GA) or the Pade approximation is used. Two groups of
results are shown in this paper. Simple models can be found
in the initial sets. A model having a number of inputs and
outputs is used in the second round of trials. We show that,
when compared to other strategies, HC-PE has the best
performance with the fewest MSEs (mean squared error). In
order to maintain as many of the qualities of dynamic system
models while reducing their complexity, it analyses their
characteristics and features.
Cheng et al[5] used Silhouette and Davies-Bouldin indexes
which are two examples of the cluster validity indices that
have been presented. These validity indices, however, are
unable to comprehend clusters of any shape. Some
academics employ graph-based distances to cluster non-
spherical data sets, despite the fact that computing them
between each pair of points in a data collection takes time.
The selection of a few representative points is a potential
remedy. Hence proposed the creation of a new Local Cores
index to improve the usefulness of the Silhouette index. As
typical points, local cores with regional maximum densities
are chosen. The LCCV index uses graph-based distance to
assess how differently local cores differ from one another.
Steiner et al[6] provided thorough analysis of Four Square
is a well-known social network based on location that has
widespread use. After gathering 2.4 million venues from 14
various geographical regions around the world, we establish
the following conclusions about the characteristics that well-
liked venues have in common. First, popular locations are
more likely to have complete profile information. The most
check-ins per venue are in the Travel category which is the
most popular one., with each location receiving an average
of 376 check-ins. Secondly, the vast majority (43%) of
public tips (comments) from users are given to places in the
food category. Additionally, compared to other categories,
the residential, office, and school categories had higher
stickiness of people checking in locations. Last but not least,
older people in general. Psyllidis et al[7] introduced a
framework to find homogeneous areas of social engagement
in cities and determine the best locations for new POIs. This
framework combines Geo-Self-Organizing Map with
contiguity-constrained hierarchical clustering, taking into
account multiple dimensions of information from social
media data. We create a Factorization Machine-based
model based on the regions found to find the ideal sites for
new POIs in diverse urban settings. Json Nemani et al [8]
suggested the "City Tour Traveler" (CTT) system, which is
an application for Mumbai URL (uniform resource locator)
and is based on GPS (Global Positioning System) and the
Internet, can simply deliver travel information to mobile
users. The finest experience to tour the city will be provided represented
by the successful design of the Travel App978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00
with accurate
directions, places to visit, and models. The program can be
used to plan a trip within a predetermined window of time.
Additionally, it will be useful for users who wish to quickly
visit Mumbai and are unfamiliar with the city.
In the findings we came to know that K-Means clustering
does provide an efficient solution when the number of
clusters are mentioned, but does not help in areas where the
number of groups are unknown. So, we used the
agglomerative hierarchical clustering which provides an
efficient and effective solution of forming clusters. Based on
the readings we know that FOUR Square API is well-known
social network based on location that has widespread use to
fetch data, So, we’ve used the Foursquare API that helps in
identifying the preferred locations for the given latitude and
longitude and also Agglomerative hierarchical clustering
requires no apriori information and it gives appropriate
results in most of the cases.
III. METHODOLOGY
This paper proposed a system to understand Geolocational
data for targeting customers. The geolocational data fetched
from Foursquare API (Application programming interface)
helps to analyze the customers proximity to location. This
information assists organizations in locating potential
customers and even provides a thorough study of customer
preferences and tastes. The proposed system is for analyzing
and applying hierarchical clustering on geolocational data
which helps to analyze the customers proximity to location
based on different amenities. The Fig.2 represents the
process flow of the proposed model.
• Fetch the data
• Data Exploration and Visualization
• Extracting important parameters from migrant data
through Agglomerative Hierarchal Clustering
• Get Geolocational Data from Foursquare API
• Run Clustering techniques on Geolocational data
• Plot the clustered locations on a map
Fig. 2 Process Flow Diagram
The model has 6 stages: Dataset Collection, Exploring and
visualizing the data, Run Clustering techniques on the data,
fetching geolocational data from Foursquare, run clustering
techniques on Geolocational data and Representing Clusters
on map.
A. Dataset Collection
Collect the data from the customers, which must be
as CSV files (Comma Separated Values)
154because
©2022 IEEE
this data will be used to create clusters using clustering
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algorithms (groups),[10] To identify the best E. Run Clustering techniques on Geolocational data
accommodations, information based on the customer's Based on the amenities close by, sites are grouped using
preferred location must be retrieved from Four Square. The agglomerative hierarchical methods. When a place's latitude
dataset contains the attributes of migrant preferences like and longitude are inputted and a high number of amenities
income, weight, comfort-food, sports and so on. are present nearby, the location is categorized as amenity
rich, whereas a location with less facilities is categorized
B. Clean and Visualize Data
amenity poor. We can get the count of each amenity such as
Now we have our data, we need to understand it. A good restaurants, cafes, and parks.[14]
way to do this is by visualizing the data via graphs. Graphs This will categories accommodation for individuals
help us quickly get a sense of the data, and are a much more according to their choices for amenities, affordability, and
user-friendly way of understanding data as compared to closeness to the site in order to locate the best lodging for a
reading thousands of rows of data.[11] A graph to look at person in a given location of latitude and longitude. The sites
distributed groups is a Boxplot and it is shown in Fig 3. that share a characteristic will be aggregated or clustered.
Similar locations will be grouped(clustered) together. Graph
of clustered Geolocationsis shown in Fig 6.
C. Extracting important parameters from migrant data
through Agglomerative Hierarchal Clustering
F. Plot the clustered locations on a map
We apply agglomerative hierarchical clustering [9] on the
data. which will help us organize the population into groups A The final phase is to plot the clustered Geolocational data on
way for performing cluster analysis is the wards method. map. Folium is a library which is a great way in mapping
geolocational data.
Instead of employing distance metrics or measures of
association, it essentially views cluster analysis as an
analysis of variance problem.[12] An agglomerative
clustering algorithm is used in this process. Here
extracting important parameters is done by getting the best
value of number of clusters that is where the clusters are
clearly demarcated on particular attributes (e.g., income) Note
the difference in the clusters as you step through different
value of number of clusters. Must not forget to plot boxplots
again to see if there's any visible demarcation based on
different parameters thus, only important parameters are
extracted which are used are used in later process (in grouping
Geolocational data) and it is represented in Fig 4. The distance
between two clusters is the difference between two locations
in each cluster. Here r is the radius bounded by cluster 1 and s Fig. 3 Boxplot of Dataset
is the radius bounded by cluster 2 and the function D is for the
distance calculation between two clusters.

L (a, s) = min (D (xai, xsj))

The difference between two clusters represents the greatest

separation between any two locations within a cluster.
L (a, s) = max (D (xai, xsj))

The average distance between each point in one cluster and

each point in the other cluster is known as the distance
between clusters.
L (a, s) = 1/na ns ∑na ∑ns D (xai, xsj)

D. Get Geolocational Data from Foursquare API

We need to create Foursquare account and get API Fig. 4 Graph of Clustered data
credentials and set up, we can check for the residential
locations in a fixed radius around a point of our choosing
and then we parse the response data into a usable data
frame.[13] We must perform an HTTP GET request to the
REST API server and include an Accept application/json
(JavaScript Object Notation) request header in order to
obtain JSON from a REST API endpoint. The REST API
server is informed by the Accept header that the API client
wants JSON.[15] The response header reveals that the REST
API server returned JSON data. By applying data cleaning,
we can clean the data and summarize the results into a data
frame. Geolocational data is represented as a graph in Fig 5.
Fig. 5 Represents Geolocational Data

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Fig. 6 Graph of Clustered Geolocational data
IV. RESULTS
Clusters are formed based on the similarities. We took Benz
circle in Vijayawada as the location and applied
agglomerative hierarchical clustering on it so the final
results are shown in the below figures.
Fig. 7 Clustered locations on map
The locations are divided into clusters based on similarities
and in the Fig 7 we can see that there are 3 group of clusters
are formed.
Fig. 8 Representing Clusters on map
The results are as follows cluster 0(Green) has maximum
department restaurants, cafes and parks. Cluster 1(Yellow)
has minimum restaurants, cafes and parks. Cluster 2(Red)
has more restaurants but less cafes and parks and they are
shown in Fig 8.
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V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
Agglomerative Hierarchal Clustering techniques were used
to cluster migrant data and Geolocational data. We have
created a simple website representing a map plotted with
clusters of geolocational data. It is simple to use because it
is user- and wallet-friendly. This software or website helps
to solve a common issue for migrants. This app or website is
used to quickly identify accommodation that suits our
budgets and will be especially helpful for students. Future
research will focus on taking multiple locations but not a fixed
location and applying clustering techniques on it.
REFERENCES
[1] Yang, W., Wang, X., Lu, J., Dou, W. and Liu, S., 2020. Interactive
steering of hierarchical clustering. IEEE Transactions on
Visualization and Computer Graphics, 27(10), pp.3953-3967
[2] Dos Santos, J.A., Syed, T.I., Naldi, M.C., Campello, R.J. and Sander,
J., 2019. Hierarchical density-based clustering using
MapReduce. IEEE Transactions on Big Data, 7(1), pp.102-114.
[3] Chen, Y., Hu, J., Xiao, Y., Li, X. and Hui, P., 2020. Understanding
the user behavior of foursquare: A data-driven study on a global
scale. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 7(4),
pp.1019-1032
[4] Al-Dabooni, S. and Wunsch, D., 2018. Model order reduction based
on agglomerative hierarchical clustering. IEEE transactions on neural
networks and learning systems, 30(6), pp.1881-1895.
[5] Cheng, D., Zhu, Q., Huang, J., Wu, Q. and Yang, L., 2018. A novel
cluster validity index based on local cores. IEEE transactions on
neural networks and learning systems, 30(4), pp.985-999..
[6] Li, Y., Steiner, M., Wang, L., Zhang, Z.L. and Bao, J., 2013, April.
Exploring venue popularity in foursquare. In 2013 Proceedings IEEE
INFOCOM (pp. 3357-3362). IEEE.
[7] Psyllidis, A., Yang, J. and Bozzon, A., 2018. Regionalization of
social interactions and points-of-interest location prediction with
geosocial data. IEEE Access, 6, pp.34334-34353.
[8] Nemani, Y.M., Yadav, R., Patki, M., Padave, O. and Bhelande, M.M.,
2018. City Tour Traveller: Based on FourSquare API. City, 5(04).
[9] Patel, P., Sivaiah, B. and Patel, R., 2022, July. Approaches for finding
Optimal Number of Clusters using K-Means and Agglomerative
Hierarchical Clustering Techniques. In 2022 International
Conference on Intelligent Controller and Computing for Smart Power
(ICICCSP) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[10] Wang, P., Ding, C., Tan, W., Gong, M., Jia, K. and Tao, D., 2022.
Uncertainty-aware clustering for unsupervised domain adaptive object
re-identification. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia.
[11] Daraio, E., Cagliero, L., Chiusano, S. and Garza, P., 2022.
Complementing Location-Based Social Network Data With Mobility
Data: A Pattern-Based Approach. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent
Transportation Systems.
[12] Sharma, S. and Batra, N., 2019, February. Comparative study of
single linkage, complete linkage, and ward method of agglomerative
clustering. In 2019 International Conference on Machine Learning,
Big Data, Cloud and Parallel Computing (COMITCon) (pp. 568-
573). IEEE.
[13] Gong, W., Zhang, W., Bilal, M., Chen, Y., Xu, X. and Wang, W.,
2021. Efficient web APIs recommendation with privacy-preservation
for mobile app development in industry 4.0. IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Informatics, 18(9), pp.6379-6387.
[14] Lee, J.H., Moon, I.C. and Oh, R., 2021. Similarity Search on Wafer
Bin Map Through Nonparametric and Hierarchical Clustering. IEEE
Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, 34(4), pp.464-474.
[15] Chen, Joy Iong Zong. "Optimal Multipath Conveyance with
Improved Survivability for WSN’s In Challenging Location."
Journal of ISMAC 2, no. 02 (2020): 73-82.
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Distance Estimation for Collision Avoidance

of Micro Aerial Vehicles using LiDAR Sensor
Hemanth Verma Pinnamaraju Prashanth Reddy Kapu
School of Aeronautical Sciences School of Aeronautical Sciences
Hindustan Institute of technology & Science Hindustan Institute of technology & Science
Chennai, India Chennai, India
pinnamaraju.hemanth18275@gmail.com prasanth.bodapeta@gmail.com

Adi Narayana Juturu Anbarasu B

School of Aeronautical Sciences School of Aeronautical Sciences
Hindustan Institute of technology & Science Hindustan Institute of technology & Science
Chennai, India Chennai, India
j.adi16410@gmail.com avianbu@gmail.com

Abstract- This research work proposes a novel method
to prevent collision in the micro aerial vehicles by
calculating the distance of the obstacle prior to the
collision. For distance measurement we have used the
LiDAR sensor which uses the time of flight principle
and, identified its operating ranges that works
perfectly for the micro aerial vehicles and analyzed
the errors in various operating ranges. Determining
accuracy using the Root Mean Square Error and
Absolute Mean Error as two parameters for three
types of data classified as All calculated data, very
close values and deviating range of the Result plotting
graphs and calculating errors for the same. This
proposed research helps in understanding the LiDAR
Sensor in better way for the exploration of the range
of operation of the LiDAR sensor and its applications
in collision avoidance. Though the algorithm that we
have done is in the Arduino UNO the same can be
implemented in Pixhawk module and the control
signal can be used to change the direction of the
micro aerial vehicle where ever necessary.
Keywords: Distance, LiDAR, Collision, Avoidance,
Arduino, MAV
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the most accurate techniques to measure distance
of an obstacle that are in space is the LiDAR. LIDAR
stands for Light detection and ranging which is similar to
the RADAR. LIDAR differs from RADAR, as LIDAR
uses UV light in the visible spectrum whereas RADAR
uses Radio waves [1-2].
Micro aerial vehicles are one of the most widely
researched topic around the world that caught
attention in recent years around the globe because of
its less weight and the compact size. They are being
used extensively in the field of Aerial surveillance
for various field sites like power plants, Inspection of
power lines in some cases [5] and its applications are
of great importance including Aerial Mapping,
Computer Vision, etc. LiDAR finds it application in
obstacle avoidance and collision avoidance using the
time on flight principle [6]
II. CONCEPT
A. Time of flight principle
There are various concepts to measure distance
using the LIDAR sensor. The widely used technique
is to use ‘time of flight principle’[6,7]. TOF emits a
pulse of laser on timely basis. The calculator
measures the time between the laser pulse and target
and sends the signal to the receiver so the distance is
obtained. In Time-of-flight LIDAR the target that
has to be detected is illuminated and the receiver
collects the backscattered photons to analyze the
distance of the object.

LIDAR usage is not limited to distance measurement it

can also be used to understand the detection of objects in a
visual and the amount of light it consists of. Researches
are being conducted on LiDAR sensors applications
including automated guided vehicles[3]. The working FIG.1. Time of flight principle
principle can be understood as follows:[4] primarily, the
sensor aims the target, then the laser emits light on the
target with the help of emitting light is captured by the
receiver
The distance can be measured with the help of speed of
light (c) and Time of flight (TOF). The Distance (D) can be
measured as given by the equation [7]

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1 with any ofthe development boards they are:

𝐷 = ∗ 𝑇𝑂𝐹 ∗ 𝑐 (1)
2
1. Black - Ground
With the above formula the TOF principle enabled sensor
2. Red – 5V
calculates the distance between its receiver and object
3. White – Rx
B. Collision Avoidance 4. Green – Tx

Collision Avoidance is the concept of using a stimulus
generated by a sensor which in return tells the Micro Aerial
Vehicles to change its direction to the direction other than
where the obstacle is present [9,10].
After the stimulus is received the MAV has to change
direction or needs to stop near the obstacle
The Black cable connects with the GND pin in the Arduino
UNO in the same way the Red wire is specified with the
positionof 5V pin for the right voltage supply to the
Arduino and finally the white and green to the PIN 2 and
PIN 3 respectively

C. Arduino UNO

Arduino UNO is a multipurpose microprocessor used

widely as a tool for study and research purpose because of
its fast processing and easy interfacing with various sensors
[11-15]. Arduino UNO is based on the ATmega328P which
helps in interfacing various with the sensors to perform
necessary operations. The advantage of Arduino is being its
connectivity directly to the USB adapter making it easy to
get the data from the sensors

III. METHODOLOGY

The tf-mini-s micro LiDAR that operates with the Time of

flight principle is used to calculate the distance by using the
time it takes to bounce back the signal once it collides with
obstacle and after the receiving the distance measured the
distance will be sent to the flight controller of the micro Fig. 3. Pin diagram of how we will connect particular
aerial vehicle as control signal and uses to change its positions as specified
direction a few degrees as to avoid the collision this can be
seen in. The information about the distance is sent to the
flight controller as a control signal which acts an impulse For the experiment we have connected the cables in the
that stimulates the flight controller to sense the presence of following described manner each wire goes in the specified
an obstacle. To simulate the procedure we can also use the manner as shown in the picture
Arduino UNO Micro Controller to understand the distance
calculations and analyze the results which we are going to
see in the further section of the paper.

LIDAR
DISTANCE COLLISION
MEASUREMENT AVOIDANCE

Fig. 2. Representation of the Methodology

IV. EXPERIMENT
For the experiment we are using the Benewake’s Tf-
mini-s micro LiDAR sensor which is popular for distance
measurement in UAV’s and is widely because of its Fig.4. Describes the wires which we have to connect to
specified operating range being 10-1200 cm and its
LiDAR
compatibility with the micro controller boards like
Arduino UNO. Arduino NANO or python development
board like Raspberry PI. For the experiment we are using
Arduino UNO which uses Arduino CC compiler for V. CODING
deploying our code.` For coding we have used Arduino CC compiler which uses
C++ programming which has the two bodies in the coding
The LiDAR has the following wires[14] to connect of setup and loop.

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In the setup part we have specified the code to take output TABLE I. Actual Distance vs Distance Measured
from the Rx and Tx pins that is PIN 2 and PIN 3 of the by LiDAR
Digital Section. We have imported the “Software Serial”
Library and used to setup the PIN 2 and PIN 3 with the S.no Y in cm Y’ in cm
serials as 9600 and 115200 serials in the void setup. 1 50 51
2 100 101
3 150 154
4 200 200
5 250 254
6 300 301
7 350 353
8 400 408
9 450 452
10 500 501
11 550 555
12 600 603
13 650 652
14 700 709
15 750 755
16 800 803
17 850 852
18 900 905
Fig. 5. Pin connections from LiDAR to Arduino UNO. 19 950 959
20 1000 1008
21 1050 1058
22 1100 1113
23 1150 1166
In the looping module we use it get distance measure from 24 1200 1185
the LiDAR as continuous output of result. During the
looping procedure we take readings from the previously
stated serial of the PINS 1 and 2 and perform operation to
get the distance of the obstacle from LiDAR as a part of the
process we gave a continuous print statements comprising
DATA ABSTRACTION
of the Distance measured and Strength of Signal as two 1200
outputs. For a slow portrayal of result we kept a delay of 1150
5ms. 1100
1050
1000
After completing the coding and reverifying for error in the 950
inbuilt interpreter we have deployed the code to the 900
Arduino in the above specified manner and the code was 850
800
working without any error and was giving the output of 750
DISTANCE

Distance and Signal strength continuously which helped us 700

650
for performing our experiment. 600
550
VI. DATA COLLECTION 500
To perform data collection operation we have done using a 450
400
TAPE such that from 0cm to 12000 cm we have marked 350
points with a difference of 50cm each such that there are 24 300
points to calculate the distance between the obstacle. 250
200
150
The distances are such that 100
[50,100,150,200,250,300,350,400,450,500,550,600,650,70 50
0,750,800,850,900,950,1000,1150,1200] and 0
using the obstacle we have noted all the measurements 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
given by theLiDAR sensor and saved in the excel file for NUMBER OF EXPERIMENTS
calculations.
ACTUAL DISTANCE LIDAR MEASUREMENT
VII. DATA ABSTRACTION
We have created the data Table as shown in the TABLE 1 Fig. 6. Bar Graph of Actual data and LiDAR data
with the manual calculated distance and distance measured
with help of LiDAR as two parameters that are to be used
to calculate the errors respectively
For the correct validation of the data measured using the
LiDAR we have calculated errors for the same the two

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parametric errors are Root mean Square Error(RMSE) and 4 1100 1113
Mean Absolute Error(MAE). 5 1150 1166
6 1200 1185
RMSE and MAE are key statistical parameters use in
various studies like Geo Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences
VIII. RESULTS
[15] we are going to use the same to understand our
After calculating the errors we have deduced the following
purpose
from the 24 samples we have calculated
∑𝑛 ′
1 (𝑦 −𝑦)
2
𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸 = √ (2) RMSE OF TABLE 1= 6.934
𝑁

1
MAR OF TABLE 1 = 5.333
𝑀𝐴𝐸 = |𝑦 − 𝑦′| (3)
𝑛
After creating the Table we have calculated the root mean
square error and mean absolute error of the data from
Where, TABLE 2 and the results are as follows:

y’ is distance measured by LiDAR RMSE for TABLE 2 = 0.000

y is the actual or distance measured by tape MAE for TABLE 2 = 3.278

From the data we can understand that the first 18 iterations The RMSE of 0 is quite impressive result which matches
that is from 50-900 we have very accurate reading to the the expectation and is the most suited for wide range
actual values which implies that the LiDAR Sensor application including UAV’s within the specific range for
performs accurately within that range. collision avoidance.

If we take most accurate results from the TABLE 1 from the When analyzed the tabular data present in the TABLE 3
data of 50-1200 cm and make another Table for the data and calculated the RMSE and MAE and the result is :
which helps us understand the result in that range of 50-
900 and make it as TABLE 2. RMSE OF TABLE 3 =11.965

TABLE II. Most Accurate data MAE OF TABLE 3 = 11.500

S.no Y in cm Y’ in cm From this we can understand that the RMSE of around

1 50 51 11.965 results in error of measurements in the range of
950-1200cm.
2 100 101
3 150 154 The Range of threshold has more Error than compared to
4 200 200 that of the range of 50-900cm
5 250 254
The threshold distance between the obstacle and the Micro
6 300 301
Aerial Vehicle is set to 150 cm
7 350 353
8 400 408 Based on the collected data from the LiDAR sensor, Pulse
9 450 452 width modulated signal is transmitted to the flight
10 500 501 controller to pitch the MAV backwards to avoid collision
11 550 555 with the obstacles. Threshold distance of 150 cm is used to
12 600 603 avoid obstacle collision in the indoor or outdoor
environment.
13 650 652
14 700 709 IX. LIMITATIONS
15 750 755 The Limitations of the following research is that LiDAR
16 800 803 sensor which we used in the paper is of range 10-1200cm.
17 850 852 so there is probable error in the closest and farthest ranges
18 900 905 of the Specified range. Performing the same operation
For better understanding and analysis of the result that we might be difficult in Pixhawk compared to the Arduino
have carried out and out of that we have made another because of interfacing with LiDAR makes it more complex.
Table which includes the data in the most deviating range Ultrasonic sensors can measure range upto 400 cm. For
and formed it as TABLE 3 Micro aerial vehicle with high flight speed ultrasonic
TABLE III. LiDAR results in the most deviated sensors are not suitable for collision avoidance system. To
range overcome this limitation, LiDAR sensor is used in this
work to estimate the distance of the obstacle for MAV
S.no Y in cm Y’ in cm collision avoidance system
1 950 959
2 1000 1008
3 1050 1058

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X. CONCLUSION
After performing this experiment using the LiDAR and
collecting its distance measurements after clear analysis of
the results including the calculation of errors like RMSE
and MAE we have clearly found the ranges where the
LiDAR Sensor performed really well and the range where
it performed satisfactorily for the use case. From the results
that we have performed it can be clearly understood that
the LiDAR can be applied for collision avoidance in the
range of 50-900cm from the obstacle and in the range of
950-1200 it is less preferred because of the sensitivity of
the the application that we are performing for.
Collision avoidance algorithm will be implemented in the
Arduino UNO board. Suitable control signal will be
transmitted to the Flight controller based on the LiDAR
range estimation and threshold distance between the MAV
and the obstacle to avoid collision with the obstacles. From
the experimental results, it is inferred that long distance
from 50 cm to 900 cm accurate obstacle distance can be
estimated for collision avoidance.
XI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I want to pay tribute to my teachers who have been a
continuous support in every aspect and the global
researchers deserve huge respect because their research’s in
various forms like publications and journals and helped in
various aspects of learning and helped us complete this
project and motivated us to perform in future.
XII. REFERENCES
[1] Comparison of Lidar-Based and Radar-Based
Adaptive Cruise Control Systems Glenn R. Widmann,
Michele K. Daniels, Lisa Hamilton, Lawrence Humm,
Bryan Riley, Jan K. Schiffmann, David E. Schnelker and
William H. Wishon,Vol. 109, SECTION 7: JOURNAL
OF PASSENGER CARS: ELECTRONIC AND
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[2] Heinrich Gotzig, and Georg Geduld, “Automotive
LiDAR,” 2016 Springer International Publishing 2016
H. Winner et al. (eds.), Handbook of Driver Assistance
systems
[3] Fardiansyah Nur Aziz1 , Masduki Zakarijah2,”Tf- mini
LiDAR sensor Performance Analysis for Distance
Measurement,” Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro dan
Teknologi Informasi | Vol. 11, No. 3,August 2022
[4] J. Liu, Q. Sun, Z. Fan, and Y. Jia, “TOF LiDAR
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3rd Optoelectron. Glob. Conf. (OGC), 2018, pp.
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[5] P. Marker, The 2010-2015 World Outlook for
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and Systems,
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[6] Sakthivel P,and Anbarasu B, “Integration of Vision
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Vehciles,”2020 IEEE 3rd International
Conference,2020
[7] Roberto Opromolla ,Giancarmine Fasano, Giancarlo
Rufino, Michele Grassi. “LIDAR- Inertial Integration
for UAV Localization and Mapping in Complex
Environments,”2016 International Conference on
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Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS)June 7-10,2016.
Arlington, VA USA
[8] C. Ye and J. Borenstein, "Characterization of a 2- D
laser scanner for mobile robot obstacle negotiation," in
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[9] Jawad N. Yasin, Sherif A. S. Mohamed, Mohammad
Hashem Haghbayan, Jukka Heikkonen, Hannu
Tenhunen and Juha Plosila, Unmanned Aerial
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Approaches”, IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 105139–
105155, June 2020.
[10] Sivaganesan, D. "Efficient routing protocol with
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[11] Leo Louis, Working Principle of Arduino and Using It
As a Tool for Study and Research, International
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[12] Sensor Fusion for Accurate Object Detection
Underneath Stationary Vehicles, Fady A.
Abouelghit; Waleed Y. Alarid; Mostafa S.
Elmanfalouty; Hagar S. ElSakka Ibrahim E. Elamry
Ramez M. Daoud. Hassanein H. Amer,Mustafa H.
Arafa,26th IEEE International Conference on
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[13] S. S. Bolbhat, A. S. Bhosale, G. Sakthivel, D.
Saravanakumar, R. Sivakumar and J Lakshmipathi,
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Low Power, Highly Stable and Enhanced Read

Speed 7T SRAM
Deberjeet Usham, Malti Bansal*
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
Delhi Technological University (DTU), Delhi-110042, India
*maltibansal@gmail.com
Abstract— Cache memory is one of the most important So, in this paper a novel SRAM cell is proposed that
functional part of any system ranging from System on Chips intends to solve the above-mentioned problems. The paper is
(SoC) to personal computers. The cache memories are composed organized into five sections to help in better comprehension
of millions of SRAM cells. Thus, for the cache memory to be of our proposition. Section II gives a brief overview of the
reliable, it is important that SRAM cells have some specific
features such as: high stability of the data retained, low static
SRAM cells which includes the working mechanics of the
and dynamic power consumption, low read delay. As an attempt traditional 6T SRAM cell and also the complications and the
to accomplish the incorporation these features, a novel SRAM shortcomings of the model. Then, in Section III,
cell consisting of 7 transistors is proposed in this paper. The cell implementation of the proposed model will be discussed.
has separate bitlines for the read and write operation thereby Section IV will be composed of simulation results and
isolating the two operations. Also, the storage node formed by analysis of the same. The paper will be concluded with
the back-to-back inverters are not disturbed by read operation, Section V discussing the conclusion and future scopes.
this leads to enhanced robustness of data stored. The cell also
makes use of dual Vt(threshold voltage) transistors in order to II. OVERVIEW OF SRAM CELLS
minimize leakage power consumption. Transistors in the cell is
configured in such a way that there are minimum number of A. Conventional 6T SRAM cell
transistors in the read critical delay path, thereby reducing the An SRAM cell is a piece of circuitry that can hold one
read delay. Performance of the proposed model is compared bit of data, either 0 or 1 as long as there is power supplied. It
with that of the conventional 6T SRAM cell to showcase the should also be able to have its data read or written into as long
enhancements obtained.
as power supply is not cut off. The SRAM cell that will be
Keywords—6T SRAM (6 Transistor Static Random Access used as a point of reference for comparison with the proposed
Memory) , 7T SRAM (7 Transistor SRAM), Dual Threshold model is the conventional model consisting of 6 transistors.
voltage transistors, SNM (Static Noise Margin), Butterfly curve It uses a weak back to back CMOS inverter to hold the data
and a pair of access transistors on either side of the back to
I. INTRODUCTION back inverter to make reading and writing onto the cell fairly
Today’s technology market has become more memory easy. The circuitry is shown in Fig. 1.
depend than ever. Every device such as mobile phones and
computers performs memory intensive tasks on a day-to-day
basis. It is not an exaggeration to state that memory is one of
the most important components of any system ranging from
microcontrollers and System on Chips (SoCs) to personal
computers and workstations. And in the memory hierarchy, Q_b
Q
cache memory is very crucial for quick processing of data by
the CPU (Central Processing Unit). They work as an
augmented memory to the CPU by temporarily storing data
frequently requested by the CPU. This cache memory is
mainly composed of a class of random access memory known
as Static Random Access Memory (SRAM). Thus, it is of
utmost importance to ensure that the SRAMs used are of
highest quality and reliability.
Fig. 1. Conventional 6T SRAM (Reproduced from [2])
Certain features that can be highlighted to guarantee this
are: high stability of the data retained (also termed as
To write a data onto the cell, the bit line(𝐵𝐿) and the bitline
robustness), low static and dynamic power consumption, low
read delay. But the aforementioned features are threatened bar ( ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐿 ) are first set equal to the data bit and its complement
because of various reasons. Firstly, in an attempt to reduce respectively, then the WORD line is set high to turn on the
the size of devices and transistors, voltages have been scaled access transistors (N3 and N4), so as to force the data on the
down drastically such that it degrades the stability of data two nodes of the weak cross coupled inverter. To read data
from the cell, the bit line(𝐵𝐿) and the bit line bar ( 𝐵𝐿 ̅̅̅̅) are
stored in the cell [1, 5]. In addition to this, since SRAM cells
are a memory element, a significant amount of power pre-charged high with the help of a precharge circuit, then the
consumptions particularly leakage power consumption takes WORD line is set high to turn on the access transistors N3
and N4, so that one among the 𝐵𝐿 and 𝐵𝐿 ̅̅̅̅ is discharged to
place. The standard 6T SRAM cell and current model SRAM
cells are ineffective in addressing these issues [6, 7]. ground according to the data stored on the nodes.

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There are two constraints that are to be followed to
ensure correct reading and writing of data onto the cell. First
is the read stability constraint [2]. This constraint states that
“the driver transistors N1 and N2 should be stronger than the
access transistors N3 and N4” so that during the read
operation when one among the 𝐵𝐿 and ̅̅̅̅ 𝐵𝐿 is to be discharged
to ground by one of the nodes via the access transistors, the
particular node which is 0 is not raised high enough by the
current flowing through the access transistor. So, the driver
transistors N1 and N2 should be sized bigger than that of the
access transistors, N3 and N4. Second is the writability
constraint [2]. This constraint states that “the access
transistors N3 and N4 should be stronger than the pull up
transistors P1 and P2”. To explain this, suppose Q = 0 and
Q_b =1 in the cell. Now a 1 is to be written, i.e, Q has to be
forced to 1 by the bitline 𝐵𝐿. But due to the read stability
constraint as explained above, N1 is stronger than N3 and
thus Q can’t be forced 1 by the weaker access transistor. As
an alternative to accomplish the write operation, Q_b has to
̅̅̅̅ , this will only be possible if the pull up
be forced to 0 by 𝐵𝐿
transistor P2 is weaker than the access transistor N4. To
summarize, according to the writability constraint, the pull up
transistors P1 and P2 must be sized smaller than the access
transistors N3 and N4.
The evaluation of resilience to noise in various operation
modes is done through the use of a quantity called Static
Noise Margins (SNMs), measured in various operation
modes, namely read, write and hold [8-10]. Static Noise
Margin is defined as the amount of noise that can be applied
to the two nodes of the back-to-back inverter before a data
stored in the node is flipped.
B. Complications in 6T SRAM
As compact and simple a conventional 6T SRAM is, it
has its own shortcomings. First, comes the robustness. The
term “robustness” in an SRAM cell quantifies how well a data
held (stored) in the nodes is not disturbed during any of the
access operations. Configuration of transistors in 6T SRAM
is in such a way that the nodes Q and Q_b are directly
accessed by the bitlines 𝐵𝐿 and 𝐵𝐿̅̅̅̅ via the access transistors,
N3 and N4. Careful observation reveals that a voltage
division happens in the storage nodes. This voltage division
occurs between the transistors in the back-to-back inverters
and the access transistor. So, the storage nodes are already at
a raised voltage level and thus are vulnerable and can be
easily disturbed during a read operation. This is termed as
destructive read in paper [3]. Second matter of concern is the
leakage or static power consumption. As staying static is an
inevitable act required in all memories, an SRAM cell suffers
from power dissipation during the static state. And since
SRAMs mainly make up the cache memories, it is highly
desirable that the power consumption is reduced through
innovations [11-13].
III. PROPOSED 7T SRAM CELL
A. Architecture of the proposed model
In an attempt to solve the complications in 6T SRAM
cells as discussed above, a novel 7T SRAM cell is proposed,
which makes use of two types of MOS (Metal Oxide
Semiconductor) transistors, one type with low threshold
voltage and the other type with high threshold voltage. The
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circuit schematic of the proposed 7T SRAM is as shown in
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Proposed 7T SRAM schematic
First noticeable change is the MOS transistors illustrated
in thick lines, they are the MOSFETs with high VT (Threshold
Voltage). The main motive behind using high-VT transistors
for 3 of the 4 transistors of the cross-coupled inverter is to
reduce static( mainly leakage) power consumption. This can
be explain using the mathematical equation that governs the
current in off state.
𝑞(𝑉𝐺𝑆 − 𝑉𝑇 −𝑉𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡 ) −𝑞𝑉𝐷𝑆
𝐼𝑂𝐹𝐹 = 𝐼𝑆 . 𝑒 𝑛𝐾𝑇 (1 − 𝑒 𝐾𝑇 ) (1)
Where, 𝑉𝑇 = Threshold Voltage, and
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 𝐼𝑂𝐹𝐹 . 𝑉𝐷𝐷 (2)
As it can be seen from the above equation, as 𝑉𝑇 increase,
the off state current (subthreshold current) decreases
exponentially. So, this in turn decreases the static power
consumption.
The next thing noticeable is the use of separate read and
write lines (indicated by R and W in the Fig. 2) and also
separate write bitline (WBL) and read bitline bar (RBL_b) for
writing to and reading the stored data respectively. This is
done so as to isolate the read and write operations completely.
The write bitline (WBL) alone is used to write a new data
onto node Q via the access transistor N3 controlled by the
write signal. When node Q is forced with a new data, Q_b is
also automatically changed because of the cross coupling of
the inverters. The read bitline bar (RBL_bar) alone is used to
read the complement of the data from the storage node via the
stacked transistors N4 and N5, where the transistor stack is
controlled both by the read signal R and also Q_b of the
storage node. The purpose of such an architecture can be
better understood after understanding the read and write
operation.
B. Read and Write operation
To perform a read operation, first the read bitline bar
(RBL_b) is precharged to 𝑉𝐷𝐷 , then the read (R) signal is set
high, while write (W) signal is set low so that N4 is ON. Now
since N5 is directly connected to Q, if a ‘1’ was stored on Q
(which means the cell), N5 would become ON and the
RBL_b will be discharged to GND via the series stacked
transistors N5 and N4. On the other hand, if a ‘0’ was stored
on Q, the RBL_b will stay charged (high). So the RBL_b
reads a complement of the bit stored on the cell, and hence
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the name. Because of the architecture the storage nodes Q and 𝛽

𝑉𝐷𝐷 −|𝑉𝑇𝑝 |+ 𝑉𝑇𝑛 √ 𝑛
Q_b are completely isolated from the read bitline bar, since 𝛽𝑝
𝑉𝑀 = 𝛽
(2)
the nodes are not directly accessed by the bitline as was the 1+ √ 𝑛
𝛽𝑝
case in 6T SRAM cell. This enhances the read stability of the
proposed SRAM cell. Also, the read bitline bar is
conditionally discharged through the transistor stack with the Where, |𝑉𝑇𝑝 |= Threshold Voltage of pMOS
data on storage node acting as one of the control signals. So, 𝑉𝑇𝑛 = Threshold Voltage of nMOS.
the pull up and the pull-down transistors of the back-to-back
inverter does not take part in the critical read delay path and Thus, it is clear that if the pMOS is of high 𝑉𝑇 and the
hence their sizing does not affect the read delay. nMOS of low 𝑉𝑇 ,the inverter will have a decreased switching
To write onto the cell, the Write Bitline (WBL) is first pre- threshold, 𝑉𝑀 . Therefore, the use of dual 𝑉𝑇 is beneficial at
charged to 𝑉𝐷𝐷 , then the Write (W) signal is set high, while many levels while decreasing leakage power consumption
Read (R) signal is set low. Now if the input data to be written remains of the main reasons.
is a ‘1’, the WBL remains charged to 𝑉𝐷𝐷 and thus the bit ‘1’
is forced to the node Q via the low 𝑉𝑇 access transistor N3 IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
(for easy write process). Alternatively, if the input data to be Simulations were performed on the Cadence Virtuoso tool
written is a ‘0’, the WBL is discharged to GND and thus the by constructing schematics for the suggested 7T SRAM cell
bit ‘0’ is force to node Q via N3. It should be noted here that as well as for the conventional 6T SRAM cell for the purpose
WBL is required to be precharged to 𝑉𝐷𝐷 every time of comparison. Sizes of transistors used in the 6T SRAM is
regardless of whether the input data is 0 or 1 because of the shown in Table I.
fact that the write driver that are used in every memory
circuitry can only do the job of pulling down the WBL to TABLE I. TRANSISTOR SIZES OF 6T SRAM CELL
GND via the control of Write (W) signal and input signal D. Width (W) Length (L)
The write driver circuit is shown in Fig. 3. for better N1,N2, (Pull Down 400n 100n
understanding. Transistors)
P1,P2 (Pull-Up 120n 100n
Transistors)
N3, N4 (Access 200n 100n
Transistors)

So, the Cell Ratio (𝛽)= ratio of pull-down transistor to the

access transistor, is set to 1. And the sizing is in accordance
to the read stability and writability constraints as discussed in
above section. Similarly, sizes of transistors used for 7T
SRAM cell is as shown in Table II.

TABLE II. TRANSISTOR SIZES OF PROPOSED 7T SRAM CELL

Width (W) Length (L)
N1,N2 (Pull Down 120n 100n
Transistors)
Fig. 3. Write driver used for 7T SRAM cell.
P1,P2 (Pull-Up 120n 100n
Like the constraints related to read stability and writability Transistors)
in 6T SRAM cell, there are design constraints to be followed N3, (Write Access 120n 100n
here as well. To accomplish a successful write of bit ‘0’ onto Transistors)
the cell, the pull up transistor (P1) must be weaker than the N4, N5 (Read Stacked 300n 100n
access transistor (N3). Correspondingly, to accomplish a Transistors)
successful write of bit ‘1’ onto the cell, the pull-down
transistor N1 must be weaker than the access transistor N3. Since the stack transistors are connected in series, it results
This is automatically accomplished by the use of high 𝑉𝑇 in increased resistance, so to get a less equivalent resistance
transistors N1 and P1. So, the high 𝑉𝑇 transistors serve dual overall they needed to be sized double that of the other
purpose here. transistors. All the other transistors have the minimum
Also, there is a problem of transfer of weak (degraded) ‘1’ possible size, thus making the overall area occupied by the
through the access nMOS transistor N3 from the WBL due circuit much less compared to that occupied by the
the threshold drop in N3. This is solved by making the conventional 6T SRAM despite the fact that the proposed
inverter formed by transistors P2 and N2 have lower model has 1 extra transistor [14-15].
switching threshold so that the weak ‘1’ will not be A. Transient Analysis
misinterpreted as a ‘0’. To make this possible low 𝑉𝑇
Both the conventional and the proposed model were put
transistor N3 is used, as evident form the equation defining
under transient analysis to verify the correct functioning of
switching threshold.
the read, write and the hold operations. Both the models were
simulated by using the same input data signal, similar write
and read signals, and precharge signals for read (RBL) and

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write bitline (WBL) ( 𝐵𝐿 and 𝐵𝐿 ̅̅̅̅ in case of 6T SRAM).
Similar precharge circuits, sense amplifiers and write drivers
were used for both the models so that the performance
comparison results remain reliable. The simulation outputs
are illustrated in Fig. 4.
remain unchanged always. But this is not the case in node Q
and Q_b in 6T SRAM cell. Suppose node Q stores a’1’ (VDD),
node Q_b will not be proper 0 but a slightly higher value
because of voltage division happening during the read
operation because of the structure formed by the driver
transistor (N2) and the access transistor (N4). As a result of
the already elevated voltage level at Q_b, the bit stored is
most prone to noise while a read operation is taking place.

(a)

Fig. 5. RSNM comparison between the proposed model and 6T SRAM

The write SNM (WSNM) for both models are illustrated

in Fig. 6. The proposed novel 7T SRAM has two write
margins, one for writing ‘0’ and the other for writing ‘1’. This
is because of the unsymmetrical nature of the 7T SRAM cell.

(b)
Fig. 4. (a)Transient analysis of proposed 7T SRAM, (b)Transient analysis
of 6T SRAM.

As evident from the output of transient analysis, read,

write and hold operation is performed satisfactorily well in
both the models. For the 7T SRAM, separate precharge Fig. 6. WSNM comparison between 6T SRAM and proposed model
signals are used prior to each read and write operation. PC_r
signal is used to precharge RBL just before a read operation. The WSNM for the 7T SRAM is observed to be small
Likewise, PC_w is used to precharge WBL just before a write during the write ‘1’ mode because of the use of single bitline
operation. While, in 6T SRAM, one precharge signal, PC is for writing purpose. But the margin is till fairly manageable
used to precharge 𝐵𝐿 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐿 just before a read operation. and is compensated by the large margins in other modes. The
Hold SNM (HSNM) for both models are shown in Fig 7.
B. Data Stability
Stability of the data in read, write and hold operation in an
SRAM cell is quantified by Static Noise Margin (SNM) and
is measured for the three different operation modes. SNM is
defined as the maximum amount of noise that can be applied
to the storage nodes before that state stored is flipped and this
applies to all three operating modes. SNM is measured by the
use of butterfly curves and the detail is explained in paper [3].
The read SNM (RSNM) for both the models are shown in
Fig. 5. The read margin is hugely improved by about 3.5
times. This because of the fact than the storage nodes Q and
Q_b are completely isolated from the bitlines. To understand
this better, suppose, node Q of 7T SRAM is storing a ‘1’
(VDD), then node Q_b will store a proper ‘0’ (GND) and will Fig. 7. HSNM comparison between 6T SRAM and proposed model

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Hold stability was not a problem for the conventional 6T
SRAM, but still it is improved by a small margin in the
proposed model.
C. Power consumption
Comparison between the two models in terms of power
consumed is illustrated graphically in figure 8.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 8. Comparison of (a)Dynamic power consumption, (b)Static power
consumption
The problem of power consumption is one among the
major issues faced in the conventional model because of the
off-state leakage currents during steady state. But this has
been greatly reduced thanks to the usage of high threshold
transistors in the back to back inverter. Also the stacked
transistors N4 and N5 also help to further reduce leakage
power consumption. To understand this better, suppose node
Q is storing ‘0’ and is in steady state, then N5 and N4 are both
turned off. So, the leakage current through the stack N4 and
N5 is significantly reduced due to the stacking effect
explained in detail in paper [4]. On the other hand, if a ‘1’ is
stored in Q in steady state, then N4 is ON but N5 is OFF, so
it is N5 that will have an off-state current. However, the N5
off-state current is also significantly reduced because the
drain-to-source voltage of N5 will not be VDD due to voltage
drop in N4. This can be understood better with the equation
(1). So, as VDS decreases, IOFF decreases exponentially. Also,
the dynamic power consumption is also observed to be
reduced owing to the use of minimum sized transistors.
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D. Read and write delay.
In addition to the improvements mentioned above, the
proposed model also has reduced read and write access delay,
meaning they can be read or written to faster than the
conventional model. The comparison chart is shown in Fig.
9.
Fig. 9. Delay comparison between 6T SRAM and proposed model
The decrease in read delay can be mainly accredited to the
configuration of transistors in the proposed model such that
critical read delay path is minimized. The critical read delay
path in 6T SRAM comprises of the access transistors (N4 or
N5) and the pull down transistors ( N1 or N2) in series
connection. Whereas in the proposed 7T SRAM, read
happens via the stack transistors N4 and N5 that are sized
double that of other transistors, thereby reducing the
equivalent series resistance and hence the critical read delay
path. One may be confused that the usage of high VT
transistors must decrease the current flowing through it and
hence increase the delay. But this does not happen because of
the fact that the high VT transistors in the cross coupled
inverters do not form any part in the critical read delay path.
One may expect the write delay in 7T SRAM to be more
than that of 6T SRAM because of the use of only one bit line
to force a data onto the storage nodes. It is indeed a little bit
more while writing a ‘0’. But the delay for writing ‘1’ and the
average write delay (i.e. average of writing ‘1’ and ‘0’) is
significantly lesser as compared to that of 6T SRAM. This
can be accredited to the precharge writing mechanism used in
conjunction with the write driver as shown in Fig. 3 and
explained in section III(B). Because the bit lines are
prechared prior to a writing operation, writing 1 is much
easier now, even if it is only with one bit line.
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
From all the simulation results and examination of the
same, the proposed novel SRAM model is clearly seen to be
more enhanced in almost every aspect. First of all, stability of
the data stored, which is also stylistically termed as
robustness of the cell is significantly better in the proposed
SRAM cell. As discussed, this is mainly attributed to the fact
the storage nodes are completely secluded from the read bit
lines. Secondly, the power consumption is also greatly
reduced both in terms of dynamic and static or leakage power
consumption. This is primarily attributed to the fact that dual
VT transistors are used to make the cross-coupled inverter and
also to the use of minimum sized transistors. Thirdly, the read
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and write access speed is also observed to be fairly improved
in the proposed 7T SRAM. This is mainly attributed to two
things: I) reduction of critical read delay path, and II) the
precharge mechanism of the write bit line. Last but not the
least, although a comparison of area occupied is not
simulated, a fair deduction can be made that the proposed
model is more compact despite the use of one extra transistor.
This is because of the use of minimum sized transistors as
illustrated in Table I and Table II, which is carefully achieved
by the use of dual threshold voltage transistors and the
configuration of transistors in the cell. As a part of future
scope, some more innovations can be added on the proposed
7T SRAM such as using two bit lines to enhance the writing
performance.
REFERENCES
[1] P. N. V. Kiran and N. Saxena, "Design and analysis of different types
SRAM cell topologies," 2015 2nd International Conference on
Electronics and Communication Systems (ICECS), 2015, pp. 1060-
1065, doi: 10.1109/ECS.2015.7124742.
[2] Neil Weste and David Harris. 2010. CMOS VLSI Design: A Circuits
and Systems Perspective (4th. ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company, USA.
[3] Jose, A.A., Balan, N.C. (2016). Static Noise Margin Analysis of 6T
SRAM Cell. In: Dash, S., Bhaskar, M., Panigrahi, B., Das, S. (eds)
Artificial Intelligence and Evolutionary Computations in Engineering
Systems. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 394.
Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2656-7_22
[4] V. Kursun and E. G. Friedman, Multi-Voltage CMOS Circuit Design,
242 pp., John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2006, ISBN # 0-470-01023-1.
[5] N. Raghav and M. Bansal, "Analysis of Power Efficient 6-T SRAM
Cell with Performance Measurements," 2017 International Conference
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(ICICCI), 2017, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/ICICCIS.2017.8660819.
[6] Malti Bansal, Vishal Bharti and Vibhor Chander, “Comparison
between Conventional Fast Multipliers and Improved Fast Multipliers
using PTL Logic”, 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1126 012041
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[7] Z. Liu and V. Kursun, "High Read Stability and Low Leakage Cache
Memory Cell," 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and
Systems, 2007, pp. 2774-2777, doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.2007.378628.
[8] Kiran, P & Saxena, Nikhil. (2015). Design and analysis of different
types SRAM cell topologiesDesign and analysis of different types
SRAM cell topologies. 167-173. 10.1109/ECS.2015.7124870.
[9] Rath, Subhashree & Panda, Siba. (2017). Analysis of 6T SRAM Cell
in Different Technologies. Circulation in Computer Science.
MCSP2017. 7-10. 10.22632/ccs-2017-mcsp026.
[10] Shikha Saun and Hemant Kumar,” Design and performance analysis of
6T SRAM cell on different CMOS technologies with stability
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DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/561/1/012093
[11] M. Bansal and J. Singh, "Qualitative Analysis of 2-bit CMOS
Magnitude Comparator and GDI Magnitude Comparator using FinFET
Technology (18nm)," 2020 International Conference on Smart
Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC), 2020, pp. 1323-1327, doi:
10.1109/ICOSEC49089.2020.9215251.
[12] A. Bhaskar, "Design and analysis of low power SRAM cells," 2017
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PACT), 2017, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/IPACT.2017.8244888.
[13] R. M. Gangadari and D. S. Yadav, "Extraction and Comparative
Inspection of several parameters of 6T, 8T, 10T SRAM," 2021 First
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[14] Bansal, M., Maiya, R.R. (2023). A Taxonomical Review of MOS
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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4975-3_49
[15] M. Bansal, R. Arora and R. Bharti, "VLSI Layout: Concept to
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Simulation of Flight Trajectories of Quadrotor using
MATLAB and Simulink
Akash S
School of Aeronautical Sciences
Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science
Chennai, India
akashspaceaks@gmail.com
Abstract— The flight trajectories of quadcopter have been
simulated in a three dimensional environment using MATLAB
and Simulink. PID and PD controller is used for the pitch, roll
and yaw controls of the quadcopter respectively. In the input
stage, pitch, roll, yaw, North-East-Down coordinates have been
applied to the quadcopter in the simulation environment.
Different navigational waypoints have been used to generate
flight trajectories, namely, triangular, quadrilateral and linear
trajectories. No-fly zones are also included in the simulation
environment.
Keywords—Software in the loop simulation, Quadrotors,
Trajectories, Simulink
I. INTRODUCTION TO UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are flying robots that
can remotely fly and carry no human operators. A Micro
Aerial Vehicle (MAV) is an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle of
length between 15 to 100 cm and weigh between 50g to
2kgs. With a flight range of 25 km to 40 km. Classification
of UAVs are based on operational purpose, fabrication
materials, and complexity. A UAV can be a fixed wing,
flapping wing, or rotary wing UAV. Their applications
include military-based scouting as well as surveillance and
mapping for meteorology and disaster response.
Fixed wing MAVs is made of rigid wings, a fuselage and
a tail to cover a wide range of operational environments. A
motor and propeller is the propulsion system. Flapping wing
MAVs are made up of flexible flapping wings while using an
actuation mechanism for the flapping motion. Rotary wing
MAVs have an advantage of flying in confined spaces, and
they can also hover at a place. They are made up of rotating
propeller-based wings.
Different waypoint navigations, namely, triangular,
quadrilateral and linear have been introduced in this work to
navigate in the outdoor environment without colliding with
obstacles.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
MAVs have small mass and moment of inertia, and
complex non- linear dynamics, while operating in low
Reynold’s number aerodynamic regimes. Integral LQR
(Linear Quadratic Regulator) has the best possible
performance with respect to some given measure of
performance, while PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) is
a widely applied feedback control of simple structure. LQR
also has better dynamic performance in transition time and
speed [1].
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Dr.B. Anbarasu
School of Aeronautical Sciences
Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science
Chennai, India
avianbu@gmail.com
Software in the loop is to have different softwares in
controlling copter and plane. Mission planner ArduPilot was
used for formation flying simulation in [2]. The ground
control station is stable, reliable, flexible and simple while
monitoring areas of interest. The operation can take place for
both single vehicle and multi vehicle.
Relation between coordinates, position vector and
attitude vector is derived for quadrotor. MATLAB
optimization toolbox is used. Swarm based multi drone
platform is proposed by integrating aggregation term and
motion term [3].
Rotary wing aerial vehicles are usually of small
dimension, and can hover with high maneuverability. They
can survey hard to reach spaces like pipelines and bridges, or
can reconnaissance in buildings [4]. Best known types are
quadcopters and hexacopters. Lithium batteries are a good
power source due to their low weight.
Comparison of controllers is done on the basis of speed
and response. PID has more stability by bringing loops closer
to negative side of s-plane. LQR are more robust, produce
low steady state error, and higher response speed. PID has
delayed response, and is a bad choice when system needs a
fast parameter update [5].
Gazebo is an open source software [6]. Simulated
hardware is accurate to real ones. Simulation is limited to a
few robots. Gazebo sensory realism is time-saving. It has a
simple interface and realistic environment.
Actual drone tests require expensive hardware. The tests
consume time and need a trained safety-pilot. Simulations
reduce testing time, make debug easier, and reduce crashes
of real UAVs [7].
Fig. 1. Quadrotor drone in simulation environment
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Command
Command
Sensor
Sensors
Data
Environment
Fig. 2. Simulink model of drone
The simulation of Parrot Bebop 2 quadrotor is done in
MATLAB and Simulink. Parameters of drone are noted.
Equations of dynamic motion of drones were done. System is
a PID controlled system. The quadrotor experienced crashes
and unwanted movements in the vertical direction of the
simulated system [8].
PX4 open source libraries are helpful to develop UAVs
with the basic controller code for flight control. PX4 can be
built and uploaded to an open hardware Pixhawk, which is a
very popular hardware for UAV applications [10].
The most popular type of UAV is multirotor UAVs [11].
The application of quadrotor includes agriculture, surveying,
military surveillance, and mapping [12]. A UAV can also
help in maritime patrols as they are relatively inexpensive
with more degrees of autonomy and stealth [15].
Recently, a quadrotor movement control method has been
implemented for people with disabilities by detecting eye
movements [13]. A human movement observation can be
done using a camera sensor and a Kinect SDK sensor [14].
This can help in area surveillances.
III. SOFTWARE IN THE LOOP SIMULATION
Software in the loop simulation is to evaluate input and
output conditions for software systems. The simulation can
be mathematical or practical. It uses machine language
derived from both high level and low level programs.
A. Ground Control Station (GCS)
It is a human control and command station for UAVs. It
can be used for defining the formation flying control of
multirotor UAVs. With the commands of “Navigation” and
“Do”, it can simulate copter vehicles, fix navigation
waypoints and can plan a home position. GCS can also act as
a virtual cockpit, or as a working principle through
simulation in the loop. Military crafts can maintain flight
direction and altitude in GCS. Swarms can be set in flying
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Visualization
Actuator
Flight
Control
System
Airframe
State
Environment
formation in GCS [2]. A GCS can be wirelessly
communicating instructions to a UAV.
The GCS system consists of the ground control station,
with data terminals for wireless command of the UAV. The
work of mission planning, platform monitoring, mission
monitoring, and data recording are done. Existing man-
machine interaction control system of UAV ground control
station is mainly through a dual-level operating system,
touch screen, mouse and keyboard [9].
Source waypoint and destination waypoint for the
navigation of the vehicle have been included in the graphical
user interface of the ground control station. Based on the
waypoint input specified in the GCS, the vehicle can be able
to navigate in the simulated environment.
B. Simulink Model
The simulink model is shown in Fig. 2. The command
block selects aircraft command from a signal editor, a
joystick or a data file. The sensor block involves
measurement of altitude and position from the sensors
present in the UAV. For altitude measurement, a sonar
sensor is used. For position measurement, an inertial
measurement unit is used. The flight control system involves
transfer of commands signal to the actuators of quadrotor
motors. The airframe refers to the equation of the degrees of
freedom in a quadrotor. Using Aerospace Blockset
environment blocks, the environment block is created. The
purpose of the visualization block is to visualize data. The
inner loop of the model must be functioning at an higher
frequency than the outer loop. A PD controller is used for
position control.
C. Trajectory Generation
The trajectory generation can be used to generate drone
trajectories in the simulation environment. Trajectories are
generated using Dubin’s model. A robot’s pathway is made
of combinations of left turns, right turns and straight paths.
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3. (a) 3. (b)

3. (c) 3. (d)

3 (e) 3. (f)

Fig. 3. Generated trajectories (a) Triangular, (b) Triangular with no-fly zone,(c) Quadrilateral, (d) Quadrilateral with no-fly zone, (e)Linear, (f)
Linear with no-fly zone

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Definition of the required parameters of waypoints and deviations in trajectories. An IMU sensor measures the
no-fly zones is done. In the two dimensional map, with East simulated quadcopter’s angular rates and translational
on the x axis and North on the y axis (where the units are in accelerations, while a sonar sensor measures its altitude. The
meters), the mapping of trajectory is done. quadcopter poses can be defined in the simulation
environment, using the north and east positioning in
IV. EQUATIONS OF QUADROTOR DYNAMICS meters(m), heading of quadcopter in degrees(°) from north
A. Translational Dynamics and the turning curvature in meter inverse(m-1) and the turn
direction in clockwise or anti clockwise directions.
m = −mgEz + uT R( , , ) Ez The no-fly zones are considered to be a circular region in
this experiment. For the no-fly zones, the position of the
Where m is quadrotor mass, uT is total motor thrust, center of the zone and the radius of the zone is taken as input
 is (x y z ) ie. the position of the quadrotor and E z
T parameters, along with the margin of safety. These
parameters are taken in meters(m), except for the curvature,
is (0 0 1) ie. the drone position at (0, 0, 1). The
T
which is in meters inverse(m-1).
rotation matrix R( ,  , ) is dependent on the Euler The trajectory represented by a sequence of red lines,
angles of roll(  ), pitch(  ) and yaw( ), as well as the blue lines, black markers and green circles. The red lines
show the trajectories, the blue lines show the headings, the
attitude matrix  = (   )T . black markers show the changes in pose or trajectory of the
drone, and the green circles represent no-fly zones.
B. Rotational Dynamics
I B = −B  IB +  The development of trajectories is done considering
various waypoint combinations. The triangular trajectory is
Where  is the cross product and achieved by the use of four waypoints, where the fourth
waypoint refers back to the first waypoint, as shown in Fig. 3
I = diag( I x , I y , I z ) is the inertial matrix with respect to (a) and Fig.3 (b) respectively. Similarly, the development of
principal axes for I x being the moment of inertia along x a quadrilateral trajectory is achieved by the use of five
waypoints, where the fifth waypoint coincides with the first
axis, I y being the moment of inertia along y axis and I z waypoint, thus closing the loop. It is shown in Fig. 3 (c) and
being the moment of inertia along z axis. Fig.3 (d) respectively. A straight line trajectory is attempted,
both in the presence of a no-fly zone and in the absence of a
B = (x y z )T is the angular velocity, where no-fly zone. They are shown in Fig. 3 (e) and Fig.3 (f)
respectively.
 x is the angular velocity along x axis,  y is the angular
The changes in trajectory or pose are then noted based on
velocity along y axis, and z is the angular velocity along z the number of black markers on the map. Use of higher level
 = (u u u )T
languages like C++ can be used for the real-time waypoint
axis. is the critical torque vector. navigation of the quadrotor. Factors like wind, shear, and
turbulence can be taken into account for real-time operations
Where u , u , u are the inputs for roll, pitch and yaw of the proposed model.
respectively.
VI. CONCLUSION
V. RESULTS
In a three dimensional environment using various
Trajectories are generated for the quadrotor drone using navigational waypoints, different flight trajectories, namely,
the navigational waypoints. In the waypoint property, the triangular, quadrilateral and linear, have been developed for
coordinates of the waypoint, along with the heading of the the quadrotor simulation in a virtual environment using
drone, and the curvature of the drone path are the input MATLAB and Simulink. Different controllers are used for
parameters. The PD controller aligns the quadrotor from the control of the vehicle in different flight path trajectories.
Navigation in the outdoor environment without collision is
TABLE I. TRAJECTORY TABLE done in the simulation. The conclusion reached is that the
number of changes in the pose of the quadrotor is increased
Trajectory details
for the inclusion of no-fly zones. This is due to the quadrotor
Changes
Trajectory Number of
in having to avoid the no-fly zones in the flight path.
Number of waypoints no-fly
trajectory
zones REFERENCES
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Quadrilateral with [2] A. Kaviyarasu, A. Saravanakumar and K. Elumalai, "Software in the
5 2 18 Loop Simulation of Formation Flying of Multi Rotor UAV," 2019
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Linear 2 0 4 2019, pp. 336-340, doi: 10.1109/ISS1.2019.8908015.
Linear with no-fly [3] H. Kim and H. Ahn, "Realization of swarm formation flying and
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

show," 2016 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System [10] K. Dang Nguyen and T. -T. Nguyen, "Vision-Based Software-in-the-
Integration (SII), 2016, pp. 850-855, doi: 10.1109/SII.2016.7844106. Loop-Simulation for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Gazebo and
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[6] N. Koenig and A. Howard, "Design and use paradigms for Gazebo, an Model Predictive Controller for Hexsoon EDU 450 Quadrotor
open-source multi-robot simulator," 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Trajectory Tracking," 2022 International Conference on Sustainable
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10.1109/IROS.2004.1389727. [13] E. Kavichai, R. Huang and S. -W. Woo, "Quadcopter Movement
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Roland. (2016). “RotorS – A Modular Gazebo MAV Simulator Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer,
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[8] G. Silano, P. Oppido and L. Iannelli, "Software-in-the-loop
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Effectual Home Automation using ESP32 NodeMCU
R. Niranjana
Department of ECE
Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore, India.
niranbme@gmail.com
Vignesh M
Department of ECE
Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore, India.
20euec165@skcet.ac.in
Abstract - The fourth technology revolution is the one we're in
right now. As we live in a time where the internet and its use are
constantly expanding. The idea of a smart device is growing in
acceptance. The availability of web and software system
technologies is making our lives easier. A smart house could be one
of the major features of IoT. In this paper, we offer an inexpensive,
useful, and Internet of Things-based home automation system. The
Blynk ASCII text file IoT server supports this technique. In our
project, the Esp32 module may link a server to the internet,
allowing us to operate any linked home appliances. Between the
esp32 and the electrical appliances, there will be a relay that
controls the 230-volt appliances by switching a certain low voltage
from the esp32.
Keywords: Blynk app, Internet of Things, Smart home, Internet,
Wi-Fi Module(Esp32)
I. INTRODUCTION
We need to conserve energy for present and future
generations because the demand for it in our everyday lives is
increasing significantly. This initiative's main objectives are to
lower electricity bills and power consumption. The best approach
to conserve energy in a home is through home automation. We
can use IOT to access and manage home equipment in a smart
home [1]. Through the internet, it has the capacity to turn non-
smartgadgets into smart ones. It transforms a house into a smart
houseand offers more powerful means of controlling household
appliances [2]. This enables the user to operate home
automation equipment like lights, fans, and other items without
using their hands [8]. The smart home market is anticipated to
grow by 17%from 2019 to $ 141.2 billion by 2023 [10]. We can
access our household appliances from anywhere in the world
thanks to thistechnology. Most of the earlier systems were built
using these DTMF or Bluetooth-based methodologies [11].
Users are connected to the connectivity of things through the
Internet of Things (IoT), which makes life easier [12]. The
focus of IoT is now on "Thing to Thing"[13].
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Arvind S
Department of ECE
Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore, India.
21euec501@skcet.ac.in
Vishaal S
Department of ECE
Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore, India.
20euec170@skcet.ac.in
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
A. Automation
A low-cost home automation system with autonomous control
features was developed by Eleyan and J. Fallon et al. [3] using an
Android application and MQTT-broken communication. The
suggested solution will allow customers to remotely manage
household appliances using an Android smartphone. Relays and
a NodeMCU (ESP8266) microcontroller were suggested as a
way to remotely control electrical switches from a Node server
by H. K. Singh, S. Verma, S. Pal, et al. [7].
B. Energy efficient Home Automation
The primary focus should be on remotely activating and
managing various smart home devices, according to a proposal
made by B. R. K. Kodali and S. Yerroju et al. [4]. Utilizing
energy more wisely is possible thanks to home automation
technology. The ESP8266 board is very desirable and
advantageous since it provides the IoT system with the requisite
ultra-low power consumption capability at an inexpensive price.
It also transforms a house into a residence.
C. View and performance of home automation
A technique for IoT-based wirelessly programmable smart
home automation was proposed by K. Agarwal, A. Agarwal,
and colleagues. Home automation solutions leverage the IoT to
remotely monitor and control household appliances [5]. This
approach makes use of a specifically designed website
connected to the internet or a local area network to manage
standard home appliances from smartphones or desktop
computers (LAN).
D. Home automation with cloud organizing
Y.Wenbo, W.Quanyu, and colleagues concluded that,
because there are likely many undiscovered IoT apps and
services, object resolution methodologies can also be defined
by an IoT reference model [6]. From a public policy aspect, it is
vital to confirm that IoT applications, such as those for aid,
energy management, transportation, or other cutting-edge
purposes, can have reasonable access to current infrastructure.
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III. LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING WORK
When compared to prior projects, ours makes extensive
use of the ESP32, which connects to the internet and enables us
to control the connected appliances from a distance. Comparable
to other Wi-Fi modules, it is inexpensive. Through the BLYNK
app, ESP32 gives us the convenience of remotely managing
home appliances, such as lights, fans, and TVs. As more people
utilise smart home gadgets, security will, like it does with other
computing equipment, become a bigger problem. There will
undoubtedly be a variety of security issues, which will lead to
the emergence of smart home security software and hardware.
However, because of the use of the Blynk app in our project, the
security concerns are reduced. One system can be used to
operate all the smart home gadgets thanks to integrated smart
home systems offered by previous exiting works. The risk here
is obvious: If hackers get into the system, they may take over
your smart home and control everything.
IV. METHODOLOGY
STEP 1- Control Relays with Internet Using Blynk
STEP 2- Control Relays Without Internet Using Push- buttons
STEP 3- Configure the Blynk App for the ESP32
STEP 4- Add the button contrivances in Blynk app
STEP 5- Law for Blynk ESP32 Home robotization
STEP 6- Program the ESP32 With Arduino IDE
STEP 7- Connect the Home Appliances
STEP 8- Turn on the Supply
IoT cloud
Physical
switch
Electrical
Appliances
Blynk
Relay
ESP32
Internet Wi-fi
module
Fig 1. Block diagram
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V. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
A. Arduino IDE
1. The main purpose of the open-source Arduino IDE software is
to construct a compiler that turns code into Arduino modules.
2. Given that it is the official Arduino software, the code is far
too simple to compile.
3. It is easily available on operating systems such as MAC,
Windows, and Linux and operates on the Java platform. It comes
with built-in features and instructions that are necessary for
debugging, altering, and compiling programme, inside the
environment.
4. The Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega and Arduino Micro are justa
few of the various Arduino module varieties.
5. Each contains an integrated microprocessor that can really be
programmed and accepts data in the form of code.
6. The main code, commonly referred to as a sketch, imported
into the IDE platform will eventually generate a HEX file,
which will be shipped and downloaded to the board controller.
7. There are two key components to the IDE environment.
Compiler and editor. The first component is used to write the
required code, which is then combined and uploaded to the
appropriate Arduino module.
B. BLYNK IoT Cloud
Blynk is an IoT platform for iOS or Golem smartphones that
allows for the online management of Arduino, Raspberry Pi,
and Node-MCU. With the use of this application, a graphical
user interface (GUI) or Human Machine Interface (HMI) can be
created by gathering available widgets and supplying the
necessary addresses.
Built for the Web of Things, Blynk. Remotely manage
hardware, see device data, store data, visualize, and perform
other cool tasks.
It analyses all incoming and departing instructions and enables
communication between the server and all frequently used
hardware platforms.
When a user clicks the Button in this app, the data is transferred
to the Blynk Cloud and then mysteriously makes its way to the
installed devices. Everything occurs in a split second and works
in the opposite direction.
C. Working Of Blynk App
The new Blynk framework makes it simple to build user
interfaces for iOS and Android smartphones to maintain and
control your hardware projects. Blynk app serves as the
intermediary server in our project between the IoT device and
the user. The User will be able to control the device’s state by
utilizing the Blynk programme, which sends the Device’s state
via the Internet. After installing the Blynk program and adding
switches, sliders, charts, and other features to the174desktop, you
may build a project panel. By using gadgets, you may show
 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

sensor data or turn on and off pins B. Why ESP32?

How to configure Blynk app,
The ESP32 is intended for Internet of Things applications that
• Create a Blynk Account require less power. It is suitable for the majority of portable IoT
• Create a New Project devices because to its high processing power, integrated Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, and Deep Sleep Operating capabilities, as well as its
• Choose Your Hardware 520 KB of SRAM, 448 KB of ROM, and 4MB of Flash memory.
• Auth taken The ESP32 has more GPIO pins than the Arduino Uno, which
allows it to accommodate more sensors and modules. Additionally,
• Add a Widget it now has extra analogue and PWM pins. Even without factoring
• Run the project. in the cost of the Wi-Fi shield, it is nearly five times less expensive
than the Arduino Uno. That’s really impressive for a board with
twice as many GPIO pins. The primary incentive to switch to the
ESP32 is likely its built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capability.
Without needing to purchase shields, you can communicate
information wirelessly thanks to the built-in interconnectivity
capability. By doing this, you might reduce the cost of the
hardware and battery life for your ESP32-based IoT projects.

C. 2-Channel Relay

The 2-Channel 5V Relay Module is an interaction board for

relays that can be entirely controlled by several devices, such as
Arduino, AVR, PIC, ARM, and others. We'll attach an Arduino
signal pin to operate the relay, connect over Wi-Fi to arm the
connected pin by switching it to output mode with an analogue
instruction, and then arm the linked pin. The pin can be used to
Fig 2. Working of Blynk app send digital commands to the pin to turn the relay on and off once
it has been set to output mode by setting the pin to 1 or 0.

VI. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

A. NodeMCU ESP32

It is a low cost IoT platform with open source. It can connect

objects through the internet and make them to transfer data using
the Wi-Fi protocol. Support for 32-bit ESP32 MCUs was
subsequently added. The relay that regulates the AC power is
managed by a Node-MCU. Relays are electrical switches that are
used to safeguard electrical equipment. Typically, relay modules
use 5V/12V. Electrical devices are mechanically switched using
electromagnets. Relays’ main job is to manage high voltage and
run low voltage equipment. Since there is no direct contact
between the Node-MCU and the device, it is regarded as safe to
use.

Fig 4. Circuit diagram

VII. PROPOSED WORK

Our proposed solution uses a WIFI module, Blynk IoT

cloud, and a physical switch for backup, since we use Blynk IoT
for it, it is more secure than any other IoT device as the auth code
of the project has been programmed to the Wi-Fi module. our
solution offers both physical and IoT switch for switching so even
in the network issues time the appliances can be controlled by the
physical switch. Also, it is low cost with more security. In present
scenario, usage of home appliances has become an important part
and parcel of our life and home automation using ESP32 is
Fig 3. ESP 32 Wi-Fi module effective.
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TABLE I. Difference between existing and proposed method.

Existing method Proposed method

High cost. Low cost.
Less efficient. More efficient.
Not compatible with all Compatible with all the
electrical devices. electrical devices.
Not compact. Compact.

VIII. NOVELTY

The older approaches that were used had a lot of issues.

The major goal is to design and execute a creative, cost- effective
automated home system. For connection between the server and
the electronic items, we employ a Wi-Fi-based technique. The
appropriate software and hardware will be used to build this
automated smart home system. Smart appliances are built using a
low-cost ESP8266 Wi-Fi module device. The customer would be
able to remotely control home appliances including lights, fans, Fig 5.2 Output at On Condition
and TVs through an Android app.

ESP8266 is inferior to ESP32 in quality. You may X. CONCLUSION

develop significantly bigger projects on just one SOC because to
its quicker CPU and adequate memory size. You can count on
ESP32 to give you cutting-edge security. One of ESP32’s
specialties is the robust security feature. It supports dual-core
speeds between 160 and 240 MHZ. With Bluetooth or Wi-fi, you
can monitor and operate your gadget for a very minimal cost. You
get more GPIOs from it. You can get a high speed of 150Mbps
from ESP32.
IX. RESULT DISCUSSION AND OUTPUT
This study demonstrated the idea of smart home
automation Using a low-cost Wi-fi module and an Android smart
phone. IOT presents several challenges because it is a cutting-
edge technology that can be used for home automation. One of
the primary issues with a smart home setting is the lack of
security. The esp32 module in our project will connect to the
internet and give us the ability to remotely operate the linked
appliances. A relay that switches for a certain low voltage coming
from the esp32 and controls the appliances with the 230v
connected to it will be placed between the esp32 and the electrical
appliance.
In this project, we demonstrated a low-cost Internet of
Things-based smart home automation system. The main objective
of our project was to remotely control electrical appliances using
the internet. Everybody’s home is a cosy refuge, and we always
appreciate anything that could enhance the atmosphere while also
making our lives a little bit simpler. Even though the general
public is just a corollary benefactor, the physically disabled are the
true winners in this scenario. In order to communicate with
household appliances and fix all the current issues, our solution
proposes using an ESP32 Wi-Fi module and a mobile device
linked to the internet. As is evident, there are numerous problems
with earlier methods that were in use. The utilisation of IoT for an
advanced, energy- efficient, and self-learning home automation
system is the main topic of this section. Designing and
implementing a smart, cost- effective automated home system is
the major goal. For communication between the server and the
home appliances, we are employing a Wi-Fi based technique. This
automated smart home system will be created with the use of
pertinent software and hardware. Through an Android app, the
user will be able to remotely manage household items including
lights, fans and TVs.

REFERENCES

[1] S. Dash and P. Choudekar, “Home Automation using Smart

Devices and IoT,” 2021 9th International Conference on
Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and
Future Directions) (ICRITO), 2021, pp. 1-5, doi:
10.1109/ICRITO51393.2021.9596533.

[2] Hamdan, Yasir Babiker. "Smart Home Environment Future

Challenges and Issues-A Survey." Journal of Electronics 3, no. 01
(2021): 239-246.

[3] A. Eleyan und J. Fallon, “Internet-of-Things-Based Home

Automation Using Android Applications”, International
Fig 5.1 Output at Off Condition
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(ISNCC)2020,2020,S.14,doi:10.1109/ISNCC49221.2020.9297320
 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

[4] K. Agarwal, A. Agarwal and G. Misra, “Review and

Performance Analysis on Wireless Smart Home and Home [15] https://images.app.goo.gl/nAhCJgse8pZPcWCW8
Automation using IoT,” 2019 Third International conference on I-
SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I- SMAC),
2019, pp. 629-633, doi: 10.1109/I- SMAC47947.2019.9032629.

[5] H. K. Singh, S. Verma, S. Pal and K. Pandey, “A step towards

Home Automation using IOT,” 2019 Twelfth International
Conference on Contemporary Computing (IC3), 2019, pp. 1-5,
doi: 10.1109/IC3.2019.8844945.

[6] T. Chaurasia and P. K. Jain, “Enhanced Smart Home

Automation System based on Internet of Things,” 2019 Third
International conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile,
Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC), 2019, pp.709-713, doi:
10.1109/I-SMAC47947.2019.9032685.

[7] A. Jain, P. Tanwar und S. Mehra, “Home Automation

Systems Using the Internet of Things (IOT)”, 2019 International
Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data, Cloud and Parallel
Computing (COMITCon), 2019, S300-305, Doi:
10.1109/COMITCon 2019.8862201.

[8] B. R. K. Kodali and S. Yerroju, “Energy Efficient Home

Automation Using IoT,” 2018 International Conference on
Communication, Computing and Internet of Things (IC3IoT),
2018, pp. 151-154, doi: 10.1109/IC3IoT.2018.8668155

[9] D.G. Lokhande und S.A. Mohsin, “Internet of Things for

Ubiquitous Smart Home Systems”, 2017 1st International
Conference on Intelligent Systems and Information Management
(ICISIM), 2017, S. 314-320, doi :10.1109/ICISIM20178122191.

[10] P. J. Rani, J. Bhaktakumar, B.P. Kumar, U. P. Kumaar und

S. Kumar, “Voice Controlled Home Automation System
victimisation language process (NLP) and net of Things (IoT),
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four Technology Engineering & Management
(ICONSTEM),2017,S.368373,Doi:10.1109/ICONSTEM.2017.82
61311.

[11] M. Asadullah and K. Ullah, “Smart home automation system

using Bluetooth technology,” in International Conference on
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Technologies (ICIEECT), 2017.

[12] G. V. Vivek und M. P. Sunil, “Using wireless local area

network to change IOT Services – ZigBee Gateways for Home
Automation Systems,” 2015 IEEE International Conference on
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(ICRCICN), 2015, S. 77–80 , doi: 10.1109 /IKRK.2015

[13] Y. Wenbo, W. Quanyu and G. Zhenwei, “Smart home

implementation based on Internet and WiFi technology,” 2015
34th Chinese Control Conference
(CCC),2015,pp.90729077,doi:10.1109/ChiCC.2015.7261075.

[14] Y. Wenbo, W. Quanyu and G. Zhenwei, “Smart Home

Implementation Based on Internet and WiFi Technology”, 2015
The 34th China Control Conference (CCC), 2015, S. 9072-9077,
doi:10.1109 / Chick. 2015.7261075.
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Design and Analysis of a Meta Material based

Nested Circular Split Ring Resonator for
Terahertz Applications
Swathi Dasi
Scholar ,Department of ECE
Andhra University
Andhra pradesh,India
swathi.d@pvpsiddhartha.ac.in
Swathi Dasi Dr. G Manmadha Rao
Assistant Professor,Department of ECE Professor,Department of ECE
PVP Siddhartha Institute of Technology Anil Neerukond Institute of Technology
Andhar Pradesh, India and Sciences
dswathi289@gmail.com Andhra Pradesh,India
profmanmadharao.ece@anits.edu.in

significant with the rapid growth of terahertz innovation.. In this

Abstract—In this paper nested circular split ring paper, a comparative study of circular SRR is made by increasing
resonator structure is implemented using metamaterials at the no of rings.
terahertz frequency range. The mathematical analysis of a
resonator structure is made to estimate the resonating
frequency. Transmission characteristics of a resonating II. DESIGN EQUATIONS
structure are extracted using CST software to demonstrate the
behaviour of metamaterials at tera hertz frequency. This Split-ring resonators (SRRs) consist of concentric metallic
paper comprises the investigation of a nested circular split rings in a square or circle form are etched onto the dielectric
ring resonator frequency response ,that is by increasing the substrate. At one end or both ends, they have gaps or splits. The
no of circles .The simulation results shows that by increasing splits are the structural inhomogeneities, resonance wavelengths
the no of circles, no of resonating frequencies also increases that are substantially longer than the rings diameter which help
that is at 1.2THz ,2.1THz and 2.42 THz which is used as a to support SRR. The splits or gaps in the rings creates a
multiband antenna and also we can observe the absorbivity capacitance with a high value, where the relationship between
at terahertz frequency regime which is used for imaging and the capacitance and the resonant frequency is inverse. This
sensing applications . significant capacitance enables the resonator to demonstrate
resonance at frequencies that are far higher than its dimension.
Keywords—Terahertz(THz),Resonant Frequency, Splitring The split ring resonator's diameter is greater than the resonant
resonator, absorber, Meta materials, permittivity, permeability wavelength consequently, quality rises. Based on it, we may
conclude that the SRR's shape, resonant frequency, and
I. INTRODUCTION associated attributes are interrelated. At resonance, current loops
are produced when the rings are subjected to a uniform, time-
In designing metamaterials the split ring resonator varying magnetic field. The split ring resonator acts as an LC
structure is frequently employed to achieve negative effective resonator because of the enormous capacitance from the splits,
permeability. At resonance the size of these structures is very which completes the closed-loop for current circulation. The
small compared to free-space wavelength and compared to the resonance phenomenon's huge capacitance and current
wavelength at the desired frequency, the dimensions are just a circulation lower the resonator's electric size. Split ring
tenth of that value . By regularly aligning structures with negative resonators employ inter element spacing and various diameters
permittivity and negative permeability, double negative (DNG) for higher frequencies and smaller sizes. Nestled split rings, rod
media or negative index materials (NIM) can be created. Split split rings, spiral split rings, distorted split rings, and single split
ring resonators can be used to achieve negative permeability rings are among the several types of SRRs.
while conducting wires are used to achieve negative
permittivity[1] which is showed by pandey. Different researchers
have experimented with many SRR configurations, including
hexagonal (H-SRR), square (S-SRR), and circular (C-SRR). for
employing the SRR as perturbations or realizing artificial
magnetic material to create various passive planar circuits. A
thorough analysis of circular and square split ring resonators has
been conducted[1]-[7]. There have been several uses for C-SRR,
S-SRR, and H-SRR in passive planar circuit design during the
past few years, including filter, power divider, duplexers, and
phase shifters. [8]-[12]. THz waves have a wavelength between
30μm and 3 mm and have a frequency between 0.1 and
10THz[13,14]. The terahertz (THz) sector has recently
demonstrated a wide range of applications, including
spectroscopy, communication, sensing, imaging, research,
medicine, etc. [15-17]. For applications of THz innovation,
research on THz devices such as polarizers, modulators, switches, Figure 1: Structure and Equivalent circuit of a single split ring
waveguides, antennas, and bandpass filters is particularly
important.[18-20]. Metamaterials (MMs), have unique properties resonator
compared to other materials available in nature , The THz area
has seen a lot of interest in artificial magnetism and
electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), two features that
distinguish metamaterials (MMs) from other materials found in
nature. To enhance terahertz imaging capabilities A practical tool
for determining frequency or wavelength is the parallel plate
waveguide (PPWG). Since all the devices with low transmission
loss can couple free-space terahertz wave. It becomes increasingly

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Figure 3: circular split ring resonator model using

CST software

Where fr represents the resonating frequency, L

represents the inductance of a circuit, C is a circuit's overall
capacitance, while w is a ring's width. R stands for the ring's
inner diameter, g for the split gap, and h for the ring's height
relative to the substrate. From the design equations, it is
clear that we may make oscillators, mixers, or filters out of
SRRs that perform flawlessly at the given resonant
frequency by varying the radius, breadth, length, and height Figure 4:S11of a circular split ring resonator with one ring
of single split- ring structures.

Figure 5 shows a split ring resonator's construction with two

III. PROPOSED UNIT CELL STRUCTURE rings each with a dimension of 3µm width and the distance
between the first ring and second ring is also 3µm. Figure 6 from
the simulation results of a two-split ring resonator illustrates the
The split ring resonator designed consists of three layers .It rise in the number of resonances at frequencies of 1.2, 1.4, and
uses a lossy poymide substrate having a thickness of 26 m, a 2.1 THz.
dielectric constant of ε=3(1+i0.06)[29]. Lossy gold with a
conductivity of =4.56107S/m and a thickness of 0.4 m was used to
create rings with a circular split on the top side and metallic
continuous layer. Using a continuous metal plane on the reverse
side that has a thickness of 26 m and offers zero transmission
(T(w) = 0). the proposed structure consisting of three rings , each
of the three rings in the suggested construction resonates at a
distinct frequency, resulting in a structure that resonates at three
separate frequencies.

Figure 5: Two circular ring resonator model using CST

Software

Figure 2: Geometry of split ring resonator (all units in µm)

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 6 : S11of a circular two split ring resonator
Figure 1 shows the proposed absorber with one circular split
ring resonator Figure 2 represents the Figure 7 shows the resonator with three split rings with a width
reflectioncoefficient(S11(dB))curveobtained by simulating the of three micro meter and the distance between third ring and
figure 1 structure using FDTD method .It is observed that the second ring is three micrometers and third rind and first ring is
unit cell resonates at a frequency of 1.2 THz and 2.14THz. nine micrometers. The simulation results of a nested split ring
resonator with three rings that resonate at frequencies of 1.2, 1.4,
2.1, and 2.49 THz are shown in Figure 8.By observing the

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results by increasing split rings in a structure no of resonances are
increasing ,which is useful terhertz applications
Figure 7: Three circular ring resonator model using CST
software
Figure 8: S11of a circular three split ring resonator
One of the application of metamaterial split ring resonator is
absorber . The method for obtaining the absorptivity A(ω) is[30]
The reflectivity is represented by R(ω)
The transmissivity is represented by T(ω)
In terms of S-parameters absorptivity is expressed as
Because of zero transmission transmissivity is zero, and the
absorptivity can be expressed as
Figures9 shows the absorptivity of the three circular split
resonator structure. From the result the absorptivity of the
structure is 62 %.
Figure 9: Absorptivity of a circular three split ring resonator
Figures 10 shows the absorptivity of the two circular split resonator
structure was obtained by using CST software madelling . From
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the result the absorptivity of the structure is 68.6 % which is
increased compared to one split ring structure.
Figure 10: Absorptivity of a circular two split ring resonator
Figures 11 shows the absorptivity of the one circular split
resonator structure.from the result the absorptivity of the
structure is 70 %. By comparing the results single split ring
resonator shows better performance compared to nested split ring
structure.
Figure 11: Absorptivity of a circular one split ring resonator
V. CONCLUSION
Finally, utilizing metamaterial we designed a nested split ring
resonator, with a three layer metamaterial structure that can
resonates at frequencies 1.2,1.4 2.1 and 2.49 THz. From the
results it is observed that by increasing the no of split rings, no
of resonances are increasing which can be used for designing the
multiband antenna at terahertz frequency range .Additionally, we
can use the structures as absorbers. A single split ring resonator's
absorbance is 70%. An absorber in the terahertz range can be
easily generated by altering the absorber structure's size. We
believe that the developed THz split ring resonator structure
would make a good option for communication, radar, and stealth
technology based on the aforementioned results.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] J.B. Pendry, A.J. Holden, D.J. Ribbins, and W.J.
Stewart,Magnetism from conductors and enhanced
nonlinearphenomenon, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory
Tech., 47(1999), 2075-2084.
[2] R.Marquez, F. Medina and R. Rafii-El-Idrissi, Role
ofbianisotropy in negative permeability and left-
handedmetamaterials, Phys. Rev. B, 65 (2002), 144 440(1) –
144440 (6).
[3] R. W. Ziolkowski, Design, fabrication, and testing ofdouble
negative metamaterials, IEEE Trans. AntennasPropagat.,
51(2003), 2572-2581
[4] R.Marquez, F. Mesa, J. Martel, F. Medina,
Comparativeanalysis of edge- and broadside- coupled split
ringresonators for metamaterial design-theory
andexperiments, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.,
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51(2003),2572-2581.
[5] C.Saha and J.Y.Siddiqui, Versatile CAD Formulation
forEstimation of the Resonant Frequency and
MagnetiPolarizability of Circular Split Ring
Resonators,International Journal of RF and Microwave
ComputerAided Engineering, 21(2011), No.4.
[6] S. Lim, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, Electronically
scannedcomposite right/left handed microstrip leaky-
waveantenna, IEEE Microwave Wireless Comp.
Lett.,14(2004), 277–279.
[7] C. Saha and J.Y. Siddiqui “Simplified CAD model
foraccurate estimation of the Resonant Frequency of
EdgeCoupled Hexagonal Split Ring Resonators”
Proc.APSYM 10, Cochin,
December 14-16, 2010
[8] I. Arnedo, et.al, Forward and backward leaky waveradiation
in split ring resonator based metamaterials,IET Microwaves,
Antennas Propag., 1 (2007), 65-68
[9] M. A. Antoniades and G. V. Eleftheriades, Abroadband
series power divider using zero degreemetamaterial phase
shifting lines, IEEE Microwave
[10] J.B. Pendry, A.J. Holden, D.J. Ribbins, and
W.J. StewartMagnetism from conductors and enhanced
nonlinear phenomenon, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory
Tech.
[11] F. Martin, et. al, Split ring resonator-based left-
handedcoplanar waveguide, Applied Phys. Lett., 83
(2003),4652 – 4654.
[12] F. Falcone, et. al, Coplanar waveguide Structures loadedwith
split ring resonators, Microwave Opt. Tech. Lett.,40 (2004),
3– 6.
[13] P.Gay-Balmaz and O.J.F. Martin,
Electromagneticresonances in individual and coupled split-
ringresonators, J. Appl. Phys., 92
(2002), 2929–2936.
[14] Sirtori C. Bridge for the terahertz gap. Nature, 2002,
417(6885): 132–133.
[15] double negative metamaterials, IEEE Trans.
AntennasPropagat.,51(2003), 2572-2581
[16] R.Marquez, F. Mesa, J. Martel, F. Medina,
Comparativeanalysis of edge- and broadside- coupled split
ringresonators formetamaterial design-theory and
[17] Tonouchi M. Cutting-edge terahertz technology. Nature
Photonics,2007, 1(2): 97–105
[18] Jepsen P U, Cooke D G, Koch M. Terahertz spectroscopy and
imaging–modern techniques and applications. Laser &
PhotonicsReviews, 2011, 5(1): 124–166
[19] Federici J F, Schulkin B, Huang F, Gary D, Barat R,
Oliveira F,Zimdars D. THz imaging and sensing for
security applications—explosives, weapons and drugs.
Semiconductor Scienceand Technology, 2005, 20(7):
S266–S280
[20] S Smitha, T. V., and Sahana Udupa. "Optical Waveguides
and Terahertz Signal by Finite Element Method: A
Survey." IRO Journal on Sustainable Wireless Systems 3,
no. 2 (2021): 68-86.

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Wheat Head Detection using YOLO: A Comparative

Study
Neeraj S Kumar, Stephi S, Meenakshi R and Greeshma Sarath
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri
Kollam, India
Email: neerajskumar911@gmail.com, stephisajeev1997@gmail.com, meenakshir13@gmail.com, greeshmasarath@am.amrita.edu

Abstract—Classical object detection techniques such as Retina-

Net, Fast R-CNN, and Single-Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) are
unable to locate objects in a single iteration. These approaches
have solved the modelling and data scarcity issues in object
detection. The YOLO algorithm has gained popularity because it
performs better than the above-mentioned object recognition ap-
proaches. YOLO achieves cutting-edge findings and significantly
outperforms prior real-time object identification algorithms by
approaching object detection in a novel way. YOLO object
detection algorithms advance from YOLOv1 [1] in 2016 attaining
63.4mAP on the Pascal VOC dataset to YOLOR in 2021 with
73.3 mAP on the far more difficult MS COCO dataset. This study Fig. 1. Basic YOLO Model [1]
assess the efficacy of the several YOLO algorithm iterations, from
versions 3 all the way to version 7 and how well versions 3, 4,
5, 6 and 7 of the YOLO algorithms perform at identifying the
Learning [4] [5], YOLO and Faster-RCNN are two- and one-
wheat head from the provided object image.
Index Terms—Wheat, Deep Learning, YOLO, Darknet, Effi- stage detectors used in current detection techniques, however
cientDet even after being trained on a huge dataset, they still exhibit
a bias toward the training region. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]. In
I. I NTRODUCTION this study we check the efficiency of different YOLO models
Precision agriculture benefits greatly from the work of in accurately predicting bounding boxes within the images.
scientists, researchers, and governmental agencies. The only
way this is feasible is if the agricultural fields produce high- II. YOU O NLY L OOK O NCE – S INGLE S TAGE O BJECT
quality crops. By doing thorough study and putting different D ETECTION M ODEL
techniques into practise like Vertical farming, excellent quality
The YOLO is short for You Only Look Once. A real-
in crops can be obtained. In this study, the wheat crop was
time object recognition model that is capable of recognizing
the subject of the investigation.
multiple objects in a single frame by creating a bounding box.
Wheat is a crop and food that is highly researched due
YOLO distinguishes between items with greater accuracy and
to its popularity. Plant experts utilise image identification of
speed than previous recognition systems. Up to 9000 classes,
”wheat heads”—spikes atop the plant bearing grain—to obtain
including undiscovered ones, can be predicted. Multiple things
extensive and precise data about wheat fields throughout the
will be picked out of an image by the real-time recognition
world. The density and size of wheat heads in various kinds
system, which will also draw a boundary box around each
are estimated using these photos. When making management
object.
choices for their fields, farmers may utilise the data to evaluate
Different Iterations of the model released over a span
the health and maturity of their fields. However, it might be
of years upgrading the base model efficiency, tweaking the
visually difficult to distinguish wheat heads with accuracy in
backbone network, reducing complexity, as well as improving
photos of open fields. The images might get blurry due to
computation dependency
the wind and the frequently overlapping thick wheat plants.
Both make it challenging to recognise individual heads. The
A. YOLOv3
maturation, colour, genetics, and head orientation all affect
looks in different ways. Finally, because wheat is farmed all In terms of speed, accuracy, and class specificity, YOLOv3
over the world, it is important to take into account various [12] and earlier versions differ significantly. While YOLOv3
kinds, planting densities, patterns, and field conditions. [2] [3] currently uses Darknet-53, YOLOv2 was employing Darknet-
The models created for wheat phenotyping must be trans- 19 as its backbone feature extractor. Darknet-53 is more potent
ferable to other growth conditions. Since the advent of Deep than Darknet-19 and more effective than rival backbones

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Fig. 2. YOLO Bounding box format [17]
because it uses 53 convolutional layers as opposed to the
preceding 19 layers.
When it comes to intersection over union (IOU) values
and mean average precision (mAP), YOLOv3 is quick and
accurate. Compared to other object detection models this
model shows much higher performance and better accuracy
in short time.
Disadvantages of YOLO V3 is that given that RetinaNet
requires more training time than YOLOv3, YOLOv3 AP does
show a trade-off between speed and accuracy when employing
YOLO. YOLOv3 is a great alternative for models that can
be trained with large datasets because it can be used to
detect objects with an accuracy that is comparable to that of
RetinaNet when utilising a larger dataset.
B. YOLOv4
YOLOv4 [13] greatly outperforms the current approaches in
terms of both “detection performance” and “better speed”. It is
a “efficiently trainable” object detector that may be utilised in
production systems. After carefully examining the effects on
the performance of numerous detectors, features suggested in
the previous YOLO models, the team also introduces various
different architectures and architectural selections with the
primary goal of “optimising neural networks detector for par-
allel computations.” When comparing performance, YOLOv4
is twice as quick as EfficientDet (a competitive recognition
model) [14]. Additionally, AP (Average Precision) and FPS
(Frames Per Second) improved by 10
C. YOLOv5
YOLOv5 [15] was released by a company called Ultralytics
in 2020. The overall public has acknowledged YOLOv4 as
a genuine advancement over YOLOv3, and the moniker is
not particularly contentious. On the other hand, YOLOv5 has
unvalidated data to support its advancement above YOLOv4.
The YOLOv5 network architecture have three components
to it: CSPDarknet for the backbone, PANet for the neck,
and YOLO Layer for the head. Before being sent to PANet
for feature fusion, the data are first fed to CSPDarknet for
feature extraction. YOLO Layer then outputs the results of
the detection (class, score, location, size).
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D. YOLOv6
A single-stage object detection framework with great perfor-
mance and a hardware-friendly design, YOLOv6 is intended
for industrial applications. It is the best OS version of the
YOLO architecture for production applications since it per-
forms better than YOLOv5 in terms of detection accuracy
and inference speed. In comparison to all previous YOLOv5
versions, YOLOv6s (red) offers a better mean Average Pre-
cision (mAP) and an approximately 2-times faster inference
time. Additionally, we can observe a significant performance
difference between EfficientDet, which uses two-stage object
detection, and YOLO-based design. The primary distinction
is that although YOLOv5 makes use of YAML, YOLOv6 de-
clares the model parameters directly in Python. A preliminary
look also suggests that YOLOv5 might be somewhat more
customisable.
E. YOLOv7
The upgraded official YOLOv7 [16] comes with huge
upgrades. YOLOv4 was upgraded with numerous features to
yield YOLOv7. This includes the introduction of Extended
Efficient Layer Aggregation Network (E-ELAN) and Model
Scaling for Concatenation based models. It also introduced
the concept of Trainable BoF (Bag of Freebies) which is a
reparameterization algorithm to improve the model. It is a
kind of ensemble modelling technique wherein the model is
generated using averaged weights of multiple models trained
with different training sets.
III. M ETHODOLOGY
A. Dataset
A fairly large dataset with 3432 images of Wheat Planta-
tions across the globe, the major being from Europe (France,
UK, Switzerland) and North America (Canada). The dataset
is publicly available as part of a Kaggle Competition - Global
Wheat Detection; however, it is maintained by nine research
institutes from seven countries: the University of Tokyo, Insti-
tut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et
l’environnement, Arvalis, ETHZ, University of Saskatchewan,
University of Queensland, Nanjing Agricultural University,
and Rothamsted Research. These institutions are joined by
many in their pursuit of accurate wheat head detection, includ-
ing the Global Institute for Food Security, DigitAg, Kubota,
and Hiphen.
B. Data Pre-processing
The bounding box values are retrieved from the supporting
csv document from the competition files which lists bounding
box values for each occurrence of the wheat head. This
document is converted into YOLO annotation format, wherein
each image will have its own annotation file with the entire
localization of the box values in them.
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Fig. 3. Advancement towards E-ELAN [16]
C. Data Splitting
The data follows 80-20 train-test split wherein 2698 images
where trained and the result was validated on 675 images.
The metrics described throughout the paper deals with the
validation results of these 675 images.
D. Experimental Results
YOLO V3 is a well-liked master of previous versions.
YOLO v3 finds objects by applying 1x1 detection kernels
to three different size feature maps at three distinct points
across the network. The most noticeable feature of version
3 is that it executes detections at three different scales,
each of which is precisely defined by down sampling the
dimensions of the input picture by 32, 16, and 8 respectively.
Since YOLO V3 uses three previous boxes for each
position, K-means is used to obtain nine previous boxes and
divide them into three scale feature maps. The preceding boxes
are smaller on larger feature maps. The residual model, on the
other hand, was applied using the YOLO V3 feature extraction
network. Since it includes 53 convolution layers instead of
the Darknet19 used by YOLO V2, it is known as Darknet-53.
Fig. 4. YOLOv3 mAP score for 20 epochs
YOLOv4 selected and evaluated each potential process
adjustment to determine the best result in each permutation
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
and combination. The speed of YOLOv4 is double that of
EfficientDet.
The YOLOv4 style underwent a considerable change, got
much better, and gave more weight to data comparison.
One ground truth was established by several anchor points
in YOLO V4. By keeping the same number of anchor
frames and raising the selection ratio of positive samples,
this fixes the problem of an imbalance between positive
and negative samples. The advantage is that the open
period and grid sensitivity are avoided because of the
range of the sigmoid function, but the exact placement of
the boundary is unknown. YOLO V4 includes an updated
detector that is faster and more accurate than any of the
prior alternatives. The original concept for a detector based
on a single-stage anchor has been proven to be workable.
Fig. 5. YOLOv4 mAP score for 20 epochs
It varies from all prior releases in that YOLOv5 uses
PyTorch rather than the original Darknet as a base. Similar
to the v4, the YOLOv5 has a CSP backbone and PA-NET
neck. Auto-learning bounding box anchors and mosaic data
augmentation are the two most significant changes. The
various network topologies in YOLO V5 are as precise as
those in YOLOv4 and are easier to use. They also have very
modest model sizes. YOLOv5 sends each batch of training
data via the data loader while simultaneously enhancing it. The
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data loader performs three main types of data improvement:

scaling, colour space correction, and mosaic enhancement.
The proof suggests that during model training, Mosaic
augmentation may effectively handle the trickiest micro-
object challenge. In other words, the accuracy of detecting
little objects is lower than that of detecting huge objects.

Fig. 8. YOLOv7 mAP score for 20 epochs

IV. O UTPUTS
All the official YOLO models were cloned from the
respective publishers from GitHub and results are tried
out on the same with minimal specifications to understand
the efficiency of the models. Hence the metrics are
calculated for the smallest model of the individual version.
Fig. 6. YOLOv5 mAP score for 20 epochs
Sample output from the best performing models:

YOLOv6 is a single-stage object detection framework de-

signed for industrial applications. It has excellent perfor-
mance and a hardware-friendly architecture. As it outperforms
YOLOv5 in terms of detection precision and inference speed,
it is the best OS version of the YOLO architecture for com-
mercial applications. YOLOv6s delivers a better mean Average
Precision (mAP) and an approximately 2-times faster inference
time compared to all prior YOLOv5 versions. YOLOv6s
delivers a better mean Average Precision (mAP) and an
approximately 2-times faster inference time compared to all
prior YOLOv5 versions even in its validation phase.

Fig. 9. Sample Output

V. R ESULTS
The models were trained in Google Colab provisioned with
Nvidia Tesla T4. The hyperparameters were:
• Epochs : 20
• Batch-size : 4
Fig. 7. YOLOv6 mAP score for 20 epochs
• Worker threads : 8
• Image Size : 1024x1024

The model performance improved gradually with epochs,

YOLOv7 compared to its base models has reduced number
of parameters to 40% and computation to 50%. This has
seemed a boost to its benchmark performance, currently be-
ing the state-of-the-art object detection algorithm. The major
improvement in performance can be directly linked with its
architectural upgrade by the concept of BoF(Bag of Freebies)
averaging out the weights without increasing the training cost,
which slightly increasing the time for training.
while to counter the training time as well as overfitting, 20
epochs were chosen as the results were promising enough
with the testing data. Batch-size of 4 was chosen to reduce
the GPU memory hog as the high resolution images required
large amount of GPU memory to load all the 3432 images.
The default YOLO model uses 8 worker threads to divide
the workload. Lastly, the Image size of 1024 was chosen to
effectively visualize the bounding box created by the models.

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TABLE I
R ESULTS
Model Model Layers Average mAP
Name
mAP@ mAP@
0.5 .5:.95
YOLOv3 yolov3-tiny 59 0.905 0.443
YOLOv4 yolov4-tiny 99 0.939 0.556
YOLOv5 yolov5s 270 0.949 0.544
YOLOv6 yolov6s 0.897 0.472
YOLOv7 yolov7-tiny 263 0.899 0.43
VI. C ONCLUSION
The models were trained to find Wheat heads on a con-
siderably large dataset. The model’s performance ultimately
increased when the number of epochs, optimization parame-
ters, batch size, and learning rate were adjusted. The average
mAP @ 0.5 was greater than 89% for all the models, owing
which, the results are quite accurate. When taking into account
individual models, YOLOv3—the baseline model with the
greatest number of changes—performs better with fewer itera-
tions, but at the expense of longer training times. Darknet-53 is
more powerful than Darknet-19 and more effective than rival
backbones since it uses 53 convolutional layers rather than the
previous 19 layers.Thus in terms of mean average precision
(mAP) and intersection over union (IOU) values, YOLOv3 is
rapid and accurate. With a mAP@0.5 of 0.905, the 20 epochs
of YOLOv3 required 2.3 hours for training. Comparing this
to the succeeding iterations, YOLOv5 achieved a score close
to 95% at the expense of an additional 60 minutes of training
time.
The precision and recall trade-offs in the standard YOLO
versions 3 and 5 were satisfactory. Although the findings from
the intermediate models YOLOv4 and v6 were encouraging,
their precision and recall values do not allow them to be con-
sidered all-arounders. Here, YOLOv7 triumphs, its Precision-
Recall curve, which mimics the strong baseline models while
requiring only 35% less training time (compared to YOLOv5).
With a higher epoch, the mAP@0.5 score of 0.899 for
YOLOv7 appears to be something that can be improved. The
model needs five minutes every epoch on average.
Therefore, to yield higher accuracy with a reduced training
time one can employ YOLOv7 with a higher number of
epochs as the iterative improvement in the mAP score in the
incremental iterations tends to improve, thus able to produce
better results and faster performance.
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Comparison between Symmetrical and Asymmetrical
13 Level MLI with Minimal Switches
Sindhuja R
Research Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Annamalai University
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College
Tirupati, 517102, Andhra Pradesh
sindhuja.r@vidyanikethan.edu
Parimalasundar E
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College
Tirupati, 517102, Andhra Pradesh
parimalasundar.e@vidyanikethan.edu
Abstract - Voltage source converters that are dependable and
of the highest quality are offered by Multilevel Inverter to
convert DC power systems to the AC power grid. One of the
intriguing technologies in the field of power electronics are
multilevel inverters (MLIs) in various configurations. It is also
possible to integrate a few DC sources in MLIs to create a
singular output, reducing the number of isolated inverters, the
overall component count, and losses. MLIs are the top converters
in many applications because to their capacity for medium and
high-power applications. In order to produce the levels for the
stair case wave shape, this research work introduces a new
configuration module for asymmetrical multilevel in which
capacitors are employed as DC linkages. With two unequal DC
sources, the suggested Box -type modular structure will produce
more voltage levels. It is useful for a variety of renewable
applications since it has two back-to-back T-type inverters and
minimal parts. This module contains this structured method to
lessen the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) rating and raise the
quality of the sinusoidal output voltage.
Index Terms - Cascaded H-bridge, Multilevel Converter,
Symmetrical Inverter, Asymmetrical Inverter.
I. INTRODUCTION
In past few years, the generation of power from the energy
sources which are renewable have become a lot of widespread
as there's an addendum in power demand and insufficiency of
typical energy sources which are not easily replaced by natural
means. An alternative energy is that the most propitious and
copiously on the market renewable energy that may well be
absorbed simply with PV systems. Therefore, there is an
increasing need to find an alternative energy with high
potency, reduced price and improved energy capture. Thus, to
get the higher than mentioned options, a box type
unsymmetrical electrical converter with reduced parts is
enforced to get a sleek wave [1]-[6]. This unsymmetrical
structured electrical converter is wide employed in high power
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Padma S
Department of Electrical Engineering
Annamalai University
Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu
spadmapnr@gmail.com
Suresh K
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Christ University
Bangalore, Karnataka
sureshk340@gmail.com
applications like massive induction motor drives, UPS systems
and versatile AC Transmission Systems.
Desired output is obtained from many levels of DC links
that are created within the circuit. The DC to AC power
converters are called inverters. The ability conversion is
achieved either by controlled input and turn-off switches or by
forced commutated thyristors, betting on applications. These
inverters is also of voltage controlled or current controlled.
Inverters with levels either zero or ±Vdc called 2 level
inverters [7]-[9]. In dynamic and application of high voltages,
these conventional inverters with 2-level output have restriction
in operative at high frequency in the main thanks to changing
losses and constraints imposed on the device ratings. So as to
beat these limitations, the thought of multi-level inverters is
used. The DC power input to the electrical converter is
batteries, fuel cells or alternative DC sources. However, in
most of the commercial applications, for feeding the input
power, rectifiers are used. Within the rising trends, multi-level
electrical converter (MLI) thought plays a very major role in
shaping the AC output waveform with no distortion. Compared
to the traditional electrical converter
The MLI has several blessings like minimal harmonics,
reduced switch stress, higher quality of power and having
capability to reach high voltage. The typical two-level inverters
are largely used nowadays to get Associate in Nursing AC
voltage from a DC voltage. The two- level electrical converter
will solely produce two completely different output voltages
for the load. To create up AC output voltage these 2 voltages
are sometimes switched with Pulse dimension Modulation
(PWM) [10]-[13]. Through this methodology is effective, it
creates harmonic distortions within the output voltage in
comparison to two-level inverters. The thought of multi-level
inverters is introduced to beat the issues related to these typical
inverters by adding many voltage levels to make a power tool
stepped wave with lower harmonic distortions. once the
quantity of voltage levels gets increase the waveforms becomes
power tool, however several levels the planning becomes a lot
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of difficult, with a lot of parts and a lot of difficult controller extremely low distortion, which can help with magnetic force
for the electrical converter is required. In construction inverters, compatibility (EMC) concerns. Common-mode voltage (CM):
because the change involves many little voltages, the speedy A motor coupled to a structural motor drive may have less
amendment in voltage is smaller. stress on its bearings since multilevel converters provide lower
In recent years, greater power equipment has become more CM voltage. Additionally, CM voltage may be removed by
in demand for a variety of industrial applications. Utility using sophisticated modulation techniques like those described
applications that require medium voltage motor drives and in. Multilevel converters will have little distortion when
power unit power level. Directly connecting just one power drawing input current.
semiconductor switch to a medium voltage grid is difficult.
This prompted the development of a structural power device TABLE I
structure as a replacement in high- and medium-voltage COMPARISON OF MLI AND ITS PARAMETERS
products [14]-[15]. Multilevel Inverters
Parameters Diode Flying capacitor Cascaded
The electrical converter is a component that transforms Clamped MLI MLI MLI
direct current (DC) into alternative current (AC). The electrical Power
converter is used in homes as a source of emergency backup semiconductor 2(m-1) 2(m-1) 2(m-1)
power. [16] In some craft systems, the electrical converter is switches
used to convert portion of the craft's DC power to AC. The Clamping
majority of electrical gadgets, including lights, radar, radio, Diodes per (m-1) (m-2) 0 0
motors, and other devices, are powered by AC power. Further, Phase
change at the basic frequency will lead to decreasing voltage DC bus
worth by range of times. This voltage amendment happens as (m-1) (m-1) (m-1)/2
Capacitors
per basic cycle. Consequently, the primary problem for Balancing
building inverters is harmonic removal. So, many Pulse capacitor per 0 (m-1) (m-2)/2 0
dimension Modulation (PWM) techniques are custom-made to phase
beat the harmonics constraints like curving pulse dimension
Voltage
modulation, third & second harmonic injection PWM etc. once Average High Very Small
such multi-level inverters are integrated with circuit style Unbalance
harmonic currents can occur, that causes the severe
disturbances. To simulate the results, MATLAB/SIMULINK
tool has been used [17].

II. MULTILEVEL INVERTER S1 S7 S2

C2
A. Multilevel Inverter + -
Besides achieving high power ratings, a structural device
also facilitates the use of energy from renewable sources. For Vdc1 S10
a high power application, renewable energy sources S3 S4
S8
comprising electrical phenomena, wind, and fuel cells can
effectively be linked to a structured device system.
S11
Since 1975, the concept of structural converters has been - +
proposed. The three-level device was the first instance of a
structure. The development of several structural device Vdc2 C1
S5 S9 S6
topologies follows. The basic idea behind a structure device,
however, is to utilise a number of power semiconductor
devices with numerous DC voltage sources of lesser amplitude Fig. 1 13 Level MLI Topology
to execute the ability conversion by synthesizing a stairway
voltage wave shape. Because there are numerous dc voltage Switching frequency of the Multilevel converters will
sources, they can all be utilised. The ability switches function at both low- and high-PWM switch frequencies. It
commutate these several dc sources together to produce high should be noted that improved potency and lower switch loss
voltage at the output, but their rated voltage simply depends are often associated with lower switch frequency.
on the quality of the dc voltage sources to which they are Sadly, there are certain drawbacks to structure converters.
attached. The larger range of power semiconductor switches needed is
There are numerous advantages of a structural device over one clear drawback. Every switch requires a coupled gate
a standard two level device that uses high switch frequency drive circuit, even though lesser voltage rated switches may be
pulse dimension modulation (PWM).The following succinct utilised in an extremely complex device. The overall system
list of appealing features of a structural device is available. could become more expensive and difficult as a result.
Quality of the wave-like staircase: Multilevel converters can Numerous structural device topologies have been predicted
lower the dv/dt stresses and produce output voltages with over the past 20 years. New device topologies and unique

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modulation methods have been used in recent study. converter stands out among various topologies thanks to its
Additionally, three completely distinct primary structure versatility and strong power contribution.
device structures are reportable in the literature: flying The mode of operation is as given in Table II for all
capacitors, diode clamped (neutral clamped), and cascaded H- output voltage levels. According to these switching states, all
bridges with separate dc sources (capacitor clamped). of the output voltage values were obtained by activating the
switches. To avoid a short circuit between two DC sources,
B. Types of MLI Topology the switches (S1, S7, S3, S8, and S5, S9) shouldn't be turned
on at the same time. The switches in this switching table
Case1: Symmetrical H bridge inverter should always be appropriately switched to generate similarly
Three full bridge inverters that are fed with various sources negative voltages.
of similar magnitude make up the symmetrical H-bridge Some features of the configuration comprise relatively
multilevel inverter, which has all of its input sources of same low number of Dc supplies, high speed abilities, reduced
magnitude. A single-phase full-bridge inverter is coupled with switching cost, and good conversion performance in terms of
an equal-magnitude cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter.
efficiency.
Different level inverters' ac terminal voltages are linked
together in series. by a variety of arrangements of the four IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
switches.
Here two different topologies were simulated and results
Case2: Asymmetrical H bridge inverter were compared. Figure 2 shows the simulation of conventional
The topology of an asymmetrical inverter is one in which symmetrical 13 level multilevel inverter. Figure 3 depicts the
the inverter is equipped with two independent DC sources of output waveform of the symmetrical 13 level converter.
differing magnitude. The below figure 1 shows the
Asymmetrical topology of 13 level multilevel inverter where it
having two unequal DC sources Vdc, 2Vdc.
Likewise, superabundant modulation techniques and
management paradigms are being developed for structural
converters including curved pulse dimension modulation
(SPWM), selective harmonic elimination (SHE-PWM), home
vector modulation (SVM), and others. Furthermore, traction
motor drives, utility link for photovoltaic systems, and
commercial intermediate motor drives are the target of a
multitude of structure device applications.
TABLE II
11 SWITCHES SWITCHING STATES
State of Switches
Levels Vout S
S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11
1
6 Vdc 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
5 Vdc 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
Positive
Level

4 Vdc 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
3 Vdc 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Fig. 2 Symmetrical topology of 13 level MLI
2 Vdc 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
1 Vdc 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 Vdc 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
-1 Vdc 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
-2 Vdc 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Negative
Level

-3 Vdc 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
-4 Vdc 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
-5 Vdc 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
-6 Vdc 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

III. UNSYMMETRICAL 13 LEVEL MLI

Due to their advantages over the conventional three-level
multilevel inverters, multilevel inverters have recently
attracted the attention of various researchers. The following
are some advantages of building inverters: generate
waveforms of higher quality with less total harmonic
distortion (THD). Flying capacitors, neutral purpose clamped
(NPC), and cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverters are three
common electrical converter topologies. The CHB electrical
Fig. 3 Output Waveform for 13 level Symmetrical MLI
The proposed topology of asymmetrical 13 level multilevel
inverter simulation circuit and corresponding output waveform
showed in figure 4 and 5.
For simulation purpose the two unequal input DC voltages
were taken in the ratio of 1:2. The frequency of switching is

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taken as 2kHz. The capacitors were chosen in the sameratio of

1:2 such that C1= 100 µF and C2=200 µF .From the simulation
results obtained the THD value were compared with the
conventional converter.
TABLE III
COMPARISON BETWEEN SYMMETRICAL AND UNSYMMETRICAL 13 LEVEL MLI

13 Level MLI
Parameters 13 level Symmetrical
Proposed Topology
MLI
Total Harmonic
11.8 % 3.18 %
Distortion
Total Number of switches
24 switches 14 switches
used
2 unequal DC
Number of DC sources 6 DC sources
sources

TABLE IV
THD, POWER LOSS AND CONDUCTION LOSS PARAMETERS OF 13L SYMMETRIC
MLI
Parameters Values
Fig. 4 Symmetrical topology of 13 level MLI
Number of power switches 24
Load type R (100 Ω) and RL (100 Ω and
50 mH)
Modulating frequency fm (Hz) 50
Carrier frequency fc (Hz) 5000
Output voltage (Peak value in volts) 315 V
Output current (Amps) 4.52 A (R Load)
3.51 A (RL Load)
Switching loss 0.112
Conduction loss 51.32
Power loss 51.43
Efficiency 84.61
% THD (Voltage) 22.15
% THD (Current) 10.57

TABLE V
THD, POWER LOSS AND CONDUCTION LOSS PARAMETERS OF 13L
ASYMMETRIC MLI Fig. 5 Output Waveform for 13 level Symmetrical MLI
Parameters Values
Number of power switches 11 When the load varies from resistive load of 80Ω to the RL
Load type R (100 Ω) and RL (100 Ω and load of 100+j40Ω the wave shaping occurs and the harmonics
50 mH) present in the waveform gets reduced as shown in fig.6. Fig. 7
Modulating frequency fm (Hz) 50 represents the various comparative analysis being carried out
Carrier frequency fc (Hz) 5000 between symmetric and unsymmetrical 13 Level MLI.
Output voltage (Peak value in volts) 328V
Output current (Amps) 4.20 A (R Load)
2.17 A (RL Load)
Switching loss 0.106
Conduction loss 40.52
Power loss 40.72
Efficiency 92.47
% THD (Voltage) 14.32
% THD (Current) 4.02

Fig. 6 Output Waveform for the dynamic load variation

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[11] K. Suresh, K. Jyotheeswara Reddy, R. Dash, S. Hampannavar, R.

Srikakulapu and V. Subburaj, "A Universal Converter For Different
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2013.
[14] Parimalasundar E, Jayakumar S, Ravikumar R, Suresh K (2022),
Investigation analysis of open circuit and short circuit fault on cascaded
H-bridged multilevel inverter using artificial neural network approach.
Fig. 7 Comparative analysis between conventional and proposed structure IJEER 10(2), 320-326.
[15] E. Babaei, S. Laali, and S. Alilu, “Cascaded multilevel inverter with
series connection of novel H-bridge basic units,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
V. CONCLUSION Electron., vol. 61, no. 12, pp. 6664-6671, Dec. 2014.
[16] Parimalasundar, E., Kumar, N. M. G., Geetha, P., & Suresh, K. (2022).
Hence a low value of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Performance investigation of modular multilevel inverter topologies for
can be obtained by using this proposed 13-level multi-inverter photovoltaic applications with minimal switches. Electrical Engineering
with reduced number of switches. The operation and & Electromechanics, (6), 28–34.
simulation of existing and proposed model have been analyzed [17] Bagde, Sejal, Pratiksha Ambade, Manasvi Batho, Piyush Duragkar,
Prathmesh Dahikar, and Avinash Ikhar. "Internet of Things (IOT) Based
and done. Finally, we conclude that this inverter has the Smart Switch." Journal of IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics, and Cloud 3,
advantages of low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), less no. 2 (2021): 149-162.
number of switches and less number of DC sources. High
output voltages can be obtained with less DC input.
REFERENCES
[1] E. Samadaei, M. Kaviani, K. Bertilsson, “A 13-levels Module (K-Type)
with two DC sources for Multilevel Inverters,” IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronic Aug22, 2018.
[2] Sourabh Rathore, Mukesh Kumar Kirar and S. K Bhardwaj, “Simulation
of Cascaded H- Bridge Multilevel Inverter Using PD, POD, APOD
techniques,” An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 4, Number 3,
September 2015.
[3] N. Sandeep, "A 13-Level Switched-Capacitor-Based Boosting Inverter,"
in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol.
68, no. 3, pp. 998-1002, March 2021, doi:
10.1109/TCSII.2020.3017338.
[4] Suresh K, Parimalasundar E, Jayakumar S & Ravikumar R (2022)
Encapsulated 3Ø converter for power loss minimization in a grid-
connected system, Automatika.
[5] Essakiappan, S. Krishnamoorthy, H.S. Enjeti, P. Balog, R.S. Ahmed,
“Multilevel Medium-Frequency Link Inverter for Utility Scale
Photovoltaic Integration,” in Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on
vol.30, no.7, July 2015.
[6] K. Suresh and E. Parimalasundar, "A Modified Multi Level Inverter
With Inverted SPWM Control," in IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 99-104, Spring 2022.
[7] J. Venkataramanaiah, Y. Suresh, and A. K. Panda, “A review on
symmetric, asymmetric, hybrid and single DC sources based multilevel
inverter topologies,” Renewable Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 76, pp. 788–
812, 2017.
[8] Ezhilvannan, P., Krishnan, S. (2020). An efficient asymmetric direct
current (DC) source configured switched capacitor multi-level inverter.
Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 853-
859.
[9] K. Suresh and E. Parimalasundar, “A novel dual-leg DC-DC converter
for wide range DC-AC conversion”, 2022, Automatika, vol. 63, no. 3,
pp. 572-579.
[10] E. Babaei, M. F. Kangarlu, and M. Sabahi, “Extended multilevel
converters: An attempt to reduce the number of independent DC voltage
sources in cascaded multilevel converters,” IET Power Electron., vol. 7,
no. 1, pp. 157–166, Jan. 2014.

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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Development of Hardware prototype and
testing of short Transmission Line
V. Johsna1 V Harshith Varma2 Reddi Vivek Vardhan 3
Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Electronics Engineering Electronics Engineering
Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering,
Bengaluru Bengaluru Bengaluru
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
India India India
joshna.velpula@gmail.com vharshithvarma@gmail.com reddivivek2002@gmail.com

Sailaja V4 K Deepa5 Manitha PV6

Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Electronics Engineering Electronics Engineering
Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering,
Bengaluru Bengaluru Bengaluru
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
India India India
v_sailaja@blr.amrita.edu k_deepa@blr.amrita.edu pv_manitha@blr.amrita.edu

the insulin particularly all through terrible climate. The

Abstract— This paper describes about the performance
characteristics of short transmission line. Performance of any
transmission line is decided by four parameters namely
Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance, and shunt conductance.
In this paper performance characteristic is observed for
different types of loads. The performance involves in
determining sending end voltage, current, power factor,
receiving end voltage, current, power factor, efficiency of
transmission and regulation. For an ideal Transmission line, the
total input supply is same as output without any losses. In
normal scenario, transmission lines undergo losses. Efficiency
and regulation are two factors which will give what ratio of
input is getting converted into output and also gives the amount
of power which is getting wasted. So the regulation and
efficiency are considered here as the main factors that decide
the performance.
Keywords— Short Transmission Lines, Varying loads,
Regulation, Efficiency, Performance Characteristics.
I. INTRODUCTION
The demand of power is developing immensely
however the expansion of transmission framework and
generation is confined because of different ecological
requirements and restricted accessibility of resources.
Generated power is distributed to industries and household
through transmission lines and the amount of power that
can be transmitted will depend on the construction and the
type of transmission line. Major faults occurs in
transmission lines than in the power generation system. So,
Transmission line assurance is a significant issue in power
system engineering in spite of the fact that 85-87% of
intensity framework deficiencies are happening in
transmission lines.
Transmission line execution is represented with the
help of 4 parameters: resistance, inductance, shunt
capacitance and conductance. All of these parameters are
dispersed along the length of the line. The separator of the
line is rarely idealize and spillage streams over surfacSe of
electrical comparable of the spillage affect is spoken to by
the shunt conductance, connected in parallel with the
framework capacitance. By and large the spillage streams
are little and consequently the shunt conductance is ignored
in calculation [1].
Transmission lines are categorized as short, medium,
and long in regards to the transmission line duration and
voltage levels. When the duration of the overhead
transmission is nearly 50km and the load voltage relatively
low (< 20kV), it's miles customarily taken into
consideration as quick transmission line. Due to small
duration, decrease voltage level and little spillage current,
the capacitance affects are little and therefore may be
ignored. Hence, while inspecting the execution of quick
transmission line; the resistive and inductive masses are
taken beneath consideration [2].
Performance of transmission line can be analyzed by
changing the type of load. The amount of energy generated
and transmitted to load through transmission line depend
on the load. Request on vitality in transmission strains will
get changed and stage point distinction between the voltage
and current will alter. For example, for resistive load both
voltage and current will be in phase whereas for reactive
load the phase angle difference of voltage will lead or lag
by current [3].
Power flow evaluation is huge for arranging,
manipulate and obligations of present frameworks. The
suitable activity of the framework is predicated on knowing
the impacts of inter connections, new loads, new
generation stations and new transmission line. System
stability should be maintained for proper power
transmission. So, load flow analysis need to be done for a
system [4]..
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Transmission lines make up the majority for any power
system network, as is well known. Therefore, it makes

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sense that one of the essential topics that should be given
clear cut attention is the accurate modelling of such lines in
various power analysis studies.[5][8] Such modelling
method will be the primary method for predicting the
performance of the line. There is a great desire for the
power flow control in the transmission lines with fast
operation, efficiency and reliability [6][9].
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Transmission Line model
A short transmission line circuit with ac supply and load
linked [5] is as shown in Fig1. The transmission line
parameters resistance R, and reactance X are distributed
throughout the length of the transmission line and the
transmission line parameters are considered for this work are
lumped. Every conductor has a resistance R [7] as well asan
inductive resistance X. [7] For ease, the conductor parameters
are grouped in one conductor and the return conductor is
accepted as having neither resistance nor inductive reactance.
-phase values and the all currents are phase currents.
Therefore, in the case of three-phase line calculation,
Fig. 1. Single-phase circuit of short transmission line
Figure 2 shows the same circuit for a single-phase line
and ashort transmission line. The loop resistance and loop
inductance of the short transmission line [6] is represented
by resistance R and inductive reactance X respectively.
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit model of short transmission line
R = Loop resistance of the line
R = 2*( one conductor resistance) =
2*(R1) X1 = inductive reactance of one
conductorX = 2*(X1)
The receiver is the end of the line to which the load is
connected, and the sender is the end to which the source
power is connected [8].
Let Vr = receiving end voltage
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Vs = sending end voltage
Ir = receiving end current
Is = sending end current
Vr = receiving end voltage
Ps = sending end power
Cos ∅r =load power factor
Cos ∅s = sending end power factor
The series impedance of the lines is given as,
Z=R+jX
The shunt conductance and shunt capacity of short
transmission lines are ignored. Therefore, at all the points
thecurrent remains the same in line.
Practically, it is,
Is = Ir = I
Power per phase = (1/3) × (total
power) Reactive volt − amperes per
phase
= (1/3) × (total reactive volt − amperes)
For a balanced 3-phase, star connected line,
Phase voltage = 1/√3 × (line voltage)
B. Phasor diagram
Figure 3 shows a phasor diagram of the lag load [9]. The
receiving termination current Ir is considered a reference
phasor and is indicated as OT in the phasor diagram. If there
is lag load, Ir lags Vr by the angle ∅r shown in Fig 3.Where
OQ = Vr. IrR is the voltage drop over the line's resistance.
Phasor QR is in charge of IrR. It is drawn in parallel with the
OT because it is in phase with the current. IrX is the voltage
drop in the line's reactance. Total impedance voltage drop is
defined as IrZ. The phasor sum of the resistive and reactive
voltage drops, and it is given by SQ inside the graph. The
sending conclusion voltage Vs is represented by OS, and the
control calculate point between the sending conclusion
voltage and the current is representedby S.
Fig.3. Phasor diagram.
The magnitude of Vs can be found from the
right angle triangle.
Vs  (V Cos  I R)2  (V Sin   I X )2
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Where,r  Re ceiving end Power factor V. OBSERVATIONS

R – Series resistance By observing the readings of sending end
X – Series reactance voltage(Vs),sending end current (Is), sending end
Power factor of the load measured at the sending end is power(Ps), receiving end voltage (Vr),receiving end
CosPr current(Ir) and receiving end power (Pr) the following
calculations are done for different loads.
I r *Vr
Voltage regulation (VR) is the measure of change [ 1 0 ]
inmagnitude of receiving end voltage from no-load to full A. Calculations
load A. For R-load :
%VR= % voltage regulation =
power to sending end power [11]. % transmission efficiency = ,
% Efficiency =
𝑃𝑟
If Vr be the reference phasor then, CosΦr =
𝐼𝑟∗𝑉𝑟
V  V 0V + j0
% voltage regulation = =7.98,

% transmission efficiency = = 94.734

For lagging power factor
CosΦr, I  I r   r  IrCosr  jIr Sinr CosΦr = 0.8475
For leading power factor B. For L-load :
CosΦr, % transmission efficiency = 25
% voltage regulation = 6.512
For unity power factor, I  I0
% transmission efficiency =
 I  j0 The line impedance is
given by Z  R  jX CosΦr = 0.0357
C. For R-L load
This work will deal with pure resistive, pure inductive and % voltage regulation =
RL load for short transmission line. In summary, the % transmission efficiency
capacitance of the short transmission line is neglected due to
its low operating voltage and lower load current and its very
small length. So, capacitance effect of short transmission % voltage regulation = = 3.11
line is very small it can be neglected. Varying loads of cos∅ = 0.2777
different types calculate the voltage regulation and cos∅ = 0.222(UPF),
efficiency of short transmission lines and performance % transmission efficiency = 40
characteristics of short transmission lines for different loads
are plotted.
B. Graph
IV. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION Plot of % voltage regulation, Efficiency and
The 1-Ph., 230V AC input supply is fed [12] to the short power factor Vsreceiving end power is obtained
transmission network through a variable Auto transformer. to analysis the performance of short transmission
Voltmeters V1 and V2 (0-300V) are connected in parallel to
lines.
Vs and Vr respectively for measuring voltages across them.
Ammeters A1 and A2 (0-10A) are connected in series to Vs A. For R-load :
and Vr respectively for measuring currents across them.
Wattmeter’s W1 and W2 (300V, 10A, UPF) are used for
measuring power [13] across sending end and receiving end
respectively. A transmission line model having the lumped
parameters 14 ohms, 8 mH per phase per 50 km line length.

Fig.5. R load performance characteristics

Fig.4. Circuit diagram of short transmission line

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Fig.5 shows the performance characteristics of inductive will takes reactive power remaining power can be
short transmission line when pure resistive load transferred to the receiving end [15]. Receiving end current
[14] is connected. Resistive load corresponds to lags the receiving end voltage but it is less than 900. Due to
unity power factor at the receiving end due to the presence of resistive load phase angle has reduced.
which receiving end voltage and the receiving
For resistive and inductive load : 90 < 𝜑𝑟 < 0
end current can be maintained in same phase.
(0 < 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑟 < 1, −1 < 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑟 < 0)
For unity power factor, 𝜑𝑟 = 0 Z=R + jXL (no capacitive reactance so, XC = 0)
X = XL - XC = XL
I  I0  I  j0 𝐼 ≈ 𝐼∠𝜑𝑟 ≈ 𝐼(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑟) + 𝑗(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑟)
𝑉𝑉 ≈ 𝑉𝑉 + 𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑠 ≈ 𝑉𝑟 + (𝑅 + X)
Here the drop is more when compared to the pervious
Vr is the amount of voltage transferred from sending side to purely R and L loads.
receiving side and the remaining voltage IR is dropped at the
resistor Sl.No Instruments Type (Ratings) Quantity
1) DPSTS 10A One
B. For L-load 2) Autotransformer 1-Phase, 230V One
3) Inductor 8mH One
4) Resistor 14 ohm One
5) Voltmeter M.I (0-300V) Two
6) Ammeter M.I (0-10A) Two
7) Wattmeter 300V, 10A, UPF Two
Table:I simulation values when R load connected
V. OBSERVATIONS

By connecting the blocks as per circuit diagram

.Fig.6. Inductive load performance characteristics for R-load in matlab Simulink the following results
are observed.
Performance characteristics of short transmission line
with pure inductive load is presented in Fig. 6. Inductive load For a resistive load with R=238 ohms the readings
current lag the voltage by 900. Because when current start tabulated are listed in Table
flowing in inductor an induced voltage will be generated in it Sl R Vs IS Ps Vr Ir Pr % %ᶯ
which opposes the change in current, so, the power angle𝑓𝑟 < .no load pea Peak (W pea pea (W) VR
(ohm) k ( A) ) k k(A)
(V) (V)
0. In case of purely inductance load it will be equal to - 1 283 32 1.2 8 191 305 1.2 180 6.55 94.2
900 ie 5 8
2 106 32 2.685 401 28 2.5 351. 14.3 87.6
fr= -900. 5 4 4
𝐼 ≈ 𝐼∠ − 90 ≈ (0) + (−1) 3 64 32 4.11 614 26 4.1 497 23. 81
5 3 .4 5
𝐼 ≈ −1𝑗 7
Z=R+jX As it is pure inductive load R= 0 4 44 32 5.5 821 24 5.5 612 34. 74.5
5 2 .5 2
𝑉𝑉 ≈ 𝑉𝑉 + 𝑉𝑉 9

C. For R-L load :

The readings for receiving end and sending
end power, voltage, current are captured and
analysed in this section.

Fig.7. RL load performance characteristics

From fig.7 we can observe the performance
characteristics ofshort transmission line when resistive and
inductive load is attached. In these effect due to resistive and
inductance loadscannot be nullified hence both will be taken
into account because resistive load takes real energy and

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Fig.11. Output power Vs Time

From Fig.11 shows the receiving end power and its

observedthat the power gets transferred to the receiving end
side withvery less power loss as it is pure resistive load. So
Fig.8. Input power Vs Time only real power is observed by the load and power Pr
Fig.8 gives the information about how much delivered at the receiving side is 180W and power loss noted
input power issupplied from sending end side i.e is 11. When compared with fig.10
PS =191W.

Fig.12. Output voltage Vs Time

From the plot appeared in Fig.12. able to watch the
voltageat the receiving end side is less than the sending
conclusion side by 20V and this drop is less since the stack
Fig.9. Input voltage Vs Time is simply resistive in nature and the getting conclusion
Fig.9 presents the input voltage from voltage was famous as Vr = 305V.
sending end side withthe peak measuring as Vs
= 325V

Fig.13 output current Vs Time

Fig.10. Input current Vs Time

From plot 13 It can be seen that the current on the receiving
Fig.10 presents the input current drawn at the sending end side is smaller than the transmitting end current
end side (i.e) Is = 1.28A compared to the transmitting end current shown in Fig. 12,
and the transmitting end current is given as Ir = 1.28A.

VI. REGULATION
The regulation plot for R load is plotted Vs receiving end
power as shown in Fig. 14. The figure clearly depicts that the
regulation increases with increase in receiving end power
drawn and Efficiency decreases [16]. This increase and

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decrease in regulation and power is because of increase in
receiving end current with increase in load, which in turn
increases thepower losses (I2R ) and voltage drop IR
Fig.14 %Efficiency and Regulation Vs Receiving end Power
Due to the voltage drop in the transmission
resistance; the receiving end voltage will be less
than sending end voltage and receiving end
current is also less when compared with sending
end current, hence the overall power transferred
also reduces. As the resistive load decreases,
losses will increases due to high current, thus
regulation will increase and also efficiency will
decreases.
VII. ANALYSIS
From the above, it can be analysed that:
To obtain maximum power and power factor the
load must be resistive and for least power factor
the load must be inductive.
For short transmission line the transmission
length is small and operating voltage is
additionally low thus the charging current is
small. So, the impact of capacitance in small
transmission lines is less thus can be ignored.
VIII. CONCLUSION
This paper presents the performance analysis
of the short transmission line using the hardware
prototype model. Experimental results are used
to find the regulation efficiency of the line for the
pure resistive load, pure inductive and resistive
and inductive load. Experimental results for
efficiency vs receiving end power, variation of
the input, output voltages, currents, power are
presented. This model can be used to analyze the
different faults on transmission lines.
REFERENCES:
[1]Sandeep Kaur,Amarbir Singh,Raja Singh Kela “Load flow analysis
of three bus system by using micropower software” International journal of
engineering Research technology(IJERT),vol. 4, Issue 03, March- 2015.
[2] D.Hill, “On the equilibrium of power systems with non linear
loads,” IEEE Trans. Circuit system, vol. 36, pp.1458-1463,1989.
[3] Eric H. Allen , M. D. Ilic “Interaction of Transmission Network
and Load Phasor Dynamics in Electric Power Systems” IEEE Transactions
on Circuits and System , vol. 47, no. 11, November 2000 .
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[4] Shailendra Shrivastava, Vishal Sharma, Annapurna Bhargava,
“Modelling and Performance Analysis of Distributed Power Flow
Controller on Multi Machine System,” European journal of Advances in
Engineering and Technology,5(2):99-105,ISSN:2394-658X,2018.
[5] Manoharsingh, B.K.Panigrahi, R.P.Maheshwari “Transmission line fault
detection and Classification” International conference on Engineering and
Computer Technology in power systems, Nagercoil, IEEE 2011.
[6] Maamar Table, Mohamed Jassim Dittlo, Tahar Bouthiba, “Performance
of short transmission lines models” GCC Conference ,Manama, IEEE 2006.
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for Short and Long Transmission line”, International conference on
Modelling ,Identification and control(ICMIC), Cario, 2013.
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a Transmission Line by Varying the Turns Ratio of the Injection
Transformer," 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing
Technologies (i-PACT), 2019, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/i-
PACT44901.2019.8960069
[9]S. Balamurugan, T. N. P. Nambiar, N. Janarthanan and K. R. M. V.
Chandrakala, "Laboratory model to teach power system stability," 2014
IEEE International Conference on MOOC, Innovation and Technology in
Education (MITE), 2014, pp. 53-55, doi: 10.1109/MITE.2014.7020240.
[10] Balamurugan, S. & Natarajan, Janarthanan & Vijayachandrakala,
K.R.M. & Rr, Lekshmi. (2014). Laboratory Model for Teaching Real Power
Flow Control in Transmission Line. 144-145. 10.1109/T4E.2014.47.
[11] Basavaraju, Jayanth & Sailaja, V. & Kaliyaperumal, Deepa &
Manickavasagam, K.. (2022). Intermediate Administrative System for Load
Side Management in Different Kinds of Load Present in a Cluster of Micro
Grid. 1-5. 10.1109/DELCON54057.2022.9752829.
[12] Rahul, G. & Teja, O. & Shivani, P. & Kaliyaperumal, Deepa &
Manitha, P. & Sailaja, V.. (2020). Long Distance Power Transmission
System with ZVS Ultra-Lift Luo Converter from Large Photovoltaic
Generation. 400-405. 10.1109/ICSSIT48917.2020.9214162.
[13] Sailakshmi, & Navyasri, Goteti & Kaliyaperumal, Deepa & Sailaja, V.
& Manitha, P.. (2022). Fault Analysis in Three Phase Transmission Lines
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254.10.1109/ICOEI53556.2022.9776716
[14] Bindhu, V., and G. Ranganathan. "Effective Automatic Fault
Detection in Transmission Lines by Hybrid Model of Authorization and
Distance Calculation through Impedance Variation." Journal of Electronics
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[15] S. Kumar A and K. Manickavasagam, "Transmission Line Dynamic
Circuit Model for Effective Length of Ground Electrode Under Lightning
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A Review of Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer

System Technology used in Solar Wireless Electric
Vehicle Charging Stations
Vinoth Kumar K Maruthi B Rahul R
Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Electronics Engineering Electronics Engineering
New Horizon College of Engineering New Horizon College of Engineering New Horizon College of Engineering
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
kvinoth_kumar84@yahoo.in maruthi5665@gmail.com shashi1991982@gmail.com

Sathish S
Santhosh Melvin D
Department of Electrical and
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
Electronics Engineering
New Horizon College of Engineering
New Horizon College of Engineering
Bengaluru, India
Bengaluru, India
sathishs06052002@gmail.com
santhoshmelvind939@gmail.com

Abstract—This study demonstrates how the recently

developed Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer System can extend
the range of an electric vehicle (EV). The demand for big
batteries in EV applications may therefore be reduced as a
result of powered highways. To transfer the most power possible
from the ground to the vehicle, the complete DWPT system must
be precisely constructed.

Keywords— Wireless charging, inductive coupling, and

microgrid.

I. INTRODUCTION
Battery requirements and recharge times are issues
specific to electric vehicles. The battery's capacity needs to
be raised in order to increase the cruising range. The required
engine power rises as the battery capacity does. While
driving, wireless charging degrades memory. [1] The benefits
of wireless charging include automation, simplicity, security,
and toughness. Installing the dynamic loading mechanism on
our route was simple. Battery replacement, conductive
charging, and inductive charging are a few charging
techniques [2].
Battery replacement technology allows you to swap out a
dead battery for one that has been partially or fully charged.
Side, bottom, and back modifications each have a different
method. Dislocation and deterioration problems are
complications needs a sophisticated infrastructure. For the
purpose of charging electric vehicles, conductive technology
is employed. a reasonable and useful approach. Safety and
charge time are problems with conductive charging.
Charging is dependent on the range and type of current. There
are two charging options: rapid charging and standard
charging. [3-4]
Fig. 1. Structure of the wireless charging [28]
In-vehicle and in-vehicle are the two different types of EV
chargers. When a converter is built inside a vehicle, the
charger is referred to as an on-board charger, while a
converter built into a charging station is referred to as an off-
board charger. Inductive power charging is the process of
recharging a vehicle via electromagnetic induction. Vehicle
charging is one application where inductive energy
transmission is used. [5] While increasing range and lowering
storage capacity, dynamic and semi-dynamic wireless
charging are both used. As a result, the cost of electric
vehicles is decreased by the charging system & distance. [2]
The four technologies are mechanical, acoustic, far field,
and near field. For inductive and resonant inductive devices,
the frequency ranges are kHz to MHz; for capacitive devices,
it is Hz to MHz; and for microwave devices, it is GHz. Figure
1 depicts the article's overall structure. The magnetic and
electric fields of the short-range wireless power transfer
system (WPT) can be separated. When two panels in an
electric field WPT system are aligned, a process called as
capacitive power load occurs that transfers power from one
panel to the other. An inductive load is created when two
magnetic resonators are aligned and power is transferred from
one to the other ended a predetermined reserve in the airborne
average increase. [6-8]

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The transmit coil is supplied with electricity by a power
converter. The power converter's operational pulses are
controlled by the position of the vehicle. A compensation
network controls the spreader side control missioner's output.
The components of the return network are passive. In
compensation networks, different assemblages of inductive
and capacitive components are utilized. Automated
distributed charging by QDWC is taking the role of laborious
physical charging along roads and business districts (Feng et
al., 2020). High installation costs, misalignment tolerances,
and constrained speed ranges are problems with DWC
systems. A rectifier converts the interacting available flux to
DC in order to charge the battery bank. Primary and
secondary power are converted using power electronics
converters.
A long transmitter can generate an unlimited amount of
magnetic flux relatively low. There is a lot of electromagnetic
interference and exposure in the tracking coil's non-
interacting area. Due to the non-retroactive portion of the
transmitter coil, power losses are also larger. System
reliability is influenced by transmit coil size. Additionally,
the entire coil may malfunction if any one component of it
fails. Multiple transmit coil shapes are sporadically
positioned in a track in a segmented DWC. Individual or
more inverters can control transmitters. When the receive coil
passes over the transmit coil, it becomes activated. The
second coil is not powered up.
Fig. 2. Basic representation system
II. EXISTING METHODOLOGIES
Two coils are used in the IPT system to transfer energy.
Vehicle mounted coils are regarded as secondary coils or
vehicle assemblies, whilst floor mounted coils are regarded
as primary coils or floor assemblies. Within the air core, the
coils are magnetically connected to one another. Choice of
coil construction depends on the application. Determinants of
coil construction design, or coil size and coil shape, include
transmission distance, system power rating, coupling
characteristics and the performance of ferrite cores is
increased.
The DWPT load's most reliable factor is vehicle speed.
The link flux of the coil also varies with the lateral or
longitudinal movement of the receiving coil. The amount of
power transfer decreases laterally as the electric vehicle
moves. The transmitter is experiencing open circuit voltage
when there is no car around. The vehicle's bottom has a
mounting for the receiving coil. Power level and standards
are used to determine the distance between coils on the
ground. The vehicle's battery is charged when the receiving
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coil is positioned over the transmitting coil. There is no
stimulation in the other segmented pads. [19]
Non-polarized coils are single coil structures that solely
generate vertical magnetic flux, whereas polarized coils are
multiple coil structures that generate horizontal magnetic
flux. Segmented and extended busbars are two types.
Elongated designs employ lengthy track coils. In terms of
magnetism, the long and narrow has a smaller ratio of
interlinkage magnetic flux to leakage flux. Non-shrinkage
points produce a lot of electromagnetic pollution and
interference as a result.
The power loss is substantial as a result of the non-
reacting component. Multiple coils are contained in segment
coils, which are driven by a group of transducers or by a
single transducer. In order to minimize power loss and
prevent energizing non-interactive coils, transmit coils are
only activated when the receive coil is aligned with a certain
transmit coil. The requirement for small transmitter spacing
and high converter and compensator ratings is a drawback of
these segmented transmitters. Systems for inductive power
transfer are susceptible to misalignment and loosely
connected coil designs. The coil has a large leakage
inductance because it operates dynamically.
High leakage inductance reduces a coil's ability to handle
power, and efficiency rapidly decreases as misalignment
rises. Reactive power correction can be used to offset this
large leakage inductance. A passive resonant network
therefore balances reactive power. The coil can now transfer
more power at its maximum capacity. The objectives of
different compensation topologies include compensating
VAR, achieving smooth switching, maintaining bifurcating.
Minimizing soft switching behavior and perceived power
rating. Additionally, these networks keep the network's
output voltage and current constant. Monoresonant and
multiresonant compensation networks are two different
subtypes based on passive elements. The expansion of EV
market penetration was not kept up with by the construction
of charging infrastructures. The expansion of EV charging
stations will have an impact on the grid for public utilities.
Fossil fuel consumption had to rise dramatically to keep up
with the energy demand created by charging stations.
Different traditional energy sources are becoming less
plentiful every day. Additionally, the world's temperature
will rise as a result of greenhouse gases. Many nations are
enforcing regulations and striving for net-zero emissions by
2050. In 2020, the generation of electricity based on
renewable energy will increase by 3% while demand for all
other fuels will decline. To increase the penetration of the EV
market, it is crucial to install the charging infrastructure
properly.
An electric vehicle's total cost of ownership comprises
infrastructure development expenses, energy consumption
costs, and vehicle costs. Therefore, for a cost analysis to be
effective, the charging infrastructure must be taken into
account. By using CNG, his OLEV's economic energy
consumption variables were examined by KAIST. According
to analysis, OLEV reduces energy costs by 73%. Driving the
car 250 km per day was used to analyze energy expenses. The
cost savings for electric automobiles rises as the mileage
does. An online electric vehicle was created by KAIST in
2009. The vehicle uses 60 kW of electricity. Dynamic
induction power transmission technology, which is used for
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EV charging, transmits high power over considerable
airborne distances. 85 kHz is the highest output frequency
level. The emergence of environmentally friendly vehicles
will push the island grid system to incorporate an inductive
power charging system that is powered by the roads. The
ability to tolerate abrupt load changes, management of
generation and usage, and fault tolerance are the primary
considerations for these solar-powered island microgrid
systems.
During this energy transfer, the induced electromotive
force produces a powerful magnetic field. High field strength
generation must stay within legal safety bounds. Different
shielding techniques are applied to lessen flux leakage
throughout the system. The growth of the infrastructure for
charging electric vehicles did not support their market
adoption. The public supply network will be impacted by the
rise in electric vehicle charging stations.
Over the past ten years, there has been a considerable
global growth in the production of electricity using renewable
energy sources. Emissions of greenhouse gases will decline
with the expansion of PV-based electricity generation.
Therefore, incorporating renewable energy sources into the
infrastructure for electric car charging aids the advancement
of electrification of the road transportation sector. A
expanding utility sector and a decrease in the cost of
electricity per unit because to this consolidation. In Figure 3,
the microgrid system is shown. Energy metres with an
electromechanical design were formerly available. Today's
energy metres are digital. Only when there are surges in the
circuit's current can the metre’s function. This indicates that
the amount of current flowing through the circuit is directly
proportional to the speed at which the disc rotates. [18]
The previous way of spinning a disc clock involved gears
turning as needed and a microprocessor that kept track of the
amount of power used by the load. The meter's integrated
LEDs' flashing frequency is also tracked. A blinking LED is
also included in modern energy metres for pulse counting.
The external memory used to store these measurements.
EEPROM is used as external memory. You can save this
memory if you ever need to check your energy usage and see
where it stands right now. The microcomputer is connected
to the liquid crystal display of the liquid crystal television.
The microcontroller will inform the LCD that the GSM
modem is currently unavailable. [19-27]
Fig. 3. Flowchart for FOD
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III. CONCLUSION
This article focuses especially on DWPT technology
publicity for microgrids. In-depth information is provided
regarding the various converters also payment network
topologies. Based entirely on packages comprising load and
coupling differences, the unique repayment networks may be
used. The payback community is also employed to
reverberate with the charging pads. The largest component of
the arrangement of dynamic charging systems is the
configuration of the charging pads. The charging pads are
powered by the strong inverters. A manage sign's generation
depends on the detection circuit's output. The detection
circuit is used to determine the location of the car by
observing how the abroad item interacts with the charging
pads. The main impartial of the design system will maximize
performance while minimizing expense. The machine's
power level being increased to facilitate faster charging
surely raises the visibility of magnetic emissions. Thus,
adequate protection is necessary to lower sector emission
levels also included.
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[5] R. Pereira, J. Figueiredo, R. Melicio, V.M.F. Mendes, J. Martins and J.
C. Quadrado, "Consumer energy management system with integration
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Devabhaktuni, "Smart meters for power grid: Challenges issues
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[7] S Maitra, "Embedded energy meter - a new concept to measure the
energy consumed by a consumer and to pay the bill", Joint
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[8] J. Every, L. Li and D. G. Dorrell, "Leveraging smart meter data for
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structures and incentive schemes", Appl. Energy, vol. 201, pp. 158-
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[9] Michael C. Lorek, Fabien Chraim and Kristofer S. J. Pister, "Plug
Through Energy Monitor for Plug Load Electrical Devices", IEEE
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[10] S. Bayram and T.S. Ustun, "A survey on behind the meter enegy
management systems in smart grid", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol.
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[11] Md. Masudur Rahman, Noor-E Jannat, Mohd, Ohidul Islam, Md.
Serazus and Salakin, "Arduino and GSM Based Smart Energy Meter
for Advanced Metering and Billing System", Int. Conf on Electrical
Engineering and Information & Communication Technology
(ICEEICT) Jahangimagar, pp. 1-6, 2015.
[12] D. Alahakoon and X. Yu, "Smart Electricity Meter Data Intelligence
for Future Energy Systems: A Survey", IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Informatics, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 425-436, Feb. 2016.
[13] L. I. Minchala-Avila, J. Armijos, D. Pesántez and Y. Zhang, "Design
and Implementation of a Smart Meter with Demand Response
Capabilities", Energy Procedia, vol. 103, pp. 195-200, 2016.
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[14] N. Batra and M. Chawla, "Design And implementation of Smart
Energy Meter Using Internet of Things (IoT)", International Journal
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Energy Metering System for Power Consumers", 2019 2nd
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[16] Q. Malik, A. Zia, R. Ahmad, M. A. Butt and Z. A. Javed, "Design and
Operation of Smart Energy Meter for Effective Energy Utilization in
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[17] B. K. Barman, S. N. Yadav, S. Kumar and S. Gope, "IOT Based Smart
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[18] Joseph, J.J., Meenal, R., Josh, F.T., Chandran, G., Veerabathran, S.
“Weather observation and forecasting using radiosonde” Telkomnika
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[19] W. W. V. Souza et al., "Development of an Energy Meter based on
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4.0 & IoT, pp. 241-244, 2020.
[20] N. Shivaraman, S. Saki, Z. Liu, S. Ramanathan, A. Easwaran and S.
Steinhorst, "Real-Time Energy Monitoring in IoT-enabled Mobile
Devices", 2020 Design Automation & Test in Europe Conference &
Exhibition (DATE), pp. 991-994, 2020.
[21] S. V. Sreedevi, P. Prasannan, K. Jiju and I. J. Indu Lekshmi,
"Development of Indigenous Smart Energy Meter adhering Indian
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Power Electronics Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (PESGRE2020),
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[22] Meenal, R., Binu, D., Ramya, K.C., Rajasekaran, E., Sangeetha, B.
“Weather Forecasting for Renewable Energy System: A Review”,
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2875–2891
[23] Mahesh, M., Kumar, K.V., Prabhakar, M. “Enabling Technologies for
Smart Buildings: High Power Density Power Electronic Converters”
Smart Buildings Digitalization: IoT and Energy Efficient Smart
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[24] G. Mehta, G. Mittra and V. K. Yadav, "Application of IoT to optimize
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[25] G. Mehta and V. K. Yadav, "Impact of Renewable Distributed
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[26] G. Mehta, Y. Mishra, S. Dubey Uzair, M. Singh and R. Khanam,
"Accident Prevention using Auto Braking System and Accident
Detection using Internet of Things", proceedings of International
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[27] Kamali, A. R., and V. Prasanna Moorthy. "Design of Solar and Battery
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[28] Mohamed, Naoui, Flah Aymen, Ben Hamed Mouna, and Sbita
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(GECS), pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2017.
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Hardware Integration of Sensors for Automating

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Smart Homes
C.Lasya
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
Amrita School of Engineering
Bengaluru,India
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,India
bl.en.u4eee19006@bl.students.amrita.e
du
N.Madhav Sai
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
Amrita School of Engineering
Bengaluru,India
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,India
bl.en.u4eee19013@bl.students.amrita.e
du
N.Gunavardhan Reddy
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
Amrita School of Engineering
Bengaluru,India
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,India
bl.en.u4eee19014@bl.students.amrita.e
du

N.Manoj Reddy Lekshmi S. Syama S.

Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
Amrita School of Engineering
Bengaluru,India
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,India
bl.en.u4eee19015@bl.students.amrita.e
du
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
Amrita School of Engineering
Bengaluru,India
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,India
s_lekshmi@blr.amrita.edu
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
Amrita School of Engineering
Bengaluru,India
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,India
s_syama@blr.amrita.edu

Abstract—Human existence is getting more advanced and
better in all aspects due to the tremendous advancements in the
field of automation. An automation system is a combination of
sensors, controllers, and actuators that work together to
accomplish a task with little or no manual intervention. Non-
automated techniques are being replaced by automated
systems. A home automation system will monitor and/or
regulate appliances, entertainment systems, lighting,
temperature, and other factors. Additionally, home security
systems like alarm systems and authentication mechanisms
may be used. The aim of this project is to create a home
automation system where different sensors and devices are set
up to trigger one another, like having a smart siren turn on
whenever the laser detects motion. This system was created by
integrating a range of sensory data and human knowledge in
order to complete jobs effectively and efficiently without the
need for human intervention.
Keywords—Ultrasonic Sensor, Light Dependent Resistors (LDR)
Sensor, Arduino UNO, passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor), Gas
Sensor.
I. INTRODUCTION
A smart home system is a home-like setting with ambient
intelligence and autonomous control, enabling it to respond
to occupants' behaviour and provide them with a range of
amenities. Home automation can include centralised control
of appliances, lighting, HVAC, heating, cooling, and other
systems to improve ease, comfort, energy consumption, and
security. A system of sensors gathers various forms of
information about the residents and the home's utility
consumption. These data can be analysed by computers and
other devices with computational capability (e.g.,
microcontrollers) to identify resident activities or events.
They then react to the events by controlling specific built-in
devices in the house. In reality, incorporating sensors into
intelligent devices and systems has expanded the ability to
monitor, analyse, and aggregate data at a local level. Many
physical parameters can be sampled and measured
selectively by autonomous and networked sensors. Sensor
integration is expanding rapidly as the foundation for reliable
control systems that can make sense of erroneous data
regardless of the environment in which they operate.
A. Advantages of Smart Home Automation:
• Smart home automation systems make homes more
convenient and comfortable.
• Maximizes home security: Home security can surge
when security and surveillance capabilities are included into
smart home network. To increase home security, house
automation systems, for instance, can link motion detectors,
video surveillance, automated door locks, and other useful
security measures across the house.
• Convenience and Cost Efficiency: Automation enables
users to keep an eye on the control of electrical devices,
preventing time and energy waste while the devices are not
in use. This lo[rs utility costs, enabling users to save money.
• Appliance Safety and Lighting Control: The lighting
can be controlled based on the user’s requirements. This
makes it possible for the user to make sure that the lights are
off and the appliances are switched off while they are not
home to conserve energy.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Smart home automation or Computerization is the most
popular way of creating smart houses. A system of sensors
captures numerous sets of data about the occupants and the
home's energy utilization. Turning on the lights when a
person walks into the room is a simple example of smart
home automation system. However, more complex
challenges, such as identifying that whether elderly person is
alone and ill, seem to be more difficult. Machines play a vital
role in people's lives, Home robotization allows control over
household items. Significant improvements can be made in
the field of consumer electronics. The concept of a home
automation system can improve a traditional home life. The
aim is to provide a luxurious life for the elderly and the
physically challenged. By using this framework, home
appliances work professionally to provide extended personal
satisfaction, and comfort to customers.

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In paper [1], Among the Home Automation apps , this

paper makes use of Bluetooth technology. The Bluetooth
innovation operates at 2.4GHz frequency and can link
devices within a 10-100m range at 3Mbps. It demonstrates
whether Bluetooth could be more than merely a standard
method of transmitting data. It connects the efficient
operational system to the microprocessor ATmega328P,
which is at the foundation of the contemporary architecture.
It captures user input information and sends it to the data
directly, which manages the on/off functioning of power
transformers. This approach reinforces a very easy capacitive
fingerprint software that allows individuals of every age to
comprehend the home automation procedure. Only verified
user fingerprints can activate the fingerprint lock.
In paper [2], Several degrees of wireless technology have
been created and implemented throughout the last decade.
Many users in today's culture are familiar with terms like
GSM, Wireless internet, and USB. With extreme
thunderstorms, these levels become part of their regular
norm. Although all of the wireless people's wants appear to Fig. 1. Block diagram of the system
have been addressed, it is evident that they are lacking
something like the "Internet of Things," particularly in
popular home automation (HA). Interoperability between IV. HARDWARE PROTOTYPE MODULES
various electrical and energy equipment is provided by HA
systems, as is the possibility for users to regulate their The essential components for building a smart home
performance. These properties are extremely beneficial in the automation hardware prototype are listed in Table I.
development and the improvement of energy efficiency.
These technologies make people's lives simpler, particularly TABLE I. Hardware modules specifications
the old and the crippled. These systems do exist, but they are
frequently inefficient, costly, and wired. Home automation in Name of the Component Respective Model
existing buildings is challenging to deploy due to wire
placement. It is possible to build an open network and stable
Arduino UNO ATmega328P
connection of limited rechargeable batteries detectors,
actuators, and control devices capable of communicating
successfully and participating in a new extreme of wireless Passive Infrared Sensor HC-SR501
environment. To build such a network, the term "ZigBee" is
employed. This level's name alludes to packet routing Gas Sensor MQ–135
algorithms for big node networks and zigzag data transfer.
2.1. Ultrasonic Sensor HC- SR04
The survey gave a brief idea of the existing technologies
which are ZIGBEE and Bluetooth. The importance of these Light Dependent Sensor LM393
technologies has been analysed and its social impact on the
people with disabilities and elderly people has increased Servo Motor SG90
compared to a traditional home.
Laser Transmitter and KY-008
Receiver
III. DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM
Smart home automation is designed using Arduino UNO
where the automation and security of the home is achieved. V. SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Automation is achieved by integrating multiple sensors, for
motion detection using PIR sensor and ultrasonic sensor, A. Arduino UNO
LDR sensor is used for the control of light intensity. Security The Arduino Uno is a free open-source microcontroller
of a home is achieved using lasers where a laser transmitter board powered by the ATmega328P processor and created
is used which transmits laser light continuously and is being by Arduino. The board has six analog and input/output (I/O)
received by the laser receiver. When the receiver laser
pins and can be programmed using the Arduino IDE
doesn’t receive the laser light which is transmitted from the
(Integrated Development Environment) with a Type-B USB
transmitter, the buzzer system is activated and a gas sensor
(MQ135) is used to detect gases like Carbon Monoxide, connector. It can be powered by an external 9 V battery or
Methane, Hydrogen Sulphate, etc [4-6]. Whenever a fire USB cable [3]. The Arduino Uno board, along with the
breaks out or an LPG leak, a buzzer will be turned on to Arduino IDE version 1.0, became the basis for this long line
indicate that there’s an explosion. To obtain a high-level of USB-based Arduino boards. The Arduino UNO is
security, a camera surveillance (ESP32 CAM) can be perhaps the most widespread microcontroller board, and it is
incorporated to maintain a safe and secure home [7]. supported by a variety of platforms including Linux and

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Windows. The Arduino IDE is an open access application
framework for controlling devices. Arduino is a basic and
minimalistic electronic interface that is very affordable and
does not demand any external hardware.
B. Sensors
1) PIR Sensor-
An electronic sensor that detects infrared light emitted
by objects in its range of vision is known as a passive
infrared sensor. PIR is made up of a pyroelectric device
that can detect specific quantities of infrared radiation.
Everything, for example, emits varying levels of
radiation, with the amount of radiation increasing as the
object's temperature rises. PIR (Passive Infrared
Detector) sensors are also termed as PID (Passive
Infrared Detectors). As a result, the PIR sensor is
capable of detecting infrared light released by particles.
In general, PIR sensors can detect animal/human motion
within a selected limit, which is specified by the sensor's
specifications. The detector does not emit energy;
instead, it passively collects it and detects infrared light
from the environment.
2) Ultrasonic Sensor-
An ultrasonic sensor is a device that uses ultrasonic
sound waves to measure the distance to an entity. The
sensor head sends out an ultrasonic signal, which is
reflected back to it by the target. Ultrasonic / level
sensors use the duration between emission and reception
to calculate the distance of an object. High frequency
sound waves reverberate from surfaces, creating
different echo patterns.
3) Light Dependent Resistor(LDR)-
LDRs (light dependent resistors) are light-sensitive
resistors. Photo resistor, photocell, and photoconductor
are other names for it. It is a type of resistor in which the
resistance varies depending on the amount of
illumination that strikes the surface. When light is
radiated on the resistor, the properties change. These
resistors are extensively utilized in numerous circuits
that necessitates luminous detection [8-10]. These
resistors were indeed available in a variety of sizes, and
resistance levels. Whenever the LDR is in the pitch
black, it can turn on a light, and since it is in the
brightness, this can flip off the light.
4) Gas sensor-
The gas sensing module is constructed up of an iron
mechanical structure that houses the sensing element.
This detector receives power from connecting wires.
Gases that come into contact with the sensing element
are electrically charged and assimilated by the detecting
material as a result of this current, which is referred to as
a heating current [11]. This alters the characteristic
impedance of the sensor module, resulting in a shift in
the electricity passing through it.
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C. Actuators
Actuators are essential components of the sensing
applications that power today's machines. These gadgets let
machines to communicate in their environment in the same
manner that individuals do.They control a home automation
system's real mechanism or functionality. They might be
electronic switches, gearboxes, or motor-driven valves.
1) Servomotor –
Angular or linear position, velocity, and acceleration can
be precisely controlled by servo motors in rotary or
linear actuators. It consists of a suitable motor connected
to a position feedback sensor. It also needs a controller.
A servomotor is a closed-loop servomechanism that uses
position feedback to control its motion and final
position. An analog or digital signal representing the
position of the output shaft is sent to the control system.
It is simply constructed consisting of a simple motor that
is controlled by a servo mechanism.
2) DC motor –
A direct current motor, also known as a dc motor, is an
electrical machine that produces a direct current
magnetic field to transform electrical power into
mechanical power. When a DC motor starts operating, a
magnetic field is generated in the stator. The field
continues to rotate the rotor by ability to attract and
repelling the rotor's magnets. The commutator, which is
connected to the power source brushes, delivers current
to the motor wire winding, which manages to turn the
rotor.
VI. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
Fig.2 displays the hardware configuration for the home
automation. A security system has been used in this system
coupled with automation. The door is automated, when the
sensor once detects a human being and to close after a
certain amount of time dependent on detection by an
ultrasonic sensor with the aid of a servo motor as an
actuator. A PIR sensor may be used to switch on and off the
fan in response to human presence. Based on the brightness
of the light, an LDR sensor is utilized to automatically
switch on and off the lights. In the event of a fire or an LPG
leak, the gas sensor detects the gases and notifies the buzzer
system. A laser security model employs an alarm system to
alert the operator of an intruder's presence [12-15].
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C. PIR sensor and LDR senor

Fig.5 demonstrates the automated control of a fan and a light
using PIR and LDR sensors. This technology controls the fan
automatically depending on the passive infrared rays emitted
by humans, detects motion through a PIR sensor, and may be
operated manually. LDR can change the brightness of the
lights depending on the intensity of the light. If the intensity
is strong, the light will be turned off; alternatively, the lights
will turn on and may be controlled manually.

Fig.2 Sensors Integration for smart home automation

A. Gas sensor system

The gas sensor system is shown in the Fig.3. The
MQ135gas sensor can detect harmful fumes including
ammonia (NH3), benzene (C6H6), smoke, and LPG leaks.
If any of the aforementioned gases are detected or in case of
any fire breakout, the buzzer system is updated[16-18]. Fig.5. Implementation of PIR and LDR sensors

D. Automated Door opening and closing System

The controlled door opening and shutting system is depicted
in Fig.6. The ultrasonic sensor detects motion based on the
distance between the sensor and the individual. If a person's
motion is detected, the servo motor receives a signal to open
or close the door.

Fig.3. Implementation of Gas Sensor and Buzzer

B. Laser security system

In Fig.4, the laser security system is depicted. The laser
receiver in this security system picks up the laser beam that
the laser transmitter continually emits. An alarm system
signaling the presence of intruders will notify the user if the Fig.6.Implemetation of Ultrasonic Sensor
transmission is interrupted.

VII. CONCLUSION
This research work has proposed a home automated system
in which a smart house with high levels of safety and
automation is constructed using multiple integrated sensors.
Numerous sensors are employed in this project for various
functions of the appliances, such as an ultrasonic sensor for
motion detecting. A servo motor is coupled to the sensor
and is used to operate the door. Similarly, a PIR sensor is
used to detect motion (for example, if a human enters the
room), and the sensor will engage. Based on this, Fan or
other associated apps can be activated. LDR sensors are
used to regulate the brightness of lights by turning them on
and off. Laser control is used to secure the residence, and
when the laser is tripped, an alarm sound is buzzed to
Fig.4.Implementation of laser security system

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provide an alert. Similarly, gas sensors with a buzzer are
fitted for any fire breaks out .
The difficulty of connecting systems from various
vendors is one of the drawbacks of the current smart home
automation systems. It is challenging to combine new
devices with already existing ones created by a different
brand because so many manufacturers create unique systems.
Limited functionality and unstable service may occur from
integrating devices from several vendors.
The ideal energy usage for smart homes is still, and will
continue to be, a major concern
VIII. FUTURE SCOPE
The proposed model integrates numerous sensors and
actuators to allow individuals to live comfortably in their
residences. An ESP8266 WIFI module may be added to this
prototype to permit for remote access and control of
appliances through a smartphone or tablet. For increased
protection, a camera may be added, with data transmitted to
the cloud using modules such as Raspberry pi and picture
categorization accomplished using machine learning
techniques. An application may be designed and interfaced
with IOT to enable a broad range of control over appliances.
REFERENCES
[1]N. Sriskanthan and Tan Karand. “Bluetooth Based Home Automation
System”. Journal of Microprocessors and Microsystems, Vol. 26,
pp.281-289, 2002.
[2]Rana, Jitendra Rajendra and Pawar, Sunil N., Zigbee Based Home
Automation (April 10, 2010). Available at SSRN:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1587245.
[3]Lalit Mohan S., et al., "Arduino based home automation using Internet
of things (IoT)", International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics Volume 118 No. 17, 769-778, 2018.
[4]E. Yavuz, B. Hasan, I. Serkan and K. Duygu. “Safe and Secure PIC
Based Remote Control Application for Intelligent Home”.
International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security,
Vol. 7, No. 5, May 2017.
[5]S. Lakshmi Ojaswini, et al.,"IoT based Smart Home Security System
and Door Alert using Smart Phone", IRE Journals, Volume 1, Issue 8,
Feb. 2018.
[6]Hamdan, Yasir Babiker. "Smart home environment future challenges
and issues-a survey." Journal of Electronics 3.01 (2021): 239-246.
[7]Amul Jadhav, S. Anand, Nilesh Dhangare, K.S. Wagh “Universal
Mobile Application Development (UMAD) On Home Automation”
Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s Institute of Technology, University of
Pune, India Network and Complex Systems ISSN 2224-610X (Paper)
ISSN 2225-0603 (Online) Vol 2, No.2, 2012.
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[8]R.Piyare, M.Tazi “ Bluetooth Based Home Automation System Using
Cell Phone”, 2011 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Consumer
Electronic.
[9]Bulusu, Sowjanya; Krosuri, Madhuri; Koripella, Rishitha; Sampath,
Nalini,"Smart and Secure Home Automation Using Internet of Things
Enabling Technologies",Journal of Computational and Theoretical
Nanoscience, Volume 17, January 2020
[10]R. Thomas Mathew, Sreeram Thattat, K. V. Anirudh,Adithya Varma P.
K., and Geena Prasad, “Intelligent Energy Meter with Home
Automation”, 2018 3rd International Conference for Convergence in
Technology (I2CT). 2018.
[11]Jalpa Shah, Pathrabe, L., and Patel, B., “Wireless smart power saving
system for home automation”, in 2012 1st International Conference on
Emerging Technology Trends in Electronics, Communication
Networing, 2012.
[12] Ganesh Kumar C, Januja Josephine S, and Premanand V
Chandramani, “Mining Based Device Control for Home
Automation”, Joint International Conference on Communication,
Computing and Power Technologies ICCCPT-2015 and Artificial
Intelligence and Evolutionary Computations in Engineering Systems
ICAIECES-2015, 2015.
[13]V. S. Babu, Kumar, U. A., Priyadharshini, R., Premkumar, K., and
Nithin S, “An intelligent controller for smart home”, in 2016
International Conference on Advances in Computing,
Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), 2016.
[14]S. K. Sooraj, Sundaravel, E., Shreesh, B., and K. Sireesha, “IoT Smart
Home Assistant for Physically Challenged and Elderly People”, 2020
International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication
(ICOSEC). IEEE, Trichy, India, 2020.
[15]Oberoi, Aaryan; Basavaraju, Sagar;Lekshmi, S“Effective
Implementation of Automated Fertilization Unit Using Analog pH
Sensor and Arduino”, 2017 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence and Computing Research, ICCIC 2017,
8524170
[16]Abraham, G., R., R., Nithya, M., “Smart Agriculture Based on IoT and
Machine Learning” ,Proceedings - 5th International Conference on
Computing Methodologies and Communication, ICCMC
2021,9418392, pp. 414-419
[17]Joshna, V., Kashyap, M., Ananya, V., Manitha, P.V.,“Fully
Autonomous Robot to Detect and Degasify Hazardous Gas after
Flood Disaster”, Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International
Conference on Power and Embedded Drive Control, ICPEDC
2019,9036703, pp. 134-139
[18]Hamdan, Yasir Babiker. "Smart Home Environment Future Challenges
and Issues-A Survey." Journal of Electronics 3, no. 01 (2021): 239-
246
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Analyzing the Effects of Electric Mobility Charging

Harmonics on Power Grid
Nishant Sharma Akshay Dhiman
Dr.O.P Rahi
M.Tech (CMPA) M.Tech (CMPA) Electrical Engineering
Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering NIT Hamirpur
NIT Hamirpur
NIT Hamirpur,India Hamirpur,India
Hamirpur,India
21mee201@nith.ac.in oprahi@nith.ac.in
21mee208@nith.ac.in
nishantt01@yahoo.com

Abstract— EVs are restricted in quantity compared to fuel-
based cars, but that will change soon. EVs provide
environmental and social advantages. The electricity demand
to charge these cars will skyrocket, straining the power system.
Thus, several EV charging stations will be connected to the
grid. Harmonics will be created, affecting voltage stability and
power quality. In this Paper, harmonic analysis and THD are
assessed with an increase in charging stations. This study
considers transformer loads, harmonics, and voltage
instability. Using an LCL filter at the rectifier end reduces
harmonics for a same number of charging cars.
Keywords—Electric Vehicle (EV), Quality of Power,
Harmonics, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), Charging Station
for Electric Vehicles
I. INTRODUCTION
The concept of electric vehicles is growing rapidly in
the sector of transportation as compared to conventional
fossil-fuel vehicles. There are several benefits of using an
EV, such as less pollution to the environment, a cheaper
transportation mode, and a reduction in the use of fossil
fuels. EVs have become highly prominent and people are
caused by the congestion of EV charging stations, voltage
imbalance, and effects on the windings of distribution
transformers, are studied in this paper.
II. CHARGING STATION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Fast charging converters demand a lot of power, which the
local power source cannot provide. As a result, suitable
infrastructure for electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS)
is necessary [4]. These rapid charging stations have a high
charging rate and need a high-power consumption. The
fundamental block diagram of the EV charging approach,
which comprises of a transformer, a converter, and a
rectifier, is depicted in Fig.1. An EVCS is created by
combining two bi-directional AC-DC rectifiers and a bi-
directional DC-DC converter.
Control Control
Grid
Filters

shifting towards EVs.

EVs can be considered not only as a random load that
consumes energy but can also be used for power
generation and back to the grid [1]. For the establishment
of this connection between vehicles and the grid, electric
vehicle chargers are required. There are various types of
chargers used, such as Type 1 chargers, Type 2 chargers,
and Type 3 chargers. The low-power chargers are Type
One and Type Two chargers, which have a high charging
time. The Type three charger is the fastest of all, which
increases the percentage of the battery from 25% to 80%
within a few minutes [2]. Since in the charger, various
non-linear elements are present as a result of which
harmonics are produced. Due to the presence of these
harmonics, the windings present in the transformer get
affected, and power output deteriorates. So, when more
EVs are charged, the power quality in the system gets
worse [3]. Battery performance can be improved by using
various control techniques like fuzzy logic
implementation [13]. Use of renewable energy sources
like wind energy with proper enhancement can be used to
improve the efficiency of the circuit. In this article,
MATLAB Simulink software is used to study the impact
of EV charging stations on the distribution grid. Certain
factors, such as degradation of power quality, which is
Transformer Bi-directional Bi-directional Electric
AC-DC converter DC-DC converter Vehicle
Fig.1 Brief Model of EV charging methodology
PROBLEM FORMULATION
The EV charging stations include a variety of non-linear
loads, resulting in harmonics, voltage disturbances, and
power quality concerns in the system.
As a power loss takes place in the distribution transformer
[5]. An EV charging station of type 2, which is mostly used
in India, has a maximum current rating of 16A and a
maximum power rating of 3.4 KW. Type 3 chargers are fast
chargers that charge the vehicle within minutes. The power
rating of type 3 fast chargers is near about 60KW and
charges at a constant current, which is in the range of 60A.
In this section, the mathematical analysis of various factors
like power quality, harmonics mitigation, distorted voltage
waveform, and transformer overloading is discussed.

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A. Power Demand cos1 is Phase coefficient. From the above equation THD
The battery of the electric vehicle takes power from the
electric distribution network. With the presence of non- can be calculated as
linear elements in the system, as the demand for power
increases, the system may lose stability. The expression of I2 I I
the power demand can be expressed as in equation 1. THD = ( )2 + ( 3 )2 + ＋( n )2
PEV Cbattery*(SOCmaximum − SOCminimum)/ TD I1 I1 I1
=
Here, battery is the capability of the battery, and TD is the D. Performance Of Transformer
time taken by the battery for charging. SOC is a factor that
determines whether high power or low power is taken by an The increased stress on the distribution network caused by
EV. The total power required by all the EVs is the addition the mass deployment of EVs has a multiplier effect on the
of the individual powers of all the EVs combined together. life cycle. There should be a limited charging rate of EVs
per day, and the charging stations must be kept far away
B. Voltage Profile from the distribution transformer to further reduce the power
Fast charging results in the waveform of voltage being loss and improve power quality. The prominent reason for
distorted and somewhat unbalanced. Since high power power loss in the transformer is harmonic current, and the
transfer takes place in the case of a fast charger, it has an harmonic voltage results in no load losses. [9]. Due to these
impact on overall system stability and leads to grid instability losses caused by harmonics, there is an increase in the heat
[6, 7]. This can be made better if the charging stations use with respect to purely sinusoidal waves. The capability to
renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. These combat harmonics can be measured by a factor known as the
renewable sources can act as the backbone of the grid during K-factor.
the time of peak demand and reduce instability in the system
during charging. The low voltage produced could be SOLUTION METHODOLOGY
threatening sometimes. It results in grid instability and a
degradation in voltage profile.. When batteries of Electric Vehicles are charged from the
charging station connected to utility grid ,the power
C. Harmonics quality would be hampered. Here in this paper, the
EVCS impact on the local grid is studied and analyzed
As compared to fundamental frequency, harmonics are the using a simulation model shown in Fig.2.
high frequency component of voltage and current [8].
Harmonics affect the power quality of the system by Control
distorting the voltage and current waveform. Measurement
of harmonics can be done with the help of a factor known as
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). THD basically tells you
the distortion in the signal. Power factor is defined in a
harmonic power system as the ratio of actual power (P1) to
apparent power (S). The product of the effectual value of Control
Grid
voltage and current results in apparent power. The rms value 132 kV
Control
of the harmonic current for the current which is non- A

sinusoidal in nature is given as:

I=
B Pi-

I12 + I22 +
\
＋In2 section
20 km
Filters
Feeder
C

P1 U I1 cos 1 I1
cos = = = cos =  cos1 120kV/25kV
47MVA
25 kV/440V
200 kVA
Bi-directional
AC-DC converter
Control
1
S UI I

Where,  is the Harmonic factor

Fig.2.Simulation of Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) model

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Two step-down transformers are used to reduce the voltage

from the utility grid, which is supplied at 132 kilovolts
(KV) at 50 hz. A transformer at the sending end reduces the
voltage from 120 kilovolts to 25 kilovolts before it travels
over a transmission line with n sections across a distance of
25 kilometres. The 25KV is reduced to 440V via a
transformer at the receiver side. This is where DC is
produced and fed into the buck boost converter, that convert
DC to AC. This converter is also serving as a charger.
Currently, all cutting-edge EVs employ 5 KWh Li-ion
batteries.

III. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

If the grid's power quality is improved, consumers will be
supplied with clean, consistent electricity that has a
sinusoidal waveform, is devoid of noise, and falls within the
acceptable range of voltage and current harmonics. One of
the most typical issues with power quality is the drooping Fig 4(a) Input voltage when charger is not connected
and swelling of the voltage waveform caused by harmonics.
These issues arise from the non-linear components
contained in EV chargers that interact with the grid. These
negative impacts need investigation since India is moving
toward adopting EVs.
Fundamental (50Hz) = 62.12 , THD value= 4.92%

Fig. 3a. Harmonic variation when single EV is charged.

Fundamental (50Hz) = 62.28 , THD value= 15.69%

Fig. 4(b) Connected Charger Input Voltage

E. Implementing LCL filter to reduce THD

Fig. 3a. Harmonics variations when four EV’s are charged.

Fundamental (50Hz) = 62.26, THD value= 24.86%

Fig.5a.When one EV is connected

Fig. 3(b)Harmonic variations when eight EV’s are charged

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Fig.5b.When four EVs are connected
Fig.5c.When eight EVs are connected
F. Power Deterioration In Transformer
With multiple EV charging taking place, overloading of the
transformer will take place, thereby increasing power loss.
The harmonics in the current lead to heating of the
transformer core and winding, thus resulting in power loss.
The table shown below demonstrates the loss of power due
to harmonic injection.
TABLE I. TRANSFORMER OUTPUT KVA BEFORE AND AFTER EV
CHARGING STATION CONNECTION.
S.No Output kVA without EV KVA obtained with
EV
1. 200 197.83 (Single EV)
2. 200 192.64 (Four EV)
3. 200 185.91 (Eight EV)
From the table above it can be seen that as the number of
EV are increasing the loss is significantly increasing and
thus the efficiency of the system is reduced. The loss of
power in the transformer can be reduced by the use of
transformer which has higher value of k factor.
IV. TECHNIQUE TO IMPROVE POWER QUALITY ISSUES
Multiple disturbances that are observed in MATLAB
simulation act as deteriorating factors for the stability of the
power system. In order to improve efficiency and power
quality, there is a need to minimize these disturbances.
Renewable resources such as solar, wind, and biomass have
enormous potential in India. Integration of these resources
with EV charging can provide a good solution that can
mitigate the barriers to power quality improvement [10].
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Thus, hybrid power generation schemes such as solar, wind,
and biomass can be a critical solution to overcoming these
challenges in EV charging [11]. the use of various electronic
devices to improve voltage stability can be implemented.
The research that was performed on Green House Gas
(GHG) emissions mentioned that chargers with non-
renewable resources are much more pollutive in comparison
to chargers with renewable resources [12]. As a result, the
scheme of using renewable resources for EV charging has
the potential to have a significant impact on EV charging
while also reducing GHG emissions and improving power
quality.
V. CONCLUSION
It is inevitable that EVs will capture the entire market in the
foreseeable future. As a result, there is a need for charging
stations that are located near to the residential area, and they
should be consumer-friendly. There is a requirement for an
efficient and strong grid system to hold out against
integration with EVCS. In the above study, the impacts of
the integration of EV fast charging stations with the local
utility grid are analyzed. Certain issues present in the
system, such as harmonics, voltage swelling/sagging,
increase in demand, and overloading of transformers, are
addressed in this article. The MATLAB Simulink software
is used for the analysis, and the results are explicated.
Methods like the use of an LCL filter to mitigate power
quality issues and instability in the grid are also briefly
discussed in this paper. Apart from having a negative
impact, EVCS also has some positive impacts like peak
shaving, load balancing, and reactive power support in
vehicle-to-grid technology. Thus, regularization of EVCS to
grid integration is required for future development.
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[6] S. Weckx and J. Driesen, "Load Balancing With EV Chargers and
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Optimal Placement of Electric Vehicle Charging
Station by Considering Dynamic Loads in Radial
Distribution System
Dandu Srinivas
Research Scholar
Department of Electrical Engineering
JNTU Anantapur
Anantapur, India
srinivasphd226@gmail.com
Abstract— Electric vehicles with unique characteristics
like lower noise, energy saving and pollution free due to
reduction of carbon dioxide are consider to be the best
choice for future automobile industry. The battery of
electric vehicle (EV) must get recharged at charging
stations when they are used for driving in urban area.
Since electric charging stations will be used
simultaneously by many EV. The existing distribution
system might not be highly affected by the installation of
charging stations if the numbers of electric vehicles are
small. However, with the increase in the number of
electric vehicles the characteristics of the electric vehicle
charging patterns may have considerable impact on
distribution systems which depends particularly on the
electric vehicle charging location. There may be
significant impacts like overloading and power losses in
the system. These impacts could be mitigated by proper
system planning and through strategic placement of
Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) in the existing
radial distribution network. In this research the optimal
location EVCS are identified in radial distribution
network and also the active power losses and system
voltage profile are examined. This research proposes a
heuristic algorithm called Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) to optimize the IEEE 33 bus radial distribution
system with electric vehicle charging stations. The prime
objective is to place the EVCS at optimal location in
existing radial distribution network by considering the
real (active) power losses and also the voltage at the
buses of the system.
Keywords—Electric vehicle, Charging station, Radial
distribution systems, Optimal placement, Particle swarm
optimization
I. INTRODUCTION
Environmental issues have become one of the most
serious concerns for the environmental researchers. Now
one of the primary issues of big cities is growth in emission
of greenhouse gas which is linked to use of internal
combustion engines of fossil fuel cars. Greenhouse gases are
being reduced through the use of various technologies. As
an ecologically friendly transportation technology, Electric
Vehicles (EVs) are giving tremendous potentials for
increasing the power system dependability and flexibility.
Among the many advantages of electric vehicles is a
reduction in reliance on fossil fuels of 40-60 percent. Other
advantages include convenience, safe charging, high
performance, and flexibility in fuel choice.
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Dr.M. Ramasekhara Reddy
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapur
Anantapur, India
ramasekharreddy.eee@jntua.ac.in
In the existing radial distribution systems, the current
problems that are facing by EV’s and the obstacles for
development of EV’s are the optimum placement of electric
vehicle charging stations [1] and the charging time for a
battery to get charged. It is fact that the power system
operation and control has been already faced wide variety of
problems due to rapid growth and integration of distributed
generation but now if the integration of these large numbers
of electric vehicle charging stations may become further
burden for the power grid if not planned properly. As the
charging of maximum number of EV’s at same time will
have the significant impact on electrical power grid because
charging a greater number of EV’s at a time may lead to
peak demand of electricity which can have significant
impact on the electrical grid system. Therefore, necessary
precautionary actions to be taken to avoid failure of
electrical power grid system due to the peak demand. The
placement of charging stations (CS’s) in this existing system
with high energy demand can results in more power
demand, this may cause disturbance in the distribution
system. So, the analysis is required for optimal placement of
CS’s by considering either by static size or dynamic size in
the radial distribution system. The charging points in the
charging station will charge the specified battery size of
electric vehicle. The location of EVCS is the focus of
current researchers. However, for the best EVCS placement
the power losses and system voltage profile must be
assessed. For lower bus systems, such as the 69 radial bus
systems and the 119 radial bus system, etc., the method of
trial and error for EVCS placement and sizing is very
simple. The location of the charging station may be best
served by looking for low sensitivity voltage buses.
However, this way of searching is unable to deliver the best
EVCS on greater bus radial systems.
Heuristic algorithms were created as a result for the best
placement of EVCS for EV as well as for reduced power
losses [2] and subsequently to improve the system voltage
profile. For the best position of the charging station, the
researchers take into consideration restrictions like voltage
and current limits. Since the EV's charging current is always
real, the batteries power rating is expressed in kW.
Therefore, in addition to the current load at the buses, extra
real power loads must be provided in order to represent the
EVCS connected in the radial bus system. A heuristic
approach called Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is
proposed in this work for the best positioning of EVCS. The
concept is used with the IEEE 33 bus radial distribution
standard system while taking into account dynamic loads.
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II. RELEVANT BACKGROUND
Fig.1 shows the categorization of the effects of EV
integration. The analysis of EV load impact is presented. The
influence of EV load on distribution network [4] parameters
comes first, then the effects on the environment and the
economy. The potential benefits and drawbacks of
integrating EV load into the distribution network are shown
in Fig.1.
Fig. 1 EV Load Impact Classification
A. EV Load Affects on existing distribution system:
The expansion of EVCS’s introduces various issues to
existing distribution system. These topics have undergone
careful evaluation recently. In the past researches it is seen
that electric vehicle’s effect analysis is generally used to
determine how inclusion of electric vehicle’s affect the
electricity generation, the age of transformers, and the
power efficiency of distribution systems. In fact, it's feasible
that EV charging during times of high demand will increase
that demand, necessitating an increase in generation
capacity. Additionally, a higher demand for EVs will
overload transformers in substations and services, reducing
the lifespan of those components. Furthermore, EVCS’s can
result in among other power quality problems [5] like
current and voltage harmonics, voltage sags, and power
fluctuations.
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1) Negative impacts:
The first is the effect on the distribution system's power
quality which is defined as the ability of power system
which delivers continuous power to loads without any
harmonics and a clean power supply. Two common power
quality problems are harmonics and voltage sag/swelling in
particular. Electric vehicle charging stations are creating
those power quality problems when connecting to the power
grid. As per IEEE 519 defining power quality, the (THD)
total harmonic distortion values for power networks up to 69
kV should be less than 5%. This study suggests that
integration of EV’s to the grid and the EV load connection
to existing distribution will results in increase in harmonic
disturbances. The total harmonic distortion ranges at 4.82%
for single EV which is connected to the device to 19.69%
for about five EV’s using various modules.
a) Voltage impact: Voltage impact: This section
discusses how Plug in EV introduction influences voltage
variations, which has an impact on how efficiently power is
delivered to consumers. There is a voltage drop across the
buses during charging due to adding of EV’s to the existing
distribution network. The literature states that less than 95%
of nominal voltage lost due to voltage loss in some
locations. Due to that the system upgrades are necessary.
With varying charging rates between 20 and 80 percent, the
voltage deviates from the specified voltage by 12.7% to
43.3% [4] penetration of PEV.
b) power loss impact: Losses in the power system has
become a significant problem during the energy demand that
will be produced in the future is taken into account [12]. As
stated by “reference” Dharmakeerthi. et. al 2011, for 62
percent market penetration of PEVs, 40% of loss in energy
is seen during off-peak charging. The researchers found that
when PEV adoption rose, network power losses increased
considerably. Applying the ideal placement of the EVCS
process would reduce the increase in power loss to a certain
value.
c) Reliability impact: In recent years, a difficult field
of research has been the distribution network reliability
studies. Specifically, statistical information on the failure
rate, repair rate, average outage time, and the number of
users is used to determine the distribution network's
dependability indices [6]. Additionally to evaluate
dependability and vulnerability of each bus in distribution
network the term employed is bus reliability index. The
stability analysis of the distribution system can be evaluated
using reliability indices of the system. The system
dependability indices are divided into customer and energy
based categories. The official names of the customer based
reliability indices are SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI. While
SAIDI specifies the average interruption time per customer
served and SAIFI gives the information how many times
that client encountered the power interruption in a specified
time period. Additionally, SAIDI is influenced by the
quantity of consumers as well as the length of the outage
[7].
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2) Positive impacts: Advantage of the V2G programme k  =Branch incidence matrix,

is that The Vehicle to Grid scheme of EVCS’s has many
benefits like lower cost EVCS operators, lower cost EVCS
customers, and better EVCS load duration curves. In reality,
ibranch  =Branch current in given radial distribution
the V2G program's primary advantage is the ability to network,
transfer energy from automobile batteries to the grid during v = z ibranch  (3)
periods of high demand and to recharge the batteries during
periods of low demand. According to the study's most v  = vbus  − v
u
(4)
encouraging finding, the system could handle wind z=Bus impedance matrix,
v = Difference in the voltage,
integration of up to 59 percent of total grid generation
capacity when EV participated in primary frequency
regulation. However, a certain amount of solar energy can
be used to charge an electric vehicle.
v =Bus voltage which is undated.
u

The most encouraging finding of the study was that 59%
of the grid's generating capacity could be supplied by wind
energy when EVs were used for main frequency
management. The EV, however, may be charged using a
limited amount of solar power.
III. PROBLEM FORMULATION
With the rapid expansion of the electric vehicle industry
wants an urgent need for charging stations, particularly in
light of the relatively low energy storage capacity of EV
batteries. Sixty-two percent of fleet cars will be replaced by
EVs by 2050 if the current pace of adoption is maintained.
Due to the rapidly expanding demand for electric vehicles
(EVs), charging stations (CS) [12] are now a need.
However, the research has not yet examined the need of
studying how the introduction of EVCS would affect the
already-in-place radial distribution system. With this study,
we examine how the radial distribution system will change
when EVCS is implemented.
A. Distribution System Load Flow
Due to several unique topological characteristics, load
flow algorithms for power distribution systems are very
different from those for transmission systems. Due to the
radial nature and more R/X index of the branches a
traditional load flow technique Newton-Raphson method not
possible to apply. So for distribution systems a forward and
backward sweep method is used. In this method with loads
at each bus, the current from the last branch to the first
branch may be determined. So, forward/backward load flow
is the name given to this load flow [13].
The fundamental power equation can be used to compute
the bus currents [9].
Therefore an updated voltage given in the equation (4)
is used for the calculation of bus current.
This procedure will be continued upto the error between
vbus and v u → 0 as t→∞. As the cdth branch which is in
between bus c and bus d as shown in Fig.2 and the losses in
this branch is determined by equation (5) which is given
below.
(v(c.) − v(d .))2
Losses (m) = (5)
z cd .
B. Electric Vehicle Charging Station Modeling:
Electric car batteries are charged at stations known as
electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) [14]. Typically,
the energy rating of EV batteries is indicated in kWh and
Ah. Therefore, the main presumption for modeling the
EVCS is that it only provides the EV battery with the
necessary real current. Any bus's actual power is enhanced
if EVCS is linked to it. As a result, these EVCS are
strategically placed in regions where branch currents are at
their lowest. Assume that bus d from Fig. 2 is the best bus
for EVCS placement. The active power in addition to the
power required for already existed load is drawn by EVCS
from this bus d.

i  = s 
*

v 
bus
bus *
(1)
bus

ibranch  = k ibus  (2)

Where,

s  = apparent power across the bus,

Fig.2. Radial Distribution Network where EVCS at bus d
*
bus

vbus  =Voltage across the bus,

ibus  =Current across the bus,

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IV. EVCS OPTIMAL LOCATION IN RADIAL DISTRIBUTION

NETWORK USING PSO
Another popular and effective approach that enhances
performance through real number randomness and cross-
particle communication is Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO). The swarms of potential solutions (particles)
continuously exchange and assess the individual bests and
collective bests as they search for the ideal solutions in
search space. In reality, at the beginning of the iteration,
every particle goes in a route vector that is achieved from its
individual and collective bests, finally convergent to the
global optimum. PSO provides a straightforward
computation methodology to identify the ideal site,
according to [1], [3], and [10]. However, the research did
not address how EVCS might affect the existing distribution
systems regarding the power losses and voltage profile.
Therefore in this research a methodology is suggested effort
to choose the best bus for installing EVCS in a radial
distribution system and to assess its impact using PSO.
Initializing starting and final velocities, as well as particle
initialization with random values based on the problem's
dimensions, are the fundamental stages of PSO
optimization. The number of EVCS is one of the dimensions
for the current issue. Figure 3 depicts the flow chart for the
aforementioned methods. The radial distribution system's
EVCS [3] location pseudo code/algorithm is given below:
Step-1: Set the particles initial bus numbers by utilizing

Y (1,i) =randi (2,nbus)

 y11 y12 − − y1nx 

y y 22 − − y 2nx 
 21
Y = − − − − −  (6)
 
 − − − − −  Fig.3 Flow chart of EV Charging Station on a Bus of the Radial
Distribution Network
 y np1 y np 2 − − y npnc 

Step-7: Follow the above steps from 3 to 6 for all
Where, generations. By adopting PSO for optimal placement of EV
nx is termed as minimum EVCS necessary, charging station on IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system.
The below table gives the list of parameters considered for
Step-2: Represent Wmin as minimum inertia while Wmax. as
PSO.
maximum inertia.
Step-3: Calculate the losses of each particle in every TABLE I: PARAMETERS CONSIDERED FOR PSO IN THIS
generation by the application of load flow studies. METHODOLOGY
Step-4: Determine the losses that existing for each
generation S.No. Parameter Symbol Value
Step-5: As in [7] by equation (7) given below update the 1 Generations ng 100
particles regularly. 2 Particles np 50
3 Maximum inertia Wmax 0.9
Y(update)=W*Y+C1*randi(1)*(Pbest-Y)+C2*randi(1) 4 Minimum inertia Wmin 0.2
*(Gbest-Y) (7) 5 Intial Velocity C1 2.2
Where, 6 Final Velocity C2 2.3

W = Wmax -
(Wmax. − Wmin. ) (iteration-1) (8)
ng − 1
Step-6: The maximum and minimum constraints are
adjusted by updating the positions.

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V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig. 4 shows the single line diagram of IEEE 33 bus
radial distribution system with 12.66 kV and 100 MVA
capacities which has four feeders where each feeder supplies
the same amount voltage. The main branches are
represented with think line where as the tie lines are
represented with the dotted lines. The proposed PSO method
[15] is evaluated in a MATLAB environment on a
conventional in order to identify the optimal position of
EVCS. In this research charging stations with different
capacities 1.5 MW, 3.0 MW and 4.5 MW are considered.
Each charging station having a built up of 50kW charging
units.

Fig.5. Voltage Profile at Buses with and without Placement

of EVCS
From Fig.5, we can observe that the bus 1 and bus 19 are
having better (higher) voltage profile when compared to all
other buses in the distribution system. The voltage at bus 2
and bus 19 with better values therefore the bus 1 which is
nearest bus to 2 having less losses compared to bus 2 and
bus 19 were the ideal locations to place the EVCS which are
shown in Fig.4. A vital task for effective operation is
reducing power losses in a distribution system to save
energy. Fig.6 displays the actual power losses in the
distribution system with and without the installation of
EVCS.

Fig.4. Radial Distribution Network Line Diagram

Consisting 33 Bus with EVCS at Bus 1 and Bus 19
To verify the performance, the proposed system is
properly evaluated regarding the system voltage profile and
active power losses. We are aware that (0.95 V 1.0) is the
allowed voltage range for all of the network's buses.
Accordingly, the suggested methodology only needs one
load flow analysis as opposed to the 32 load flows analysis
needed if the trial-and-error technique is employed to find
the appropriate location of EVCS (for 33 bus distribution
system). As a result, not only does the proposed algorithm
aid in locating the best EVCS, but it also shortens the
amount of time required to do so. After the load flow
analysis using proposed PSO algorithm, the voltage profiles
before and after placement of EVCS at different buses Fig.6. Real Power Losses at Buses with and without
(nodes) of the distribution system are shown in Fig.5. Placement of EVCS

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TABLE II. COMPARISON OF IEEE 33 BUS RADIAL
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK WITH AND WITHOUT EVCS
Voltage Active
Optimal EVCS
S.No Cases profile in power
bus location
p.u (bus) losses (kw)
Without
1 0.9978 (19) 198.1 -
EVCS
With
2 0.9939 (19) 234.6 1 and 19
EVCS
The above table displays a comparison of IEEE 33 bus
radial distribution network with and without EVCS. By
integrating EVCS at the best sites, the active power losses
are observed to be enhanced in the table above. The bus
voltages will drop in this case, which will affect the stability
margin in the distribution network.
VI. CONCLUSION
The usage of the EV’s will reduce the emission of
greenhouse gas and will have many environmental benefits.
The optimal placement of EVCS’s has become a high
concern for the existing distribution network operator due to
increase in EVCS’s installations. With the sudden increase of
EV load penetration into the distribution system results in the
mismatch of generation-load demand which in turn increases
the losses in the system. This may lead to decline in the
voltage stability margin due to decrease in voltage quality.
Therefore, it is necessary to integrate the EVCS’s at suitable
locations in order to reduce the harmful effects due to the
penetration of EV load into the existing radial distribution
system. This research proposes a new approach by
considering dynamic loads to deal with the issues related to
optimal placement of EVCS’s in the IEEE 33 bus radial
distribution systems by using Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO). To determine the optimal location of EVCS’s the
proposed PSO algorithm is applied on standard IEEE 33 bus
radial distribution network with MATLAB environment. The
performance of the proposed system is compared with and
without charging station placement where the proposed PSO
algorithm does not only helpful in finding the optimal
location of EVCS but it also reduced the total computing
time in finding the optimal EVCS locations.
Research Challenges and Future Research Directions:
In this research the findings are that the active power
losses are increased by adding EVCS to the existing IEEE
33 bus radial distribution network as the current drawn from
the substation is more which in turn increases the losses in
the system. Therefore, there many attractive research
directions to pursue in the future. One among them is to
investigate the impacts of EVCS on the radial distribution
system because it has been witnessed that the power losses
were high in the system after the placement of the charging
stations when compared with the power losses without
charging stations.
▪ The impact of rise in real power losses in the
system can be mitigated by the reconfiguration
of existing radial distribution network before
finding the optimal location of EVCS.
▪ The power losses in the system can be
minimized if EVCS’s are placed far away from
the substation along with the DG units.
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REFERENCES
[1] M. S. K. Reddy, A. K. Panigrahy and K. Selvajyothi, "Minimization
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Performance Enhancement of Kesterite

Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Thin Film Solar Cell

1st Satyendra Kumar 2nd Swati Arora

Department of Electronics Engineering, Department of Electronics Engineering,

Swami Keshwanand Institute of Technology, Management Swami Keshwanand Institute of Technology, Management
& Gramothan, Jaipur, India-302017 & Gramothan, Jaipur, India-302017
rajeshwar.satyendra@gmail.com, aroraswati14@gmail.com

Abstract –Work presented in this paper is based on 0.2% absolute increment in efficiency is possible with
findings of SCAPS simulation of Kesterite CZTSSe thin optimization of thickness of TCO layer. Therefore, wide gap
film solar cell. The main objective of this work is to in SQ limit ≈ 30% and observed efficiency motivated to
investigate and improve overall performance of study effect of variation in other parameters contributing to
nanostructured Cu2ZnSn(S1-x ,Sex)4/CdS/ZnO solar cell the overall performance. To model the cell Cu2ZnSn(S1-x,
through optimization of thickness, band gap and doping Sex)4 is used as p-type active layer as shown in figure 1.
concentration in absorption layer. These are major Aluminium doped ZnO of thickness 0.050μm is used as
parameters which determine performance of the cell on trans-conducting oxide for front contact. It behaves as
large extent. The highest efficiency (simulation) reported transparent medium for solar irradiance with transmittance
greater than 90% for photons of wavelength 𝜆 greater than
for CZTSSe/CdS/ZnO before is 13%. Materials with
350nm [2]. An n-type buffer layer of Cadmium Sulphide of
large absorption coefficient in visible spectrum of solar
thickness 0.050μm with band gap 2.4eV [3] is modelled.
irradiance, regular crystal structure and optimum band Series resistance 𝑅𝑠 = 0.36Ω. 𝑐𝑚2 and parallel resistance
gap are being searched by researchers and industrialists 𝑅𝑠ℎ = 1000 Ω. 𝑐𝑚2 are used. Optical and electrical
for solar applications. There are less number of material properties of CdS as well as ZnO are directly used from the
compositions used for solar cell thin film application 1D- SCAPS [4, 5] library files.
with concerns of cell-efficiency, device flexibility,
manufacturing cost and availability of source materials
in nature. Because extracting elements from its ores and
then making a compound for the required applications
raised manufacturing cost significantly. Adequacy of
Kesterites in nature, less toxic, easy extraction of CZTS
as compared to chalcogenide CIGS make it competent
for the application. Removal of toxic elements
introduced additional challenges which can be future
objective of this work. The proposed optimizations have
increased the cell-efficiency by 22.76% w.r.t. the
reference work.

Keywords– Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator,
Kesterite, Cell-Efficiency, Solar Irradiance,
Optimisation
1. INTRODUCTION
The reference work on CZTSSe thin film single junction
solar cell was based on optimization of thickness of
transparent conducting oxide layer. It reported that cell
efficiency of optimized thickness TCO Kesterite thin film
solar cell can be improved up to 13% [1]. However the
percentage enhancement in efficiency published with
similar treatment of TCO layer does not hold the same
result. After simulating multiple iterations with different
possible configurations it has been found that maximum
Fig. 1 Structure of Thin Film Solar Cell
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
There are number of research work and publications
referenced to propose this work. A few of them, works on
kesterite thin film solar cell are introduced here in brief.
Meriem Chadel et al. – improved the cell simulation
efficiency upto 13% at band gap of active layer 1.13eV
through optimised trans-conducting oxide layer. [1]
J. Kim et al. - achieve efficiency upto 12.4% by using
double emitter structure with deficit of 593 mV in open
circuited voltage at band gap of active layer 1.13 eV [6].

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Y. Lee et al. - reported the efficiency of 11.1% by using co- 1−𝑅𝑓

𝐴(𝐸) = 1−𝑅𝑓
evaporation of pure Se to improve transportation of photo 1+
4𝑛2 𝛼𝑑
generated carriers [7].
(1)
K. Yin et al. - reached the efficiency of 12.5% by Where d>>λ represents thickness of absorber layer,
configuring the interface band structure, treatment of R f and 𝑅𝑏 is reflectance at front and back contact
surface microstructure [8]. respectively and n represents refractive index for the layer.
Therefore, if reflectance at front and back contact is
Reference 1D-SCAPS model has simulated and results
assumed to be zero then equation (1) can be approximated
are verified with a deviation of 0.04% to 0.07% as
as
compared to simulation result of reference cell [1, 9], and
0.05% to.25% with [6, 8, 10] existing experimental
measurements. 𝐴(𝐸) = 4𝑛2 𝛼𝑑
(2)
3. WORK PROPOSED According to theory of photoelectric effect the incident
It has been observed that change in S:Se ratio changes photons will be absorbed completely if its energy is greater
the band gap of the material. Change in thickness of than energy gap of the material. Therefore, absorbance will
absorber layer changes its absorption coefficient, and be nearly constant for the region 𝐸 > 𝐸𝑔 and so α will follow
change in donor concentration changes the rate of the same. Absorption coefficients for semiconductor
generation as well as rate of recombination of charge materials is given by
carriers into active region. While change in any parameters 𝑟−1
among band gap, thickness, and donor concentration yield ℎ𝑐 𝑟−1 𝜆𝑔 − 𝜆
𝛼 = 𝐵( ) ( )
variation in 𝑉𝑜𝑐 , 𝐽𝑠𝑐 , and FF of the cell respectively. 𝜆 𝜆𝑔

Therefore, optimization of these parameters could provide

precise and higher efficiency. 𝐵
= (ℎ𝜈 − 𝐸𝑔 )𝑟
ℎ𝜈
The band gap can be obtained in the range of 1.0 to 1.5
(3)
eV for Cu2ZnSn(S1-xSex)4 by changing the S:Se ratio x =
0 to 1 and annealing process. Therefore, it has been Where 𝑟 = 0.5 for direct band gap materials and B is an
proposed to optimise the band gap of the cell first. Then arbitrary constant. It has been calculated at 𝛼=
optimization of thickness and thereafter that of doping 1x104 (𝑐𝑚−1 ) at 𝐸𝑔 = 1.13 𝑒𝑉, thereafter absorption
concentration for the optimized value of band gap are coefficients corresponding to irradiance spectrum are
proposed. The physical dimensions of individual layer are determined using SCAPS. Also, equation (3) can be
kept same as mentioned in introduction and figure 1 as well. rewritten as
The chemical composition of materials of active layer can
also be estimated using one of numerical methods and 𝐵 1
characterised subsequently. 𝛼= (ℎ𝜈 − 𝐸𝑔 )2
ℎ𝜈
A tremendous growth in cell efficiency highest up to
%ƞ = 15.89% has achieved through the proposed 𝑜𝑟, (𝛼ℎ𝜈)2 = 𝐵(ℎ𝜈 − 𝐸𝑔 )
optimization with identical material, physical dimensions of (4)
individual layers, and absorption coefficients. The specific
values of parameters like electric permittivity, electron-hole
mobility, electron thermal velocity, and number of energy 8.00
states in valance & conduction bands are taken from 7.00
reference [11] after validating the simulation models. 6.00
1 x 10^8 (eV.cm^-1)^2

4. OPTIMIZING ENERGY GAP OF ABSORBER 5.00

Intensity of light defines the amount of photons incident 4.00
(αhν)^2

per unit area for a specific wavelength 𝜆. Therefore, any

3.00
increase in intensity of irradiance spectrum increases
number of incident photos and so generation of charge 2.00
carriers i.e. electron hole pairs into the region. 1.00
Consequently, it improves the apparent efficiency as eV
reported by A Bernal-Condia et al. Absorption of light 0.00
(photons) incident on a material takes place when it satisfies 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
the relation 𝐸 ≥ ℎ𝜈. Absorption coefficients of direct band Fig. 2 Graph of incident energy verses (αhν)^2
gap thin film Cu2ZnSn(S1-xSex)4 layer are determined with
consideration of existing experimental results through Characteristics curve of (𝛼ℎ𝜈)2 obtained from equation
equation (1) [12], and (3) [13] in 1D-SCAPS. (4) is represented in figure 2. It provides linear relation
between (𝛼ℎ𝜈)2 and hν. Therefore, tangent on linear portion

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of curve intersecting horizontal hν-axis at (𝛼ℎ𝜈)2 = 0 open circuited voltage and short circuited current density
gives the band gap of the material. which widely depend on material properties, crystal
structure, physical dimensions of layers and fabrication
0 = 𝐵(ℎ𝜈 − 𝐸𝑔 ) techniques used [18-20].

𝐸𝑔 = ℎ𝜈𝑔 = 1.18𝑒𝑉 1
It is found correlated with the synthesis results of
0.8
𝐶𝑢2 ZnSn(S1−𝑥 Se𝑥 )4 reported by Y Jhao et al. The optical

Voc------->
characterizations of Kesterite reported band gap 1.16 eV for 0.6
Cu2ZnSn(S1-x Sex)4 [14] at 𝑥 = 0.76 and similar conclusion
made by J. Krustok et al. that band gap is found close to 1.2 0.4
eV [15] at AM 1.5G. It has also been observed that band
gap varies linearly in agreement with reflectance and 0.2
(eV)-------->
transmittance measured by Gao et al. [16] and He et al. [17]. 0
The linear relation can be established as
1.13 1.16 1.18 1.21 1.24 1.27
𝐸𝑔 = −𝑚 × 𝑥 + 𝑐 Fig. 3(b) Band Gap V/s Voc of Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 /CdS

(5) 25

Jsc (mA/cm2)----->
By placing Eg =1.16 eV at x = 0.76 in the material 20
composition of S1-x:Sex, slop m = 0.447 is determined.
Therefore, the value of x = 0.72 is computed corresponding 15
the band gap Eg = 1.18 eV. Thus absorption model
presented in figure 2 is used for simulation of reference 10
models (1, 6, 7, and 8) for their respective estimated band 5
gaps along with optimised band gap of 1.18eV. The (eV)-------->
simulation results obtained are approximately same with 0
considerable error of 0.4% to 0.7% as compared to 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.21 1.24 1.27
simulation results reported and 1% to 2% with respect to
experimental cell measurement done in laboratory. This Fig. 3(c) Band Gap V/s Jsc of Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 /CdS
verified the proposed model is précised and so optimization
of band gap for Kesterites solar cell can be performed. The
performances are given in figures from 3(a) to 3(d). 82
80
%FF-------->

13 78
12.5 76
%Efficiency

74
12
72 (eV) ---------->
11.5 70
1.13 1.16 1.18 1.21 1.24 1.27
11
(eV) Fig. 3(d) Band Gap V/s %FF of Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 /CdS
10.5
1.13 1.16 1.18 1.21 1.24 1.27 The performance parameters of CZTS Se thin film solar
cell are investigated by varying energy gap in its widely
Fig. 3 (a) Band Gap V/s Efficiency of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se) 4 reported range of 1.0 eV to 1.5eV, Thickness from 1μm to
3μm and donor concentration from
Figure 3(a) represents characteristic curve of efficiency 1013 𝑐𝑚−3 to 1017 𝑐𝑚−3 in 1D-SCAPS simulator.
verses band gap in which a maxima is observed at 𝐸𝑔 = Characteristic %ƞ, Voc, Jsc %FF curves are obtained
1.18 𝑒𝑉. The four performance parameters used for corresponding to different energy band gaps of
characterization of a solar cell are Voc, Jsc, %FF and %ƞ. Cu2ZnSn(Sx,Se1-x)4 as plotted in fig. 3(a), 3(b), 3(c), and
Where, ƞ denotes efficiency and defines maximum possible 3(d). Here, experimentally obtained absorption coefficients
(theoretical) power that can be generated whereas %FF i.e. for the reference model is also studied. The simulation
percentage fill factor specify the maximum usable results all together agree with the optimum band
percentage of electrical power by a load. Voc and 𝐽𝑠𝑐 are gap 𝐸𝑔= 1.18 𝑒𝑉determined as shown in figure 3(a).

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5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

COMPARATIVE STUDY
Simulation results corresponding to optimized energy
gap and thickness d of absorption layer keeping other
parametric values of the cell unchanged with respect to
reference cell-model obtained are presented by 𝐽 𝑠𝑐 verses
𝑉 curves in fig. 4(a) and 4(b) respectively.

Fig. 4(b) JV curve of thickness optimization with existing model of Cu 2

ZnSn(S,Se) 4 /CdS

Figure 4(b) in which optimised thickness is found less than

Fig. 4(a) JV curve of band Gap optimization with existing model of Cu 2
ZnSn(S,Se) 4 /CdS
Figure 4(a) shows enhancement in performance. It can
be understand easily as there is negligible loss of current as
compared to increase in open circuited voltage observed.
This is as expected as the intensity of irradiance in large
wavelength region are almost constant. The Voc has
increased in the same proportion as the difference in Voc
and band gap has decreased. It also yields negligible change
in current.
the reference cell. Thus, it increases the percentage
collection of charge carriers crossing the junction. Any
further increase in thickness reduces collection of charge
carries in buffer side resulted in decrease in current through
through the diode. It has observed that optimisation in
energy gap as well as thickness have raised the performane
parameters significantly. The effect of variation in acceptor
doping concentration 𝑁𝑎 = 1 × 1013 to 1 × 1017 of p-type
CSTSSe are examined through simulation and it has been
found that optimum range lies in between 𝑁𝑎,𝑜𝑝𝑡 =
1 × 1015 and 𝑁𝑎,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 1.5 × 1015 where performance
parameters are further increased. The results of complete
simulations at temperaure 𝑇 = 300 K of thin film CZTSSe
solar cell are represented in table 1.

Table 1Comparative performance of reference and optimized band gap model of cztse thin film solar cell with cds buffer layer

S.N. Band Gap Eg(eV) Thickness (d) Voc (V) Jsc (mA/cm2) %FF %ƞ
1 1.13 (reference cell) 2 μm (reference cell) 0.67 25.0 74.69 12.95

2 1.18 (optimized) 2 μm
0.69 24.5 74.86 13.07
3 1.18 (optimized) 1.6 μm (optimized) 0.69 24.7 75.22 13.30

1.6 μm (optimized) 77.93 15.89

4 1.18 (optimized) 0.69 26.7
𝑁𝐴 = 1.5𝑋 1015 (optimized)

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The comparative study of optimization shows that the
highest cell efficiency %ƞ = 15.89% observed at band gap
Eg = 1.18 eV, thickness d = 1.6 μm, and acceptor
concentration of absorber NA = 1.5 × 1015 . In optimized
range of absorber cocentration the J − V curve near Voc has
flatened caused to increase area (%FF) under the curve and
so the efficiency while other performance parameters are
remain same. The resultant data in table 1 are evident that
there is improvement in Voc by 3.43% , Jsc by 5.67%, %FF
by 4.34% and %ƞ by 22.7%, after optimisation with respect
ot reference models having values of %ƞ 12.95% [1], 12.6%
[6], 11.6% [7], 12.5% [8] respectively. Power factor [20] for
resistive load of the cell should be unity it may be an
extended work to determine PF for ac load and its
improvement with additional PFC circuits. Whereas
quantum efficiency of determines the proportion of charge
careers generated due to incident photons and found unity in
the region Eincident ≥ Eg .
REFERENCES
[1] Meriem Chadel, Mohammed Moustafa Bouzaki, Asma Chadel,
Michel Aillerie, Boumediene Benyoucef, “Thickness optimization of
the ZnO based TCO layer in a CZTSSe solar cell. Evolution of its
performance with thickness when external temperature changes”
Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 879 (2017) 012006
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/879/1/012006
[2] Chan Kim, Hyun-Jun Jo, Dae-Hwan Kim, Dae-Ho-Son, Dong-Ha
Lee, IIsu Rhee, “Effect of ZnO Layer Thickness on Efficiency of
Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Thin-film Solar Cells” Molecular Crystals and Liquid
Crystals 565(1):52-18,2012 Taylor & Francis
DOI:10.1080/15421406.2012.692227
[3] Sadao Adachi, Springer Newyork, NY, “Optical Constants of
Crystalline and Amorphous Semiconductors”, Optical Materials,
Characterization and cal Technique, 1999 ISBN: 978-0-7923-8567-7
[4] Huiling Duan, Yimin Xuan, “Enhancement of light absorption of
cadmium sulfide nanoparticle at specific wave band by plasmon
resonance shifts” Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and
Nanostructures, Vol-43, issue-8, June 2011, pages 1475-1480
[5] H. Yoshikawa, S. Adachi, “Optical Constants of ZnO” Japanese
Journal of Applied Physics, 1997, 36, 6237
[6] Kim J H, Hiroi H, Todorov T K, Gunawan O, Kuwahara M,
Gokmen T, Nair D, Hopstaken D, Shin B, Lee Y S, Wang W,
Sugimoto H, Mitzi D B “Device Characteristics of CZTSSe Thin-
Film Solar Cells with 12.6% Efficiency” Adv. Mater. (2014) 26 7427
[7] Y.S Lee, T. Gershon, O. Gunawan, T. Gokmen, Y. Virgus, and S.
Guha, “Cu2ZnSnSe4 Thin-Film Solar Cells by Thermal Co-
evaporation with 11.6% Efficiency and Improved Minority Carrier
Diffusion Length” Adv, Energy Mater. 26(44), 7427-7431 (2014)
[8] Kang Yin, Xiao xu, Muyu Wang, Jiazchengzhou, BiwenDuan,
Jiangjiyan Shi, Dongemei Li, Huijui Wu, YanhongLuo, QingboMeng
“A high-efficiency (12.5%) kesterite solar cell realized by crystallization
growth kinetics control over aqueous solution based Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4” Journal
of Materials chemistry A, issue 2, 2022
[9] Kentaro ITO, Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2015
[10] A. Benmir, M.S. Aida, “Simulation of a thin film solar cell based on
copper zinc tin sulfo-selenide Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4” Elsevier,
Superlattices and Microstructures 91 (2016) 70e77 doi: 10.1016/
j.spmi.2015.12.027
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6. CONCLUSION
A wide deviation between simulation and experimental
results were observed for solar cells. Because of negligence
of interdependence of parameters. Optimization of such
parameters minimises the errors produced and also
estimates performances more precisely. While investigating
optimum band gap, ‘𝛼’ is modeled inaccordance with
intensity of irradiance. Capture crossection of electrons and
holes are considered for optimizing its thikness ‘d’. Relative
permittivity of the material at different doping concentration
changes and so the band gap at different Se:S ratio are
introduced. Band gap optimization improved 𝑉𝑜𝑐 , thickness
optimization enhanced 𝐽𝑠𝑐 , and donor concentration
increased FF. Collective they yeild highest efficiency for
Kesterite solar cell till date is 15.89%. It can be further
raised by application of alkali metals and concentrated
irradiance model.
[11] Sonam Tripathi, Brijesh Kumar, D. K. Dwivedi, “Study on formation
and characterization of kesterite CZTSSe thin films deposited by
thermal evaporation technique for solar cell applications” Journal of
Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, Springer Nature 2020
[12] J. Krustok, R. Josepson., M. Danilson, D. Meissner, “Temperature
dependence of Cu2ZnSn(SexS1−x)4 monograin solar cells” Solar
Energy, Volume 84, Issue 3, March 2010 DOI:
10.1016/j.solener.2009.09.011
[13] Satyendra Kumar, Swati Arora, “Effect of Buffer Layer on Cu(In,
Ga)Se2 Solar Cell Performance” SKIT Research Journal,
DOI:10.47904/IJSKIT.11.3.2021.20-24
[14] A Bernal-Condia, J AS´anchez-Cely, J D Bastidas-Rodriguez, M A
Botero-London and M A Mantilla-Villalobos, “Simulation of a thin-
film solar cell based in kesterite using Matlab” Journal of Physics:
Conf. Series 1159 (2019) 012020 doi:10.1088/1742-
6596/1159/1/012020
[15] Yun Zhao, Xiuxun Han, Wen Li, Liang Liubc and Tooru Tanaka,”
Synthesis of the Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 alloys with tunable phase structure
and composition via a novel non-toxic solution method” journal of
Royal Society of Chemistry, RSC Adv., 2013, DOI:
10.1039/c3ra45094e
[16] Gao, F., Yamazoe, S., Maeda, T., Nakanishi, K. & Wada, T. (2012)
Structural and optical proper- ties of In-free Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar
cell materials. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 51, 10NC29-1-5.
[17] Haight, R., Barkhouse, A., Gunawan, O., Shin, B., Copel, M.,
Hopstaken, M. & Mitzi, D. B. (2011) Band alignment at the
Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1–x)4/CdS interface. Applied Physics Letters, 98,
253502-1-3
[18] Swati Arora, and Y. K. Vijay, “Electrical, structural and optical
properties of tellurium thin films on silicon substrate,” vol. 1953, pp.
03008
[19] Swati Arora, Vivek Jaimini, Subodh Srivastava, and Y. K. Vijay,
“Properties of Nanostructure Bismuth Telluride Thin Films Using
Thermal Evaporation,” Journal of Nanotechnology, vol.
ArticleID4276506
[20] Karuppusamy, P. "An Overview of the Solar Cell Technology and its
Future Challenges." Journal of Electrical Engineering 4, no. 2 (2022):
77-85.
222
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EEG Signal-based Epileptic Seizure Detection

Gokul M Jagasri L Sindhuja M

Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Biomedical Engineering
Kalasalingam Academy of Research Kalasalingam Academy of Research Kalasalingam Academy of Research
and Education and Education and Education
Krishnankoil, India Krishnankoil, India Krishnankoil, India
mrgokul3@gmail.com ipjv111@gmail.com mrmsindhuja@gmail.com

Barkavi R Pradeep Murugesan Arun Prasath T

Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Bioinformatics Department of Biomedical Engineering
Kalasalingam Academy of Research Bharathiyar University Kalasalingam Academy of Research
and Education Coimbatore, India and Education
Krishnankoil, India pradeepmp1997@gmail.com Krishnankoil, India
sushmabarkavi@gmail.com t.arunprasath@klu.ac.in

Abstract— Epilepsy is a neurological condition marked by
abnormal brain activity, which includes seizures. EEG data, which
are recordings of brain activity, are frequently employed in a wide
range of medical applications, including the identification of
epileptic seizures. Neurologists used to draw conclusions by visual
assessment. The findings, however, depended on the reader's level
of skill and were frequently quite time-consuming. Thus,
automatic epileptic seizure detection methods that can deliver
accurate outcomes quickly are needed. Hence, this paper
differentiates the normal and epileptic EEG waveforms with
frequency estimation technique. Consequently, the frequency
information of the non-epileptic and epileptic EEG is discovered,
and the waveforms between them are easily distinguished.
Keywords: Electroencephalogram signal database,
Electroencephalogram (EEG), epileptic seizures, time-frequency
domain.
I. INTRODUCTION
Epilepsy, one of the most important issues with brain
health, affects more than 65 million people worldwide. It is
the fourth most common chronic illness after migraine,
stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. Despite notable
improvements in antiepileptic drug tolerance and
effectiveness, one-third of epileptic patients still experience
seizures. Intermittent seizures, which are caused by
abnormalities in the electrical activity of the brain, are the
defining feature of epilepsy. The duration of these seizures
can vary from a few seconds to several minutes, and they
might range from minor impairments of consciousness to
severe whole-body convulsions. Consciousness impairment
can cause drowning and other severe injuries, such as those
that occur in auto accidents. This significantly has a negative
effect on one's quality of life and psychological health. These
people have a mortality risk that is 2-3 times higher than the
general population due to the unpredictable nature of
seizures. The most severe seizures, particularly those that
occur at night, may also result in sudden, unexpected death
due to a brain condition [1].
Epilepsy-related causes of death account for only one
hundredth of all deaths in populations of patients with brain
diseases. Periodic patient observation is crucial for alerting
family members and caregivers to provide quick emergency
medication and assistance during a seizure, helping to lower
morbidity and mortality from brain disease [1, 2].
Only patients with epilepsy are monitored using the high
standards practices used in the medical industry. A test called
electroencephalography (EEG) is carried out in hospitals
over a few days. It comprises recording audio using an
electro-acoustic transducer, taking pictures of the patient
with a camera, using an EEG to record brain activity, and
using a cardiograph to record electrical activity in the gut
(ECG). Long-term patient monitoring is not practical due to
the very intrusive nature of these approaches and the
unpredictable nature of seizures. Real-time epileptic seizure
monitoring is now possible because to wearable technology
and embedded computing. For long-term patient monitoring,
these innovative ultra- low energy transportable devices get
around the constraints of medical technology [3].
Particularly with regard to the gadgets' portability, everyday
remote patient monitoring is possible. By using ambulatory
real-time patient observation, hospital doctors can access
patient data from a distance and, as a result, stop any patient
state deterioration through the early identification of
epileptic seizures [4].
The most popular wearable device for spotting epileptic
seizures is an EEG headband with integrated electrodes to
measure brain activity. The worldwide 10-20 system
provides the foundation for the electrode placement.
Approximate entropy and discrete wavelet rebuild analysis
were utilized to create a replacement theme for epileptic
seizure identification on 100 EEG channels. The literature
has also published a number of techniques for convulsion
identification supported by EEG signals that use artificial
neural networks. All of these techniques necessitate the use
of EEG head caps, which are heavy and inconvenient to wear
because they require connecting 23 to 256 wired electrodes
to the patient's scalp [3, 4].
Due to the detrimental effects of societal stigma on their
daily lives, the majority of epileptic patients refuse to wear
these caps. Numerous studies have been done on patients'
daily lives to lessen the number of EEG electrodes needed
for epileptic seizure detection in order to avoid the harmful
effects of social stigma. For instance, the authors of employ
eight electrodes in the front head montage and seven
electrodes in the back head montage as two distinct montages
with fewer electrodes for automatic multimodal detection of
epileptic seizures. The suggested remedy is still obtrusive,
therefore the social stigma issue still exists [4].

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Software description: MATLAB:
A high-performance language for technical computing is
called MATLAB. In a simple-to-use interface, it mixes
computation, visualization, and programming while
expressing issues and solutions using well-known
mathematical notation. Options for object-oriented
programming, input/output, and information structures in
MATLAB. It enables both "programming in the small" to
quickly create quick, disposable applications and
"programming in the gigantic" to create comprehensive,
intricate application programs. The MATLAB graphics
system is seen here. It offers advanced instructions for
presentation graphics, image processing, animation, and two-
and three-dimensional information visual images.
Additionally, it has low-level commands that let you fully
Customize the appearance of graphics and create full
Graphical User Interfaces with MATLAB [5,6].
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Existing Methods:
Lara Thompson et al. An AI way to deal with epileptic
seizure forecast utilizing Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Signal. SVM and KNN learning calculations were applied to
group pre-handled EEG signal. Execution correlation
depended on Accuracy, Sensitivity and Specificity. This
Experiment showed that SVM has a slight edge over KNN.
Lalit Garg et al. An innovative method for obtaining EEG
data, extracting highlights, and creating element spaces for
early detection of epileptic seizures. This paper illustrates a
simple and fast strategy for information AI retrieval,
highlight extraction, and element space generation for
epileptic seizure identification.
Péter Kovács et al. The Rational Discrete Short-Time
Fourier Transform is utilized to order epileptic seizures in
EEG time series. The adequacy of the proposed strategy is
contrasted and a few condition of-craftsmanship highlight
extraction calculations utilized in disconnected epileptic
seizure recognition. The consequences of the near
assessments show that the proposed strategy beats
contending methods with regards to grouping precision.
Nasir Hussain et al. A glance at how AI classifiers can
assist with identifying epileptic seizures. In view of the
scientific classification of measurable elements and AI, the
extraordinary assortment of these procedures throughout the
course of recent years The cutting edge strategies and
speculations given will give an exhaustive handle of seizure
recognition and order, as well as future exploration
prospects.
Manoranjan Paul et al. Programmed epileptic seizure
distinguishing proof in EEGs utilizing fake brain
organizations and a line length trademark. Results exhibit
that the proposed techniques outflank the current cutting
edge strategies concerning arrangement precision,
awareness, and particularity with more noteworthy
consistence for the enormous size benchmark dataset in
various cerebrum areas.
Abdulhamit Subasi et al. Programmed seizure discovery
in EEG utilizing calculated relapse and counterfeit brain
network.The EEG power spectra were utilized as a
contribution to a classifier. in light of examination the
MLPNN based classifier out played out the LR based
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partner. Inside a similar gathering, the MLPNN-based
classifier was more exact than the LR-based classifier.
Howl Mardini et al. Upgraded Detection of Epileptic
Seizure Using EEG Signals in Combination with Machine
Learning Classifiers. This work means to work on the
precision of epileptic seizure discovery and diminish
computational expenses. To address this, the proposed
system utilizes the 54-DWT mother wavelets examination of
EEG signals here the ANN classifier accomplished the best
exactness in many datasets mixes, and it outflanked the other
analyzed classifiers.
C Baumgartner et al. EEG-Based Early Epileptic Seizure
Detection and Epilepsy Diagnosis: A Unified Framework
and Method.The epileptic seizure identification stage can
give a fast recognition to peculiarity EEG designs yet the
subsequent dubious portion might incorporate epilepsy or
other disarranging EEG exercises hence expected to be
distinguished.
Shanen Chen et al. Nonlinear Dynamics Features for
Automatic Diagnosis of Epileptic Seizures in
Electroencephalography Signals K-closest neighbors, SVM,
and Least Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM).
Rosana Esteller et al. Half and half Feature Selection
across Multiple Intracranial EEG Electrode Contacts for
Epileptic Seizure Prediction. This strategy applies an astute
hereditary hunt cycle to EEG flags at the same time gathered
from numerous intracranial cathode contacts and various
quantitative elements got from these signs.
Pack Wang et al. Epileptic seizure discovery in light of
halfway coordinated cognizance examination. This
technique for EEG epilepsy checking can help specialists
analyze and treat epilepsy. The proposed technique in view
of PDC examination accomplished huge improvement with
regards to seizure location.
Rohit Bose et al. Discovery of epileptic seizure utilizing
an original arrangement of highlights extricated from
multifractal range of EEG signals. The informational
collection - Five volunteers, contains 5 arrangements of EEG
accounts (A, B, C, D and E), length of each sign 23.6s,
inspecting recurrence of 173.61Hz, 128-channel speaker
framework. This method for robotized location of epilepsy is
proposed in view of a clever arrangement of highlights got
from the multifractal range of EEG.
Varun Bajaj et al. Exploring hermite transformation in
mind sign evaluation for the detection of epileptic seizure.
This examine is meant to expand a brand new pc aided
detection device which can routinely and successfully
perceive epileptic seizure from large quantity EEG statistics.
This paper added Hermite Transform for extracting
discriminating data from EEG statistics for the detection of
epileptic seizure.
S. R. Mousavi et al. A new framework primarily based
totally on recurrence quantification evaluation for epileptic
seizure detection. This device proposes recurrence
quantification evaluation (RQS) is followed because it does
now no longer require assumptions approximately duration
of sign, noise. The normal accuracy of 98.67% which shows
the excessive accuracy of the proposed method.
Gang Wang et al. The Use of a Directed Transfer
Function Method to Detect Epileptic Seizures Using EEG.
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The intention of this examine is to check out an automated
approach of detecting epileptic seizures so that you can
enhance the remedy and prognosis of people with medically
resistant epilepsy.
An encephalogram, or the electrical life of the brain, is
used to encode synchronized vegetative cell firing in the
cerebral mantle. For the localization and identification of
convulsions, the identification of recorded convulsion
activity in an encephalogram segment is essential. Under this
study, we aim to show that time-frequency analysis is a good
method for classifying encephalogram signals for
convulsions with fewer electrodes than other previous
techniques. The unpredicted occurrence of synchronous
vegetative cell firing within the cerebral mantle causes
epileptic seizures, which can be recorded using an
encephalogram, the live recording of brain electrical activity.
The identification of recorded convulsion activity in the
encephalogram section is essential for the localization and
classification of convulsion. In this project, we want to show
that time-frequency analysis is more effective at classifying
encephalogram signals for convulsions with fewer electrodes
than other existing methods [7]. We use time series analysis
using frequency estimation with the FFT approach to
examine EEG signals. EEG uses electrodes attached to the
scalp to record the electrical activity of the brain; as a result,
the results reflect variations in brain activity that are used to
assess patients with known seizure conditions and to
categorize different seizure types.
The listed details are downloaded from PHYSIOBANK
ATM INPUT DATABASE:CH-MIT scalp EEG database
• RECORD: chb01/chb01_edf
• SIGNALS: all
• ANNOTATIONS: seizure start and
end annotations (seizures)
• OUTPUTLENGTH:10sec
• TIME FORMAT: time/date
• DATAFROMAT: Standard
• TOOLBOX: export signals csv
The signals are loaded in MATLAB and code is
written for normal and abnormal EEG signals and
extracted the frequency values for detecting
• Alpha
• Beta
• Gamma
• theta
The same way is done for abnormal EEG signal
and extracted and plotted.
Several cutting-edge feature extraction algorithms
utilized in offline epileptic seizure detection are compared to
the effectiveness of the suggested method. The comparative
evaluations' findings demonstrate that the proposed method
performs better in terms of classification accuracy than rival
methods. There are the wide variants of these approaches
based on the taxonomy of statistical features and machine
learning during the last few years. The learning environment
as it is now. The cutting-edge techniques and concepts
discussed will provide a thorough understanding of seizure
detection, categorization, and future research prospects [8].
For the past 20 years, signal process approaches have
been a crucial area of investigation. A special technique was
used in the gift research to quickly and accurately detect
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convulsion activity using background
electroencephalogram (EEG) data collected from both
epileptic and control patients. The planned theme is based
on individual rippling remodels (DWT) and energy
estimation at each node of the deconstruction tree, followed
by the use of probabilistic neural networks (PNN) for
classification. Up until the sixth level using DWT, ordinary
as well as epileptic graph epochs were transformed into
approximation and details parameters [9].
To describe the certainty of the epileptic activity at
intervals between the records of graph data, estimated
approximate energy (EDA) values of the ripple factors at
the least-bit nodes of the down-sampled tree were employed
as a feature vector. Denary cross-validation was imposed
within the trained model to show the classification accuracy
of the intended probabilistic neural network. Clinical graph
data from both conventional and epileptic participants was
used to evaluate the effectiveness of the new theme. It was
discovered that, while using the intended theme, the
detection is 90.93% accurate, with sensitivity and
specificity coming in at 90.96% and 99%, respectively. In
underdeveloped nations where there is a severe lack of
educated medical specialists, the projected approach will be
widely used [9, 10].
REAL-TIME METHODOLOGY FOR EPILEPTIC SEIZURE
DETECTION:
In order to diagnose epilepsy, automatic analysis of
encephalogram recordings began in the early '70s.
Computer-based analysis today focuses on two main
issues: 1) interracial event detection 2. analysis of
convulsions. Numerous algorithms for spike detection are
anticipated, along with rule-based and mimetic-based
methods, frequency-domain techniques, ripple transforms,
artificial neural networks (ANNs), freelance element
analysis, support vector machines, data mining, example
matching, and topographical classification. Convulsion
analysis, on the other hand, refers to methods for:
1) Convulsion detection;
2) Convulsion prediction;
3) Automatic focus channel identification.
Machine learning is actively putting forward ideas for
improved seizure detection. Machine learning has been
extensively used to extract sensible and important patterns
from a variety of domain datasets. on brain datasets,
machine learning applications for seizure detection,
epilepsy lateralization, discriminating seizure sates, and
localization can be observed.
Epileptic seizures in encephalogram recordings have
been identified using traditional temporal and frequency
analysis techniques. Numerous studies focus on the
quantitative characterization of the underlying nonlinear
systems backed by evidence of the dynamics of the
encephalogram's established value. It has been suggested
to use entropy and correlation dimension exponents as
complexness indicators of the underlying encephalogram
dynamics. The prevalence of seizures will subsequently be
determined by combining these measurements with a
classifier [11, 12]. A, B, C, D, and E are the data sets that
are obtained for the length of twenty three and are included
in the publicly available graph datasets. In order to detect
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epilepsy, a single channel is used out of one hundred. The Alpha (8–12 Hz): In occipital head area of awake normal
recorded graph data sets A and B are from traditional EEG recordings, posterior dominant alpha rhythms typically
people who are in the state of having their eyes open, while found. It is what distinguishes the typical adult EEG
the recorded graph data set C comes from hemisphere pre- background beat from other rhythms. When a healthy person
processing [13, 14]. is three years old, their posterior timing reaches the alpha
range of 8Hz and does not start to slow down until they are
ninety years old. Normal populations exhibit fast variations
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION in the background alpha rhythm.
It is discovered that, in contrast to seizure detection,
seizure localization has not seen widespread use of machine
learning classifiers. When compared to seizure location, AI
classifiers have not been widely used to restrict seizures.
However, there is some writing on this subject. These
meticulous works' authors failed to identify the precise region
at the flaps, such as the occipital, front-facing, parietal left
and parietal right, or to determine the level of the region of
the brain affected by a seizure [15, 16]. While reviewing the
related published research, which isn't our primary objective
in this survey paper, we discovered some intriguing clues for
seizure confinement. This abundance of seizure location
discoveries raises hardly any captivating exploratory research Fig.1: Non-Epileptic waveforms.
issues, for example, choosing sensible demonstrable
elements and AI classifiers to take minimal computation time
as set of data has a high volume with high dimension, and so
the most important missing information from machine
learning algorithms.
A. Normal EEG Waveforms:
The electroencephalogram (EEG), which displays the
electrical activity taking place at the surface of the brain, was
developed. Waveforms of varied frequency and amplitude
recorded in voltage represent this activity on the EEG
machine's screen (specifically micro voltages). The
frequency, amplitude, and duration of EEG waves are Fig.2: Non-Epileptic Frequency Differentiated waveforms.
typically in shape waveforms as well as the places on the
Beta(13–30Hz): The most common beat in standard
scalp where the waveforms are recorded. Frequency of the
adults and children is the beta rhythm. It is most noticeable
EEG wave form is used for the most popular classification
in the frontal and central head zones and gradually fades
(eg, alpha, beta, theta, and delta). It is crucial to use a
posteriorly. The peak value of beta activity is typically 10
methodical process while deciphering Before starting the
to 20 microvolts, rarely exceeding 30 microvolts.
analysis, it is crucial to be aware of a number of confounding
factors, including the patient's age, degree of awareness, state Theta (4–7Hz): It is the rhythm caused by drowsiness as
of physical and psychological activity, and the presence of well as early stages of sleep such as N1 and N2. Because of
numerous biological, environmental, and pharmaceutical early drowsiness, it is most dominant in the fronto-central
chemicals that could impact the waveforms [17]. head zones and gradually migrates backward, replacing the
Among the most often studied waveforms are the alpha rhythm. In children and young adults, elevated
waveforms delta (0.5 to 4 Hz), theta ( 4 to 7 Hz), alpha ( 8 to emotional states can also improve frontal rhythmic theta
12 Hz), sigma (12 to 16 Hz), and beta (13 to 30Hz). There rhythm. Focal theta activity during awake states is suggestive
are additional waveforms that are beyond the usual clinical of Cal cerebral dysfunction.
EEG bandwidth, like ultra-slow oscillations (ISO) (less than
0.5Hz) and high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) (higher than B. Epileptic EEG waveforms:
30Hz), but have lately gained clinical significance with the
introduction of digital signal processing. The usual In an EEG recording abnormal waveforms include
bandwidth for clinical EEG focuses on the analysis of waves epileptic form and non-epileptic form disorders. To do so,
between 0.5Hz and 70Hz [18]. The EEG recordings are band Understanding the regular EEG waveform in various
pass filtered as part of this analysis. Clinical physiological conditions in both children adults will help
neurophysiologists and researchers have examined a wider readers recognize abnormal waveforms in EEG. Depending
EEG bandwidth, and they have discovered that it can be on a number of variables, even normal EEG waveforms may
clinically meaningful in some circumstances. Several be regarded possibly abnormal. For instance, alpha waves,
significant physiological and pathologically significant which are thought of as the posterior back ground rhythm,
characteristics of brain activity are lost when the lower (ultra- are discernible over the back of the head in a usual person.
slow) and upper (infra-slow) frequency spectrum ranges of However, diffuse alpha activity (also known as an alpha
the EEG are deleted from normal EEG. comma) in some forms of comato seness may be
pathognomonic. Although very young toddlers and people
who are sleepy can both exhibit delta waves, the

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emergence of focused delta activity can be aberrant(see
below).The brain's frontal areas have beta activity, which
might expand posteriorly during the first stages of sleep
Focal beta activity (generalized fast activity/GFA) is
occasionally observed in structural lesions as well as in a
number of epilepsies. Benzodiazepines and phenobarbital,
which are sedative drugs, frequently generate diffuse beta
activity.
Fig.3:Epilepticwaveforms
Fig.4:EpilepticFrequencyDifferentiatedwaveforms.
On an EEG, various waveforms or activity may be
considered normal for some persons while not being
considered normal for others. Sharp waves and spikes are
phrases that regularly appear in EEG data. These might not
be noteworthy if they only happen infrequently or at
specific periods of the day. They may signal the presence
of a seizure activity adjacent area if they happen frequently
or in particular areas of the brain. EEG findings might be
misleading when phrases allude to the possible origin or
spread of seizure activity. Brain signals that affects both
regions of the brain is referred to as "generalized activity."
It may or may not be capable of reporting the starting point
of an action. Specific parts of the brain are regions that
indicate a specific location are referred as (such as
temporal, frontal, parietal, or occipital). Once more, just
because a certain brain location is described, it does not
mean that seizures start there. It might signal that this
region is somehow implicated and that more testing is
necessary to establish for sure.
The primary purpose of an EEG is to evaluate patients
with known seizures in order to accurately identify the
seizure type and epilepsy syndrome such that appropriate
therapy can be directed, in addition to evaluating focal or
generalized cerebral function, or to diagnose unidentified
paroxysmal spells that may be seizures. Although the
baseline EEG is typically normal in people with epilepsy,
abnormal interictal EEG manifestations may include non-
epileptic form irregularities and interictal epileptic form
discharges. The most helpful diagnostic finding backing an
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epilepsy diagnose is the stimulation of IEDs, which can be
either localized or widespread in distribution. Patients with
epilepsy may display generalized or focal slowing of the
background. It is important to carefully distinguish IEDs
from benign versions or regular brainwaves.
Furthermore, On rare occasions, people without
epilepsy or clinical seizures show epileptic form behavior
on interictal recordings. This could prompt the clinician to
start antiepileptic drug therapy, which could expose
patients without epilepsy to unjustified and hazardous side
effects. However, nobody's seizure count shouldn't be used
to judge the worth of monitoring in people with refractory
epilepsy. Clinical epilepsy care aims to assist a patient in
becoming seizure-free without suffering from adverse
treatment effects. The objective is to reduce patient
morbidity and improve quality of life by lessening the
frequency of medically and socially debilitating seizure
events. Inaccurate epilepsy diagnosis or incorrect seizure
type diagnosis are two factors that contribute to inadequate
seizure control. A precise identification of the patient's kind
of seizure is made possible by seizure recording, allowing
for the most effective pharmacological therapy and
estimating the likelihood of upcoming vagal nerve
stimulator (VNS) therapy or surgery for epilepsy. Video-
EEG recording is frequently used to establish a different
diagnosis, such as psychogenic episodes, for which
Automated External Defibrillator (AED) medication is
useless. The distinction between epileptic seizures and
psychogenic nonepileptic seizures is the most challenging
and crucial differential diagnosis for which VEM is
utilized. By conducting a clinical examination during the
habitual episode, reviewing video records, or doing both, it
is simple to identify many additional nonepileptic illnesses.
However, in the majority of these cases, the VEM results
just support the clinical impression drawn from historical
and other data and are not diagnostic in and of themselves.
The EEG backdrop may be sluggish during the postictal
interval, which follows a seizure. But interictal background
EEG frequencies that are slower than expected for age
generally point to epilepsy that is symptomatic (ie, epilepsy
secondary to brain insult) The electroencephalography (EEG)
is a crucial part of the assessment of epilepsy. The EEG is
necessary for the diagnosis of particular electro clinical
disorders because it gives crucial information about the
background EEG and epileptic form discharges. A diagnosis
of this nature offers crucial prognosis information, directs the
choice of antiepileptic medicine, and indicates when to stop
taking medication. Essential idiopathic e pilepsies, which are
frequently hereditary in origin, normally have normal
neurologic examination and imaging results.
C. Discussion
The superior performance of this method when compared
to other detection techniques indicates its potential for
accurately identifying seizure events.
Table 1: EEG Frequency range of a normal person
Waves Normal Range Epileptic Range
(Hz) (Hz)
Theta 8.00 18.00
Alpha 16.00 24.00
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Beta 32.00 56.00 complex physiologic signals.‖Circulation,vol.101,no.23,pp.E215–

Gamma 49.00
Delta 4.00
As a result, even when patients are experiencing the same
type of seizure, each seizure activity is not always preceded
or accompanied by the identical signal transition.
Additionally, various seizure types may have varying effects
on non-seizure EEG signals. In conclusion, incorrect
detections may be unavoidable for all currently used
automatic techniques. The normal frequency range and
epileptic frequency range of EEG is given in the Table1.
20,jun2000.
118.00 [12] X.Xinnian Chen, I.Solomon, and K.Chon,―Comparison of the Use of
Approximate Entropy and Sample Entropy: Applications
6.00 to Neural Respiratory Signal,‖in 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine
and Biology 27th Annual Conference, vol. 4. IEEE,2005,pp.4212–4215.
[13] C.Bandt and B.Pompe,―Permutation Entropy: A Natural Complexity
Measure for Time Series,‖Physical Review Letters, vol.
88,no.17,p.174102,apr2002.
[14] U. R. Acharya, H. Fujita, V. K. Sudarshan, S. Bhat, and J.
E.Koh,―Application of entropies for automated diagnosis of epilepsy
using EEG signals: A review,‖ Knowledge-Based Systems, vol.
88,pp.85–96,2015
[15] A.Sharma, - Epileptic seizure prediction using power analysis in beta
band of EEG signals,‖International Conference on Soft Computing
Techniques and Implementations (ICSCTI). IEEE,2015

IV. CONCLUSION [16] Ling Guo; Daniel Rivero; Julián Dorado; Juan R.; Rabuñal; Alejandro
Pazos, "Automatic epileptic seizure detection in EEGs based online
In this overview, we provide an overview of epilepsy length feature and artificial neural networks", Journal of Neuroscience
detection by highlighting the first detection-limiting problem, Methods, ELSEVIER, Vol:191, Issue 1,15August2010.
techniques that allow us to observe epilepsy data from [17] Vivekanandam, B. "Automated Multimodal Fusion Technique for the
different states of EEG knowledge. A brief background on Classification of Human Brain on Alzheimer’s Disorder." Journal of
pattern recognition in epilepsy recognition is provided in Electrical Engineering and Automation 3, no. 3 (2021): 214-229.
order to establish the meaning of the numerous pattern [18] Rohit Bose; Sawon Pratiher; Soumya Chatterjee, "Detection of epileptic
recognition scheme components. This review describes and seizure employing a novel set of features extracted from multifractal
spectrum of electroencephalogram signals", Vol: 13,Issue2,April2019.
evaluates more research in the area of epilepsy detection done
by another author. Impact on increasing epileptic seizure
detection accuracy was studied in this literature review in a
completely different pattern recognition subject. Based on the
preceding discussion, it is discovered that the number of leads
can be reduced and optimized, which is also portable and user
friendly. It can be further designed based on the low cost by
reducing the number of leads used.
V. REFERENCES

[1] F.Mormann, R.G.Andrzejak, C.E.Elger, and K. Lenhnertz,- Seizure

prediction: The long and the winding road,‖Brain, vol.130,no.2,pp.314–
333,2007.
[2] T. P. Exarchos, A. T. Tzallas, D. I. Fotiadis, S. Konitsiotis, and
S.Giannopoulos, EEG transient event detection and classification using
association rules,‖ IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed., vol. 10, no. 3,
pp.451–457, Jul.2006.
[3] J.Gotman,-Automatic detection of seizures and spikes,‖J.Clin. Neuro
physiol., vol. 16,no.2,pp.130–140,1999.
[4] N.McGrogan,―Neural network detection of epileptic seizures in the
electroencephalogram,‖ Ph.D. dissertation, Oxford Univ., Oxford, UK,
Feb. 1999.
[5] E.Waterhouse,-New horizons in ambulatory electroencephalography,‖
IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag., vol. 22,no.3,pp.74–80,May/Jun.2003.
[6] M.Patricia O.Shafer,RN,―About Epilepsy: The Basics— Epilepsy
Foundation,‖pp.4–5,2014.
[7] D.Hirtz, D.J.Thurman, K.Gwinn-Hardy, M.Mohamed, A. R.Chaudhuri,
and R.Zalutsky,―How common are the‖common‖neurologic
disorders?‖Neurology,vol.68,no.5,pp.326– 337,jan2007.
[8] P.Kwan and M.J.Brodie,―Definition of refractory epilepsy: defining
the indefinable?‖ The Lancet. Neurology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp.27– 9,jan2010.
[9] H.Blumenfeld,―Impaired consciousness in epilepsy.‖The Lancet.
Neurology, vol. 11, no.9,pp.814–26,sep 2012.
[10] A.e.a.Szucs,―Sudden death and mortality in epilepsy.‖vol. 59,no.9-
10,pp.321–8,sep2006.
[11] A.L.Goldberger, L.A.Amaral, L.Glass, J.M.Hausdorff, P. C.Ivanov,
R.G.Mark, J.E.Mietus, G.B.Moody, C.K.Peng, and
H.E.Stanley,―Physio Bank, Physio Tool kit, and Physio Net:
components of a new research resource for

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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Robustness Trend of Power Transmission and
Transformation Monitoring System based on
Multidimensional Data Anomaly Detection
Algorithm
Wei Zhang*13 、 Yubo Zhang13 、 Chengwei Huang2 、Yubin Feng1
1.Electric Power Research Institute of Guangxi Power Grid Co.,Ltd. NanNing Guangxi 530000
2.Power Supply Bureau of Guangxi Hezhou Power Grid Co. Hezhou
3.Guangxi Key laboratory of Intelligent Control and Maintenance Power Equipment Nanning Guangxi 530000
zhang_w.sy@gx.csg.cn
Abstract—A data anomaly detection method based on fuzzy
isolated forest algorithm is proposed. By selecting some valuable
attributes and building them into isolated forests, starting from
multiple dimensions, the membership degree of the detection
results of each dimension attribute is judged. The influence of
several key factors on CPPS was investigated. The proposed weak
interdependence model considers protection mechanisms such as
realistic redundancy backup, which makes the model more close
to the actual system operation. Great trend of change.
Subsequently, the strategy of edge-break protection is further
proposed to improve the robustness of the power grid, and the
simulation results are shown by computer graphics, which show
that it has practical value for the analysis of optimal control
systems with accurate mathematical models.
Keywords—Robustness Trend, Power Transmission,
Transformation Monitoring System, Multidimensional Data, Data
Anomaly Detection Algorithm
I. THEORETICAL BASIS
The so-called anomaly is a data pattern with different data
characteristics, which is different from the normal situation.
The research and analysis based on this abnormal situation is
called anomaly detection technology [since the 1960s, in the
world [1] several electrical accidents have aroused widespread
concern in the power industry of various countries, but the
physical and mechanical impact of natural disasters on the
power grid has not received due attention. 2 The GPS
navigation system is the only source of positioning information
for the airborne ADS-B device [2].
Reference [3] stated that aircraft and avionics specific errors
were found in airborne GPS data. These errors include GPS
clocks, location update intervals, and location jumps. The
infinite-time state regulator problem in optimal control theory
occupies an important position in the LQR problem, and has a
wide range of practical application value [4]. It can also be
extended to the analysis and design of infinite-time output
regulators to avoid safety events. Under the promotion, the
technology and system for on-line monitoring and fault
diagnosis of equipment operation have attracted the attention of
major industrial countries. On the one hand, the development of
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Guangxi 542899
equipment fault diagnosis technology can detect faults at an
early stage, so as to reduce or avoid the occurrence of safety
accidents. 2006 [5], the US National Funding Committee first
proposed the concept of information physical system
(Cyber.Physical.System, CPS) [6].
Subsequently, related research on CPS has attracted
extensive attention from industry and academia, and its purpose
is to build a more intelligent modern infrastructure network.
Data flow anomaly detection technology can be divided into
data flow anomaly detection methods based on supervised
learning and data flow anomaly detection methods based on
unsupervised learning according to whether the label data is
used [7]. The supervised anomaly detection method refers to the
need for labeled data in the training process, and the objective
function is approximately solved by optimizing the model,
which is difficult to meet the information requirements of
intelligent manufacturing [8]. The traditional information
system overemphasizes the importance of a certain enterprise
or link in the information system, and it is mandatory for the
upstream and downstream nodes to share information, resulting
in the lack of a virtuous circle of interaction between
stakeholders. For IoT, this means that an important aspect to
develop and consider is high-level information processing [9],
Anomaly detection and one-way communication to
designated locations. The semantic meaning of "Internet of
Things" is represented as a global network of uniquely
addressable interconnected objects [10]. That is, it refers to
predictive methods that employ dynamic models or process
characteristics of the objects under study, such as methods
based on physics principles, Kalman filtering, particle Filtering,
etc. can be classified into this category [11]. Such diagnostic
methods are based on a full understanding of the failure mode
process of physical models, device components or operating
systems. Ding Jie et al. [12] proposed a correlation coefficient-
based abnormal behavior detection method. An automatic
detection system of abnormal behavior based on autocorrelation
model is realized, which has strong expansibility [13].
Huge social impact and economic losses warn us that
although the probability of natural disasters, especially large-
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scale severe weather [14], is relatively small, the mechanical
damage caused by it has a more serious impact on the power
grid than electrical accidents. When availability is low, large-
scale flight loss or generation is prone to occur. The ghost flight
injection attack is to inject a non-existent flight with a specific
flight trajectory or state. This attack mode is more flexible and
practical [15].
This paper introduces a software implementation method
that uses Matlab to design the optimal state feedback for the
controlled system, and provides a software implementation
method for dynamically calculating the phase angle margin and
amplitude margin of the system under the condition of various
parameter perturbations [16], in order to improve the operation
efficiency and economy of the power grid. Benefit, CPPS is
bound to be one of the main trends in the development of the
power grid in the future [17].
The deep coupling between the information network and the
power network not only improves the efficiency of the entire
CPPS operation, but also increases additional risks. Compared
with the power grid itself. In the single-dimensional sequence
S, since there is only one feature information [18], the research
focuses on how to effectively mine the salient patterns and the
main order relationships in the single-dimensional sequence.
However, in the multidimensional sequence scenario, we not
only need to mine the transition relationship between the states
in the multidimensional sequence.
II. THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
A. Multidimensional Data Anomaly Detection Algorithm
Finally, according to the longest common subsequence
matching method, the similarity between the frequent pattern
and the current newly added time series data is measured, and
the abnormal pattern of the newly added data is found out,
which solves the efficiency of the traditional abnormal segment
detection method in processing incremental time series. low
problem. Under normal circumstances, the flight trajectories of
a certain route are similar, but some emergencies, such as
avoiding objects or losing detection data, may cause abnormal
trajectory data, causing the flight trajectory to deviate from the
normal trajectory. It may lead to a large difference in the
trajectory similarity.
Fig. 1. Multidimensional Data Anomaly Detection Algorithm
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The end of the program loop process is realized by judging
whether the system is stable under the current parameters, and
the loop is terminated when the system is closed-loop unstable
for the first time. Feature selection can be expressed as the
process of selecting k best features from a feature set containing
m dimensions , because the m-dimensional features are not
independent, but there are complex associations. Therefore,
selecting the k best features can be regarded as a search problem.
Traditional information systems mainly rely on manual input
data to passively perceive the internal and external environment
of the enterprise. The data has defects such as small amount,
delay, difficult access, and incompleteness, which cannot
effectively support individuality. Emerging formats of
intelligent manufacturing such as customized customization,
remote active operation and maintenance, and industrial cloud.
The wireless node is in the perception layer of the gateway
system, and mainly completes the collection of sensor
information and communicates with the gateway node.
The wireless node platform mainly includes the main
control chip STM32, wireless nodes (CC2530, WIFI and
Bluetooth) and sensor nodes. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
[13~14] is a comprehensive evaluation method based on fuzzy
mathematics. Specifically, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
is Using fuzzy mathematics and the principle of fuzzy
relationship synthesis, some difficult to quantify expressions. In
order to automatically learn the feature expression of ADS-B
data from the data, an ADS-B based on Long Short-Term
Memory Variational Autoencoder (LSTM-VAE) is proposed.
Data anomaly detection methods, using a large number of
normal data samples for training, using variational inference to
learn the underlying distribution of feature vectors,
B. Power Transmission and Transformation Monitoring
System
The Spring Framework consists of seven layered modules,
which are well defined and can be used alone or in combination
with one or more other modules. As an open source architecture,
the Spring framework adopts a layered architecture. Reference
[34] proposes a modification to the dependency network: this
model considers that not all nodes have coupling edges in the
actual coupled model. Therefore, a "partially dependent
coupling model" is proposed.
230
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automatically analyze, process, warn, store, and query the data

locally and remotely in real time.
(
eij = a si −1, h j ) (2)

Therefore, remote inspection can be realized. In the research

work of CPPS robustness optimization, it can be roughly
divided into two optimization methods: network topology [11-
26] and operation mechanism. Network topology optimization
abstracts CPPS into a graph, simplifies the differences between
nodes and focuses on the topological connections of nodes.
Concept drift detection methods based on detection rate are
widely used in data flow classification scenarios. However, in
unsupervised scenarios, due to There is no labeled data, so the
concept drift detection method based on detection rate is not
suitable. Due to the rapid development and maturity of
disruptive technologies such as the Internet of Things, mobile
Internet, social media, cloud computing, etc., the scale has
Fig.2. Power Transmission and Transformation Monitoring System exploded, the most notable of which is the generation of data
floods. At present, the scale of data has grown to a state in
Literature also proposed a new and improved model. As a
which a large number of physical entities distributed in
model of complex systems, complex networks can describe the
cyberspace and physical space are generated with high
statistical characteristics of the system network topology and
frequency in various forms.
reveal the potential relationship between these statistical
characteristics and system performance. Simulate and analyze And driven by instances, instances in this study refer to
complex systems in the fields of nature, society, and economy. orders. To complete each order, these tasks need to be
The gateway system supports the access of multiple wireless performed in the specified order, and the tasks are represented
nodes. In order to solve the problem of insufficient as transitions in the figure, such as the task of the representative
communication serial ports, a USBHUB module is designed. reviewing the order in the figure. The start and end of the task
This module adopts the USB2.0 high-speed control chip FE2.1, are represented as warehouses in different wireless sensor
which provides one uplink port and four downlink ports. port, devices generally use different communication protocols for
the upstream port goes through HOST_DM. data transmission. This gateway is connected to different sensor
(− E (h(x ))) modules. It needs to be able to break the communication
barriers of different sensor devices and support Different
s(x, n) = 2 c(n) (1) communication protocols, in order to solve the heterogeneity of
different sensor data.
From the perspective of service, the server system and the
communication network are modeled as a whole and examined. Ti = (s1 , s2 ,..., sn ) (3)
Compared with point-form exceptions, point-form exceptions
can exist in any form of data collection, while sequence-form III. EXPERIMENT
exceptions only occur when data instances are related. will
happen. Sequence form anomalies are anomalous Multidimensional data anomaly detection algorithm is
manifestations with ordinal dependencies under certain shown in the figure.
circumstances. In the process of data transmission, in addition
to ensuring the accuracy of the data, it is also necessary to
ensure that the data can be transmitted to the control center in a
complete and timely manner. FDIA is aimed at the accuracy of
the data, and does not consider the timeliness and completeness
of the data. However, the phenomenon of delay and packet loss
often occurs during the transmission of measurement data.
C. Robustness Trend of Power Transmission and
Transformation Monitoring System
In this paper, this method is used to optimize the isolated
forest algorithm, that is, the anomaly detection score value of
the isolated forest is not judged abnormally, but the
membership degree of the detection result of the isolated forest
algorithm is judged, and then the operator and the fuzzy matrix
are used for fuzzy calculation. Get the final evaluation result.
The monitoring center is equipped with a data server and an
information processing server, a large monitoring screen and a Fig. 3. Multidimensional Data Anomaly Detection Algorithm
central management software developed by us, which can

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The accuracy changing with different time scale is shown in
the figure.
Fig. 4. The accuracy changing with different time scale.
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper proposes an anomaly detection method based on
fuzzy isolated forest, which introduces the concept of fuzzy on
the original basis. Using the membership function, starting from
multiple dimensions, considering the membership of the data
relative to the attributes, the real-time status information of the
tower collected by the sensor is stored in the database to realize
the analysis and early warning of the status of the tower, and
realize a unified the web front end displays the tower
information. In this way, remote inspection of power
transmission and transformation lines can be realized, and 24-
hour operating status monitoring can be performed. Finally, the
proportion of nodes removed by initial faults, the coupling
strength between networks, and topology of communication
networks are robust to CPPS.
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
REFERENCES
[1] Hu Min, Bai Xue, Xu Wei, et al. Overview of Multidimensional Time
Series Anomaly Detection Algorithms [J]. Computer Applications, 2020,
40(6):12.
[2] Ding Ting, Yan Dengcheng, Zhang Yiwen, et al. Gas Anomaly Detection
Algorithm Fusion of Coal Mine Multidimensional Time Series Data [J].
Computer Integrated Manufacturing System, 2020, 26(6):9.
[3] Tang Haixian, Li Guanghui. Semi-supervised online anomaly detection
algorithm for sensor data stream based on C-LSTM [J]. 2021.
[4] Zhan Peng, Chen Lin, Cao Luhui, et al. Network Abnormal Traffic
Detection Algorithm Based on Feature Symbol Representation [J]. Journal of
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[5] Gu Guoqing, Li Xiaohui. An exponentially weighted smoothing prediction
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[6] Song Fu, Zhao Zhe, Chen Guangke. An adversarial sample detection
method based on sample robustness differences: CN112381150A[P]. 2021.
[7] Wang Peipei. A data-driven random subspace bridge health detection
method based on time series data [D]. Beijing University of Civil Engineering
and Architecture, 2020.
[8] Zhao Wanlei, Chen Runqing, Wang Hanzi. An Unsupervised Anomaly
Detection and Robust Trend Prediction Method for Operation and Maintenance
Data: CN111913849A[P]. 2020.
[9] Wang Weigang, Wang Bingwei, Zhang Yunwei. TDFF: A Robust Smoke
Image Detection Algorithm [J]. Advances in Lasers and Optoelectronics, 2021.
[10] Liu Yun. Research on crowd density detection algorithm based on
contour analysis [D]. Dalian University of Technology, 2020.
[11] Li Qian, Han Bin, Wang Xuxiang. Anomaly detection method for
multidimensional data based on fuzzy isolated forest algorithm [J]. Computer
and Digital Engineering, 2020, 048(004):862-866.
[12] Xie Xiaochuan, Zhou Shaojun, Li Li, et al. Anomaly detection algorithm
for smart city edge data based on time series correlation [J]. Computer
Engineering and Design, 2022, 43(7):11.
[13] Zhou Xurong, Zheng Jianli. Research on reconstruction anomaly
detection algorithm of industrial time series data based on XGBoost feature
screening [J]. Computer Science and Applications, 2022, 12(3):12.
[14] Liu Rui, Qian Kun, Shi Keqin. Lidar Loop Closure Detection Algorithm
Based on Semantic Segmentation in Dynamic Environment [J]. Industrial
Control Computer, 2022, 35(7):3.
[15] Fu Letian, Li Peng, Gao Lian. Improved Least Squares Support Vector
Machine Algorithm Considering Sample Outliers [J]. Chinese Journal of
Instrumentation, 2021.
[16] Zhang Bowen, Liu Zhi, Sang Guoming. Anomaly Detection Algorithm
Based on Kernel Density Fluctuation [J]. Computer Engineering and
Applications, 2021, 57(12):5.
[17] Liu Jie, Li Xiwang. Anomaly detection algorithm for industrial control
network based on graph neural network [J]. Computer System Application,
2020, 29(12):5.
[18] Li Jian, Chen Mengfu, Zhan Chongye. Methods and monitoring systems
for improving the robustness of temperature measurement systems:
CN111414967A[P]. 2020.
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Miniaturized Semi-Hexagonal Aperture Shape

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Antenna with Elliptical Ground for C-V2X

Communication
Ramya Vasudevan
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Saveetha School of Engineering
(Saveetha Institute of Medical and
Technical Sciences)
Thandalam, Chennai India
ramyav9035.sse@saveetha.com
Nagaraju V
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering
Saveetha School of Engineering
(Saveetha Institute of Medical and
Technical Sciences)
Thandalam, Chennai, India
nagarajuv.sse@saveetha.com

Abstract—This paper presents a compact semi-hexagonal
aperture shape antenna (SHASA) with the modified elliptical
ground for a cellular vehicle to everything (C – V2X)
application. The proposed antenna is designed using an FR4
substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a loss tangent of
0.02. The performance of the antenna was measured in terms of
return loss, VSWR, Gain, Directivity, Radiation pattern, and
Radiation efficiency. Based on the simulation results, the
antenna achieves the resonating frequency of 5.8GHz with a
return loss of -63.6dB. The maximum gain and radiation
efficiencies are 2.31dB and 94.3%. The proposed antenna
novelties utility in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for
vehicular communication using Cellular – V2X technology
comes under the IEEE 802.11p band.
Keywords— Semi Hexagonal, Aperture shape, Cellular
Vehicle-to-Everything, Elliptical ground, IEEE 802.11p.
I. INTRODUCTION
Road traffic accidents - the leading cause of death by injury
and the tenth-leading cause of all deaths globally - now make
up a surprisingly significant portion of the worldwide burden
of ill health. An estimated 1.2 million people are killed in road
crashes each year. A Blind connection is a condition where
vehicles are incapable of seeing conflicting traffic [1].
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) embrace a wide variety of
communications-related applications intended to increase
travel safety. Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC)
and Cellular vehicle to everything (C-V2X) are two key radio
access technologies [2],[3]. V2X has the potential for
vehicular care and to reduce road smashes. For future smart
cities, communication technology, smart information, and
intelligent transportation solutions will be the core [4].
Microstrip patch antennas with the existing methods find
significant utility on account of their simple geometry, low-
profile material, and compactness [5],[6].
Placing a compact and low-profile antenna inside a shark
fin module, the results seem to be degraded. Various antenna
structures (single radiator, array radiator) are developed to
meet cellular vehicle standards which fall under IEEE
802.11p. In [7], an Electronically Switched Parasitic Array
Radiator (ESPAR) which operates at 5.9GHz was proposed.
Conducting elements are printed on Rogers R0-4725JKR
substrate. The maximum area occupied by the antenna was 37
x 32 x 0.78 mm3. Three monopole radiators are used in the
design to enhance gain and it was reported as 3 - 4dB. In [8],
a Coplanar antenna for V2X communication was proposed.
Radiating elements are placed on a transparent glass substrate
with a dielectric constant of 5.5. The optimized design covers
a maximum size of 50 x 17 x 1.1 mm3.
The negative gain was observed in its desired frequency
and the radiation efficiency was found below 15%. Dual-band
rectangular slot with a 45° circular polarized antenna was
proposed in [9]. Measured input reflection coefficients are
26% (3.38GHz - 4.39GHz) and 56% (5.06GHz – 9.02GHz).
The optimal size was 39 x 46 mm2 and achieved a peak gain
of 2dBi. The second band (5.06GHz – 9.02GHz) is used for C
– V2X applications. In [10], a compact wideband microstrip
patch antenna for circular polarization was proposed. The
overall size of the antenna meeting C-V2X requirements was
30 x 30 x 0.8 mm3 and the simulated gain was larger than 3dBi
throughout the operating frequency. In all the above-reported
references [7]–[10]the use of high-profile substrates and
antenna sizes are quite bulky which will not be suitable to
mount on a compact device. The main intent of this article is
to design a low-profile, compact radiating patch that is suitable
to place on any wireless device with improved radiation
characteristics.
Compared with the aforementioned various antenna design
methods, the proposed antenna is compact, and simple which
consists of a microstrip line fed semi hexagonal aperture shape
antenna. In this design, an elliptical ground with a ring was
introduced to improve the gain and radiation efficiency. In this
article, a literature survey was done in the first session. In the
second session, four stage analysis was made to obtain the
optimal parametric dimensions of the proposed antenna. In the
third session, a parametric analysis was made to improve the
return loss, gain, and radiation efficiency. In the fourth session,
the simulation results were explained. The fifth session
concludes that the proposed antenna is well used for C - V2X
communication. Due to its compact size, the antenna can be
mounted on a car window, on drones, on wireless
communication sensors, and on wearable devices.

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II. A
DVD Part Number: NTENNA DESIGN
CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5 PA1 is the distance between the
outer and inner hexagonal
conductors. Table II. Show the parametric comparison from
A. Evolution of proposed semi-hexagonal antenna and
details of geometric parameters stages 1 to 3.
Figure 1 shows the evolution of the proposed antenna from TABLE I. DIMENSIONS OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA
stage 1 to stage 4 which is printed on an FR4 substrate. Height
(h), dielectric constant (Ɛr), and loss tangent (tan δ) are 0.8mm, Symbols Dimensions in mm
4.4, and 0.02 respectively. Table 1. provides details about Radius of the outer circle (R1) 6.25
antenna geometry parameters.
Radius of the inner circle (R2) 5
1) Stage 1(Flow to obtain elliptical ground): In this stage,
three steps of analysis are explained. Initially, from the radius Radius of a circle (R3) 0.7
of the circular patch formula given in equations (1) and (2) Substrate length (Lsub) 20
below, two circular patches have been obtained [11].
Feed width (Wf) 2.5
F Length between outer and inner hexagonal
𝑅= (1) 1.25
2ℎ 𝜋𝐹 (PA1)
√{1+ [ln( )+1.7726]}
𝜋Ɛr𝐹 2h Starting point of feed from substrate left end
7.75
(L1)
Were,
Feed length (Lf) 8.2
8.791 𝑋 109
F= (2) Height of ground (Lg) 6
𝑓𝑟√ Ɛr

R = Circular patch radius in cm Substrate width (Wsub) 18

h = Height of the substrate in cm Ground width (Wg) 18

Length of outer hexagonal (HR1) 12.5

Ɛr = Dielectric constant
Length of inner hexagonal (HR2) 10
𝑓𝑟 = Resonating frequency Circular patch in GHz
In this article, the author fixed the lower-frequency
band and the upper-frequency band as 5.4GHz and 6.3GHz
respectively. Its center frequency band is 5.85GHz which is
suitable for C – V2X applications.
a) Step 1: From the above equation (1), for lower and
upper-frequency bands, the radius obtained is 6.31mm, and
5.21mm respectively. To make design easy, two Circular
patch radii (tentative values) ‘R1’ is fixed at 6.25mm (Lower
resonating frequency) and ‘R2’ at 5mm (upper resonating
frequency) are placed on a substrate with centered fed and at
the bottom, a full ground is placed. In this step 1 analysis
return loss is not up to the expectation.
b) Step 2: The antenna resonates at 2 different
frequencies (2.3GHz and 4.7GHz). 2.3GHz is considered an
unwanted frequency band and both bands are not suitable for
C – V2X applications.
c) Step 3: While introducing an elliptical half ground,
the unwanted frequency (2.3GHz) got suppressed and
obtained a single band whose resonating frequency is 4.7GHz
[12]. The flow for the evolution of elliptical ground is shown
in figure 1(a).
2) Stage 2(Hexagonal-shaped patch): In order to improve
the radiation characteristics [13], [14], two hexagonal patches
are replaced from circles R1 and R2. HR1 and HR2 are the (a) Stage 1 (Flow to obtain elliptical ground)
distance between the edges of the hexagonal patch which are
shown in figure 1(b). Radiation characteristics do not seem to
be good at this stage and the resonating frequency is 4.6GHz
which is not suitable for C-V2X application.
3) Stage 3(Formation of SHASA): By removing the top
half part of the hexagonal, a semi-hexagonal aperture-shaped
antenna is obtained as shown in figure 1(c). At this stage, the
antenna resonates at the desired frequency, and its lower,
upper, and center frequencies are 5.4GHz, 6.3GHz, and
5.8GHz. The gain and radiation efficiency at 5.8GHz are
observed as 1.8dB and 87.8% respectively. The gain and (b) Stage 2
radiation efficiency seem to be improved from stages 1 to 3.

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(c) Stage 3 (c)

Figure 1. Evolution of antennas from stage1 to stage 3 Figure 2. Simulation results for stage 1 to stage 3 antennas (a) Return loss
(b) VSWR (c) Gain
TABLE II. PARAMETRIC COMPARISON ON EACH STAGE
III. PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS AND GAIN ENHANCEMENT
TECHNIQUES
Reson Radiatio
Directi
ating S11 VSWR Gain n A. Parametric optimization.
Stages vity
freque (dB) (dB) (dB) efficienc
(dB)
ncy y (%) Parametric analysis was done on three Parameters PA1,
(GHz)
L1, and Wf shown in figure 1(c). Parameter PA1 changes by
1 4.7 -14 1.4 1.16 1.4 82.8% changing the radius value R1 and the analysis is made to get
2 4.6 -14.5 1.46 1.6 1.88 85.1% the optimal value of return loss. As radius R1 changes from
6mm to 7mm, its corresponding HR1 values will also change
3 5.8 -43.6 1 1.8 2.05 87.80%
from 6mm to 7mm. PA1 is the distance between two
B. Investigation of the proposed antenna at each stage. hexagonal conductors. This distance value will vary from
1mm to 2mm as the HR1 value changes. From figure 3(a), It
From the simulation results obtained, it seems to be a can be noticed that for radius R1 is 6.5mm the return loss is
minor difference for the Stage 1 and Stage 2 antennae shown
measured as -53.3dB. By keeping the PA1 value at 1.5mm
in figure 2(a) & (b). Stage 1 antenna resonates at 4.7GHz
next step of the analysis was made.
whose return loss and VSWR are -14dB, and 1.4dB
respectively. Gain, Directivity, and radiation efficiency were L1 represents the starting point of the feed from the left
observed as 1.16dB, 1.4dB, and 82.8%. Stage 2 antenna corner of the substrate as shown in figure 1. Fed can move
resonates at 4.6GHz. Its return loss, gain, directivity, and forward or backward by changing length L1. Distance L1
radiation efficiency are observed as -14.5dB, 1.46dB, 1.6dB, changed from 7mm to 8mm with an interval of 0.25mm. From
1.88dB, and 85.1%. After converting the antenna into semi figure 3(b), it is clear that for a distance L1 is 8mm the return
hexagonal aperture shape antenna, the performance of the loss is measured as -56.8dB. By keeping PA1 at 14mm and L1
Stage 3 antenna is better and also radiates at the desired value at 8mm next step of the analysis was made.
frequency as shown in figure 2(a) & (b). Figure 2(c) shows The third parameter Wf (feed width) has been chosen to
improvement of gain from stage 1 to stage 3. obtain the optimal return loss. Wf is the width of the feed
which is connected to an SMA connector. By changing the
value Wf from 1mm to 3mm with an interval of 0.5mm, it is
noticed that for Wf is 2.5mm the return loss is measured as -
58.3dB as shown in figure 3(c). By doing a parametric
optimization the optimal value return loss is obtained.

(a)

(a)

(b)

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Figure 5. comparison of stage 3 antenna and proposed antenna gain.

(b)
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Semi Hexagonal Aperture Shaped Antenna (SHASA) is
designed for C- V2X application on an FR4 substrate with a
thickness of 0.8mm. In this article, antenna parameters are
computed and compared using commercially available full-
wave EM simulation software (HFSS 2022/R2). From the
simulation results, the proposed antenna is well-suitable for C
– V2X application due to its high gain, better radiation
efficiency, and good return loss. Table III summarizes the
simulation results of the proposed antenna and Table IV
compares the proposed antenna with the previously presented
(c) antenna.
Figure 3. Effects of S11 on changing (a) PA1 (b) L1 (c) Wf TABLE III. SIMULATED RESULTS OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA
B. Gain enhancement technique. Radiat
Resonati Directi ion
Proposed

Different techniques are used to enhance gain. One of the S11 VSWR Gain
antenna

ng vity efficie
(dB) (dB) (dB)
techniques is by adding a conductor at the back side of the frequenc (dB) ncy
substrate, gain can be improved [15]. In the third stage, gain y (GHz) (%)
and directivity obtained at 5.9GHz are 1.8dB, and 2.05dB 5.8 -63.6 1 2.31 2.45 94.3%
respectively. In order to improve gain, a circle of radius R3 is
placed on the backside of the substrate which is shown in TABLE IV. COMPARISON OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA WITH THE
figure 4(a). From the simulation results, for R3 is 0.7mm, the REFERENCE ANTENNA

gain is measured as 2.3dB at 5.9GHz as shown in figure 5.

From stage 1-3 antennas, the peak gain is measured equal to Overall
Radiat
Size
or below 1.8dB. After introducing a circle of radius R3 gain Ref Substr S11 ion
Size Gain reducti
ate (dB) Efficie
improved to 2.31dB. (mm3)
ncy
on (%)
(%)
Rogers 95%
32 x 37 x RO-
[7] -45 4.5 dBi 68.8%
0.78 4725J
XR
50 x 17 x 15% Negati
[8] Glass -25 69.1%
1.1 ve Gain
Not
39 x 46 x
[9] TLY -5 -20 Provid 2dBi 89.9%
1.6
ed
30 x 30 x 89%
[10] FR4 -20 3.5dBi 60%
0.8
(a) (b) Propos 18 x 20 x
FR4 -63.61 94% 2.31dB ----
ed 0.8

Figure 6 shows simulation results of return loss, VSWR,

Gain, radiation pattern, and current distribution at 5.8GHz
which are obtained using EM simulation software (HFSS).
From figure 6 (a), (b), and (c), the return loss, VSWR, and gain
were observed as -63.61dB, 1dB, and 2.3dB respectively.
Figure 6(d) shows the simulated 2D- radiation pattern of the
proposed antenna at 5.8GHz. At this frequency, the H – plane
radiation pattern presents omnidirectional behavior whereas
the E – plane radiation pattern is bidirectional. Additionally,
(c) the current distribution for the proposed antenna is obtained
Figure 4. Proposed Antenna (a) Top View (b) Bottom view (c) 3D view by simulation at 5.8GHz which is shown in figure 6(e). it is
observed that the current distribution is stronger at the feed
line and around the geometry of the patch and ground.

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5 V. CONCLUSION
A semi-hexagonal aperture-shaped antenna is designed using
an FR4 substrate. This antenna is designed using HFSS
simulator version 22. The overall size of the antenna is 18 x
20 x 0.8 mm3 which is compact and suitable to place on a
compact device. The proposed antenna demonstrates good
impedance and radiation characteristics in the desired C –
V2X communication (5.85GHz – 5.925GHz). This antenna
covers a band from 5.4GHz to 6.3GHz which is suitable for
(a)
WLAN (5.2-5.8GHz) and WAVE(5.9GHz). A peak gain of
2.31dB and a maximum gain of 5dB is obtained which can
make used in C – V2X, and WLAN applications. Due to its
compact size, the proposed antenna can mount on the car
window, on drones, on wireless communication sensors, and
on wearable devices.
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[1] A. Mukhopadhyay and V. A. Bharadwaj, “V2X based road safety
improvement in blind intersections,” in 2020 Second International
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(ICIRCA), Coimbatore, India, Jul. 2020, doi:
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[2] D. J. I. Zong Chen and D. S. Smys, “Optimized dynamic routing in
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[3] X. Wang, S. Mao, and M. X. Gong, “An overview of 3GPP cellular
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[6] H. Zhao, C. Li, Z. Chen, and J. Hu, “Fast simulation of vehicular
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[7] D. K. Rongas, A. S. Paraskevopoulos, L. D. Marantis, and A. G.
Kanatas, “An integrated shark-fin reconfigurable antenna for v2x
communications,” Prog. Electromagn. Res. C Pier C., vol. 100, pp. 1–
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[8] J. I. Trujillo-Flores et al., “CPW-fed transparent antenna for vehicle
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[9] J. Kulkarni, C.-Y.-D. Sim, A. K. Poddar, U. L. Rohde, and A. G.
Alharbi, “A compact circularly polarized rotated l-shaped antenna with
j-shaped defected ground strucutre for wlan and v2x applications,”
(d) Prog. Electromagn. Res. Lett., vol. 102, pp. 135–143, 2022.
[10] K. Saraswat and A. R. Harish, “A dual band circularly polarized 45°
rotated rectangular slot antenna with parasitic patch,” Int. J. Electron.
Commun., vol. 123, no. 153260, p. 153260, Aug. 2020.
[11] A. B. Sahoo, N. Patnaik, A. Ravi, S. Behera, and B. B. Mangaraj,
“Design of a miniaturized circular microstrip patch antenna for 5G
applications,” in 2020 International Conference on Emerging Trends in
Information Technology and Engineering (ic-ETITE), Vellore, India,
Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1109/ic-etite47903.2020.374 [Online]. Available:
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[12] P. Kumar, S. Urooj, and F. Alrowais, “Design of Quad-Port
MIMO/Diversity Antenna with Triple-Band Elimination
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[13] S. Palanisamy, B. Thangaraju, O. I. Khalaf, Y. Alotaibi, S. Alghamdi,
Figure 6. Simulation results using HFSS at 5.85GHz (a) Return loss (b) and F. Alassery, “A novel approach of design and analysis of a
VSWR (c) Gain (d) Radiation pattern E – Plane and H - Plane (e) Current hexagonal fractal antenna array (HFAA) for next-generation wireless
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[15] N. DVD
Bahari,
PartM. F. Jamlos,
Number: and M. M. Isa,
CFP22CB5-DVD: “Gain
ISBN: enhancement of
978-1-6654-6083-5
microstrip patch antenna using artificial magnetic conductor,” Bull.
Electr. Eng. Inform., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 166–171, Mar. 2019.

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Smart Water Flow Monitoring and Theft

Detection System using IoT
Varakumari Samudrala1,Ajay Reddy Yeruva2,Jayapal N3, T. Vijayakumar4,M.
Rajkumar5, Shaik Razia6

1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NRI Institute of Technology (A),
Agiripalli 521212, Andhra Pradesh, India, varakumari3@gmail.com
2
Department ofIP Engineering, Senior Software Engineer, Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers, 5667 Gibraltar
Dr Ste 200, Pleasanton, CA, 94588, USA.ayeruva@ritchiebros.com
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Kongunadu College of Engineering and
Technology,Trichy 621215, Tamil Nadu, India, jayapal385@gmail.com
4
Department of Computer Science and Business Systems,Sri Eshwar College of
Engineering,Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641202,India,tvijay787@gmail.com
5Assistantprofessor Senior Grade 2,School of Information Technology & Engineering
VIT University, Vellore Campus,mrajkumarselvee@gmail.com
6
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,KoneruLakshmaiah Education
Foundation,Vaddeswaram – 522302,Andhra Pradesh, India, razia28sk@gmail.com
Abstract—Water is an essential and crucial resource in I. INTRODUCTION
the world. Without water, there will not be any
organisms, flora, and fauna on the planet. Water is most Water is a valuable resource for all organisms so
important for living organisms like humans, plants, and proper use of water is important for domestic, social, and
animals. Earth is covered by 71% of water bodies and economic development. Water is the main source for some
29% is covered by land. The human body is made up of sectors such as industry, agriculture, transport, and energy.
nearly 70% of water. There is no life when there is no Domestic usage like washing clothes, and utensils, cooking,
water. So, people should not waste water and use it bathing, and drinking. Recycle water will be used for
accordingly. For domestic use, people store the water in washing vehicles and gardening. When the water tank in the
their home tank which flows from the corporate tank or home and apartments are filled, there will be a flow of water
in a bore well. Either of the two there will be a water and leakage of water when there is a breakageof the pipe.
flow when the home tank is filled which leads to water These problems will lead to the wastage of water. To
wastage and there will also be a wastage of water when overcome this problem, the smart flow monitoring system is
there is a leakage of water or theft of water during the implemented. The flow sensor will measure the water flow
flow of water to the home tank. To control and avoid the to the tank. The data will transfer to the cloud through
overflow of water, a smart water flow monitoring system NodeMCU. When the sensor’s value is greater than the
and theft detection are implemented by using the threshold value, the cloud will send the alert message to the
Internet of Things (IoT). Sensors, NodeMCU, Solenoid user as there is a leakage in the flow. To prevent water
valve, and Global System for Mobile communication wastage, there is a need for a regular monitoring system of
(GSM) are used to implement this system. When there is water to reduce water wastage. The main reason for this
a flow above the threshold value and leakage or theft, the problem is the unawareness of administration and the
cloud will send the alert message to the user. society. Monitoring and controlling the water discharge by
using Arduino. This will control the discharge of water from
Keywords— Water, Sensor, IoT, Valve, Arduino IoT cloud, the pipe. Discharge time and water volume are inputted by
NodeMCU, GSM. the keypad, and the results are shown on a liquid-crystal
display (LCD). The values are transferred to the Arduino
from the keypad, the transmitter, and the water flow sensor,
then the value is correlated to the programming code which
is in the Arduino [1].

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In article [2], there are two parts water quality
monitoring and water quantity monitoring system. The
quantity system is implemented to supervise the use of water
in households. The quantity meter system will generate the
billing for the consumed water. There is a need to check the
purity of water and it is done by using the water quality
meter system. This meter will check the five parameters of
water conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and
turbidity. This will help to check the purity of water and
gives the possibility to relieve health hazards. In real-time,
the monitoringsystem will display the value and send the
SMS to the concerned user or authority. Water is a priceless
resource that is from nature. It is a very important resource
for all living organisms. Water is the main source and acts as
an input for many fields like industry, transport, agriculture,
and energy. A low-cost smart water device is implemented.
This will give the proper information on the possibility of
leakage of the water to the house owners, apartment owners,
and the authority in real-time. The LCD will display the
consumed water in liters and the flow rate of the water
which is measured using the flow sensor and also send the
SMS through the GSM to the users [3].
In paper [4], for a smart water management
system,the ZR16S08microcontroller is used. When the water
is distributed through the pipes, the water flow is monitored
and the quality of water is also examined. The water gets
pollutant if there is any leakage or holes in the pipes while
the water is in distribution condition. The Central Processing
unit (CPU), which is interfaced with the Raspberry Pi
controls the collected information from the sensor and is
transmitted to the web server. The data collected from the
sensors is addressed by the CPU. According to the sensor
nodes, operates at the frequency defined as 433MHz.Water
leakage leads to the loss of water annually when the water is
distributed. The implementation of water leakage detection
[5] is done by using the microcontroller in the distribution
networks. With the use of a flow device, the amount of
water flow is measured and calculated. When there is any
leakage in the pipes while the flow of water is in the
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distribution, the leakage is detected and monitored. The
microcontroller used in this system is ATMEGA328 for
monitoring the leakage. The resistance detector is used in
this system to monitor the direction flow of water [6].In
paper [7], by using the tank’s sensor data and dimensions
the tank leakage is detected. The data is collected from each
house from the sensor in the tank and the data is saved and
transferred to the cloud. From the main tank of the water
gets supplied, the main tank data is also collected from the
sensor and to the cloud. In the cloud the data will analyze
the consumption of water from the main tank to the house
tanks. The smart water grid manages and monitors the level
of water in the tank and helps to run the motor
automatically. According to the dimensions of the tank, the
leakage detection device is implemented in the tank. That
device is in inspection mode continuously when there is any
detection is detected, the cloud will analyze with the use of a
GSM module.
II. PROPOSED WORK
The major objective of this paper is to detect the
theft and leakage of the water and to monitor the water flow.
The amount of water flow is calculated by using the flow
sensor. The flow of water in the main tank and to the house
tank is measured by the water flow sensor. The data
collected from the sensors are transferred to the cloud
through the microcontroller. The cloud will analyze the data
received by the microcontroller. If the data is not equivalent
to the threshold value of the main tank and the house tank,
then the leakage is detected. When the leakage is detected,
the cloud will send the alert message immediately to the user
via the GSM module. When the user gets the alert message,
the user can close the valve of the particular pipe or can take
any other immediate steps to stop the flow of water through
the damaged pipe and replace the pipe as soon as possible.
This system will be more useful to control the flow of water
detecting the leakage of water and saving water. Figure 1,
shows the proposed method of the implemented system.
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Fig 1: Proposed method

Figure 1, displays the method implemented in this
paper. The water will flow from the main tank to the
different houses like substation 1, substation 2, and
substation 3. The flow sensor is placed after the flow of
water from the main tank and placed before the flow of
water to the substations. The flow sensors are connected to
the NodeMCU microcontroller. The data from the
microcontroller is transmitted to the cloud. If there is any
leakage is found, the cloud will send the alert message to the
mobile of the user through GSM. Considering, for one
person needs 145 liters. In one family considering 5
members, one family needs 725 liters. For one month the
family needs about 21,500 liters approximately. So, the
water flow is monitored in each house and when the water
flow doesn’t meet the threshold value of approximately
21,500 litersfor each house, then there is a leakage is
detected. When the leakage is detected, the clod of Arduino
IoT will alert the user by sending the alert message via GSM
to the user’s mobile phone.

Fig 2: Block Diagram

The above figure 2, shows the flow chart of the

proposed method. Initially, the flow sensors read the data of
the flow of water from the main station and the substations.
The readings of sensors are transmitted to the NodeMCU for
calculating the flow of water to the substations. In the
microcontroller, using the Arduino IDE platform the system
is programmed for calculating, monitoring, and controlling
the system. One substation approximately needs 21,500

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liters of water. So, the transfer of water fromthe main station
and the substations should be a maximum of 21,500 liters.
This is calculated by using the microcontroller. The
calculation of the difference between the main station and
the substations is done by using the microcontroller. The
threshold value of the flow of water is 21,500 liters. When
the difference is greater than the thresholdvalue, it is
detected as the water is theft or leaked. When there is the
difference is less than or equal to the threshold, no theft is
detected, and the water flow is in good condition. The code
for calculating the water flow from the sensors, and
calculating the difference between the main station and the
substations are done by the NodeMCU microcontroller
using the Arduino IDE platform. After calculating the
difference and the threshold value, the values are transferred
to the cloud of Arduino IoT. If the leakage or theft is
detected, the cloud will analyze and send the alert message
to the user’s mobile phone via GSM. Then the user can
proceed with the solution according to the leakage problem.
III. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
The required hardware components are a water
flow sensor, solenoid valve, NodeMCU microcontroller, and
the GSM module. The water flow sensors are connected to
the microcontroller and near the main tank and the
substation tank of the houses. The readings are collected
from the sensor and transferred to the microcontroller. The
GSM module will send the message to the user according to
the information sends by the microcontroller to the cloud.
A. Water Flow Sensor
The amount of water flow [8] through the pipe is
monitored by using the water flow sensor. To calculate and
measure the water flow rate and the amount of water
flowing through the pipe, the water flow sensor is used. The
rate of water flow is measured in liters per hour. The flow
sensor contains a plastic valve to flow the water through the
sensor to measure the flow rate. The rotor is also present
inside the sensor. The rotor will start to rotate when the
water is flowing through the valve. The principle of working
of the water flow sensor is the Hall effect [9]. Water flow
sensors are connected to the NodeMCU microcontroller.
The data from the sensors are transferred to the
microcontroller.
B. Solenoid Valve
A solenoid valve is an actuator that works
electrically. A solenoid valve converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Solenoid valves act as a controlling unit
that allows the fluid to flow or will decline the flow of fluid
through the pipe or tube. A solenoid valve is also called a
proportional valve [10]. The microcontroller controls the
function of the valve in this paper. A solenoid valve is a
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valve that is commonly used to control the flow of fluids.
There is a movable core in the valve, which is called an
armature. An electromagnetic field is produced around the
armature that helps to work the solenoid valve. This valve is
connected to the NodeMCU microcontroller to control the
fluctuation of the valves.
C. NodeMCU
NodeMCU microcontroller is an open-source IoT
platform. This microcontroller boardcontains the Espressif
system’s Wi-Fi module [11]. The integrated Wi-Fi module
is ESP8266. As this microcontroller contains the ESP8266
module, it will act as wireless communication. The
operating voltage of the NodeMCU is from 3.3V to 5V. The
microcontroller is interfaced with the sensors and connected
to the cloud as wireless. The data from the sensors are
calculated and sent to the cloud using the Wi-Fi module in
the microcontroller.
D. GSM module
GSM is a device that connects the mobile phone
network to the other network. GSM module links the device
wirelessly to the networks. It helps to send, receive, and to
communicate the data to mobile networks [12]. From the
microcontroller, the data is processed and sent to the GSM
module then this GSM module will send the data to the
owner’s or user’s mobile phone. GSM will send the message
as Short Message Service (SMS) [13].
IV. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Arduino IoT Cloud is an online source platform
that is developed by the Arduino community in an IoT
platform.To make the projects simple and easy, this Arduino
IoT cloud platform gives an end-to-end solution to the users.
This cloud can support more interaction platforms like
Representational State Transfer Application Programming
Language (REST API), Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP), JavaScript, WebSocket, command line tools, and
Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT). In real-
time, the cloud can be linked to multiple devices together.
The statistics and details can be sent, receive, and exchanged
to the cloud and the networks [14]. The user can execute,
monitor, and control the data when the user interface allows
these actions. This cloud platform, it works on the Arduino
microcontrollers and it allows the compatible platforms to
work on it. The compatible platforms are ESP8266 and
ESP32 microcontrollers. This cloud can communicate toall
the Arduino-based boards. To secure the data in the cloud,
the Arduino IoT cloud for encryption uses the Secure
Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol. The user can log in to the
Arduino IoT cloud in the web browser or the user can
download the mobile application of the Arduino IoT cloud
and login into the mobile application to monitor the data
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quickly and easily. In this paper, the cloud is interfaced with
the NodeMCU microcontroller with the help of the Wi-Fi
module. The microcontroller will transfer the data to the
cloud. Arduino IoT cloud will analyze the data from the
microcontroller and sends the alert message as Short
Message Service (SMS) to the user’s mobile.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The primary goals of this journal are to check water
flow and identify any water stealing or leakage. The flow
Fig 3:Water limit by substation 1 and before buying the extra tank of water
Above given figure 3, shows the flow of water
limits to the tank of substation 1 from the main station and
also displays before buying the extra water for the tank. In
the cloud, the user can monitor the system for the past 15
days, past 7 days, past 1 day, for an hour and the user can
view the graph also in live. This figure shows the
monitoring of the water flows from the main station to the
substations. In this paper, the given figure is taken in live
mode. The main station water flow graph shows the
monitoring of the water flow to the substations.The graph
shows the flow of water is increasing and decreasing
according to the rate of water flow measured by the sensor.
Similarly, the substation 1 and substation 2 water flow
graphs are displayed in figure 3. This graph demonstrates
the rate of flow of water received from the main tank. The
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sensor measures the rate of water flow and provides an
accurate reading of the volume of water being moved. The
flow sensor monitors the volume of water entering and
leaving the main tank and the home tank. Using the
microcontroller, the data from the sensors is uploaded to the
cloud.The cloud will analyze the data received by the
microcontroller. If the data is not equivalent to the threshold
value of the main tank and the house tank, then the leakage
is detected. When the leakage is detected, the cloud will
send the alert message as SMSquickly to the user’s phone
via the GSM module.
graph increases and decreases corresponding to the rate of
flow of water to the substations. In substation 1, the amount
of water level in substation 1 is 21542.225 liters. The
amount of water is reached near the threshold value of
substation 1, so the valve of substation 1 is closed when the
amount of water reaches the threshold value. In substation 2,
the water reaches only 19202 liters so the valve is opened
until the amount of water reaches its threshold value of
21500 liters. In figure 4, substation 2’s tank is yet not
reached the threshold value. So, valve 2 is opened for
substation 2. The example data is the buying of water to fill
the tank, if the user needs extra water, then the user can buy
water by paying a certain amount for certain liters of water.
The cloud displays buy the water as 1000L, 2000L, and
5000L of water.
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Fig 4: After buying the extra tank of water

Figure 4, displays the flow of water of the main
station and the substation and shows the graph after buying
the extra water. The main station water flow graph shows
the rate of water flow to the substations. Corresponding to
the water flow the graph will increase and decrease. In the
substation 1 water flow graph after the flow of water for the
past 15 days, there is no flow of water the graph is stable at
one point so there is no water flow. The user of substation 1
needs the extra water to flow through the tank so the user
can buy the amount of water by paying the amount for
certain extra water. After buying the extra amount of water,
the flow rate increase that shown in the substation 1 graph.
After the rate of extra flow of water, substation 1’s amount
of water is 22072.810. Substation 2’s water flow is 19202.
In substation 2, the amount of water is not reached the
threshold value so the valve of substation 2’s valve 2 is
opened until the water reaches its threshold value. The user
of substation one needs an extra amount of water so the user
can choose the amount of water by using the button. If the
users are not using the buttons, then the extra amount of
water buttons is in OFF condition. If the user needs extra
water, then they turn the button to ON condition. Substation
1’s user wants 2000L of extra water so the user can buy the
water by paying the amount for 2000L of water and turning
ON the 2000L button to flow the water. As substation 1’s
user chose the extra water the valve of substation 1’s valve 1
is opened.

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Fig 5: Alert Message
Figure 5 shows the alert message from the Arduino
IoT cloud to the user. When the difference between the main
station water and substation water is greater than the
threshold value, then leakage or theft of water is detected.
As the theft is detected, the microcontroller triggers the
cloud to send the alert message to the user. Then the
Arduino IoT cloud sends the alert SMS to the user’s mobile
as water theft or leakage has occurred on specific
substations. As soon as the user receives the alert message,
the user can solve the issue of water theft and saves the
wastage of water.
VI. CONCLUSION
Leakage of water leads to the loss of water when [12]
the water is distributed from the main tank to the sub tanks.
The implementation of monitoring the rate of water flow
and water leakage detection is done by using the [13]
microcontroller in the water distribution pipes. With the use
of a water flow sensor, the amount of water flow is
measured and calculated. When there is any leakage in the
pipes while the flow of water is in the distribution, the [14]
leakage is detected. The microcontroller used in this system
is NodeMCU for monitoring the leakage. The flow of water
to the substations is monitored continuously in the cloud by
the user. When there is any leakage in the pipes while the
flow of water, the user gets the alert message as SMS to the
user’s mobile phone from the Arduino IoT cloud by
specifying in which substation the theft occurred.
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IoT based Solar Technology Monitoring and Cleaning
System
H.Vidhya
Assistant Professor
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College
Coimbatore, India
vidhya.karthik@srec.ac.in akshaya.1803005@srec.ac.in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College,
dhivyanandhini.1803023@srec.ac.in
Abstract - Today’s world is being ruled by Internet of Things
(IoT) in various applications. The proposed work involves the
supervision of solar panel to increase its productivity. This
paper describes the technique involving IoT, used for
monitoring and cleaning the solar panel. Since the output power
in solar system is depending on the intensity of light falling on it,
when these modules are utilized in dusty environment, there
occurs a tidy piece of dust on the solar panel which will try to
reduce its efficiency and productivity. This problem can be
avoided by having suitable cleaning system for the panel. The
proposed work provides automatic tracking of solar light using
light intensity diode and directs the panel according to it and if
there is any dust or dirt present in the panel, automatic cleaning
system is used for cleaning purpose. This technique will lead to
increased output power. Suitable sensors are used for detecting
the dust and this arrangement is connected to the controller.
Based on the output from the controller, the operation will be
executed in the developed prototype.
Keywords: Node Microcontroller Unit, solar panel, motor driver,
cleaning mechanism
I.INTRODUCTION
Interne of Things is a modern technology which makes the
system smarter. It is a machine-machine interface. With IoT
technology, the user can easily get the data and do control
operation from wherever he/she is. Electricity is being one
of the greatest demands today. In our modern civilization,
on day to day life people are being ambitions and full of
desires where the need for energy seems to be high.
Thinking about the present scenario, the energy is being
extinct. In future, there may be scarcity of energy which
may also lead to no energy situation. There are two sources,
from which electricity can be generated. They are
renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Since non-
renewable energy sources creates pollution, people started
depending on the renewable energy to meet out the required
demand. Among renewable energy sources available, solar
is the most economical. More power can be generated with
this source because solar energy is available in abundance.
The proposed work is based on using solar energy
monitoring system. The execution of the proposed work
needs devices like Light Detector Resistor module, Direct
Current engine, photovoltaic cells etc. The main objective
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of the work is to have maximum utilization of energy from
U.Akshaya M.G.Keerthana
UG Scholar UG Scholar
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College
Coimbatore, India Coimbatore, India
keerthana.1803042@srec.ac.in
T.Dhivyanandhini
UG Scholar
Coimbatore, India
the sun and conversion of such solar energy into useful
electrical energy.
II.LITERATURE REVIEW
Even though the performance of amorphous silicon cells is
good at high temperatures, it has comparatively less
efficiency than other types of silicon cells [1]. Due to the
demand of energy from the consumer side and due to the
depletion of conventional energy sources, it is better to have
a approach towards using renewable energy sources such as
solar, tidal, wind, etc.[2]. In order to conserve energy, there
is a need of manipulating the energy sources for effective
production of electrical energy [3]. The technologies which
use CdTe, CIGS, Amorphous Thin-Film Silicon (a-Si, TF-Si)
in the fabrication of solar cells are known as thin film
photovoltaic modules. These thin-film solar cells are
relatively cost-effective than the solar cells of crystalline
silicon [4]. Photovoltaic cells are arranged in solar panel in a
way that it generates electric energy by exciting electrons
inside the solar cells. The amount of energy generated
normally depends on the light intensity of the sun [5]. Solar
cells can be fabricated from the materials other than silicon.
The cost of such solar cells is slightly expensive than silicon,
Hence, Silicon is the best material that could be used for
solar cell fabrication [6]. Solar tracking using single axis can
be considered as one of the best solutions for small-scale
photovoltaic power plants. Different configurations like
South-North axis and East-West axis could be used for single
axis tracking [7]. Cell temperature and MPPT plays an
important role in the determination of solar cell efficiency
[8]. The proposed work explains the different types of tracker
such as Horizontal Single Axis Tracker (HSAT), Horizontal
Single Axis Tracker with Tilted Module (HTSAT), Vertical
Single Axis Tracker (VSAT), Tilted Single Axis Tracker
(TSAT) [9]. The three different modules present in solar
tracking system are the mechanism, the driving motors and
the tracking controller. The prototype of the proposed system
is made durable enough to withstand unfavorable weather
condition [10]. More than 50% of the people live in rural
areas. They usually meet out electricity problem due to
insufficient sources. The author depicted the performance of
the electrical sources to provide power to the people without
any interruption. Solar energy is used to generate power in
this case [11]. The author insisted that the solar panel will
246
deliver high output power when it is cleanly maintained. In
 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
order toDVDmaintain cleanliness, a monitoring system is
Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
employed along with the system. IoT is also a part of the
proposed work which is used to store data in the cloud
[12]. Suitable design concept for monitoring and cleaning
the solar power plant has been clearly explained by the
author. Cleaning brushed are used with at most care such
that it does not affect the performance of the system
while carrying out its work [13]. The proposed work by
the author includes a comparative analysis of incremental
conductance and Fuzzy logic controller, in order to
improve the efficiency of solar system. The simulation
has been carried out using MATLAB/Simulink model
and the results are validated. The author concluded that
based on validated results, it is observed that fuzzy logic
controller outperforms incremental conductance
algorithm [14]. The author investigated the
manufacturing technology used for both first- and
second-generation solar cells. Since the cell has to look
like conventional glass, the solar system uses an observer Fig. 1 Block Diagram
which absorbs solar radiation in a wavelength that is not
visible to the human eye. Electrodes containing indium
are used to capture charge from the available solar cells
[15].

III.EXISTING SYSTEM
An assortment of advances and tests are right now
accessible to extricate vitality from sun and change over
it into deliberate work. At first, there is a steady sun
powered framework which extricates sun-based energy
and change over into electrical energy which paves way
for future utilization. Node microcontroller unit is
utilized with the sun-oriented board. And day by day, as
the innovation develops up, in addition to
microcontroller, LDR is also utilized for implementing
the project.

IV.PROPOSED SYSTEM
In accordance with the above system, the project is planned
with cleaning mechanism and monitoring system using IOT
technology. The equipment model is composed of distinctive
electronic devices, and basic materials utilized for the
mechanical part and in expansion, program are additionally
utilized for the effective usage of the prototype model. This
paper has proposed a suitable method for monitoring the
cleanliness of the solar panel and removes the dirt or dust
present in the solar panel for effective absorption of sun light.
According to the direction of the sun, the solar panel is turned
for its operation. When the sun sets down, the sun powered
board will come to the reset position. Automatic cleaning
system using brushes is empowered in the proposed work.
The brushes are turned using servo motor. The voltage and
current values are also shown using LCD. Additionally, this
information is exchanged to the cloud using IoT. Here, Node
MCU plays major role in monitoring the data and sharing the
data to the cloud. All the parameters are observed employing
a computer program application and all the information are
put away in cloud.
V.HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
Solar panel consists of number of arrays for absorbing
solar power to generate electricity. The aim of the
proposed work is to continuously monitor the array output.
If the efficiency seems to be less, an alert is generated
from the Node MCU, according to which DC Motor is
used to turn the solar panel according to the sun’s
direction.
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Fig. 2 Flowchart of Solar
Power Monitoring
The components like Node MCU, LCD, a motor driver for
positioning solar panel, a servo motor for cleaning solar panel,
are required for the implementation of hardware prototype.
Node MCU is type of microcontroller with Wi-Fi built in it.
With the help of Node MCU, all the data will be sent to the
cloud. It is used to integrate data and transfers the same with
some Wi-Fi protocols. Arduino Integrated Development
Environment is used as a software platform and Embedded C
(supported by Arduino IDE) is used for coding. The coding
helps in fetching the data from sensors. The block diagram of
the project is depicted in Fig1. The working of the project
involves tracking, monitoring and also cleaning the panel.
Node MCU plays an important role and also performs multiple
functions, like controlling, monitoring and storing data in
cloud. Here 6V solar panel is used. LDR is used detect the
light intensity level. When the light falls on the solar panel,
Node MCU sends data as signals to motor driver to turn solar
panel accordingly. Voltage sensors sense the level of the
voltage. BMS module is used to obtain the constant voltage in
the battery. Based on the dust and dirt on the panel, the servo
motor is utilized such that brushes are used to clean the panel.
Solar panel is associated to battery in order to 247
supply to the
 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
load. Ubidots is used as IoT platform. Ubidots turns the
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
6.3 Microcontroller
output of the sensor into information to increase the
economy. It is user friendly environment that is used to set Node MCU is used as microcontroller. It is an open source
some type of alarms to the user in the form of e-mails, software and hardware development environment. The Wi-Fi
buzzer, messages etc. The ultimate aim of the proposed module used here is ESP-8266. The programming is done using
work is to monitor the efficiency of the solar panel. Also, very simple language.
the work aims at optimizing the efficiency by having
suitable cleaning mechanism.
The flowchart model for the proposed work is shown in
Fig 2. It is evident from the flowchart that continuous
monitoring of power obtained solar system is done. If the
power during peak hours seems to be less, then it can be
concluded that it is due to the dust or any dirt content
present on the panel. Hence, using servo motor system Fig. 6 Mode MCU
available, the dust present on the panel is cleaned using
6.4 DC Motors
brush.
VI. HARDWARE COMPONENTS USED Two small capacity DC motors are used for having mechanical
movement of panel and the cleaning brush. When the solar panel
6.1 Solar Panel is not in accordance with the sun’s direction, one motor is used to
turn the panel according to sun’s direction and when there is any
A 6V solar panel is used which is shown in Fig 3. This panel dirt or dust is present on the panel, a servomotor is used to move
is used to absorb light energy from the sun and convert into the brush for cleaning.
electrical energy. The proposed work involves the monitoring
and cleaning of this panel. VII.PROTOTYPEMODEL

The prototype which was developed for the implementation of

the proposed work is shown in the Fig 7. The model was
developed in reference to the block diagram represented in the
above section.

Cleaning brush
Fig. 3 Solar Panel

Solar Panel
6.2 Sensors

LDR is used to detect the light intensity level of the sun.

Voltage and current sensors are used to detect the voltage and
current from the panel. The obtained signal can be either
analog or digital signal. The following Fig 4 and 5 shows the
voltage and current sensors.

Driving Circuit

Control
Module
Fig. 4 Voltage sensor

Fig.7 Prototype model

Here, the solar panel is automatically tilted according to the

light rays from the sun and the cleaning is automatically done
Fig.5 Current Sensor when any dirt materials are present on the panel. When the dirt
or dust is automatically cleaned, there is possibility of high-
power generation using solar technology as the source by the
solar panel. According to the design of solar panel, the cleaner
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
is designed and mounted on the solar plant. Node MCU
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
gives commanding signal to start the cleaning mechanism.
Brush with soft bristles are used so that it does not affect the
physical part of the solar panel. The brush s moved both
horizontally and vertically using servomotor. It will move at
high speed such that dust is thrown off from the panel. The
tilting of the solar panel according to the sun’s direction is
shown in the Fig 8.

Fig.11 Setting up Node MCU -Installing Library

IX.RESULTS
The solar panel is tilted according to the direction of sun
and after 10secs, the panel is directed to be turned
according to sun’s direction. The dust present in the panel is
cleaned using servo motor. The Node MCU sends the pulse
signals to motor drive and the voltage is received by
connecting mobile hotspot through Ubidots explorer app.
The message received in the mobile is shown in the Fig 12.

Fig.8 Prototype Model

VIII.SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
The algorithm is designed using Arduino IDE. The upload
speed of the setup is set to 9600 and the setup id is
connected to COM5, ESP8266 board.

Fig.12 Voltage shown in Ubidots Explorer

Table I. Output Voltage (dusted and clean panel)

S.No Time Output from Output from

(Hrs) dusted Solar Clean Solar Panel
Panel (V) (V)
1 0630 0.276 0.277
2 0730 0.504 0.509
Fig.9 Setting up Node MCU-Port Connection 3 0830 1.757 1.933
4 0930 1.631 1.783
5 1030 1.798 1.900
6 1130 2.910 2.969
7 1230 1.990 1.995
8 1330 1.890 1.990
9 1430 0.976 0.985
10 1530 0.892 0.945
11 1630 0.594 0.824
12 1730 0.128 0.758

The above Table I shows the output obtained from both

dusted and clean solar power panel. It is obvious from the
table that dusted panel delivers less voltage when compared
Fig.10 Setting up Node MCU -Upload Speed
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with clean solar panel.
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
X.ADVANTAGES OF THE CLEAN SOLAR SYSTEM
• Trackers produce more power than their stationary
partners due to expanded coordinate presentation to sun-
oriented beams. Depending upon the location of the
system, the change in increase can lie between 10% to
15%.
• Many diverse sorts of sun-oriented trackers can be
utilized to track the sun light. The sun-oriented trackers
depend on number of factors such as neighborhood
climate, degree of scope and electrical system.
• Solar trackers usually produce more amount of energy.
• In certain states, a few utilities offer Time of Utilize
(TOU) rate plans for sun-oriented control, which implies
the utility will buy the control produced amidst the crest
time of the day at the next rate. In this case, it is
advantageous to create a more prominent amount of
power amidst these crest times of the day. Employing the
required framework makes a difference which maximizes
the energy and these crest time periods.
Renewable Systems
Journal of(ICACRS 2022)
Core Engineering & Management, October, 2014.
[7] C. Chang, “Tracking solar collection technologies for solar heating and
cooling systems”, Advances in Solar Heating and Cooling Woodhead
Publishing, 2016. (Book Chapter)
[8] R.Z. Wang, T.S. Ge, “Advances in Solar Heating and Cooling,”
Woodhead Publishing, 2016.
[9] Kamrul Islam Chowdhury, Md.Iftekhar-ul-Alam, Promit Shams Bakshi,
“Performance Comparison Between Fixed Panel, Single-axis and Dual-axis
Sun Tracking Solar Panel System,” BRAC University, Department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2017.
[10] Juan Reca-Cardeña, Rafael López-Luque, “Design Principles of
Photovoltaic Irrigation Systems”, Advances in Renewable Energies and
Power Technologies Elsevier Science, 2018.
[11] Aravind Hanmanthaiah, M.L.Liya, Chandni Arun, M.Aswathy, “ IoT
based Solar Power Monitor and Controller for village electrification”, 9 th
International Symposium on Embedded Computing and System Design
(ISED,2019).
[12] Maisagalla GopaL,T.Chandra Prakash,N.Venkata Ramakrishna ,Bonthala
Prabhanjan Yadav, “IoT based Solar Power Monitoring System”, International
Conference on Recent Advancements in Engineering and Management
(ICRAEM-2020).
[13] Ashwini Burade, Sonali Bhajipale, Rahi Gajbhiye, Shivani Gawande,
Nilam Gore, “Solar Power Plant Monitoring and Cleaning System”,
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET),
Vol.7, Issue.4, 2020.
[14] Harshini Siva, and Sujatha Balaraman. "Step Incremental Conductance
MPPT for Solar PV System Based on Fuzzy Logic Controller." Journal of
Trends in Computer Science and Smart Technology 4, no. 1 (2022): 23-29.
[15] Karuppusamy, P. "An Overview of the Solar Cell Technology and its
Future Challenges." Journal of Electrical Engineering 4, no. 2 (2022): 77-85.

• Advancements in innovation and unwavering quality in

equipment used and mechanics have definitely
diminished long-term upkeep concerns for the
frameworks

XI. CONCLUSION

The proposed methodology of cleaning the dust present on

the solar panel allows it to produce more power than the
dusted solar panel. Also, it allows the direction of solar panel
to turn along the direction of sun thus making best utilization
of renewable energy. In terms of day by day vitality era, the
solar panel gives about 30% more energy than other
resources. The monitoring and cleaning of Solar panel is
clearly depicted through the proposed work. The monitoring
process has been carried out using real time IoT with
controller management. As we know that prevention is better
than cure. Hence, cleaning mechanism prevents the storing of
dust on the panel before it affects the efficiency of the solar
power panel. So, it is very evident from the proposed work
that there is a huge possibility of producing more power from
a clean solar panel.

REFERENCES

[1] Scott J Hamilton, “Sun-Tracking Solar Cell Array System,” B.Sc

thesis, , Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering
University of Queensland,1999.
[2] Ying-Tung Hsiao, China-Hong Chen, “Maximum Power Tracking
for Photovoltaic Power System,” 2002 IEEE Industry Applications
Conference,13-18 Oct, 2002.
[3] M. A. Panait, T. Tudorache, “A Simple Neural Network Solar
Tracker for Optimizing Conversion Efficiency in Off-Grid Solar
Generators”, International Conference on Renewable energies and
Power quality (ICREPQ), march 12-14, Santander, 2008.
[4] Furkan Dincer, Mehmet Emin Meral, “Critical Factors that
Affecting Efficiency of Solar Cell,” University of Yuzuncu Yil,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Van, Turkey,
2010.
[5] Levent Bas, “Thin Film vs. Crystalline Silicon PV Modules,”
December, 2011.
[6] Mayank Kumar Lokhande, “Automatic Solar Tracking System,”
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Ensuring Safety for School Children using IoT

Daniel NareshKumar.M Aneeshraj P B Balaji A Doguparthy Dhanush

Assistant Professor,
Department of Electronics
and Communication
Engineering,
R.M.K. Engineering
College,Kavaraipettai,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Final Year Bachelor of
Engineering,
Department of Electronics
and Communication
Engineering,
R.M.K. Engineering College,
Kavaraipettai,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Final Year Bachelor of
Engineering,
Department of Electronics
and Communication
Engineering,
R.M.K. Engineering College,
Kavaraipettai,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Final Year Bachelor of
Engineering,
Department of Electronics
and Communication
Engineering,
R.M.K. Engineering College,
Kavaraipettai,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Abstract— As crime and accidents have increased, parents are
increasingly concerned about their children's safety at school.
Many children end up trapped inside a school bus in the bus
parking lot after falling asleep on the way to school, missing the
bus, or leaving at the incorrect station. The proposed
model detects and supervises children on school buses as they
travel to and from school using radio frequency identification
(RFID) technology. Individual RFID tags are effective for
tracking and monitoring children. The bus, the parent, and the
school are the three components of the system. Using an RFID
card, the bus unit detects when a child enters or exits the bus.
This information is shared with the parent and school entities in
charge of detecting the presence of children. Here, Internet of
Things (IoT) technology is used to track the school bus.
Keywords— RFID, Internet of Things (IoT), Safety, MQTT
I. INTRODUCTION
School buses transport a huge number of young people to
nations all over the planet every day. Although there are many
problems parents may be concerned about when it comes to the
safety of their children's travels, this paper audits school bus
access security through a bus tracking system that helps school
children move more safely and securely.
Monitoring the regularity of students getting on and off the
bus is difficult for the driver to control and puts the safety of
the child at risk. One of the challenges faced by young people
is oblivion on the bus. This has become more and more
common in recent years.
As a result of the derivers' lack of attention, many students
have died as a result of asphyxia. This initiative strives to
provide a suitable environment for students and their families
by using boarding and alighting records to comply with a set of
school bus safety guidelines. Also In this project, fire sensor, a
MEMS sensor, an IR sensor, and an alcohol sensor is used.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
IOT based smart school bus monitoring and notification
system, A Sai Aishwarya, Keerthana MS, Samyama S,
Sukrutha S, Ragavendra M (2020). In this research work, the
GPS unit and finger impression sensor component are
associated with the hub MCU by means of Wi-Fi through
Arduino Uno. The area is refreshed by the geographic
directions of the school transport outfitted with SKG13 GPS.
The fingerprint scanner gets the student's ID as soon as the
student gets on the bus. The transport unit utilizes the hub
MCU to push the information to the data set. School unit. The
school unit adds a set of student information to the created web
application. By doing whatever it may take, kid wellbeing will
be accomplished all through the armada [1].
IOT based school bus monitoring and security system, Dr
M.V.Vyawahare, Shriya Lambat , Mayuri Belsare, Kritika
Latwe , Richa Vairagade(2019 march) [2]. An automobile
tracking device is applied for monitoring the motion of a bus
from any vicinity at a selected time. The proposed device
employs a generation that mixes clever smartphone software
with a microcontroller. A tool is located in the automobile
which determines the placement of the bus and the usage of
Global Positioning System (GPS) generation. Users could be
capable of constantly revealing the transferring automobile on
call for the usage of the software. This scheme makes use of an
alcohol sensor and a panic transfer for the protection of the
children. In case of emergency, the repute of the bus is
understood to the faculty employer in addition to parents.
RFID based embedded system for vehicle tracking and
prevention of road accidents, J.P. Frederik, Diederichs, Betina
weber (2018) [3]. RFID plays an important role in automated
ID applications such as contactless RFID smart cards used in
bus drivers, supermarkets, textiles and logistics chain
management. GSM Circuit Switched Data is one of the most
important evolutionary steps to solve ongoing pace information
administrations.
Adhoc network-based tracking, Yuichiro mori, Hideharu
Kojima, Eitaro Kohno (2015) [4]. The proposed system
consists of a remote LAN gadget and an Android device
equipped with a Bluetooth gadget with specially appointed
correspondence work. Our framework uses autonomous
clustering technology to manage groups of Android devices.

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III. EXISTING SYSTEM HARDWARE CONNECTION

GSM/GPRS modules with microcontrollers are used in the
current system. When a query has been imitated, the geo-
coordinates will be given as output. Text messaging is used to
convey the information to the user. These are costly, while
being efficient and real-time. Not economically viable.
Each student's attendance is taken using a finger print
sensor for identification.
The main downside of the finger print sensor is that it is
ineffective for schoolchildren and that there is a high risk of it
malfunctioning. For example, if a student's finger is wounded,
he or she will be unable to take attendance.

IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM

Radio Frequency Identification Technology (RFID) is used
in our suggested system to track each student's attendance.
The system continuously sends SMS to parents, including
the child's longitude, latitude, and presence status, over Wi-Fi.
It also uses sensors such as infrared sensors to identify
objects approaching the transport, MEMS sensors to identify
that the bus is tilted, and alcohol sensors to detect if the driver
is drunk. And use the fire sensor to detect the fire in the bus.
The outputs are a buzzer and a MY MQTT application.
This would allow parents to monitor all SMS regarding
location and student attendance status.

Fig 2: Proposed Hardware

Fig 3: Software Platform Used

Fig 1: Proposed Model

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as conceivable all over the planet through an internet browser

and web association.

Fig 4: Mobile Application Screenshot
REFERENCES
[1] Shriya Lambat , Mayuri Belsare , Kritika Latwe , Richa Vairagade.,"IOT
Based School Bus Monitoring and Security System", International
Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, volume-4,
issue-3, march-2019.
[2] RFID based embedded system for vehicle tracking and prevention of road
accidents,J.P. Frederik, Diederichs, Betina weber(2018).
[3] Adhoc network based tracking, Yuichiro mori, Hideharu Kojima, Eitaro
Kohno(2015).
[4] Saranya, J.; Selvakumar, J., "Implementation of children tracking system
on android mobile terminals," Communications and Signal Processing
(ICCSP), 2013 International Conference on, vol., no., pp.961, 965, 3-5
April 2014.
[5] H.BEN & Abdullah.k, “Smart tracking system for school buses using
passive rfid technology to enhance child safety”.traffic and logistics
engineering-,vol.1, No.6,pp3-5,2012.
[6] Kumar, “RFID based embedded system for vehicle tracking and
prevention of road accident”.International Journal of Engineering
Research-, Vol.1, No. 6, pp3-5, 2012.

Fig 5: Data Entry Log

V. CONCLUSION
The finished framework meets every one of the details and
gives every one of the functionalities recognized in the plan
stage. Utilizing this framework guardians can without much of
a stretch track the school transport and guarantee it is moving
at safe rates, consider the school specialists responsible for
postponements or deviations, be refreshed on the progressions
in timetable and contact drivers or specialists if fundamental.
Working guardians can relax knowing when their children
arrive at securely despite the fact that children aren't permitted
telephones.
In the future, we plan to add live video streaming
capabilities to the system to allow parents and relevant
authorities to watch real-time video of the vehicle's condition.
We will also work on the awareness and nature of tension
cushion gadgets. Since we mainly use our own materials to
manufacture pressure cushion gadgets, they are prone to
malfunction after long-term use. To address this issue, try a
variety of long-lived materials and see vehicle sensors and
other data in real time, while keeping material expenses as low

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IoT and Artificial Intelligence-based Low-Cost

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Smart Modules for Smart Irrigation Systems

V. Anand Kumar A.Renaldo maximus S.Vishnupriyan
Assistant Professor, Dept of ECE Assistant Professor,Dept of ECE Associate Professor,Dept of BME.
Sri Eshwar College of Engineering Government College of Engineering Kings college of Engineering,
Coimbatore, India Tirunelveli, India Chennai, India
anand.kkr@gmail.com renaldo.ece@gmail.com rsv.priyan@gmail.com
K. Sheikdavood P.Gomathi
Assistant Professor,Dept of ECE Assistant Professor,Dept of ECE
M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering Selvam College of Technology
Karur, India Namakkal, India
sheikdavoodece@gmail.com gomathipr16@gmail.com

Abstract— Most people in India depend on agriculture as
their main source of income. Using the latest technology is a
must to protect valuable water resources. Besides being the
cornerstone of Industry 4.0, IoT also enhances its capabilities
in smart agriculture. The research aims to create a low-cost
cutting-edge technology for smart irrigation. IoT can be used
to enable self-talk and connectivity between system devices.
User-involved management modes, one-time settings for
calculating irrigation schedules, timers for remote data
monitoring using the BLYNK server and event-based pump
control are some of the features. The proposed project aims to
enable real-time pollination of modern agricultural systems
using IoT protocols. IoT has been developed for the
environmental monitoring of agriculture and farmland. The
system is designed to monitor temperature, humidity and soil
moisture using an Android phone. S olar panels from
renewable energy. Different nodes in different places are
connected through the Internet of Things, the Internet of
Things transmits and receives data in the nodes, and the
condition of the agricultural land is sent to the user (blynk
server) through the Internet of Things to control the pumping
system. The system uses MQTT and HTTP to allow users to
understand current crops even from a distance. Smart, cheap,
portable and other advantages, suitable for greenhouses,
farms, etc.
Keywords— Internet of Things (IoT), Sensors, Prediction
Algorithm, Irrigation Management, Precision agriculture.
I. INT RODUCT ION
Agriculture has been a significant occupation from the
dawn of human civilization, and technology has advanced
over time. Good farming practices are still an art [1]. These
environmental changes are too great for traditional farming
practices to handle. Controlling environmental factors such
as temperature, humidity and moisture is essential for plant
growth. Many plant processes, including pollination,
germination and others, are affected by temperature. Higher
temperatures have been shown to speed up respiration and
reduce the sugar content of fruits and vegetables [2-4]. Lo w
temperatures slow down photosynthesis. Many strategies
have so far been developed to reduce water usage. A state-
based approach to monitoring water status, based on plant
canopy temperature, captures high or low irrigation water
volume through thermal imaging. Another approach is to use
dielectric mo isture sensors to regulate actuators and conserve
water by using information about soil volumetric water
content rather than scheduling irrigation to run at specific
times of the day [5]. The above mechanism only opens the
valve and supplies water to the plants when the soil volu me
reaches a certain level. The study uses a second technique,
where sensors are placed based on the water supply in fields
and instructions are given to farmers via software. W ireless
sensor networks, also known as wireless sensor and
participant networks, are distributed spatially autonomous
sensors that monitor and report environmental or physical
conditions, such as temperature, pressure, noise, humidity
and share this information to key location networks [6-8].
Each node in a WSN is connected to a sensor,
and each sensor network node typically includes several
components, including a radio transceiver with internal and
external antennas, a microcontroller, a power source (e.g.,
circuits), and a battery. Hu mid ity is responsible for plant
water loss and temperature management. For high-humidity
environment, the spread will be less and less, while the water
in the leaf area will be saturated. As a result, the leaf's porous
area will undergo a growth and formation of only bacteria [9-
11].
Advances in technology have made it possible to
implement the latest technology at significantly lower costs.
Wireless sensor networks (IOT) can be used for such
systems to enhance their monitoring capabilities by
deploying sensors throughout the site and monitoring
environmental parameters remotely [12]. The Internet of
Things consists of small nodes that operate independently
and are embedded with sensors. They gather data and send it
wirelessly to a centralized system that gathers and processes
information fro m all nodes. In this project, an IoT -based
agricultural monitoring system is developed for automation.
Temperature, humidity and moisture measurements were
considered for the study.
Temperature and humidity are measured by
integrated sensors, while hu mid ity is measured and
calibrated by a conductivity-based sensor. The Zigbee
protocol is used for field data collection at the central node,
while the user interface uses the Global System for Mobile
Co mmunications (GSM) service as it is reliable and easily
accessible to most people[13]. The collected data is stored in
local memory for future analysis. Consumer electronics,
computer accessories, smart agriculture, building
automation, security systems, personal care, and industrial
monitoring and control are just a few examp les [14]. Much
of the development and experimental imp lementation of IoT
tends to be imp lemented in cit ies. However, there are some
studies reporting results deployed in vineyards, sharing the
technology with people in rural areas. Belo w is a list of
various contributions to our article.
The system is demonstrated and evaluated in a real
environment, starting with the hardware at the
sensor/actuator nodes at the bottom and going up to the

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management subsystem at the top. The goal of the research
work is to improve the design so that all nodes can interact
with each other, while improving the communicatio n
stability of wireless sensors through better hardware and
software design. In particular, an intelligent irrigation control
system based on wireless sensor network is constructed,
which uses real-time humidity data and expert data to make
irrigation decisions.
Different alternatives have varying levels of
efficiency. In certain circumstances, specialized forms must
be utilized for specific crops. The specific watering method
there are many different sorts of them, but we may categorize
them as follows: Water distribution options include: (i)flood
irrigation, (ii) sprinkler irrigation, and (iii) drip irrigation,(iv)
Irrigation with a sprayer. We can have the following in the
presence of a sensor system: (i)Irrigation When the amount
of water is not determined or predicted, (ii) plan without
concern. Irrigation, in which water is delivered based on
predicted demand over a given time, (iii) Ad the amount of
water is co mputed based on sensor measurements for
temporary irrigation.
Target
The project provides a crop monitoring and automatic
irrigation system that:
•Interact with users and collect comprehensive
information on crop cultivation.
• Estimate irrigation schedules throughout the season in
advance.
• Obtain environmental and ground statistics.
• Evapotranspiration and irrigation decision-making
based on neural networks.
• Inform irrigation equipment to activate zonal irrigation.
Transfer sensor data to a MQTT broker to enable remote
data monitoring.
It can correctly detect and display the temperature and
humidity of the greenhouse and accurately reflect the
temperature and humidity values in real-time, according to
the temperature and humid ity management and water-saving
watering system. Temperature and mo isture time data may
be presented on the system display screen; for water saving,
the system can automatically decide whether to irrigate or
spray water based on the temperature and humidity value and
stop when the target value is reached. As a result,
temperature and humid ity control and water-saving irrigation
systems, water, or spray plants stimulate growth while
conserving water.
II. RELAT ED W ORK
The use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices enables
efficient communication between different things. The use of
IoT in agriculture is critical to simplify ing the process.
Around the world, smart farming systems have been
developed using the concepts of the Internet of Things and
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Within this approach, a
branch called precision agriculture emerged. For various
agricultural tasks, many researchers have created monitoring
and automation systems. Data collection and transmission
between IoT devices installed in the farm can be easily done
through WSN. In the proposed method, a cluster-based WSN
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is used to receive high-quality, noise-free data through a
Kalman filter (KF) with predictive analysis [15].
This approach reduces data transfer costs while
improving data quality for analysis of WSN applications.
Agriculture is the most populous economic sector and plays
an important role in India's overall socio-economic structure.
Agriculture is primarily dependent on soil properties and
water for irrigation. Traditional farming systems based on
old ideas have failed to produce better results due to
changing weather and climate conditions. Proper irrigation is
necessary for better results. Recent developments in this
technology have had a major impact on agriculture. This
article focuses on work done in M L and IoT. In this article,
we discuss the use of IoT for remote monitoring of soil
properties, which has the potential to change agricultural
practices. There is also a machine learning model that
predicts crops based on soil characteristics, leading to high
yield productivity [16]
To maximize the use of water for crops, an automatic
irrigation system was created. In the plant root zone, the
system has a wireless network of soil mo isture and
temperature sensors. Gateway devices also process sensor
data, activate actuators, and pass information to web
applications. To regulate water flow, a microcontroller-based
gateway was designed with algorithms for temperature and
soil moisture limits. The system is powered by solar panels,
and it features a duplex co mmunication link based on a
mobile internet interface that allows for programming of
irrigation scheduling and web-based data control. In a 136-
day test in a sage field, the automated technology saved up to
90 percent more water than traditional methods compared to
conventional agricultural irrigation techniques. The
automated method has been successfully utilized elsewhere
for 18 months in three copies. The system has the ability to
work in remote locations due to its low cost and energy
isolation. The automated process has been used successfully
for 18 months, in trip licate, in other places. The system is
cheap and energy independent, which allo ws it to work in
remote areas where water is scarce with limited water
resources [17].
An automatic irrigation system was created in order to
maximize the water availability of the crops. A wireless
distributed network of temperature, hu mid ity and soil
mo isture sensors is part of the system. Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs) help to develop technology, with the rapid
development and change of technology, automation plays an
important role in hu man life. Thanks to automation, we can
control gadgets automatically. In addition to providing
comfort, it uses less energy, works more efficiently and saves
time. This article aims to build an Android app that monitors
plant growth using various factors, sprays fertilizer when
needed and automatically manages water motors. The main
goal is to understand data transmission over wireless media
using wireless sensor networks and monitoring systems [18].
The system uses an automated irrigation system to
maintain crop health and yield, and is designed to promote
effective water management techniques to maximize water
use. Each sensor node will have soil mo isture, temperature
and humidity sensors installed in the field. Batteries are used
to power these WSNs. To collect sens or data, base stations
will use radio frequency transceivers. To regulate the amount
of water applied based on pre-determined thresholds; an
algorithm was designed to monitor soil moisture and
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temperature. For various applications, Ramalingam et al.
proposed the Blynk IoT server-based efficient data
transmission method [19]. A wireless sensor network and
Blynk were used to create an intelligent Internet of Things
(IoT) device by Ven katramanan et al. Th is intelligent
Internet of Things device has been used to gather and send
data into the cloud [20] [23]. Using this IoT hardware design
as a foundation, we create a low-cost smart device for
missing person detectors.
V. Su ma et al. [21] presented an overview of Predictive
Analytics, Internet of Things (IoT) devices with cloud
management; mu lticultural security unit farmers' previous
experience is taken into account in the agriculture sector. It
also demonstrates the difficult ies and issues that might be
expected when incorporating contemporary technologies into
traditional farming practices. better based on statistics and
quantitative methodologies revolutionary changes to the
current agriculture system. Abul Bashar et al. [22] proposed
the solution provided in this document emp loys an Android
application to automate agricultural machines via IoT. The
machine's automation ensures that the work is comp leted
automatically and without the need for human intervention.
This procedure is repeated until the crops are harvested.
Problem Statement:
System performance can be affected by packet loss in
communication between nodes and actuators. Actuators and
node units have high power requirements. Different crops
require different amounts of water depending on other
factors such as soil type, temperature and other factors.
While making irrigation selections, the system only measures
soil moisture measurements.
III. PROPOSED M ET HOD
AI assists the design of farmland data monitoring system.
This section includes home appliances and lights controlled
using Wi-Fi for IoT and communication devices. This
section contains solar panels used to generate energy fro m
sunlight. Here voltage sensor and current sensor are used to
measure the voltage and current generated by the panel and
will be displayed on the LCD display with the help of
Arduino.
A. BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig.1 Proposed Block diagram for IOT
B. WORKING PRINCIPLE
Fig.1 shows a proposed AI-driven IoT architecture for
agriculture. Today, a variety of sensors are used to collect
agricultural data, including soil moisture, air temperature
and humidity. However, due to the lack of an integrated
computing platform, such sensors can only monitor the
environment and collect data; they cannot effectively use or
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analyze the data they collect. Here, an agricultural
intelligence platform has been established to address this
issue. Through the development of a smart agriculture
platform, commun ication and multifunctional sensor
components are integrated. System performance can be
affected by packet loss in communication between nodes and
actuators. Actuators and node units have high power
requirements.
The DC pu mp is activated if the humidity level is low. As
indicated in Fig. 2, the sensor is placed outside the sensor
platform, with the sensor probe in direct contact with the
environment. In the deep location of the agricultural
platform. This section details the design and implementation
of controlled environment agriculture (CEA). The CEA
system provides a program for automatic control and
monitoring. This proposed work aims to provide ease of use.
Efficient and reliable control system. It helps reduce the
amount of water and energy required. The system will
increase farmers' yields at moderate and affordable costs.
Fig.2. Circuit Diagram [24]
An Arduino large development kit lin ked to a light sensor
to gauge light intensity and an ambient temperature/humidity
sensor to determine the ambient temperature and humidity is
used to model the proposed system. Additionally, the system
can be utilized to continuously assess temperature, water
level, and the quantity of light hitting the plants —all of
which are necessary for greenhouse systems. Analyzing the
environment around plants requires temperature and
humidity measurements. Different plant species have
different ideal temperature and humidity ranges. Check and
control plant temperature and humidity in drought and
extreme temperatures.
In addition, light sensors are crucial for measuring the
light level informat ion received by crops. The system
includes various sensors. The built-in microprocessor in the
Arduino mega development kit allows us to combine all the
sensors, display the sensor values and use them as inputs. A
touchscreen user interface is used to collect input from it.
The system also has an IoT module that uses a wireless
network to transmit sensor information to a server. In
addition, users can view sensor data at any time through the
server.
C. Advantages of IOT
 Suitable for inaccessible places such as sea,
mountain, countryside, deep forest, etc
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 Flexible in random situations requiring additional F. Environment from Data

workstations
 The price of implants is cheap.
 Avoid extensive wiring.
 Flexible physical division
 Can be accessed through centralized monitoring
D. Applications
 IoT applications involve tracking, monitoring and
control. IoT is primarily used for traffic and habitat
monitoring, object tracking, nuclear reactor
management, and fire detection.
 Area surveillance is a particularly popular use of
IoT, which is created where certain events can be
observed, such as a battlefield, where many sensor
nodes may be deployed to detect enemy intrusio ns
rather than using landmines.
 Wireless sensor networks can also be used to
regulate greenhouse humidity and temperature
levels.

E. MODULE DESCRIPTION - IOT ENVIRONMENT Fig.3. Proposed Hardware block diagram

One strategy to alleviate agricultural problems and
increase the quality and quantity of agricultural production is
to employ sensor technologies to make farms "smarter" and
more linked through "precision agriculture," also known as
"smart agriculture." We created modules that sense soil
mo isture, temperature and humidity, rainfall frequency and
light intensity. Through an interface, it advises farmers
which seeds are suitable for the farm. The architecture of the
system consists of sensors such as humidity, hu midity and
temperature sensors, Wi-Fi modules, etc. The software
consists of an IoT platform that includes setting irrigation
profiles based on seasons or daily and weekly patterns. The
software sends messages to the main module to turn the
system on/off.
The sensor converts the analog value to a digital value
after detecting all physical factors. Use te mperature and
humidity sensors to estimate the humidity and temperature at
the location. Sensors combine in a module and collect data in
real t ime. This informat ion is then sent to the IoT network.
The data is then transferred to the IoT platform using the
Wi-Fi module (cloud) over the IoT network. The database
will be in the system's cloud. The data obtained fro m the
IoT network will be maintained by it. The proposed system
is schematically represented in Fig. 3 and 4 proposed
architecture and flow d iagram. The FC-28 Soil Moisture
Sensor measures soil mo isture content as a percentage and
determines how much mo isture is present. This sensor
primarily uses capacitance to determine soil water content
(dielectric permittivity). This sensor works by putting it into
the dirt, and the status of the water content in the soil is
provided as a percentage.
The DHT11 Hu midity and Temperature Sensor measures
humidity in percent and temperature in degrees Celsius. The
light sensor LM393 measures light intensity in candela. The
FC-37 Rain Sensor measures precipitation in millimeters and
calculates the frequency of precipitation.
Fig. 2 illustrates the microcontroller components of the
proposed system and the components of all of them. This
microcontroller handles data collection using integrated
sensors, which make up the system's hardware. The
microcontroller is responsible for interacting with the cloud
storage, and it includes a built-in Wi-Fi module with a Wi-Fi
range of 300 meters to facilitate information dissemination in
the network.
Many more microcontrollers than the few operate on any
"variant" of the "Arduino board family," but the Arduino
board family.
 Provides a standard IDE that is extremely simple to use
 Has extensive peripheral support - including third-party
support
 It contains a large number of sample applications to get
started with
G. Cloud and Network Storage
The real t ime environ mental data can be monitored
through IoT using MQTT protocol. The NodeMCU has
inbuilt Wi-Fi and low power consumption module for IoT
application. The network is responsible for sending the data
to cloud storage, which analyzes and calculates the collected
sensor data, and then displays it on the IoT interface as raw
data.

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input/output pin is 40 mA, DC Current

for 3.3V Pin is 50 mA, Flash Memory
is 32 KB, SRAM is 2 KB
Relay Normal Voltage is 5V DC, Normal
Current is 70mA It includes 5-pins &
designed with plastic material,
Operating time is 10msec
Node MCU GPIOs D0-D10, PWM functionality,
IIC and SPI communication, 1-Wire
and ADC A0 etc. all in one board,

Fig..4 IoT Architecture IoT based interface

There are two ways to connect hardware components to

the cloud: one is to use an MQTT broker that uses the MQTT
protocol, and the other is to use an HTTP module that uses
the HTTP protocol. Since MQTT is message-driven and
HTTP is document-driven, it can be more reliable than
HTTP.
IoT integration is all about APIs, applications use logical
connectors to communicate with each IoT device. APIs
expose data, enabling these devices to pass data to
applications and act as data interfaces. They also allow your
application to control the device and act as a functional
interface.
H. Hand held Device Fig.5 Transmitter hardware prototype
Web-based or mobile applications can be used to monitor
data. These applications act as user interfaces and display
data collected from sensors. Cell phones and other portable
devices with LCD screens can run these applications.

IV. RESULT ANALYSIS

The system consists of Arduino, soil moisture sensor, soil
temperature sensor, DHT -22 sensor, ESP32, LCD, GPS. FC-
28 Soil mo isture sensor-The required voltage for working is
5V. DHT 11 sensor- he required voltage for working is 3-5V.
The temperature range of the DHT11 is 0 to 50 degrees
Celsius with a +-2 degree precision. The DHT11 has a
sampling rate of 1Hz, which means it takes one reading
every second.
T ABLE 1 .HARDWARE DESCRIP TION

Hardware used Description

FC-28 soil Operating voltage 3.3V-5V,PCB size: Fig.6 Receiver hardware prototype
moisture 3.2cm x 1.4cm
DHT11 3 to 5V power and I/O, 2.5mA max Fig 5, 6 shows the transmitter and receiver hardware
Temperature current use during conversion (while prototype. The previous section describes the system
and humidity requesting data), No more than 1 Hz architecture and hardware details.
sensor sampling rate (once every All sensors (temperature sensor, DHT11 sensor, and soil
second),Body size 15.5mm x 12mm x mo isture sensor) were deployed in the field to evaluate the
5.5mm proposed system's performance. The data is sent to the edge
Arduino uno The operating voltage is 5V, The server via GSM module and Android app, and farmers can
recommended input voltage will range view the results as well. The user can then perform an action
fro m 7v to 12V , DC Current for each to open or close the valve.

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In general, packet loss reduces the speed or throughput of Fig. 8 and 9 show temperature, humidity, and soil
a particular connection. This can often result in a loss or mo isture data for the selected dates. Similar values can be
degradation in quality for latency-sensitive protocols or found for any date during the plant's growing season.
applications, such as streaming video or voice-over IP, when
accuracy is less critical. Packet loss will still have modest
consequences since it may increase the CPU burden to
process the extra network overhead.

Fig. 8 Measure data Soil moisture and soil temperature

Fig.9 measured data for temperature and humidity

Fig.7 Final output in display V. CONCLUSION

In this work, the IoT based smart agriculture irrigation
Fig. 7 depicts the system's results section. The numbers system has been developed. It is made up of three modules:
represent soil mo isture values, temperature and humidity an irrigation unit (IU), a sensor information unit, and a low -
sensor readings, and pump status. Every instant value from cost smart Internet of Th ings (IoT) module (SIU). USP first
the sensors is sent to the IOT server, which is in charge of spends some time in management mode before switching to
reviewing the data (three sensor values every 30 seconds) one-time installation mode to compute evapotranspiration
and applying a model to predict the value for water and irrigation schedules. During this time, data on the crop,
consumption. This is the central idea behind the planting date, and soil are collected. Finally, it switches to
introduction of edge computing. It makes use of the trained continuous monitoring mode, delivering sensor data to the
model to forecast the amount of water needed and send the SIU while processing data using the NN and sending
result to the server. The user receives this value and can use decisions to the IU. For all modules, this document includes
the app to view the outcome on his or her phone. For thorough results with sample test benches. Compared to the
effective data collection, the water resource has been conventional way, the system saves 67% more water
efficiently utilized. overall. Therefore, smart solutions are accessible for people
liv ing far fro m farms and in water-scarce locations with
T ABLE 2 : COLLECTED DATA SET: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS effective water usage and continuous monitoring. The usage
Rang of this automatic device is justified by the requirement to
Ma Media
Dataset Min Mean Std e protect this natural resource. It is perfect for a variety of
x n
people due to its simplicity, cost, and practicality. For
Air indoor vegetation, greenhouses, and other indoor
17.0 32.
temperat 25.15 24.81 3.45 15.64 environments, it is useful due to its versatility, adaptability,
5 7
ure and mobility.
82.
Humidity 19.1 55.94 57.41 16.16 64.11
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[20] Venkataramanan, C., Ramalingam, S., and Manikandan, A. ‘LWBA:
Lévy-walk Bat Algorithm Based Data Prediction for Precision
Agriculture in Wireless Sensor Networks’. 1 Jan. 2021 : 2891 – 2904.
[21] Suma, V. "Internet -of-Things (IoT) based Smart Agriculture in India-
An Overview." Journal of ISMAC 3, no. 01 (2021): 1-15.
[22] Bashar, Abul. "Agricultural machine automation using iot through
android." Journal of Electrical Engineering and Automation 1, no. 2
(2019): 83-92.

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Designing and Implementation of Cellular Network
Based LPG Monitoring and Alert System
S.Ramalingam B.Sakthi Kumar
Assistant Professor,Department of ECE Assistant Professor,Department of ECE
Sri Eshwar College of Engineering Sri Eshwar College of Engineering
Coimbatore, India Coimbatore, India
ramece74@gmail.com b.sakthi2004@gmail.com
C P.Prashanth
UG Student, Department of ECE
Sri Eshwar College of Engineering
Coimbatore, India
prashanthcp03@gmail.com
Abstract— Continuously monitoring and tracking of LPG
consumption can be a daunting task at home and industries.
However, some people require a regular monitoring so that
they can refill it when it is necessary, in order to maintain the
continuous supply of LPG. Now the world is evolving with
technology, so it is necessary to use technology, if possible, in
every case. As we now founded out the problems faced by LPG
gas users so we come up with the solution that can meet some
requirements of them, If the LPG gas is consumed to certain
level, we made our system to notify the user by SMS and by
alarm. This approach uses sensor that will detect the gas level
and transmit the information to the microcontroller. On the
basis of that information, the Arduino makes a decision and
then displays the message on the display and the message will
be sent to the user via GSM and the buzzer will be activated.
On this approach Arduino is used as microcontroller, provide
a suitable platform for implementing an embedded control
system and it is possible to modify it to meet our future
requirements easily and quickly. Incorporating these functions
enables remote monitoring and makes life more comfortable.
As a result, the LPG monitoring is done effectively and
effortlessly.
Keywords: Arduino UNO, Load cell, Global System for Mobile
module, Inter-Integrated Circuit, Liquid Crystal Display, Buzzer
and HX711 module.
I. INTRODUCTION
LPG cylinders play an important role in our daily lives.
Liquefied petroleum gas is an odourless propane and butane
gas mixture. Both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
are present. Ethanethiol adds scent to odourless LPG.
Liquefied petroleum gas Moderate pressure replaces any
traditional fuel sources used in homes and businesses. It is
explosive, nonetheless, and one of the most often utilised
fuels [1]. The range is between 1.8% and 9.5% of the air's
gas volume. LPG is applied in that it is used to replace
chlorofluorocarbons, which seriously harm the ozone layer.
According to the law, LPG is divided into three groups:
Weight of LPG for home, commercial, and industrial use in
a bottle. household cylinders for liquefied petroleum gas.
14.2 kilogramme of LPG were included in the cylinder. The
commercial and industrial LPG cylinder categories are
similar. They contain 19kg and 35kg of LPG, respectively.
In the cylinder above, LPG was only filled to 85%. The
country is home to 40% of the population and has
approximately 300 million LPG users. The purpose of the
proposed system is to continuously weigh gas cylinders and
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
K.Prabhu
UG Student, Department of ECE
Sri Eshwar College of Engineering
Coimbatore, India
prabhukcbe@gmail.com
E.Petersam
UG Student, Department of ECE
Sri Eshwar College of Engineering
Coimbatore, India
sam2676882@gmail.com
automatically send SMS alerts to users when a minimum
threshold is reached [9]. This proposed project will trigger
the sound alarm. Throughout its life cycle, Arduino has
powered thousands of projects, from everyday bodies to
complex scientific mechanisms. A global community of
academics, performers, programmers, and professionals has
come together around this opensource project. Their
knowledge of the above issues has contributed significantly
to helping society in this field. The amount of gas can be
determined by weighing the gas cylinder [8].
Load cells: weight sensors are used to measure weight.
Continuous cylinder weight measurement. The system uses a
weight sensor to measure the cylinder's weight, and the LCD
display shows the corresponding weight. The system is
completely controlled by a "powerful" Arduino Uno board.
The Arduino Uno board continuously monitors all sensors.
LPG is used all over the world. It is widely used in
households for such things as cooking and heating. We are
thrown into a lot of difficulties when the cylinder runs out of
gas. So, in a busy world, we need to detect a reduction in
cylinder weight [6].
II. RELATED WORK
On an industrial level, several LPG detectors have been
developed. In 2008, Liu Zhenya and Wang published the
article "Smart Home Based on a single chip microcomputer,
a security alarm and remote-control system. This white
paper's goal is to create a burglary, hazardous gas leak, and
fire alarm system for homes. Based on the 89c51
microcontroller, this system was made. The system can
automatically alert you to unwanted activity in your
environment. The power of the house can also be controlled
from the telephone system [11]. Then, in 2013, a small
group of individuals created the suggested home security
design. The device locates LPG leaks and sounds a buzzer
to notify the LPG leaks. An ARM version 7 microcontroller
processor was used to create the project, and Keil software
was used to simulate it. It is usually liquefied petroleum gas
and consists of liquefied petroleum hydrocarbons and
commercial alkanes. It is a composition of gas, it is a
chemical, like adding an odorant to facilitate leak detection.
LPG often used for home heating and cooking [4].
A new kitchen security system was created a year later.
The MQ-5 gas sensor is used by the system to continuously
check for gas leaks in the kitchen. The system's built-in
GSM module will send the user an SMS as soon as an LPG
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leak is discovered.[2] To help individuals take the apart from sound alarm and SMS alert will also be send to
appropriate action as soon as gas is detected, the system also the user. The system has the following units as shown in the
includes LEDs, a buzzer, and an LCD display. Mr. below block diagram. It comprises of Arduino UNO, load
Shivalingesh and B.M. Puja first proposed the concept of cell, GSM module, HX711 Dual-Channel 24-bit A/D
weighing gas. The device automatically reserves cylinders Conversion Module, buzzer and I2C 16x2 LCD display unit
and identifies gas leakage. The Arduino Uno R3 is the and power supply board [4]. The proposed system is also
microcontroller utilized in this project. The Arduino Uno, an easy to install. Arduino UNO is an open-source electronics
ATmega328-based platform, has three versions, the most platform based on the easy-to-use software and Hardware.
recent being the R3.A 32Kbyte microcontroller controller is
Arduino UNO can able to read input - weight on a sensor
the ATmega328 (0.5K bytes is occupied by the
and turn that into an output – activating the buzzer and to
bootloader).[5] In addition, there are I/O pins, an AVR
microcontroller chip, a power connector, USB connectivity, send message through the GSM module. Initially gas
an in-system programming (ICSP) header, and a reset cylinder is placed on the system that we have created, on
button. SRAM and EEPROM that can be read and written as turning on the power supply, the Arduino continuously
an EEPROM library are also present. That is, connect it to monitor the gas for every three seconds with help load cell.
your computer via a USB cable. The Arduino has a clock At first the calibration factor of the load cell is calculated.
speed of 16 MHz, so it performs certain tasks faster than Then the weight is calculated with the help of data from
other processors and controllers.[3] HX711 module and calibration factor calculated earlier.
The AVR chip will continuously run at 16 MHz no
matter what your code does. Therefore, the current
The advantages of the proposed system are
consumption is essentially unrelated to the code being run.
(2016) (Dr. Bayan M. Sabbar, AI Ali) Activate an SMS- • Real-time monitoring of LPG consumed
based alarm system and send 3 SMS (3 alert messages) to 2 • Buzzer alert
distinct cellphone numbers (entered inside the Arduino • SMS alert
program). Using the (162) LCD module, show the status on
the LCD. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is highly
flammable chemistry. A mixture of hydrocarbon gases
(LPG). It is used as a combustion fuel in households and
industry. LPG is used as domestic fuel, industrial fuel and
for heating soon. Heaters and gas sensitive resistors are part
of it. To avoid internal components of the sensor used errors
that lead to false alarm indications. Alarm triggered when a
certain gas concentration is reached over steam. This device
is for display only early warning of problems to ensure
public safety. Liquid gas and gas sensors are used in the
field of safety, health and material.
This embedded system is used to detect dangerous gases
and send warnings to users SMS. (A. Shiyana, R. Deepa,
October 2017).[12] The microcontroller used for the project
is Arduino Uno R3. Arduino Uno is a microcontroller Board
based on ATmega328. ATMega328 A single 32K byte
microchip controller (uses 0.5 Kbytes occupied by the boot
process) loader). Also, SRAM and Read/write EEPROM
Libraries, I/O Pins, AVR Microcontrollers Chip, power
jack, USB connection, ICSP (In Circuit System
Programming Header), and reset button. Simply connect to
your computer via USB cable. The Arduino clock speed is
16MHz. So, it does certain tasks faster than others processor
or controller. AVR chip is continuous clocked at 16MHz Fig 1. Block Diagram
regardless of code performance, it never stops. So, the
current consumption is essentially code independent it will A. Hardware Requirements
run. (Dr. Bayan M. Sabha, AI.
However, June 2016). Microcontroller based LPG gas • Arduino Uno R3
leak detector was used in this system using the GSM • Sim 900A GSM Module
module Sensors, GSM modules, microcontrollers. • Load Cell
Concentration rises, gas sensor detects gas leak, then send to • HX711 Load Cell Amplifier
the microcontroller. Then connect the GSM module to the • Power Supply Board
microcontroller giving commands Stop the main supply. • Buzzer
System is very reliable Tamper-proof and secure. In the long
• I2C 16x12 LCD display unit
run efficient maintenance cost. Very accurate. (A.sood,
B.Sonkar, A.Ranjan, Herr A.Faisal, Juni 2015).[16]
B. Software Requirements
III. PROPOSED METHOD
In our paper we propose a system which is able to • Embedded C
monitor gas in real time and help the customer to lessen the • Arduino IDE
burden of doing that job [1]. On the detection of low LPG,
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G. Software Explanation
The developed system consists of three main modules:
The below flow chart will explain the step-to-step
functionality of this proposed system [3]. At first the load
C. Control Section: cell is calibrated and calibration factor is noted. The
Control section consist of a sensor. It will control program at first initializes the system and check the weight
all the functionality of the system [13]. A load cell is an and display the weight. If the cylinder is not placed, it
electronic sensor that is used for measuring the weight and displays “Kindly place the cylinder” message. Once the
force. The load cell is also known as transducer which cylinder is detected and if the weight of the cylinder is less
converts the force into measurable electrical output quantity. than the minimum value then the Arduino will turn on the
The output produced by load cell will be in the range of buzzer for 5 seconds and then sends SMS through GSM
millivolts, so we require an amplifier to convert the low module.
output signal into a level that can be later transform into a
digital signal to process it. Therefore, we use HX711
amplifier sensor. That includes a HX711 chip with the
analog-to-digital conversion capability in 24-bit accuracy.
The HX711 amplifies the low-voltage output from the load
cell and sends it to Arduino, so that the Arduino can
calculate the weight from this data. On detection of low
LPG, microcontroller gets commands from the weight
sensor, and it will give the alert message by turning on the
buzzer and sending SMS to the user.
D. Weighing Section :
This section is mainly designed to measure weight
of the gas cylinder. The 40Kg is the maximum capacity of
load cell used in this project [13-16]. Between the upper
base and lower base of the proposed work the Load cell is
placed.
E. Display Section:
Display is used to provide the real time information
to the user [13-16]. I2C 16x2 LCD is used in this proposed
work. It is placed in the front side of the stand. It will show
all the data like real time weight and “Kindly place the
cylinder” message if the gas cylinder not placed.
F. Hardware Environment
In this proposed system the Arduino and GSM
module is powered through power supply unit. The
Arduino powers the I2C 16x2 LCD display and the HX711
Conversion Module. The HX711 module’s DT and SCK
pins are connected to the pin6 and 5 of the Arduino
respectively [9]. Buzzer is connected to pin 4 in the
Arduino board. The Tx pin of GSM module is connected to
Fig 2. The Main Loop Flowchart
Rx pin of the Arduino and the Rx pin of the GSM module
is connected to Tx pin of the Arduino. I2C 16x2 LCD H. Working Principle:
display’s SDA and SCL pin is connected to analog pin 4 Initially the proposed system checks whether the
and 5. The connection between load cell and HX711 unit cylinder is placed or not by measuring the weight. The
done as below. weight is measured for once every 3 seconds. When the
Cylinder is placed on the stand the weight of the cylinder
will be measured with the help of load cell and the output
of the load cell will be amplified with the help of HX711
module and it is given to Arduino. If the cylinder weight is
lesser than the minimum value, then the Arduino turn on
buzzer for 5 seconds and sends the “low weight” message
SMS through the GSM module to the user’s cell phone.
And this process is repeated till the power supply is turned
on. The total working of the proposed system requires only
12 volts for its operation. Since the overall working
principle is very simple the entire cost for building this
system is also very low. The entire working principle is
very user friendly. Due to this working principle, we can
able to monitoring the gas in real time and help the
Table I: Connection between HX711 module and load cell customer’s burden to be reduced.

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IV. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
A. Arduino
Microcontroller Arduino UNO is employed. The central
unit in the Arduino UNO board, all components are
externally interfaced and programmed according to the
function it works synchronously. This is an electronic
prototyping platform or board that support Atmega-328
which is 8-bit, 16 MHz enabled during the serial
communication, there is 14 digital input, output pins (6 of
which are PWM) and 6 analog input pins. Works with 5v.
All pins contain a specific function that they control.
Fig.3 Arduino
It is non-volatile storage and have EEPROM. The main
comparison of non-volatile storage and EEPROM is
indisputable fact that non-volatile storage can be erased.
Unlike an EEPROM, the entire device can be erased. Where
you can delete based on Byte and section. Availability of
non-volatile memory, during which the contained block is
divided so that part is erased block by block, while the
option of not erasing EEPROM bytes is provided. Non-
volatile storage performed in the system board socket. PCB
BIOS ROM is the update that is mostly used.
B. GSM SIM900A
GSM module is used to send SMS and alert on gas level
detection. The GSM is understood as a device used for
exchanging the information. 5-volt DC is supplied required
by the GSM for its operation. The modem needs only three
connections (transmitter, receiver, ground) to interface with
the Arduino Atmega-328 controller uses external power
supply. The Arduino is connected with the receiver pin to
the device. Arduino provides information to the GSM
device. The GSM will send an output to the number written
in the code through the SIM inserted in the SIM card slot to
alert the user when the LPG level is below the minimum
value. The AT commands are used to communicate with
the GSM module.
Fig.4 GSM SIM900A
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C. Buzzer
The buzzer is used to sound an audible alarm to
indicate and warn surrounding workers of danger. The
buzzer is the system output. The buzzer beeps to indicate
danger.
D. I2C LCD
I2C LCD is an easy-to-use display module that
makes it easy to display. Using I2C LCD can reduce the
difficulty, so that creators can focus on the work. We have
used the Arduino library for I2C LCD, users only need a
few lines of code to realize the complex graphic display
function. You can replace the Arduino serial monitor
somewhere you can get running information without a
computer. More than that, you can also use dedicated image
data conversion software which is now available to
Windows, Linux and Mac OS PC platform. Through
bitmap conversion software, we can display our favorite
image on I2C LCD, no complex programming required.
Fig.5 I2C LCD
E. Power Supply Board
A DC-DC converter is an electronic circuit or
electromechanical device that converts direct current (DC)
power from one voltage level to another. It is a power
converter. Power levels range from very low (small
voltage) to very high (high voltage power transfer).
F. Load Cell
Load cells convert forces such as tension,
compression, pressure or torque into electrical signals that
can be measured and normalized. It's a force transducer.
The electrical signal changes proportionally as the force
applied to the load cell increases. The common types of
load cells are pneumatic, hydraulic, and strain gauges. In
this proposed system strain gauge load cell is used. It
consists of four strain gauges connected in the form of a
Wheatstone bridge it works according to the strain gage
principle. When force is applied to the caliber, it becomes
strained or compressed, causing the length of the strain
gauge cable to change. As the resistance of the wire is
inversely proportional to length, the electrical resistance of
the load cell changes. East the change in resistance is
proportional to the force applied in caliber. The available
electrical signal output from a load cell is usually on the
order of mv. So HX711 is used to amplify small voltages.
HX711 has two analog input channels A and B. When the
5v power supply is connected to the VDD of the HX711,
channel A can be programmed for a gain of 128 or 64 and
channel B for a gain of 32. The cables from the load cell
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are connected to E+, A-, E-, and A+. The amplified output
is taken from the series data from HX711 and delivered to
the microcontroller.
Fig .6 Load Cell
V. RESULT ANALYSIS
In this application the monitoring is done continuously
and the alerting is done when it is necessary. The
monitoring is done by the Arduino and the user can also
monitor the real time gas level through the display. The
alerting is done by the buzzer and the GSM module for this
application. The load sensor is used along with Arduino to
continuously measure the weight in order to have an
effortless monitoring and controlling of system for this
application. A prototype of the system has been built and all
modules of the system are working as expected. If the
cylinder is not placed in the system, it displays the “Kindly
place the cylinder” message. The proposed system also
continuously measures the gas level in the cylinder, if the
weight of the cylinder falls under the minimum level, it
sends an alert text message to the user and turns on the
buzzer, which turns off after 5 seconds. Some experiments
are carried out to examine the capability and efficiency of
the proposed system. Below is an example of such an
experiment.
Fig.7 Gas Level Monitoring System
Fig.8 System Hardware
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Fig.9 SMS Output
The above figure shows SMS notification on user mobile
phone. The picture above is the picture taken by the user's
mobile phone when the GSM module integrated in the
system sends a short message to the registered mobile phone
when the weight is low. Any mobile phone that supports the
SMS service can be used for this implementation.
VI. CONCLUSION
Security as a core and integral part of human
existence is crucial in promoting a healthy and sustainable
environment. Achieve a peaceful and harmonious existence
between the individual and his society while ensuring
seamless interactions in specific habitats, especially when it
concerns life and property. Problems encountered by the
conventional type of old-fashioned security methods (such
as using dogs) have been modified or improved by alarm
systems. As we shorten the problems faced by LPG
consumers, we have come up with solutions to meet the few
requirements they have on them, as we made our system to
notify the user by SMS and by an alarm. The main goal of
our project is to measure the gas present in the cylinder,
when the weight of the cylinder is below a fixed load, this
can be done using a weight sensor. The homeowner
(consumer) receives a message about the status of the LPG
in the cylinder. After the execution of this project, it can be
concluded that the detection of LPG gas is incredible in the
project system. The simple procedures and Arduino UNO
Microcontroller are used to build the system. Therefore, the
system we have developed will help LPG consumers to a
certain extent to live a comfortable life.
REFERENCES
[1] Ms.A.Preethi Vinnarasi M.E 1 , Elumalai R M2 , Jerry
Jenish3 Karthik Raj.T , “LPG Gas Monitoring System Using
Arduino”, April 2021| IJIRT | Volume 7 Issue 11.
[2] Rhonnel S. Paculanan, Israel Carino, “LPG Leakage
Detector using Arduino with SMS Alert and Sound
Alarm”,Volume-8, Issue-6C2, April 2019.
[3] Syeda Bushra Shahewaz 1, Ch. Rajendra Prasad, “Gas
leakage detection and alerting system using Arduino Uno”
,11 December 2020.
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[4] R.Naresh Naik 1 , P.Siva Nagendra Reddy 2 ,S.Nanda

Kishore3 , K.Tharun Kumar Reddy, “Arduino Based LPG
gas Monitoring & Automatic Cylinder booking with Alert
System”, Volume 11, Issue 4, Ver. I (Jul.-Aug .2016)

[5] Rohith Naidu V, Rakshith S Gowda, Prathapa , Ashwini D

S.” Smart LPG Gas Level Detection and Safety System using
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[6] Juvanna, N. Meenakshi “Gas Level Detection and Leakage

Monitoring System using a Specific Technique “.
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[7] BalwindersinghLakha (Center for Development of Advanced

Computing) “Designing and implementation of smart LPG
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[8] Siva Nagendra Reddy “Arduino Based LPG gas Monitoring

& Automatic Cylinder booking With alert System”. April -
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[9] Ayesha Siddika, Imam Hossain “LPG Gas Leakage

Monitoring and Alert System Using Arduino”.International
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[10] Mr. Siva prasad Lebaka, M.Ganga Rami Reddy,” Gas

Leakage Detection Using GSMI Module & Arduino with
SMS Alert “ (ISSN-2321-5941(2022).

[11] Rhonnel S. Paculanam,IsrarelCarnio “ LPG Leakage

Detector using Arduino with SMS Alert Sound
Alaram“(IJITEE)ISSN:2278-3075,April-2019.

[12] Syeda Bushra Shahewaz, Rajendra Prasad Ch “Gas Leakage

Detection and alerting System Using Arduino
Uno”.December-2020 DOI:10.30574/gjeta.2020.5.3.0109.

[13] Ajay Kumar, Mukesh Kumar, Balwinder Singh “Designing

and Implementation of Smart LPG Trolley with Home
Safety” 2016 2nd International Conference on Next
Generation Computing Technologies (NGCT-2016).

[14] Sharma, R. Rajesh. "Gas Leakage Detection in Pipeline by

SVM classifier with Automatic Eddy Current based Defect
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Communication Technologies (UCCT) 3, no. 03 (2021):
196-212.

[15] Madhura, S. "IoT based monitoring and control system

using sensors." Journal of IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics,
and Cloud 3, no. 2 (2021): 111-120.

[16] MS.A.Preethi Vinnarasi M.E,Elumalai R M,Jerry

Jenish,Karthik Raj.T ”Lpg Gas Monitoring System Using
Arduino”.April 2021(IJIRT ) SSN:2349-6002.

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
A Comparative Study on Machine Learning based
Cross Layer Security in Internet of Things (IoT)
K.Saranya,
Full Time Research Scholar,
Dept. of Information and Communication Engineering,
UCE-BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli
Anna University, Chennai
saranyaokk@yahoo.com
Abstract - The Internet of Things is a developing technology
that converts physical objects into virtual objects connected to
the internet using wired and wireless network architecture. Use
of cross-layer techniques in the internet of things is primarily
driven by the high heterogeneity of hardware and software
capabilities. Although traditional layered architecture has been
effective for a while, cross-layer protocols have the potential to
greatly improve a number of wireless network characteristics,
including bandwidth and energy usage. Also, one of the main
concerns with the internet of things is security, and machine
learning (ML) techniques are thought to be the most cutting-
edge and viable approach. This has led to a plethora of new
research directions for tackling IoT's growing security issues.
In the proposed study, a number of cross-layer approaches
based on machine learning techniques that have been offered
in the past to address issues and challenges brought on by the
variety of IoT are in-depth examined. Additionally, the main
issues are mentioned and analyzed, including those related to
scalability, interoperability, security, privacy, mobility, and
energy utilization.
Keywords - Internet of things, Cross layer design, Security,
Privacy, Energy efficiency, Interoperability, Machine Learning.
I. INTRODUCTION
IoT is seen as a network of real-time, embedded
systems in nature as well as a dispersed system that is
connected to the internet. There are wireless and wired
means of communication. The network is made up of
tangible, inanimate objects from the real world that have
been given network connectivity, electronics, and software
implants. These devices can collect, infrequently process,
and exchange data because of its constrained computation,
storage, and networking capabilities [1]. By enabling one
layer to access data from a different layer, the cross-layer
approach removes strong boundaries between the levels to
permit an innovative integration technique is used to
construct a cross-layer authentication protocol under the
distributed authentication architecture [2]. IoT devices pose
serious security concerns for the overall network
environment, including information leakage and a lack of
security protection. In the meantime, the IoT apps' lack of
security management makes it more likely that devices will
be attacked. Because privacy leaking is such a major issue,
several security researchers have inferred their own
approaches and viewpoints [3].
When wireless sensor technology and the Internet of
Things are combined under a cross-layered design, issues
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Dr.A.Valarmathi,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Applications,
UCE-BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli
Anna University, Chennai
valar1030@yahoo.com
that are vitally important to the network and the devices
come up. As the internet is used, the IoT network design
inherits a centralised and hierarchical architecture [4].
However, the proliferation of IoT devices is also bringing up
a number of new difficulties. First, there are not enough
universal standards for IoT platforms. Second, the
expansion of IoT devices may outpace the capacity of the
current network infrastructures. Last but not least,
consumers of IoT continue to have serious concerns about
security and privacy [6].
A. The Motivation of this Paper
The constant progress and ever-increasing demands of
the present developments frequently push scientists and
researchers to create new standards. We'll see more big data,
cloud computing, WSN, and IoT in the future. Therefore, in
light of the current situation of ongoing advancements in the
field, research into the actual capabilities and functions of
contemporary IoT concepts was essential. This study
emphasizes the core IoT principle and the need for cross-
layer IoT architecture.
The structure of this paper as follows.
The Internet of Things was briefly discussed in Section 2
along with its evolution, architecture, numerous
communication protocols, and IoT applications. IoT
Security and Machine Learning were extensively explored
in Section 3. Cross-layer architecture for Internet of Things
challenges based on machine learning approaches was
explored in Sections 4 and 5, along with the conclusion and
future research.
II. IOT AN OVERVIEW
In the context of modern cellular telephony, the
Internet of Things is a revolutionary technology that is
rapidly growing. The Internet of Things (IoT) can be
thought of as a network of interconnected things, but smart
sensors enable wireless connection. Without human
assistance, IoT can communicate. The term Internet of
Things (IoT) refers to a group of items that may interact and
communicate with one another thanks to RFID chips and
other comparable technologies [8]. It is also feasible to link
a number of real things. Security and privacy of physical
devices, which serve as the IoT's cornerstones, are crucial
for both the technology and its applications. Six unique
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properties of physical IoT devices make security and This layer securely transmits data to the perception
privacy challenges more difficult [9]. These traits include layer from the middleware layer. The transmission layer is
resource limitations, high heterogeneity, multi-identity the name of the layer. It aids in managing network service
cohabitation, spatial-temporal irregularity, dynamics, and centres, information services, and network administration.
social awareness. The most popular network, IoT, draws in Application Layer
all users and enables intelligent user communication. In both The top tier of the three-layer architecture is really
human-to-human and human-to-machine engagements, it responsible for serving customers [5]. From the middleware
transfers data without the assistance of a human [10]. layer to the perception layer, this layer safely transports
data. It is in charge of offering services to users.
A. IoT's evolution
At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Auto-ID Laboratories in the early 1990s, Kevin Ashton
coined the phrase "Internet of Things". The tracking and
detection systems that support RFID are where the phrase
"Internet of Things" initially appeared. IoT integrates RFID
and sensors, allowing for the growth of industrial services as
well as the expansion of service deployment in new
applications. A greater variety of "things" can now be
connected to the Internet of Things because to
advancements in sensor networks, low-energy wireless
networking, and smart sensors since 2010. Sensing and the
internet are combined in the Internet of Things (IoT)
movement, and all networked objects must be flexible,
intelligent, and sufficiently self-sufficient to offer the
required services.

B. IoT Architecture
Over the past few years, a lot of Internet of Things
(IoT) projects have emerged, and numerous versions of
architectures have been developed based on the individual
requirements and project scope. Limited interoperability
across the systems was caused by a variety of architectures
that used a variety of components and protocols as a result
of the substantial heterogeneity in the application areas and
approaches to an architectural requirement that varied
between projects [4].

• Three-Layered Architecture
The fundamental architecture, which is also the most
popular IoT model, is made up of the application layer, the
network layer, and the perception layer [11]. The Internet of
Things' architecture assists to define the idea. The next
subsections discuss the three and five layered architecture
seen in Figure 1.
The following Figure.1 illustrates the layered
architecture of IoT [4].
Sensational Layer
The Physical Layer and Sensing Layer are other names
for the Perception Layer. With the help of sensors and
actuators, it gathers data from the physical environment
around it [11]. It converts analogue impulses into digital
signals and records data that is universally useful. The
subsequent layers receive these digital data for further
processing. ZigBee, RFID, and other technologies are used
to connect IoT devices to the internet [4].
Network Layer
The layer's primary duty is to communicate and route
data to various IoT devices over the Internet that has been
collected from various IoT sensors [5]. Specific
communication protocols, like HTTP/HTTPS, are required
for this tier.
Fig. 1. IoT Architecture
• Five-Layer Structure
Stunning Layer
In the three-layered design, the third layer functions
identically to the first two levels [12]. The data from the
sensors is implemented using the perception layer.
System Layer
The Transmission layer is another name for the
Network layer. The Middleware layer transmits data to the
Perception layer through this layer [12].
The Middle Layer
The processing layer in IoT architecture is a common
name for the intermediate layer. Analysis, archiving, and
processing is done on the large amounts of data that are
transmitted from the Network Layer.
Application Layer
This layer manages a large application based on the
data processing at the Middleware layer [12].
Business Layer
The system as a whole is managed by the business
layer. This tier's primary duty is business, financial, and

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application model governance and regulation [12]. analyzing from transmission lines, distribution substations,
C. Wireless Communication Technologies for IoT and applications.
Many wireless communication methods have been
developed in the recent past for use in Internet of Things
applications. There are benefits and drawbacks to every kind
of communication [17].
• RFID
Radio Frequency Identification, or RFID, is a key
component of the Internet of Things (IoT), which uses it to
effectively identify a variety of things in our surroundings.
RFID technology was used in the development of the
Internet of Things (IoT) concept for automatic
identification, authentication, and tracking.
• Near Filed Communication (NFC)
NFC, a sort of 13.23 MHz short-range wireless
technology, typically requires a distance of 4 cm. By
making it easier to complete transactions, trade digital
content, and link electronic gadgets with a touch, this
technology improves people's quality of life. It becomes
possible to initialise wireless networks quickly. The setup
for RFID and near-field technology is very similar.
• Bluetooth
The Special Interest Group (SIG) for Bluetooth is Fig.2. IoT Applications
in charge of developing Bluetooth. It is inexpensive and
typically used for data transmission across short distances • Smart City
between devices. To prevent cohabitation, it empale "Smart cities" are a complex IoT paradigm that
frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS). tries to handle public affairs by incorporating ICT
• Z-wave technologies. It can employ public resources in a more
Z wave is widely used in business and smart home effective manner, improving the standard of services offered
applications. It consists of two types: slave and device to citizens and significantly lowering operational expenses
control. Slave node attributes are low-cost devices that are for public administration [5].
unable to send messages on their own. • Smart Agriculture
• ZigBee Smart farming is another name for IoT.
IEEE 802.15.4 is the foundation of the well-known Modernizing farming practices, harvesting, weather
wireless communication technology ZigBee. ZigBee forecasting, water conservation, wildlife control, and other
supports communication ranges of 10 to 100 meters for IoT processes require farmers to use technology.
devices. It is a type of technology that uses less energy and
is very effective. III. IOT SECURITY AND MACHINE LEARNING
• LoRaWAN
The LoRaTM Alliance just created LoRaWAN. In Several machine learning methods will be
particular, it outlines the LPWAN standard for IoT discussed in this part, along with examples of how they
applications. processing data at speeds ranging from 0.3 might be used in Internet of Things applications. Machine
kbps to 50 kbps. learning categories has shown in Figure. 3 [1].
D. IOT Applications
These IoT applications can improve our lives in a wide A. Algorithms for Machine Learning
range of situations and domains.The different IoT Reinforcement learning, unsupervised learning,
applications in the aforementioned fields are depicted in semi-supervised learning, and supervised learning are the
Figure 2. The following application areas can be used to four subcategories of machine learning algorithms.
categorize IoT applications. • Supervised learning
When specific goals are defined with the intention
In Figure.2 various applications of IoT are showcased [5], of receiving a specific set of inputs, supervised learning is
utilized. In this sort of learning, after the data has been first
• Healthcare labeled, training is conducted using labeled data that has the
Utilizing wearable sensors to measure things like necessary inputs and outputs.
body temperature, calories, and heart rate, IoT is utilized to • Unsupervised learning
provide medical services. The medical sensors could be The environment just provides inputs; there are no
body-implanted, wearable, or portable. desired goals. Without requiring labeled data, it can divide
• Smart Grid the data into several groups and take into account
A "Smart Grid" of electrical infrastructure was similarities between unlabeled data.
developed with the primary objective of gathering and

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• Semi supervised Learning
In the first two kinds, either all observations have
labels or no labels are included in the dataset for any
observations. This is where semi-supervised learning comes
in. Because qualified human experts are required to label
goods, labeling can be very expensive [1].
• Reward-Based Learning (RBL)
The agent learns by feedback after interacting with
the environment using the reinforcement learning technique;
no specific results are required. Based on the reward
received, it does various activities and makes choices.
Fig. 3. Machine Learning Categories
B. IOT Security Mechanisms
Here, discuss several ML algorithms with a focus
on the concerns about security and privacy in IoT networks.
• Authentication
One of the most important IoT security
requirements is authentication. To use IoT applications and
services, users must be legitimate. Data communication
across various stages is the foundation of IoT applications
and services. Before being sent to a decision-support system
for interpretation, data from IoT devices is analyzed [1].
Depending on the underlying IoT architecture, different
operations might be different, but the data flow in various
systems might be the same. Without restriction, whenever a
user or application needs data from an IoT device, they must
first authenticate with IoT.
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• Attack Detection and Mitigation
IoT devices are the ideal target for attackers due to
their heterogeneity and lack of available attributes.
Attackers typically use the IoT device's known weaknesses
on both networks.
• DoS and Distributed DoS (DDoS) Attacks
Attacks like DoS and DDoS are among the most
well-known and challenging to defend against in an IoT
context. Effective remedies against the attacks are difficult
to come up with for a number of different reasons [1]. These
factors include the sheer amount of Internet-connected
Internet of Things (IoT) devices, heterogeneity, inadequate
security measures caused by the IoT devices' resource
restrictions, cross-platform communications, enormous scale
communications, and others.
• Anomaly/Intrusion Detection
IoT intrusion detection and mitigation methods
currently used It is noteworthy that conventional behavior-
based and signature-based methods failed to identify zero-
day incursions. As a result, intrusion detection systems
employ a variety of artificial intelligence techniques (IDS).
In IoT networks of all kinds, a variety of machine learning
(ML)-based algorithms have been used to spot anomalies
and intrusions [18-19].
• IoT malware analysis
One of the most well-known attack domains is the
execution and injection of malicious code into IoT devices
leveraging such devices' documented security flaws.
Application security, authentication, and permissions issues
may lead to malware injection vulnerabilities [1]. To
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mention a few, viruses, trojans, adware, spyware, bots,
ransomware, and spyware are examples of prevalent
malware types.
C. IoT Security Challenges
Although the number of IoT-connected devices is
growing daily and the IoT layers are experiencing a number
of security concerns, some of which will be covered in the
sections that follow.
• Security challenges in the Physical Layer
Hardware attacks are the most common hazards.
The majority of attacks are directed at sensors like RFID
[13] and wireless sensor networks like ZigBee because they
can be physically targeted if they are left stationary for an
extended period of time. IoT devices that collect data
include security systems, smart TVs, smart appliances, and
wearable health metres. Some hackers might access or share
these data for illegal purposes. The following are typical
physical layer security risks:
Eavesdropping
An intrusion in which someone attempts to steal
information that devices broadcast is known as an
eavesdropping attack often referred to as a sniffing or
snooping attack. It accesses the sent and received data by
taking advantage of insecure transmission [14].
Replay Attack
When a hacker listens in on a communication
between a sender and a recipient and takes critical
information from the sender, it is a specific kind of attack.
Such an assault frequently takes place during the
authentication process in order to invalidate legitimate
certificates. [15].
Timing Attack
It is frequently applied to technology with limited
computational power. By estimating the duration, it takes to
execute the cryptographic methods, the hacker could
discover the encryption key [7].
• Security challenges in the Network Layer
The networking layer's ultimate objective is to
provide data to the channel that has been gathered from
physical objects via sensors. It serves as a link between the
Application Layer and Physical Layer. Accessibility,
confidentiality, and privacy of the data are thus the main
security issues with this layer. Among the security concerns
with the network layer are:
Denial of service (DoS) attack
Customers may notice service delays as a result of
this specific type of attack, in which the attacker bombards
an IoT device with service requests until it is unable to
handle the volume of data. In order to prevent some or all
real users from using the targeted devices or network
resources, it is typically carried out by flooding them with
redundant requests [16].
RFID spoofing
The purpose of RFID spoofing attacks is to send
harmful data into the IoT system after gaining access to it.
RFID spoofing, IP spoofing, and other spoofing attacks are
examples of spoofing in IoT systems.
Sinkhole attack
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In this kind of attack, the hole that is being attacked
serves as a effective node, attracting everything to it and
being chosen as a communication or data-routing
forwarding node by other nearby nodes and devices.
• Security challenges in the Application Layer
The application layer establishes the parameters for
all IoT-related apps and environments. The primary threats
this layer confronts include attacks based on software. These
Application Layer assaults include a number of others.
Phishing attack
In such assaults, the attacker forges the data of
legitimate users in order to get their usernames, email
addresses, and passwords. A phony email or website is
created by the attacker, and when the real person logs in
through it, their data is stolen [16].
Cross-site scripting
This type of attack, known as an injection, allows
an attacker to put a client-side script, such as JavaScript,
into a reliable website that other users may access. By doing
this, a hacker can use the original data to his detriment and
completely alter the application's contents to suit his
requirements.
Malicious virus/worm
The self-propagating attack known as a virus or
worm that tampers with user data is a major challenge for
the Internet of Things devices. Malicious viruses that forge
personal information include worms, horses, and Trojans.
Firewalls and virus detection methods must be utilized to
provide to these viruses [16].
IV. CROSS-LAYER DESIGN (CLD)
Cross-layer design is thought to be the most
effective and imminently promising design that requires a
quicker data transfer rate to attain the highest probable
throughput. Cross-layer design has been shown in Figure. 4
[4] to considerably boost network performance. Cross-layer
design aims to increase the layered design's security as well
as the framework's flexibility and, above all else, the quality
of service.
Without going against the tiered architecture, CLD allows
each layer to share data with any other layer in the network
model. Additionally, depending on the data obtained or
received by the other levels, it can allow each layer to
decide how to perform its role and exchange its data.
A. Cross-Layer Design in IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an ICT concept that
is constantly expanding and having more uses. The strongest
information masking function is offered by cross-layer
architecture, which makes it more appropriate for IoT. As a
result, cross-layer communication has numerous advantages
for the IoT sector. The three-level cross-layer technology is
crucial for enhancing the functionality of IoT platforms. The
Sensing layer, Network layer, and Application layer are the
layers of CLD [13].
In network layer architectures, a growing trend is
the CLD (cross-layer design). Additionally, it frequently
entails deep relationships between several layers. To achieve
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good performance, this study maintains CLD as opposed to
a single layer. The primary problem that directly affects the
performance and lifespan of distributed WSNs is collision
during packet transmission [20]. Thanks to an architectural
idea known as the cross-layer design method, a network can
operate more effectively, use less energy, survive longer,
and provide Quality of Service (QoS) in real-time
communications.
B. Cross-Layer Design Issues in IoT
There are several key problems with cross-layer
architecture in IoT that are still being studied. IoT
applications must scale to a high number of devices, which
is challenging to deploy owing to schedule, memory,
processing, and energy constraints. Regarding delay, energy
use, and dependability, distinct Quality of Service criteria
may apply to various things.
Fig. 4. Cross Layer Design
• Security Issue
IoT security is the key area of concern. Weak codes
or non-encrypted systems have caused data loss and
breaches for many additional purposes in IoT applications.
Therefore, it is necessary to increase the internal and
external security of IoT applications [4]. Security measures
must be used at every layer and whenever data is transmitted
from one device to another.
• Privacy Issue
IoT's major problem is privacy. The vast amount of
data that is saved in the cloud shouldn't be accessible to
anyone else. Every system has a privacy setting, and every
IoT application and piece of infrastructure must enforce
privacy. These attacks pose a severe threat to the internet of
things because of the sensors, actuators, and wireless
communication present in all of the gadgets.
• Interoperability of cross-layer design
In the past, network transmissions have been used
to assess interoperability. A broader definition that takes
into account the cross-domain influence of interoperability
on system-to-system performance is required due to the
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proliferation of linked devices across a variety of industries,
including smart home and building automation, smart
energy and retail, healthcare, and transportation [4].
Network providers can switch between various wireless
access networks because to interoperability.
• Energy Efficiency Issues
The main challenge for IoT technologies was to
develop components and sensors that were energy-efficient
because IoT networks are made up of low-power
components. The performance of Internet of Things devices
is impacted by power consumption. Reduced power usage is
said to indicate greater efficiency [5]. IoT devices are
thought of as emerging technology and offer several
benefits.
• Mobility
In ad-hoc networks, node moves are frequent;
therefore, the node movement-related events, such as
channel switching and route changes, must be identified and
resolved to ensure that communication is not disrupted.
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The internet of things is a leading-edge technology
that is quickly gaining traction. IoT is a technology that
makes it possible to connect people to people and other
people to other things obtaining through internet. Numerous
applications exist the use of IoT in industrial, health care,
and public transportation, services, and administration.
Along with those benefits of IoT applications include
improved data security to be a significant issue and one of
the key factors to be centered on. Additionally, IoT devices
gather a massive amount of data and the possibility of
organizing this data issue. Cross layer design network is a
promising technology candidate for creating an IoT
platform. However, cross layer in IoT also raises several
concerns, such as security and energy efficiency and trust
management. A number of cross-layer approaches based on
machine learning methods that have been put out in the past
to address problems and challenges brought on by the
variety of IoT are thoroughly reviewed in the present study.
Future Work
IoT is the technology of the future, according a
recent investigation. However, there are challenges that
must be resolved in order to build a system that is
significantly more effective. We will successfully use
blockchain technology, AI techniques, and lightweight
cryptosystems to construct a smart IoT security architecture.
To employ a novel dataset and an ensemble model
that is suitable for the IoT scenario. By incorporating deep
learning models, this method may also be enhanced in the
future. In the future, we would like to give a static analysis
method based on the collection of n-opcode features to
discover mobile malware and suggest considering
cryptography-based data protection solutions.
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[2] Yonggu Lee 1 , Jiseok Yoon 2 , (Graduate Student Member, IEEE),
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Currency and Fake Currency Detection using

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Machine Learning and Image Processing - An

Application for Blind People using Android Studio
Vaishak B Hoysala S Pavankumar V H
Electronics and Telecommunication Electronics and Telecommunication Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering Engineering Engineering
RV College of Engineering® RV College of Engineering® RV College of Engineering®
Bangalore, India Bangalore, India Bangalore, India

Mohana
Computer Science & Engineering
(Cyber Security)
RV College of Engineeringg®
Bangalore, India

Abstract— Any development in technology is made with the
intention of solving the difficulties in that field. One such
identified problem is blind people were unable to make out the
type of currency. The proposed model efficiently identifies the
type of currency. The converse of this leads to the printing and
scanning of currencies and releasing them into the market,
which not only affects the economy but also reduces the value
for money. This further causes some conflicts and a great threat
to the country. Thus, a need for efficient currency and fake
currency detection methods is required. Finding fake currencies
is done by any ways. The proposed work identifies the
currency’s originality by examining its images. The code
simulated using MATLAB extracts the features of currencies.
Machine learning models are used for mapping the extracted
feature to its standard value, it is able to identify the fake
currencies efficiently.
power and camera availability of current smartphones make
them a suitable candidate for currency recognition. But We
can't say all these methods are 100% perfect. While testing
of currency many factors influence the image quality and
this may lead to wrong interpretation. Hence an android can
be used in this context that can help the identification of
currencies. Proposed model can recognize the Indian
currencies of types (10, 20, 50, 100, 500). Figure 1 shows
the currency with identification marks. Another major point
is the result of the currency detected is connected to a voice
system that speaks out the actual result. Here mobile
speakers are used so that they need not depend on other
people. For this, the user had to install this application in
his/her mobile phone.

Keywords—Computer vision, Machine Learning, Currency

Detection, Teachable Machine, Android Studio, Image
processing, Edge detection, ROI extraction.

I. INTRODUCTION
In the modern world require a methodology or a solution
that works on automation system which we can be used for
currency recognition. It has different applications in real
world including banknote counting machines, money
exchange machines, electronic banking, currency
monitoring systems, assisting blind persons etc. This type
of automation applications can be used to help physically
challenged people like blind and visually impaired people,
as they can't see anything it is difficult for them to recognize
any currency. This might be used as an advantage by other
people. In order to avoid this type of problems and their
dependency on others, there is a requirement of a system
that can help them to identify currency in any possible
orientation. According to census of WHO, 28.5 crore people
around the world are visually impaired. Among these, 3.9
crore of them were blind and others have low vision. Many
thoughts/ideas have come across to avoid this, but in vain.
Many technological systems have been adopted which are
designed by analysing various features of notes currency
paper. Few currencies are sensitive to light and the rest do
not. While for others we need to have a stable environment
and a proper background to take capture the image and the
same had to check for its originality. The computational
Fig.1. Currency with identification marks
II. LITERATURE SURVEY AND RELATED WORK
Karthik K et al. [1] have proposed a paper “Recognition
of Fake Currency Detection using Machine Learning” the
method described detection of counterfeit currency using a
deep convolution Neural Network based fake currency
detection. Ketaki Bhoyar et al. [2] have proposed an idea of
currency detection and verification by using image
processing. M. Laavanya et al. [3] gives an idea of all
possible methods to identify fake Indian currency for fraud
detection. Santhiya Irulappasamy et al [4] proposed SSIM
as a method to find the currency is real/fake. Surendra Singh
Chouhan et al [5] has proposed a paper on “A study on
Indian fake currency detection”. used image processing,
edge detection techniques for the fake currency
identification process.

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Priyanka Dhapare et al [6] has proposed a paper on “The
detection of Counterfeit Currency using Image Processing
Techniques”. This paper has proposed a way to get rid of
such scams by using image processing and SVM feature
extraction. Niketa Gandhi et al [7] has proposed a paper on
“Recognition and verification of Indian currency notes
using digital image processing”. The designed system
implemented using image processing techniques focuses
more on extracting denomination values. Pandian, A.
Pasumpon et al [18] proposed convolutional neural
technique in currency identification for visually impaired
people. Ranganathan G et al [19] proposed article outlines
the design of an economical robotic arm which is used to
visualize the chess board and play with the opponent using
visual serving system. Although many systems have been
implemented, but for blind people android based technique
guides them in a way to identify the currency and make them
not to depend on others[15].
III. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
The following software’s are used in proposed
implementation.
MATLAB: It is a programming and numeric computational
platform used to analyze data, develop algorithms, and create
models.
Teachable-Machine: It is an AI based tool that is quick
enough to train or expertise a model to solve real-life
problems / to manage real-life situation.
Android Studio: It is an IDE where one can create an android
application based on the knowledge of some programming
language, based on IntelliJ IDEA.
Fig.2. Flow chart of Implementation
Figure 2 shows the model design and flowchart of
implementation. It gives the detailed view of working model
of Currency detection as well as to check its originality.
various methods which one can adopt to identify a currency
and to check its originality. Although many methods have
been discussed in the past to identify a fake currency, but only
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those methods which are speed and accurate in currency’s
originality are adopted.
Fig.3. Implementation Methods
Figure 3 shows the different implementation methodologies
adopted to identify the currency type and its
originality[11][12][13].
A. Traditional Method-The very first proposed method is the
traditional method where a common man employs the below
mentioned features like Security thread, Serial Image, Latent
Image, Watermark, Identification mark, Fluorescence,
optically variable ink, Micro lettering, Intaglio printing etc. in
identifying fake currencies. All of these features can be clearly
identified by an ordinary person. This method would not
assure 100% accuracy. Hence, we move on to scientific and
mathematical based technique. In our current model, we had
used MATLAB for simulation purpose.
B.Digital Image Processing Method- The proposed system
works on the image of currency notes captured by a digital
camera. The very first step involved is inputting an image
done either by scanning or by capturing through a camera with
good resolution. The captures / scanned image is a R-G-B
(color) image which will be converted to a grayscale image
for ease in feature extraction[8][9][14]. Now only those
regions of the currency which we are interested to analyze
(ROI – Region of Interest) will be cropped and segmented.
From each segmented slice features like intensity are
calculated. If the standard conditions are satisfied, then the
currency note is considered as original otherwise fake[10].
Fig.4.Steps of currency detection
Figure 4 shows the different steps involved in currency’s
originality detection using digital image processing method.
Image Acquisition- It is the process of capturing an image
from a hardware-based source like scanner. The image
captured is completely a raw image which has to be processed
in the further steps.
Pre-processing-Image pre-processing is done to strengthen
or intensify some of the features of image for future analysis
and processing. 1. Noise Removal: Noise from the image is
eliminated using median filter. Median filter strengthens the
brightness of the image, then the obtained smooth image is
stored.2. Aspect Ratio: Another pre-processing adopted was
Aspect Ratio which is defined as the ratio of the width of the
note to the height of the note, which is standardized as (66mm
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X 166mm) 3. Gray-Scale Conversion: The image is then

converted to grayscale image is usually sufficient to
distinguish edges as the adjacent segments are compared with
each other. 4. Image Binarization (image thresholding): It is
the process of taking a grayscale image and converting it to
black-and-white to reduce the information contained within
the image shade range.
Image Segmentation- It is a method in which a digital binary
image is broken down into various subgroups called Image
segments which helps in ease extraction of features in further
Fig.5. Model training and import files
steps. Here we have employed a Global Threshold based
segmentation i.e., based on the threshold value on pixel Android Application development
intensity of edge detected image. A Global threshold-based Here in project model, we will be creating an application that
segmentation is a segmentation technique where in which we could effectively identify the currency. For this, we are using
employ a binary image i.e., the image with only two intensity Android Studio[16]. We had got an application based
levels (0 & 1). Here the background image is assigned with repository in GitHub Depository.As an additive we had used
intensity 0, hence gives a black outlook, while the image is an online voice recorder, we had recorded the mp3 files for
assigned with intensity level 1, hence have a white outlook. sounding of different currencies which we had used in our
Feature Extraction-Feature extraction is the process of model[17].
extracting the features like pixel intensity/ spacial or texture
attributes or any other parameter from the region of interest
(ROI) as a compact vector component. It uses an object-based
that gathers the data of above-mentioned features.
Comparison-The features extracted from the input currency
images enables us to differentiate fake notes from the real
ones. To compare the performance, we have segmented the
image and then we compare the two images and store the
difference. Based on the pixel intensity difference obtained
from each slice, the currency can be considered as a fake
currency if it does not meet the standards, Otherwise the
currency is a real one.
C.Android Based Currency Detection-The proposed system
works on the real-time image of currency note taken from the
camera activity of an application created to detect the
currency. The algorithm flow can be observed at 3 different
which is applied here is as follows: 1. Collection of Data 2.
Teaching the machine 3. Application Creation
Collection-of-Data-Here the images of different
Fig.6. Data collection, model training and application development
denominations of the currency notes are taken either directly
through the camera from the mobile or by showing the Figure 6 shows the data collection of various classes includes
10,20,50,100,500. Training the model in Teachable Machine
currency to the webcam. The images of the currency to be
and building an application using Android Studio.
taken in all different denominations. Images of the currency
denominations to be taken from all sides. Proposed work, The application software used in detecting the currency type
teachable machine/images are used. The collected data to be capable of detecting currency type effectively which uses the
classified and the same to be uploaded on different classes concept of image recognition, and model produces as audio
i.e., different denominations. As we increase the number of output expressive the currency type. This is done by means
of audio mp3 files downloaded using the online voice
samples / images, the accuracy of the algorithm or our system
recorder and the same are used in the application design.
increases, thus we will end up with higher efficiency.
Teaching / Training the model-Here in this phase , we had
opted for the option called “Teach Model” as shown in the
figure with default setting of Epochs, Batch Rate & Learning
rate. Upon doing this, all the images of each class will be
learned by the machine and accordingly the teachable Fig 7: Region of Interest [ ROI] recognition.
machine provides tensorflow.js, TensorFlow & TensorFlow Figure 7 shows the ROI recognition code where the different
lite files (Floating / Quantized type as in figure 5), which we identifiable regions of the currency are extracted and are
will be using in Android studio in creating an application of compared with standard values.
interest. In the process of teaching the model, the epochs,
Batch size & the learning rate is to be set a s per figure 5(a)
and once the model training is done, we need to export
floating as well as the quantized files under TensorFlow Lite. Fig.8. Media player source files
The same are using integrating with the application software
in android studio.

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Figure 8 shows the different media-player source files
accessing which are downloaded from online voice recorder
are used enabling the audio output once the currency is
detected among the selected denominations.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Fig.9. Teachable machine output
Figure 9 shows the Intermediate output on Teachable
Machine – Currency Type Detection Here for a real-time
currency of Rupees 10, the model gives an accuracy of 99%.
Fig.10. Currency detection App
Figure 10 shows the currency detection application.
Application taking 10 rupees as an input image and output
results with voice as well as percentage of output 81.57%.
Fig.11. Currency’s originality detection
Figure 11. shows the currency’s originality detection with
edge detection and feature extraction output floating window.
Let the result of the experiment be considered at two different
stages, one yields in detecting currency type and the other in
determining its originality. The image acquisition is a
common step for both above mentioned stages, then it has
two diversions’ i.e., android based currency type detection &
other the MATLAB based currency originality detection. Fig
9 and 10 corresponds to the currency type detection. Fig 11
gives the output of currency’s originality detection. If the
accuracy level is less than 95%, then it indicates that we
collect and had to feed it to the teachable machine. By doing
this able to get a higher accurate design model.
V. CONCLUSION
Currency and fake currency detection is proposed for Indian
paper currency system. Using this model, blind people can
use this application to identify the currency effectively &
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efficiently. Obtained results shows that with an efficiency of
95% and above. Also, the currencies are classified into
different denominations with more than 90% efficiency.
Based on the intensities of the sliced section of ROI extracted
image which when compared to the standard intensities of the
currency notes, identified the currency’s originality. The
proposed model has low processing time and is cost effective.
Hence it is very reliable for real-time applications.
REFERENCES
[1] Karthik K, et al. “Fake Currency Detection Using Machine Learning”,
Research gate.
[2] Ketaki Bhoyar et al. “Detection of Fake Currency using Image
Processing”, International Journal of Engineering Research &
Technology, Vol. 9 Issue 09, 2020.
[3] M. Laavanya et al. “Real Time Fake Currency Note Detection using
Deep Learning”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced
Technology (IJEAT), Vol. 9, 2019.
[4] Santhiya Irulappasamy et al. “Research on Fake Indian Currency Note
Detection using Image Processing”, IJSDR Vol. 6, Issue 3,2021.
[5] Devid Kumar et al. “A Study on Indian Fake Currency detection”,
IJCRT Vol. 8, Issue 3, 2020.
[6] Priyanka Dhapare et al. “Detection of Counterfeit Currency using
Image Processing Techniques”, International Conference for
Convergence in Technology (I2CT), 2019.
[7] Sahana Murthy et al. “Design and Implementation of Paper Currency
Recognition with Counterfeit Detection”, IEEE Online International
Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies, 2016.
[8] Sandhya R. Shinde et al. “Experiments on Content Based Image
Classification using Color Feature Extraction”, International
Conference on Communication, Information & Computing Technology
(ICCICT), 2015.
[9] Mahendra Kanojia et al. “Recognition and verification of Indian
currency notes using digital image processing”, Journal of Information
Assurance and Security, Vol. 13, 2018.
[10] Megha Thakur et al. “Various fake currency detection techniques”,
International Journal for Technological Research in Engineering, Vol.
1, Issue 11, 2014.
[11] Ratna Jyothi et al. “Paper Currency recognition for color images based
on Artificial Neural Network”, International Conference on Electrical,
Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT), 2016.
[12] Suman Pahade et al. “A Study of Different Counterfeit Note Detection
Algorithm”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 7, Issue 5, 2018
[13] Vidhika D. et al. “Recognition of the Old and Soiled Indian Paper
Currency using Image Processing”, European Journal of Molecular &
Clinical Medicine, Vol. 7, Issue 2, 2020.
[14] M. R. Nehashree et al. “Simulation and Performance Analysis of
Feature Extraction and Matching Algorithms for Image Processing
Applications,” International Conference on Intelligent Sustainable
Systems (ICISS), 2019, pp. 594-598.
[15] C. V. Krishna et al. “A Review of Artificial Intelligence Methods for
Data Science and Data Analytics: Applications and Research
Challenges,” 2nd International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social,
Mobile, Analytics and Cloud), 2018, pp. 591-594.
[16] https://developer.android.com/studio
[17] https://online-voice-recorder.com/
[18] Pandian, A. Pasumpon. “Recognition Aid for Visually Challenged to
Make Out Indoor Environment.” Journal of Artificial Intelligence and
Capsule Networks(2020), no. 1: 11-19.
[19] Ranganathan, G. et al. “An Economical Robotic ArmPlaying Chess
Using Visual Servoing." Journal of Innovative Image Processing (JIIP)
2, no. 03 (2020): 141-146.
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Recent Advancements of Internet of Medical Things
(IoMT): Challenges and Future Opportunities with
Emerging Technologies
Divy Tushar Shah Akash Patel Aishwariya Budhrani
Department of Information Technology Department of Information Technology Department of Computer Science and
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Devang Patel Institute of Advance Engineering
Technology and Research Technology and Research Devang Patel Institute of Advance
(DEPSTAR),Faculty of Technology and (DEPSTAR),Faculty of Technology and Technology and Research
Engineering (FTE), Charotar Engineering (FTE), Charotar (DEPSTAR),Faculty of Technology and
University of Science and Technology University of Science and Technology Engineering (FTE), Charotar
(CHARUSAT) (CHARUSAT) University of Science and Technology
Changa 388421, Gujarat, India Changa 388421, Gujarat, India (CHARUSAT)
divyshah2102@gmail.com akashpatel.dit@charusat.ac.in Changa 388421, Gujarat, India
aishwariyabudhrani.dcs@charusat.ac.in
Khushi Patel
Department of Computer Engineering
Devang Patel Institute of Advance
Technology and Research
(DEPSTAR),Faculty of Technology and
Engineering (FTE), Charotar
University of Science and Technology
(CHARUSAT)
Changa 388421, Gujarat, India
khushipatel.ce@charusat.ac.in

Abstract— Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is one of the
thriving areas of current era which focuses on the digitization of
healthcare services by connecting hospitals, medical resources,
healthcare professionals and patients over Internet. Internet of
Things (IoT) plays important role in IoMT to connect medical
devices with each other for the communication of data between
doctors, medical staffs, hospitals and patient for offering efficient
and reliable medical services. Currently, IoMT offers various
services like patient data management, diagnosis of diseases,
remote healthcare monitoring, tele-surgery, etc. In this paper, the
IoMT is covered with respect to its applications, use cases and case
studies. The analysis shows that the IoMT is one of the most
growing fields of Information Technology (IT) which uses the
various sensors, equipment, and devices to sense the health-related
data of humans and share the data with hospitals, doctors and
healthcare professionals for remote diagnosis and treatments.
However, IoMT is being adopted widely to offer tele-surgeries,
real-time health monitoring and diagnosis of various diseases by
integration of various technologies, still many challenges such as
Interoperability, privacy and security, Energy Consumption,
network latency, etc. need focus of researchers for better and
accurate outcome. Here, the major challenges of IoMT are
covered which will be helpful to the researcher and medical
professional for improvement in healthcare domain.
Keywords—Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Smart
healthcare, Tele-surgeries, Remote Health Monitoring (RHM),
Challenges, Future trends
I. INTRODUCTION
The fundamental requirement of human’s health is being
physically, mentally and socially fit. For humans their health
is very vital to lead their lives smoothly and peacefully. The
process of ameliorating health by preventing and diagnosing
diseases on time called Healthcare [1]. Science and
technology have made our lives easy in each and every way
by utilizing the creations made using science and technology.
One of the best inventions of science and technology till now
is the Internet. We all know that nowadays the internet is a
necessity for daily routine work of human beings for a better
and comfortable lifestyle. One of the most rapidly expanding
areas of IT is IoT which links various sensors, actuators,
commuting devices, and other technologies together over the
Internet to make human life easier and relaxed. Nowadays,
many IoT based applications and devices are available using
which humans can carried out their work without moving
from their place. Various thriving areas of IoT are smart city,
smart grid, smart agriculture, smart healthcare, smart homes,
etc.
Smart healthcare is the most growing area of IoT which
connects various devices using communication technologies
to offer remote healthcare services. The devices
(objects/things) used in medical field like pulse checking
sensor, biometric cybersecurity scanners, temperature sensor,
blood oxygen saturation sensor, air checking sensor, So2
level checking sensor, ECG/EEG/EMG, blood pressure
sensor etc. are connected over internet to offer medical
diagnosis, treatment and services can be identified as Internet
of Medical Things. Overall, the medical professionals,
hospitals, and patients are connected over a network along
with medical devices, machines and software applications to
support various healthcare services known as IoMT. IoMT
allows wireless and remote devices to work securely over the
Internet to do analysis of medical data very quickly. In the
survey taken by Deloitte, the IoMT market is estimated to
grow ₹13 trillion from ₹3 trillion by the end of 2022 from
2017.

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In this article, the next section covers basic details regarding
IoT which uses various sensors in real-time to sense the data
and process the data for the required outcome and
technologies in IoMT which uses IoT devices to automate the
healthcare services. The next section covers emerging,
applications and use cases of IoMT, and challenges with
IoMT to facilitate the researchers.
II. BACKGROUND THEORY
A. Internet of Things (IoT)
The term is originated in 1999 by Kevin Ashton to define an
interconnection of the physical world through devices like
sensors, RFIDs (Radio Frequency Identification), actuators,
etc. over the Internet. Kevin Ashton is the British technology
pioneer and also one of the founders of Auto-ID Centre at
MIT. The things inculcated with various sensors and other
technologies for the communication with other devices or
systems in real-time over the Internet are known as IoT [2].
In general, it is the network of billions of physical devices
connected over the Internet used for exchanging or storing the
data. It’s a technology that has slowly and gradually procured
momentum and is now quietly carving the better future. It is
the result of human’s intrigue and determination to lead
appropriate and connected lifestyles, reducing human work
and mistakes.
Fig. 1. Applications of IoT in different sectors
The various sectors which are using IoT and its applications
are healthcare, industrial, banking, automobile, tourism,
fitness, personal care, agriculture, research, shopping,
mobile, television, space and research, hotels, cosmetics and
many more.
Due to the IoT the lives of people have become very fast and
easy going. Applications of IoT are mainly classified into
consumer and business. Some applications of IoT are home
automation, smart wearables, smart meters, smart warehouse
etc [3]. Fields like agriculture, medical, industries and
automation use the applications of IoT the most. Some other
applications of IoT are Smart Cities, Wearables, traffic
monitoring, Fleet-Management, Water supply etc. The
increasing use of IoT devices and its applications have
reduced the human errors and has increased productivity of
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the work. Some day-to-day examples of IoT are Alexa,
Chromecast, Siri, Google Assistant etc.
Technologies used in IoT are Edge Computing, Cloud
Computing, Mobile Computing and Machine Learning.
B. Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)
IoMT is the interconnection of healthcare professionals,
various IoT devices and hospitals through communication
technology. IoMT is the platform where medical devices are
connected with each other and monitored by healthcare
professionals to diagnose and treat diseases. It processes the
medical signals and communicates the data over the network.
It is a platform used by medical professionals for decision
making according to the requirement of diseases with the use
of various AI techniques [4].
The IoT in healthcare has improved the life of diseased
patients. The invention of IoT in the medical sector has
decreased the charge of visiting doctors from distant places
and has reduced the workload of doctors and nurses in
surgeries and operation theatres. By referring to the past
cases, data stored in databases and also availability of real
time health data of patients enables doctors, physicians and
surgeons to observe abnormal diagnosis at an earlier stage
that helps in reducing the risk of patient’s life. IoMT helps in
communication and collaboration between distanced doctors
and experts. The rapid growth of IoT in healthcare has
encouraged medical centers to apply it in order to gain
competitive advantages and to be special over rivals [5].
Fig. 2. Layers of IoMT
There are generally 4 layers in the architecture of IoMT
which are Perception Layer, Gateway layer, Database Layer
and Application Layer [6].
The perception layer is the lowermost layer which consists of
data sources. The sensor and the actuators are used to collect
the patient’s data such as heart rate for stress predication,
pulse rate, blood glucose level, body temperature, lung
volume, urine examination with the help of various devices,
smart phones and smart watches (wearables). The database
layer comes in the function when the data collected from the
wearables are sent to the cloud database. The technologies
used to store the data are Cloud Computing, Fog Computing,
Edge Computing or Mobile Cloud Computing. The data
collected from the sensors are sent to the cloud database using
Wi-Fi or other network interface. These sensors are
continuously used to monitor the patient all the time. At the
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gateway layer using the internet the data stored in the
database layer is sent to the hospitals and doctors where they
can monitor the condition of the patients. The Application
layer consists of doctors, hospitals, nurses, healthcare experts
etc. where the data from the database is continuously
monitored. The technologies used in application layer are
Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Machine Learning etc.
C. Smart E-healthcare
United Nations Sustainable Development Goal No. 3 (SDG –
Goal 3) has suggested that continuous and efficient healthcare
monitoring is required for sustainable development as it
guarantees the health and welfare of humans across all ages.
Smart healthcare connects patients, medical professionals
and hospitals on the single platform through which the
doctors can monitor the daily human activities to diagnose
and get updates regarding health of the patient from remote
locations using IoMT [7].
Smart healthcare was discovered by IBM from the concept of
“Smart Planet” which was put forward in 2009. Smart Planet
provides a platform to process the data coming from sensors
using IoT, cloud computing and devices with high
configurations [8].
The technologies used in smart healthcare are IoT, cloud
computing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, mobile
internet, big data etc. These technologies are extensively used
in making the whole smart e-healthcare system efficient and
reliable. Wearable devices are used to monitor patients' health
throughout the day [8]. Many AI based solutions like robots
and support systems are available to use in diseases diagnosis,
tele-surgeries, patient health records management and,
appointment booking. They promote collaboration and
networking across boundaries, and promote the growth of
remote medicine and self-service healthcare, and ultimately
make individualized healthcare services omnipresent.
Moreover, it also decreases the charge and risk of procedures
through the use of these technologies in the medical sector.
III. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN IOMT
Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Physically Unclonable
Function (PUF), Software Defined Networking (SDN),
Machine Learning, 5G Internet, Cloud Computing, Edge
Computing, Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC), Fog
Computing are some emerging technologies which plays
important role in IoMT to offer security, privacy,
performance to improve the services offered by current e-
healthcare systems [9].
A. AI in IoMT
AI performs significant role in the adoption of IoMT in the
world of healthcare and medical sector by offering various
benefits which has increased the adoption of IoMT in the field
of medical science. The integration of AI with IoMT offers a
number of benefits like automated patient health record
management, managing and scheduling appointments,
managing lab tests, treatment plans, medications, surgical
treatment [10, 20]. The critical conditions can be handled by
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using the AI for precision medicine advanced diagnostics
with real time and historical data analyzing [9].
B. Blockchain in IoMT
Blockchain technology offers the security of the data by
using distributed ledger technology by offering transparency,
integrity and immutability of data [11]. Blockchain uses
decentralized and peer to peer connection which offer
reliability in terms of data as data is replicated among the
nodes. It is a system of collecting the information in a very
secure way that makes it impossible to change the data by
integrity breach. Healthcare patient information is the most
critical information which requires a higher level of privacy
and security. The main purpose of using blockchain
technology in the IoMT is the security and transparency of
the data among patients and healthcare professionals.
Blockchain provides high level security to the database layer
so that no one can mutate the data of the patients.
C. Machine Learning in IoMT
Machine learning is an important part in the prediction
of treatment procedures suitable to specific disease and its
success rate on the basis of medical history and current
reports of the patient which is known as precision medicine.
Supervised learning, Neural networks and Deep Learning are
the main pillars of machine learning which works very well
in the field of healthcare for automation in healthcare record
management, decision making, medicine suggestions,
telesurgery, etc. [8].
D. Cloud Computing in IoMT
Currently cloud computing is booming technology used
in healthcare by offering services for data management
anywhere-anytime over the internet. Cloud computing is
intended to offer and utilize the enormous number of
computing services on the web for healthcare. The main
purpose of using this technology is to manage and store the
huge amount of patient’s data among hospitals, patient and
healthcare professionals.
IV. APPLICATIONS OF IOMT
The main and important role of IoMT is in the Remote
Healthcare Monitoring (RHM) system. Nowadays, RHM is
being used widely for the monitoring of patient’s health in
non-clinical environments such as homes or remote locations
by the medical professionals which is also referred as Remote
Patient Monitoring. The role of IoMT in RHM is to sense the
patient’s health related data such as blood pressure, heart rate,
sugar level through wearable sensors/devices, store them in
the cloud databases and used for real-time analysis for
medical professionals [12][13]
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Fig. 3. The architecture of Remote healthcare Monitoring (RHM) [14]

Remote Healthcare Monitoring system is the application of

IoMT. The RHM totally works on IoMT. The architecture of
RHM includes patient, wearables/smartphones, wi-fi, cloud
database, doctor, hospital and caretaker(nurse). The patient is
at his/her home and he/she is connected with the sensors
using wearables or smartphones. The data of the patient is
constantly monitored by the sensors and this data is sent to a
Fig. 4. Applications of AI in IoMT [15]
cloud database via Internet (Wi-fi) and there the patient’s data
is stored. The stored data is also sent to the hospital, doctor B. Application of Cloud Computing in IoMT
and caretaker(nurse). This whole way RHM does work on the
application of IoMT.
Cloud Computing offers the facilities for storing,
maintaining, managing and processing the data over the
Some other famous applications of IoMT are surgical robots,
Internet which can be accessed anywhere-anytime. Cloud
collection of vital signals such as pulse, blood pressure, SpO2
computing uses a distributed environment to offer services.
count and many more.
Cloud Computing has a lot of applications in the medical
V. CASE STUDIES sector as most computing services done by the medical sector
are done through cloud platforms.
Here we will be going to see some emerging technologies and
their application in the field of healthcare.

A. Application of AI in IoMT

The integration of AI with IoMT is offering the medical

sector many benefits and providing a large number of
applications to the medical personnel to diagnose the patient
more accurately [4].

Surgery using robots, maintaining and managing medical

records of patients, precision medicine, X-Rays, CT scans,
digital consulting, virtual nurses, drug creation, health
monitoring etc. all are the applications of AI in the medical
sector.
Medicine is the most promising application area for AI as
researchers and developers have proposed and developed
many clinical decisions support systems. AI is also helping in
interpreting ECGs, diagnosing the diseases, choosing
appropriate treatment by backtracking patients’ history.
AI has leveraged machine learning methods like supervised
learning, neural networks and deep learning to account for
complex interactions and to identify patterns from the data.
Fig. 5. Layers of Cloud Computing in IoMT [16]
Cloud computing in IoMT has basically three layers which
are cloud layer, fog layer and sensing layer. The main role of
the sensing layer is to gather all the data of patient from the
sensors (devices) and the collected data is sent to the cloud
database for the storage using Wi-Fi or other network
interface. The sensing layer is the bottom layer which
provides the data of patients to the fog server through the
sensors and actuators over the internet. Then the fog layer
manages the data and sends it to the cloud layer through
gateways where the data is stored. In any emergency, the data
stored from the fog layer directly sends the message to the
hospital server for the requirement of the ambulance. The
data stored in the cloud layer is accessed by medical
personnel to examine the patient’s progress and its history
helps to diagnose the patient in real time.

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Moreover, Fog computing plays an important role with IoT
devices for real time data processing. Fog Computing
generates various distributed nodes which reduce the traffic
and latency issues to provide computing and storing services
along with secure communication and higher Quality of
service.
Edge computing and Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) are
also important parts of IoMT. Using the edge computing
doctor can access the stored data of patients in real time.
Medical staff do not need to send patients data to remote
servers, by establishing an edge data center they can easily
process and store the patient’s data [18].
The mobile cloud based IoMT system helps for quick
response to the change in physical signs of patients by giving
access to the clinical services over the Internet. The MCC
provides the tracks of medication and progression of medical
treatment [19] [22].
VI. CHALLENGES IN IOMT
A. Interoperability
Interoperability in medical means the ability to securely,
more cautiously and more efficiently transfer data and use the
information and instructions among all other connected
devices to work effectively. Lack of interoperability can
cause the increase in the cost as the devices, machines,
software, applications etc. won't be able to communicate or
exchange the data properly among them.
B. Privacy and Security
One of the major challenges for IoMT is the data security
and data privacy [17] [21] as in medical sector hospitals have
enormous amounts of health data and private information
regarding the patients in their databases. Due to the evolution
of the computer science and technology field, cyber-attacks
on IoMT such as flooding, replay attack, SQL injection,
Ransomware, side-channel attack, man-in-the-middle attack,
eavesdropper, false data injection, etc. have increased and
due to which the privacy and security of the patient’s data are
at risk as hackers might hack the hospital’s server and misuse
the patient’s data. IoMT sensors are very tiny in terms of
computation power and memory due to which the existing
security protocols or encryption algorithms can not be used
directly with the sensors. Many researchers have proposed
the security solutions based on machine learning using which
the attack can be detected on the basis of their behavior. IoMT
uses the combination of cryptography, machine learning, and
lightweight techniques for authentication and authorization.
C. Energy consumption
Energy consumption is the biggest challenge for IoMT as
almost all the medical devices, applications, machines work
with the help of either electrical energy or solar energy. For
the continuous monitoring of the patient, sensors are used and
for the efficiency of the data, sensors containing devices are
connected to the energy sources all the time
D. Network Latency
Network Latency means the time taken by one data packet
to travel from the source place to the designated place. The
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large amount of data is passed from one device to the other
for the real time analysis and due to which data traffic occurs
which sometimes slows down the particular medical device
resulting in waiting for the diagnosis of the patient by the
medical personnel. In the case of RHM if the network latency
occurs there will be delay in the data sending of the patient to
the hospital and which leads to the delay in the treatment of
the patient.
CONCLUSION
With the increasing awareness and consciousness
about the health of human beings, IoMT is also getting focus
of human in their daily life for health monitoring. The
integration of various technologies with IoMT to improve the
quality of services to the patients, professionals and hospitals.
With the increasing demand of IoMT, it also opens challenges
like interoperability of various devices and communication
technologies. Moreover, increased usage of sensors also
increases the power consumption for constant monitoring of
data. The data sensed by the sensors are analyzed by cloud
service providers where security and privacy of the patient
records need to be maintained. The security of patient data is
the most critical area which demands focus. Many
researchers are working on the challenges of IoMT but doors
are still open for the researcher for wide adoption of IoMT.
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[10] Al-Dhaen, Fatema, Jiachen Hou, Nripendra P. Rana, and Vishanth
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[11] Patel, K., Ramoliya, D., Sorathia, K., Bhut, F. (2022). Comparative
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[12] S. Sudevan and M. Joseph, ―Internet of Things: Incorporation into
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[14] Nimra Dilawar, Muhammad Rizwan, Fahad Ahmad and Saima Akram,
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[16] Naresh, Vankamamidi Srinivasa, Suryateja S. Pericherla, Pilla Sita
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[17] Pandya, V., Saiyed, A., Patel, K. (2022). Recent Advancement in Fine-
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[18] Sun, Lanfang, Xin Jiang, Huixia Ren, and Yi Guo. "Edge-cloud
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[19] Nguyen, Dinh C., Khoa D. Nguyen, and Pubudu N. Pathirana. "A
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[21] Joby, P. P. "A Review on Data Securing Techniques using Internet of
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Solar Tree based Smart City Street Light Control

System using IoT BLYNK Platform
S.Dhanasekaran P.Gomathi A.Renaldo maximus
Assistant Professor,Dept of ECE Assistant Professor,Dept of ECE Assistant Professor,Dept of ECE
Sri Eshwar College of Engineering Selvam College of Technology Government College of Engineering
Coimbatore, India Namakkal, India Tirunelveli, India
dhanselvaraj@gmail.com gomathipr16@gmail.com renaldo.ece@gmail.com

Thiyagarajan Krishnan B.Kannan

Assistant Professor,Dept of ECE Assistant Professor,Dept of ECE
PSG College of Technology Ramco Institute of Technology
Coimbatore, India Rajapalayam, India
krishthiyagu.rajan@gmail.com emailtokannanb@gmail.com

Abstract— Street lighting uses a lot of electricity around the
world. Street lights in most cities are only managed regularly
and the quality of service is very low. The worst levels will be
caused by constraints on available resources, very limited
equipment instrumentation, inappropriate system operation,
and poor network maintenance. The goal of the current
research is to build and develop a highly IoT-dependent smart
city based on ESP8266. Its main goal is to create a subway IoT
system that contributes to the development of smart cities and
uses online cloud computing to solve real-time problems.
Thanks to the Internet of Things, street lighting and water
management are now two factors that are automatically
managed in smart cities and rural areas. In our current work,
we tend to focus more on using Internet of Things (IoT) devices
to remotely control street lighting. IoT will allow access to real-
time street lighting data (on/off status) anytime, anywhere. IoT
is nothing more than a network that uses software, sensors,
and connectivity to control and monitor data anytime,
anywhere. The central office can conduct observations from
anywhere. Data that is continuously stored in the cloud via
BLYNK local servers and efficient client-server connections is
visible to us in real time. Such automated systems will work
more efficiently than manual systems, saving manpower and
increasing the accuracy of the system. Electricity prices
continue to rise as more and more energy is wasted. Saving
energy is now absolutely necessary. To improve efficiency, a
technology called street lighting monitoring to automatically
control street lighting was created. The main reason for the
work is to save energy.
lights from a distance while also taking the necessary
measures to lower energy consumption through power
conditioning and control. It is necessary to attach the street
light controller to the light pole. It consists of a
microprocessor, a few sensors, and a wireless module. The
street light controller installed on the street light pole will
pass the information between each street light and manage
the LED Street light according to the traffic flow. To
monitor the system, data from street lighting controls can be
wirelessly transmitted to the base station. The system can be
controlled automatically or manually [2]. The control
system regulates the lighting's on and off times as well as its
brightness to suit the situation. The studied light sources on
the side of a road or path that are lit or illuminated at
specific times each night have several different names,
including street light, lamp post, street light, light standard,
or light standard. Increased safety and accident prevention
are two important benefits of street. For the purpose of
increasing the business' efficiency and accuracy, an
automated system known as "Street Light Monitoring and
Control" was developed. This paper outlines a novel,
workable method for designing street lighting control
systems. Additionally, the system has a client-server
architecture that enables users to connect directly with the
web-based application to control street lights from any area
from a single location.

Keywords—Internet of thing (IoT), Street light, Light-

emitting diode (LED), Solar panel, Embedded C software

I. INTRODUCTION
One of the biggest energy costs in the city is street
lighting. Municipal street lighting costs can be reduced by as
much as 50% to 70% using smart street lighting systems.
Smart street lighting systems automatically classify
pedestrians, cyclists and vehicles and adjust light output
based on usage and occupancy [1]. The Smart Street
Lighting Program suggests setting up wireless devices to
monitor and regulate the real energy consumption of street Figure: 1 Diagram for Street Light Control System

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Numerous street lighting management systems
have been developed to monitor and manage the energy
consumption of metropolitan Public Street lighting systems
[3]. It has a street light monitoring system as well as a single
light with a network operating protocol. Most types of lights
require hardware compatible with a specific protocol. The
street light systems used today are not suitable. Most
controls are manual, although some are automated
depending on environmental factors. Location management
in remote areas is a big problem. Electricity is wasted due to
human error [4].
A. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
Every city must have street lights to be considered
a smart city. The time when our street lights were on all day,
though, was when we actually felt it. We can use this
method to manage some street lights. We will try to use this
method to control street lights from a remote server.
Creating an efficient street lighting system was the main
goal are, it requires a server that can be used to track all
street lights in the city and remote access is possible using
low cost internet technology.
B. PROJECT MOTIVATING FACTORS
Build a smart lighting system that is cost-effective
and self-regulating on the street while saving energy.
Develop a smart lighting system that saves energy by
combining controls and sensors. By using a modular
approach, you can create scalable and scalable smart
lighting systems. Build intelligent lighting systems that are
scalable and compatible with other commercial applications
and automation systems, going beyond simple lighting
systems.
II. RELATED WORK
Their goal is to track the monitoring back to the
control station and check the health of the streetlights. The
transmission module, microcontroller module and light
dependent resistor (LDR) module are all inside the lamp
module. The light modules will use Zigbee to wirelessly
interact with the control station. Two LDRs are provided in
the LDR module. To check the day/night status mode, the
LDR is mounted on top of the street light. To monitor and
assess the health of the lights, another LDR is placed under
the street lights. After the microcontroller receives the signal
from the LDR, it processes the data and sends it to the
transmission module. Wireless ZigBee in the
communication module transmits data wirelessly to the
control center. The control center will track the condition of
each street light and manage how the lights are used [5].
In paper [6] is to build an innovative embedded system for
energy efficient street lamps. Many people are so busy these
days that they don't even have time to turn off the lights
when they don't need it. The best ways to address electrical
waste can be found in this document. The lighting system
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can also be controlled automatically. Throughout this piece,
LEDs are employed (LEDs). The fundamental flaw of this
technology is the inability to alter the street lighting array.
Only drive on Single Street.
In paper [7], A server, a graphical user interface
(GUI), and nodes, which are micro-control processing units
with built-in sensors that detect various parameters, make up
the system. Each network node uses a protocol to establish a
connection to the master server. The sensor converts the
received analog data into digital form, which is then
analyzed by the microcontroller and transmitted to the
server. The master is in command of each slave. The master
node receives and collects data from other nodes and sends
it to concentrators and servers, where it can be monitored
and processed to switch nodes on and off devices based on
fundamental changes. The system can also detect many
characteristics, such as outdoor temperature, fog, carbon
dioxide emissions and noise levels, and recommend
remedial measures. Every street light requires a GSM
modem to function, which automatically adds to the cost. It
also includes some network issues.
Each street light can be fitted with an infrared
sensor for vehicle motion detection. There is a car passing
by and the lights are on. This can reduce power usage and
help save some energy. It has a solar panel that allows
sunlight to charge it. However, this is problematic because
this sensor only turns on when a car passes by, but street
lighting is useful for pedestrians crossing the road. It's also
expensive since every street light requires an expensive
infrared sensor [8].The management and efficiency of the
proposed street lamp remote control system can be
improved [9]. This system uses Zigbee network. It has a
smaller range than a wireless network. Zigbee's range is
extremely limited. Due to the small range of the ZigBee
network, it is very expensive to use and has range issues as
it requires a lot of hardware in this article to control and
monitor street lights.
The proposed system relies on solar energy. Street
lighting is powered by solar energy during the day and runs
out at night. The sensor automatically turns on throughout
the night and turns off during the day. The street lighting
switches to the RTC controller when the battery is low.
There is not enough sun energy to charge the solar cells if
the weather changes. Therefore, it will cause the street light
to glow uncomfortably [10]. The goal of the study was to
develop innovative built-in technologies to save energy in
street lighting. The street lights currently operate on a
manual manner, turning on the night before sunset and
turning off the next morning once it is sufficiently light
outside [11]. The best moment to activate these lights,
though, is when it is completely dark. As a result, part of the
power is wasted. The work provides a remedy for wasted
electricity [12]. Additionally, there is no longer any manual
lighting system control at all. The suggested system offers a
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means of lowering energy usage. In order to do this,
vehicles are detected and approached using a combination of
IR transmitters and receivers. The sensor sends data to the
microcontroller after detecting motion, which also causes
the light to turn on [13]. Likewise, the status (on/off) of
street lighting can be accessed anytime and anywhere via
the Internet. Once the vehicle or obstacle is moved aside, the
light will go out. The idea uses built-in smart technology to
manage streetlights in response to detection of vehicles or
other roadblocks. When an obstruction is detected on the
street within the specified period, the light will
automatically switch on or off depending on the obstacle
detection, and the same information may be accessed online.
Users can access the real-time status (ON/OFF) of the street
light through the internet at any time and from any place.
Today, road safety is significantly affected by
street lights. Street lighting uses a lot of electricity.
Therefore, it is important that we save as much energy as
possible. Electricity prices continue to rise as more and
more energy is wasted. Saving energy is now absolutely
necessary. A technology called streetlight monitoring that
automatically controls streetlight switches was created to
improve efficiency. In this work, a new street lighting
control system is presented. The base server manages street
lighting only by sending messages using the wireless
network. Client-server applications make up the system.
Saving energy is the main reason for executing this work
[14]. An elevated source of light on the edge of a road or
path that is turned on or illuminated at a certain time each
night is known as a street light, lamppost, street lamp, light
standard, or lamp standard. Two of the main advantages of
street lighting are the decrease in accidents and the
improvement in safety. Many street light management
systems have been developed to manage and reduce the
energy consumption of a town's public lighting system. To
manage a circuit of street lights or specific lights, for
example, these contain specific ballasts and network
operating protocols. These might involve high-frequency
transmission over the low voltage supply, wireless
communication, and sending and receiving instructions via
separate data networks. A wide range of protocols and
appropriate hardware have been developed for the majority
of lighting kinds [15].
In order to transmit data efficiently for a variety of
applications, Ramalingam et al. proposed the Blynk IoT
server [16]. Using Blynk and a wireless sensor network,
Venkatramanan and Ramalingam created a smart Internet of
Things device for real-time applications. Data has been
collected and sent to the cloud using this intelligent IoT
device [17]. Based on this IoT hardware design, we create a
low-cost smart device for identifying missing people. P. K
aruppusamy et al. [18] proposed IoT-based monitoring
systems allow users to examine the status of connected
electrical equipment from anywhere globally and control
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them from remote locations. The suggested work includes a
reset switch to allow for a manual reset of the entire unit. A.
Sathesh et al .[19] presented an ideal evaluation technique
that takes environmental criteria into account and can be
utilised in future energy policy A decision tool is used to
evaluate lighting tenders and lighting designs while
analysing the significance of these criteria. The optimal
option reduces CO2 emissions and saves 75% of energy,
according to simulation data.
III. PROPOSED METHOD
The system is designed to implement an efficient
street lighting control system. Connected together using
esp8266 sensors. As shown in Figure 1, the information and
data collected by the sensors are passed to the nodemcu,
which can pass the information to the Blynk application.
The IOT system also has a BLYNK mechanism that allows
users to view street lights in all locations from a single
location by directly interacting with the IOT Android app.
When we need to turn the light on or off, the server can
notify the IoT controller that the necessary action is
required. The IoT controller can receive the data, decode it
and identify the specific light that will be set using the relay
circuit. After receiving the message, it overwrites the data
and uses the relay circuit to identify the corresponding light
that needs to be turned on or off. The entire street lighting
system is connected to the relay driver circuit. Figure 2
contains a schematic diagram of the design system.
Figure .2 Proposed block diagram
A. Working Principle
The Arduino receives the control signal from the
ESP8266 and uses it to turn the solenoid valve on and off.
As shown in Figure 3, the ADC unit transfers the digital
data it converts from the analog data to the "Nodemcu". The
NodeMCU (Node microcontroller unit) is an open-source
software and hardware development environment built
around an inexpensive System-on-a-Chip (SoC) called the
ESP8266. The NodeMCU is available in various package
styles. Common to all the designs is the base ESP8266 core.
Designs based on the architecture have maintained the
standard 30-pin layout and operates in 3.3v. The relay
circuit is connected to street lighting. The microcontroller is
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connected to the relay circuit. This relay's primary function
is to change the state of the street light from off to on and
vice versa. The street light has been controlled and sensor
data sent to cloud via IoT using MQTT protocol. The
microcontroller is connected to the IoT nodemcu device. It
works in the BLYNK cloud environment. Android
smartphones are equipped with the Blynk app. With Blynk
Cloud, the surroundings of the street lights are also
monitored. The Blynk Cloud platform controls the on/off
status of street lights.
The device's purpose is to enable effective
operations while allowing human control of the machine and
information feedback. The database stores and organizes
data using specialized software. Information created during
operation is also stored. The job of the communication
manager is to facilitate internal and external web server and
embedded system communication. It is Wi-Fi compatible.
An electric working switch is a relay circuit. The primary
server, which manages the junction's whole record of street
lights, runs Java Web Applications. A server notifies a
controller to turn on or off a certain street light. After
receiving such data, the street light controller will decode it
and use a relay circuit to turn on or off a specific street light.
The relay driver circuit is connected to each individual street
light bulb.
B. Module Description

Figure 3. Circuit diagram for Street light control.

There are many more microcontrollers than the few that run
on any "version" of the "Arduino board family," but the
Arduino board family.
• offers a standard IDE that is incredibly easy to use;
• has comprehensive peripheral support, including third-
party support; and
• includes a huge number of sample applications to get you
started.
An automated system called "Street Light
Monitoring and Control" was created to increase the
company's efficiency and accuracy through automatically
timed, controlled street lighting. This idea provides a new,
economical approach to street lighting control systems.
Control circuits, internet and electrical equipment make up
the control system. The system also features a client-server
architecture that enables users to communicate directly with
web-based applications to monitor street lights remotely Figure.4. IoT communication flow diagram
from anywhere. A Java web application that manages all
street lights in a country, state or city will run on the Using sensing technology to make farms more
underlying server. When a street light needs to be turned on "smarter" and more closely connected through the practice
or off, the server will notify the street controller, which will of so-called "precision agriculture", often referred to as
then take the appropriate action. The street light controller "smart agriculture," is a way to solve agriculture-related
receives the information, decodes it, and then uses a relay problems and improve the quality and quantity of
circuit to identify the specific street light that will turn on or agriculture. We are developing a module for measuring soil
off. Once the message is received, the process will be moisture, temperature, humidity, rainfall frequency and light
repeated again. A relay driver circuit is connected to each intensity. It advises farmers on the best seeds through one
individual street light. An IoT that tracks all the street lights interface. The system's design includes a Wi-Fi module and
in the city will run on the base server. temperature, humidity, and humidity sensors. The software
is an Internet of Things (IoT) platform that allows setting

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irrigation profiles based on seasons or daily and weekly

patterns. The program notifies the main module that the There are two approaches to set up the network
system is being turned on or off. between the hardware components and the cloud: either
All physical parameters are sensed by sensors that using MQTT agents and the MQTT protocol, or using an
convert their analog values into digital values. Humidity and HTTP module and the HTTP protocol. Due to the fact that
temperature sensors are used to estimate the humidity and MQTT is message-driven and HTTP is document-driven, it
temperature of the location. Capacitive soil moisture sensors is recommended over HTTP. IoT integration is all about
immersed in the soil are used to calculate the moisture APIs; applications use logical connectors to connect to and
content of the soil. Put together a module to get data from communicate with different IoT devices. The information
sensors in real time. After that, the IoT gateway receives this provided by the API allows these gadgets to send data to the
data. The IoT gateway then uses the Wi-Fi module to program and act as a data interface. They also allow your
transmit the data to the IoT platform (cloud). The cloud in program to take over the device and act as a functional
the system will contain a database. The database will interface. Both web-based and mobile applications can be
maintain the data received from the IoT gateway. Figure 1 is used to monitor data. These programs act as the user
a schematic diagram of the proposed system, which consists interface and display sensor data. These programs run on
of six modules, viz. Data acquisition from environment, portable devices, such as mobile phones, which have LCD
microcontroller assembly, network, cloud storage; IoT- screens to display data.
based interfaces and handheld devices.
B. Blynk IoT platform
C. Data from Environment Created an IoT based Android application for
The DHT11 measures humidity and temperature; street light control system. The proposed hardware
the sensors' readings are in percent and degrees Celsius, components use Wi-Fi gadgets to connect to the Internet
of Things. The Blynk IoT application server continuously
respectively. The LM393 light sensor measures light
monitors hardware output behavior and events. The
intensity in candela. Sensed data are transmitted to cloud Blynk Android app can monitor vibration levels and
storage using API authentication key. All sensor operating detection as notifications. IoT is used to control the street
voltage is 3.3v. The maximum current rating of DHT 11 light.
sensor is 0.3mA.
V. RESULT ANALYSIS
D. Microcontroller Table.1 shows the utilization of power for street light
The hardware component of the system, this
Load No.of Powe Total Use Energ
Microcontroller Assembly, controls how data is acquired
loads r (W) Power Hours y need
using the sensors that are built into it. The embedded Wi-Fi (W) (h) (Wh)
module in the microcontroller, which has a Wi-Fi range of Street 5 15 75 6 450
up to 300 metres and is used to communicate with cloud light
storage, aids in the dissemination of information throughout LED
the network. Lamp

IV. SYSTEM ARCHITCTURE The table 1 shows the utilization of power for street light.
The components with specification used in proposed system
A. Network and Cloud storage are listed in Table 2 below
The network is responsible of transferring the data Table.2 shows the hardware specification
to cloud storage, which uses the received sensor information
S.NO COMPONENTS TECHNICAL
is in the form of raw data—to analyse and execute SPECIFICATION
computations before displaying it on the IoT interface. 1 SOLAR PV 5KW, 12V DC
2 Wind model 12V
3 BATTERIES 12V-700Ah
4 Communication IoT module-ESP 8266
5 Proposed system WIFI network and IOT
mobile app
6 Converter DC-DC 12v
7 Controller Raspberry pi4,
8 Sensor DHT11voltage sensor
9 DHT 11 sensor 3 to 5V power and I/O,
2.5mA max current use
during conversion, no more
than 1 Hz sampling rate
Figure 5: AC712 circuit diagram

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Figure 6. Implementation hardware for street light using IoT

Figure 6 depicts the proposed system's hardware
configuration. Solar panels use direct current to store solar
energy in batteries. As a result, we will use a DC light bulb
as our power source. For power, one end of the bulb is
connected to the battery. To read the current, the other
terminal is connected to the current sensor. Complex circuits Fig.7 BLYNK APP Output
are built on breadboards. It can also be used to construct Figure 7 depicts the results of the IoT-based street light
voltage dividers. Figure 9 graph shows the voltage sensor control system.
data of light which is sensed by the voltage sensor if the
sensed value is less than 50 then the LED should turn on
using MQTT protocol.
The monitoring data is stored separately in the
fields of the cloud. The individual graphs for each field are
displayed, as seen in Figs. 8 and 9. The battery voltage can
be monitored and visualized using Thinkspeak IoT platform.
The solar-powered led street lights turn on from twilight to
sunrise. The LED street light comes on automatically at
dusk and off at dawn. Figures 8 and 9 in the image above
show the street light's current output status and the voltage
of the solar panel that the LDR sensor senses. If the voltage Fig.8 Current output of street light
is less than 50, the LED should turn on. The battery voltage
value is displayed in third figure.9. Graphs highlight the key
message, strengthen the data's credibility, and give users a
condensed view of the information. For current, voltage,
power, and energy value with respect to date, graphs are
plotted. Anywhere in the world can access these graphs via
the internet

Fig.9 Solar panel battery voltage

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VI. CONCLUSION
Using the cloud-based IoT platform BLYNK, the
proposed water level and street light control system was put
into use. In this work, we designed a system to track water
flow for daily use by residents. The system is expected to
use a Raspberry Pi as the main controller and a number of
additional sensors to track water flow. Water boards often
receive updates on water flow observations to help them
gradually observe the effective availability of daily water
use. The main purpose of this article is to keep most of it. Its
main purpose is to effectively protect the facility. Sensors
are used to save energy without wasting any energy. Safe
street lighting calms car traffic. The research work
"Intelligent Smart Lighting System for Smart City Based on
IoT" can be the most practical, safe and cost-effective
energy-saving solution. With this system, you can get
information about the status of the light at any time. The
DHT11 is a composite sensor with calibrated digital signal
output for temperature and humidity. It has strong
dependability and long-term stability. This solution
addresses the energy efficiency issues of conventional solar
cell systems. In future development, we need to deploy the
system using LORA transceivers with IOT.
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[1]. Archana. G, Aishwarya N, Anitha J “Intelligent Street Light
System” International Journal of Recent Advances in
Engineering & Technology, Vol-3, Issue-4, 2015.
[2]. Akshay Balachandran, Murali Siva, V. Parthasarathi, Surya
and Shriram K. Vasudevan “An Innovation in the Field of
Street Lighting System with Cost and Energy Efficiency”
Indian Journal of Science and Technology,Vol-8, August
2015
[3]. Fox, G.; Kamburugamuve, S.; Hartman, R. Architecture and
measured characteristics of a cloud based internet of things.
In Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on
Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS), Denver,
CO, USA, 21–25 May 2012; pp. 6–12. Cloud Computing
(MCC’12), Helsinki, Finland, 13–17 August 2012; pp. 13–
16.
[4]. Zaidi, S.; Imran, A.; McLernon, D.; Ghogho, M. Enabling
IoT empowered smart lighting solutions: A communication
theoretic perspective. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE
Wireless Communications and Networking Conference
Workshops (WCNCW), Istanbul, Turkey, 6–9 April 2014;
pp. 140–144
[5]. DeepanshuKhandelwal, Bijo M Thomas, Kritika
Mehndiratta, Nitin Kumar “Sensor Based Automatic Street
Lighting system” International Journal of Education and
Science Research Review Volume-2, Issue-2 April- 2015.
[6]. Mohd. Saifuzzanman, and Nazmun Nessa Moon, Femaz
Narin Nur. “IoT Based Street Lighting and Traffic
Management System”. IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian
Technology Conference (R10-HTC), 2017.
[7]. R.Sarojini, G.Sheebha and S.Ramalingam,” IOT based
Smart City Water Management And Street Light Control
System Using Blynk Server”, Journal of Information and
Computational Science, Volume 9 Issue 7 - 2019
[8]. Lakshmana Phaneen manguluri, Yashwanth Sri Venkatesh
sorapalli, Lokesh kumar Nakkala, and Venkat Tallari,“Smart
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Street Lights Using IoT”, International conference on
applied and Theoretical Computing and Communication
Technology,2017.
[9]. M. Kokilavani, and A. Malathi, “Smart Street Lighting
System using IoT”, International Journal of Advanced
Research in Applied Science and Technology, Vol.3, No.11,
2017.
[10]. Parkash, Prabu V, and Dandu Rajendra, “Internet of Things
Based Intelligent Street Lighting System for Smart City”.
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology, Vol. 5, No. 5, 2016, pp. 7685-
7691.
[11]. Kusumayogo, E.; Wibawa, U.; Suyono, H. Analisis Teknis
Dan Ekonomis Penerapan Penerangan Jalan Umum Solar
Cell Untuk Kebutuhan Penerangan Di Jalan Tol Darmo
Surabaya. J. Mhs. Tek. Elektro Univ. Brawijaya 2014, 2, 1–6
[12]. Soledad Escolar, JesúsCarretero, Maria-Cristina Marinescu
and Stefano Chessa “Estimating Energy Savings in Smart
Street Lighting by Using an Adaptive Control System”
International Journal of Distributed Sensor NetworksVolume
2014, Article ID 971587
[13]. Somefun, Tobiloba & Awosope, Claudius & Abdulkareem,
Ademola & Adeleye, Daniel & Somefun, Comfort. (2019).
Deployment Of Smart Street Lighting System Using
Sensors. International Journal Of Electrical Engineering And
Technology. 10. 10.34218/Ijeet.10.4.2019.001.
[14]. Shichao, Chen & Xiong, Gang & Xu, Jia & Han,
Shuangshuang & Wang, Fei-Yue & Wang, Kun. (2018). The
Smart Street Lighting System Based on NB-IoT. 1196-1200.
10.1109/CAC.2018.8623281
[15]. S. Murugesan, S. Ramalingam, P. Kanimozhi, Theoretical
Modelling And Fabrication Of Smart Waste Management
System For Clean Environment Using WSN And IoT,
Materials Today: Proceedings, Volume 45, Part 2, 2021,
Pages 1908-1913,
[16]. S. Ramalingam, K. Baskaran and D. Kalaiarasan, "IoT
Enabled Smart Industrial Pollution Monitoring and Control
System Using Raspberry Pi with BLYNK Server," 2019
International Conference on Communication and Electronics
Systems (ICCES), 2019, pp. 2030-2034, doi:
10.1109/ICCES45898.2019.9002430.
[17]. Venkataramanan, C., Ramalingam, S., and Manikandan, A.
‘LWBA: Lévy-walk Bat Algorithm Based Data Prediction
for Precision Agriculture in Wireless Sensor Networks’. 1
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[18]. P., Karrupusamy. (2020). A Sensor based IoT Monitoring
System for Electrical Devices using Blynk framework.
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[19]. Sathesh, A. "Assessment of Environmental and Energy
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Decision Support System." Journal of Electronics and
Informatics 2, no. 2: 72-79.
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IoT and Image Processing based Smart Door

Locking System
B Jayaram1, D. Abdus Subhahan2, Sakthivel B3, T. A. Mohanaprakash4,
Sunita Joshi5, M Jogendra Kumar6
1
Department of Computer Science and Business Systems, RMK Engineering College, Kavaraipettai, Tamil
Nadu 601206, India. jayaramb05@gmail.com
2
Department of Computer Science Engineering, B V Raju Institute of Technology, Narsapur 502313,
Telengana, India. abdus777@gmail.com
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for
Women, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode, Namakkal 637205, Tamil Nadu, India.
4
Department of Computer science and Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai 600123,
Tamilnadu, India.
5
Department of Computer Applications, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies,
Faridabad 121004, Haryana, India.
6
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah education foundation,
Vaddeswaram,Andhra Pradesh, India.
Abstract— An effective home security system improves the traffic issue. The term IoT refers to physical items or groups
standard of living by making the home a safer place to live in of physical objects that connect and exchange data with other
general. In recent years, smart door locks have become devices and systems via the internet or other communication
increasingly popular as an integral component of home security networks [3]. Installation of a smart, personalized door lock
systems. Locking and unlocking a door with a smart door lock
system requires authentication. Unfortunately, several break-in
using IoT technology is just one way a smart house can
attempts have been made when the invader tried to bypass the improve its tenants' sense of security. It can be difficult for
locks. In this work, Internet of Things (IoT) and image the owner of a multifamily home or commercial complex to
processing can be used to strengthen the safety of Smart Door restrict access to authorized personnel if he has multiple keys
Lock systems. The camera is triggered after the motion detector for each unit, car, and gate. Even if the keys are misplaced,
has determined that a human has entered the area. The camera there are still safety concerns due to the high costs associated
picks up a clear picture of the visitor standing by the entrance. with key manufacturing, replication, and dissemination. This
Using image processing methods, the image is delivered to the study describes how smartphone communication technology,
microcontroller and compared with the registered users. A door image processing, and the IoT can be utilized to remotely
will open automatically if the person's face is in the database.
Otherwise, a notification and a photo of the person will be sent
unlock and shut doors via authentication. There are currently
to the user's mobile app via IoT. In the designed mobile app, digital door lock systems that use cameras, digital keypads
the user may view the individual's face and issue commands to for password authentication, fingerprint detection, smart
the system, such as opening and closing doors. Using the cards, and proximity or position detection. Smart locks
developed methodology, the safety of the house will be enable homeowners to lock and unlock their doors with or
increased, and unauthorized visitors will be prevented. without a physical key, regardless of where the guest is.
Access doors from anywhere using a smartphone or other
Keywords— Home Security, Sensor, Smart system, Internet Internet-connected device and a sensor given by an IoT-
of Things, Image processing. enabled smart lock [4]. A sensor, in the broadest definition,
is a device, module, or sub-system that detects motion or
changes in its surroundings and transmits the information to
I. INTRODUCTION
other electronics, primarily a computer processor.
People's quality of life will surely increase as the
world moves toward "smart cities." When addressing "smart" When it comes to smart home security, the door
cities and families, smart security and surveillance are also lock system is crucial, and the advice in the article [5] is the
important [1]. For every possible security application, an way to go. The door locks in a building may be controlled by
expensive, sophisticated, and bandwidth-hogging internet- the owner's smartphone via Bluetooth and an Arduino UNO,
based monitoring system is not required. While advanced, ensuring the safety of everyone inside. A user's credentials
existing closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera-based (username, password) are checked against a centralized
security and surveillance systems require human supervision database when they have installed an Android app on their
to achieve real-time capabilities and have a considerable device (tablet, smartphone, laptop, etc.). A buzzer will sound
energy footprint [2]. Furthermore, there will be other and SMS notification will be sent to the building owner if the
challenges related to smart cities, such as increased internet credentials are invalid, making the building more secure.
usage. This problem is caused by a variety of devices that Using other forms of wireless connection, this technology
require internet connectivity. It is critical to solving the issue might be expanded to encompass commercial applications
of real-time home security while also addressing the internet like ATMs, vending machines, and so on. In [6] A

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biometrically authenticated, internet-connected, automated
door lock was created. Facial recognition technology restricts
entry to authorized personnel only. Passcode-based access
and authentication system have also been implemented. The
proposed door lock puts the convenience of its users first by
doing away with the necessity of using keys or RFID cards.
In addition to gathering information, an outward-facing
alerting system is introduced. In their work [7], the authors
suggest a voice-password and biometric-based security
system for automated door locks in the home. Instead of
using a key or lock, a fingerprint scanner connected to a
mobile phone can be used to securely lock and unlock doors.
Everyone who tries to get in will be recorded. The brains of
the business are Raspberry Pi 3 B+ computers. This voice-
recognition job is done with the help of the program. In some
cases, a user's voice pass word and thumb impression can be
used to unlock the door. Neither of these triggers will allow
the door to open; instead, a buzzer and/or SMS message will
be delivered to the appropriate individual.
Through the use of a smartphone app, the Blynk
cloud server, and an Arduino microcontroller, the study [8]
demonstrates how to build a smart garage door system. The
Blynk cloud server, reachable via Wi-Fi or a 3G/4G network,
also enables users to remotely access and manage the smart
garage door using this mobile app. This automated garage
door may be controlled by voice commands through Google
Assistant. Iterated and tested to ensure it can perform the
necessary core functions of a smart garage door system. This
study [9] investigates the development of a smart door
application for the IoT that is tailored to the needs of people
with disabilities, namely those who have trouble opening a
standard front door. Disabled people and pandemics are
given additional care. This ground-breaking program was
created with the tenets of universal design in mind.
Everything is laid out, from the original idea for an
innovative and sustainable design of the application itself to
the analysis of the needs of a wide range of potential users,
the various technical implementation possibilities (including
all levels of communication, from proximity to the 5G
network), and the analysis of the application's sustainability.
Fig. 1. Proposed smart door locking system architecture
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Many novel technical and conceptual solutions have been
incorporated into the design, which collectively increases the
product's utility, practicality, and durability. The purpose of
this [10] project is to develop a system for monitoring and
controlling household appliances from mobile devices using
the IoT in a hybrid (local and remote) fashion. As such, this
project seeks to apply IoT -based design and manufacturing
methods to an existing smart house prototype to improve
upon it. In this project, we showcase the planning and
execution of a smart house equipped with a variety of
sensors and smart devices used in home automation, such as
smart fans, smart lights, smart doors, fire sprinklers, and so
on. To manage these intelligent gadgets and sensors, the
Cayenne IoT platform makes use of the MQTT protocol for
data publication and subscription. To make this work, you'll
need the NodeMCU-ESPS266 microcontroller, which has
Wi-Fi built right in. NodeMCU inexpensive price and strong
performance have contributed to its rise in popularity as a
controller of choice.
The research tries to solve the insecurity in
conventional door locking systems using IoT and image
processing. The recent studies on smart door locking system
(Part I), Proposed system design architecture and working
(Part II), Hardware and IoT platform requires to implement
the suggested system (Part III), Image processing technique
to identify the person’s face (Part IV), Working of the
suggested system using Blynk app (Part V), and finally
concludes the system design with its merits (Part VI).
II. PROPOSED SMART STICK DESIGN
The smart door locking system is designed by
joining hands with IoT and image processing. The system is
composed of input, output, and controller. The inputs used in
this work are the camera and motion sensor. For opening and
closing the door, the solenoid valve is used and it is not
possible to activate the solenoid valve by Arduino’s output
voltage. To solve this issue the relay is connected between
the valve and controller.
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The first step of the suggested system is to sense
whether any human movements are present near the door or
not using a motion sensor. If the sensor activates, the camera
gets activated. The camera captures the human present near
the door. And the image is processed and matched with the
templates already given by users. If the face is registered
already, the relay activates and the door opens automatically
using a solenoid valve. In case, a new person comes near the
door, the camera captures the image and sends a notification
to the user via the Blynk app. The user will decide whether
the door should be opened or closed. The architecture and
working of the suggested system by flow chart are shown in
Figures 1 and 2.
Fig. 2. Proposed system working
III. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS AND IOT
This section explains the physical components of the smart
door lock system as well as the IoT platform used in this
study.
1. Six of the board's fourteen digital links can be
configured as PWM outputs, for a total of sixteen digital
links. On the board, there are six analogue connections. An
ATmega328p microcontroller [11] is included on the PCB.
The proposed system is built around an Arduino board that
serves as the controller.
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2. A relay is a sort of electrical switch that can be
activated by passing a small current via its signal pin. While
the switch is turned off, the "NC" and "C" pins on the load
side are linked, but the "NO" and "C" pins are connected
when a modest current is passed through the signal pin. In
the event of a power outage, one relay switches the circuit to
battery backup, while the other two are used to manage the
lock through the mobile app or captured image.
3. Espressif Systems is in charge of assembling the
ESP32. Aside from its utility, the system is also highly
robust [12]. This device is essential for online interaction
since it can be handled remotely from a user's smartphone
using a mobile app accessed via the cloud. When a user
launches the app, they are offered a view of the lock as it
currently stands next to the door. When the app sends a "1"
to the cloud, the cloud may transfer that information to the
ESP 32 through the internet, at which point the ESP 32 will
open the lock according to its predetermined programming.
When the button is pressed again, it sends a value, this time
"0," which the ESP-32 gets via the internet and uses to turn
off the relay and lock the door.
4. When the signal is received, the solenoid valve
mechanism pulls the iron rod and activates the lock by
transmitting electricity via the coil. A spring holds the lock
in place, so when the current is taken off, the lock returns to
its original position and locks the door.
5. When a person approaches a camera, the image
from the camera is relayed to an Arduino, which then does a
facial recognition comparison with the database. If the face
matches the one recorded by the user, the Arduino sends a
strong signal to the relay, which unlocks the lock several
times before closing it again. However, if the user does not
enter the face into the system, an error will be created. The
Arduino alerts the user if the door is open or closed after
getting instructions from the user in the Blynk app.
6. The platform for IoT [13] Blynk works with both
iOS and Android devices. It is Internet-ready and compatible
with a wide range of microcontrollers, including the
NodeMCU ESP8266, Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and ESP32. It
is divided into three major sections: Blynk is an app that can
be used to manage gadgets and display information in
widgets. The Blynk server is a cloud service that allows
mobile devices and IoT devices to interact with one another.
A device can efficiently transfer data received from a sensor
using the Blynk libraries so that it can be displayed on a
mobile application in a range of formats and with a range of
interfaces, like a push button, graphic formats, alerts, and
timekeeping. The Blynk app is designed specifically for a
smart door locking system and it is given in figure 3. The
Blynk app contains a video screen that shows the person’s
face, a button for giving commands like opening and closing
the door, and lastly the notification icon for giving an alert
message to the user.
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1) Because the image is black and white, each
histogram will only have 256 values (0-255) to represent the
pixel intensities.
2) After that, a new, larger histogram is formed for
each newly established histogram. If the grids are 8x8, the
final histogram will have 16,384 positions. Finally, the
histogram represents the true properties of the image.
B. Face Recognition
Before the process is complete, a face must be
identified [15]. We need to create a face database for
automatic recognition. Each person gets many images taken
of them, from which differentiating features are classified
and stored on file indefinitely. Each face class's features are
compared to the features retrieved from each input image,
and the results are kept in a database. The person captured by
the camera is compared with the database.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The smart door locking system is designed and its
working is discussed in this section. First, the registered user
is given the camera and checked the working of the
suggested system. The system automatically opens the door.
Next, the new user image is given to the camera. The camera
captures the image and sent the image data to the controller.
The image processing model deployed in the controller
analyses the image and identifies that the given user is not as
same as the registered image data. Next, the designed system
sends a notification to the user’s mobile app which is shown
in the right-side image of figure 4. Next, the working of the
mobile app is shown in the left side image of figure 4. This
image shows that the designed cloud app shows the
Fig. 3. Mobile app home app
information near the door, and it holds the button option for
opening and closing the door based on the user’s interest.
IV. IMAGE PROCESSING
Image processing is necessary to identify whether
the person is new or trustable. For that, the image is fed into
the camera as input. After that, the image is read and
converted to grayscale. The frontal face module of HAAR
Cascade is used to recognize any human faces in the image.
The Local Binary Patterns Histograms (LBPH) method [14]
is used to forecast the faces in the image. The processing
phase, which includes procedures such as face detection and
alignment, and the recognition phase, which includes
operations such as feature extraction and matching, are the
two main phases of facial recognition.
A. Face Detection
The main purpose of this stage is to detect and
position any human faces in the supplied image. Patches that
correspond to each face in the input image will be generated
as a result of this process. To create a facial recognition
system that is both reliable and easy to implement. The sizes
and angles of these spots can be normalized using a
technique known as "facial alignment." After detecting a
face, a human face patch is extracted from the image.
Following that, the face patch is converted into a vector by Fig. 4. IoT-based Mobile app working
utilizing either a specified set of coordinates or a series of VI. CONCLUSION
landmark points. The image captured in the preceding phase
is divided into many grids using the Grid X and Grid Y Now more than ever, it is crucial to have a safe and
parameters. The image can be used to generate the histogram secure home. The use of thick, difficult-to-break-into metal
as follows: locks does not guarantee safety, as people still face risks like

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key loss and theft. In recent years, numerous innovations Facial Recognition. International Journal of Engineering Research
and. V9. 10.17577/IJERTV9IS030122.
have appeared to address the shortcomings of conventional
[15]. G. Singh and A. K. Goel, "Face Detection and Recognition System
door locking systems. These options not only aid in home using Digital Image Processing," 2020 2nd International Conference
security but also make it possible to unlock the door from on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications (ICIMIA),
afar with the push of a button. The IoT is one technology that 2020, pp. 348-352, doi: 10.1109/ICIMIA48430.2020.9074838.
has made life simpler by addressing these sorts of issues. In
this work, we explore the integration of image processing
and the IoT to deliver a complete home security system. To
determine whether a user has proper authorization, an image
processing method is used. The image is communicated to
the mobile app using IoT technology if the individual is not
in the database, otherwise, the door will open. Both the
visitor's face and the door's locking mechanism can be
viewed and controlled on the user's mobile device.
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Science and Engineering Conference Series, vol. 263, no. 4, pp.
042026, 2017, doi:10.1088/1757-899X/263/4/042026
[2]. Keat, L. H., & Wen, C. C. “Smart Indoor Home Surveillance
Monitoring System Using Raspberry Pi”, JOIV: International Journal
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[3]. Kassem, Abdallah & Murr, Sami & Jamous, Georges & Saad, Elie &
Geagea, Marybelle. “A smart lock system using Wi-Fi security”, 3rd
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[4]. Adiono, Trio & Fuada, Syifaul & Anindya, Sinantya & Purwanda,
Irfan & Yusuf, Maulana. “IoT-Enabled Door Lock System”,
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[5]. M. Shanthini, G. Vidya and R. Arun, "IoT Enhanced Smart Door
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[6]. A. Saroha, A. Gupta, A. Bhargava, A. K. Mandpura and H. Singh,
"Biometric Authentication Based Automated, Secure, and Smart IOT
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[7]. K. Umamaheswari and P. Mahitha, "Smart security system for door
access based on unique authentication," 2021 Fifth International
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SMAC52330.2021.9640855.
[8]. M. I. Mohamed Ariff, F. D. Mohamad Fadzir, N. I. Arshad, S.
Ahmad, K. A. Salleh, and J. A. Wahab, "Design and Development of
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[9]. N. Bjelčić, M. Blažeković, and D. Švelec, "Smart door as a solution
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[10]. S. H. Tayef, M. M. Rahman and M. A. B. Sakib, "Design and
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[11]. Louis, Leo. (2018). Working Principle of Arduino and Using it as a
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[12]. Babiuch, Marek & Foltynek, Petr & Smutný, Pavel. (2019). Using the
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[13]. H. Durani, M. Sheth, M. Vaghasia and S. Kotech, "Smart Automated
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[14]. Bussa, Sudhir & Mani, Ananya & Bharuka, Shruti & Kaushik,
Sakshi. (2020). Smart Attendance System using OPENCV based on

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Smart Blind Stick for Visually Impaired People

using IoT
Rajanish Kumar Kaushal1, K. Tamilarasi2, P. Babu3, T. A. Mohanaprakash4,
S. E. Murthy5, M Jogendra Kumar6
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India.
rajnish.nitham@gmail.com
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT University, Chennai 600127, Tamil Nadu, India.
3
Department of Information Technology, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology,
Dindigul 624622, Tamil Nadu, India.
4
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai600123, Tamil
Nadu, India.
5
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Knowledge Institute of Technology,
Salem 637504, Tamil Nadu, India.
6
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation,
Vaddeswaram 522302, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract— The existing assistive device used by the visually
impaired, a stick, is insufficient for allowing them to live
independently. Getting from one place to another, whether
indoors or outside, is a huge issue for persons who are visually
impaired. And the traffic conditions make their everyday
journeys more onerous. Consequences such as falling over
stationary objects, relocating barriers, or missing a traffic light
can only be avoided if they maintain a constant state of
vigilance. For the visually challenged, technology can solve
these problems. The proposed method employs the Internet of
Things (IoT) paradigm to serve as a link between the visually
handicapped and their surroundings. An ultrasonic sensor may
be used to scan the surroundings for possible obstacles, while an
ESP32 camera collects the traffic signal image. An Artificial
Neural Network (ANN) model is particularly tailored for the
task to detects the traffic signal. The speaker is permanently
attached to the controller's output and can alert the user about
obstacles and traffic signals. The next step is to confirm
whether the person is roaming within the nearer area or not. If
the person is navigating a long distance away from the house,
the system will send a text message to the registered mobile
number. The suggested smart blind stick is both simple to use
and cost-effective due to the incorporation of several types of
sensors and modules with IoT.
Keywords— Blind stick, Cloud, Sensors, ESP32 Camera,
ThingSpeak, Message.
I. INTRODUCTION
Even with normal eyesight, those who are visually
impaired are unable to detect even the smallest features.
Blind people cannot discriminate between things from 6 feet
distant and have a horizontal visual field of less than or equal
to 20 degrees with both eyes open. Those who are blind or
have other visual problems require assistive technology. 10%
of the visually impaired have no functional vision at all,
according to. Walking in the street can be especially
dangerous for those with visual impairments since they have
difficulty detecting obstacles in their path. A sense of
autonomy is essential for realizing one's potential and
achieving one's life goals. Those who are visually impaired,
on the other hand, need the assistance of others to complete
daily duties. When going out alone, people who are blind or
have considerable vision loss frequently insist on taking
dangerous routes. Millions of people worldwide are blind or
visually impaired and will always require the aid of others.
The standard walking stick has been a well-known
component of blind people's navigation for many years, and
it has been recovered with the addition of remote sensors
after much effort. Blind people have a tough time navigating
metropolitan surroundings using a traditional cane while
having high liver sensitivity. In many ways, an electronic
device will make life easier for a blind person. The capacity
to move around in an unknown environment poses
considerable difficulties for the visually impaired and blind.
When walking outside the house, users of the white stick
tend to stick to well-trodden trails. Furthermore, many
individuals are concerned that they will be powerless against
the constant flow of cars and other road users. As a result, it
is suggested that alternative solutions to existing
technological problems be provided. In this research, we
suggest designing and developing a smart stick for
the visually handicapped to use for navigating in both public
and private environments. Several cutting-edge technological
solutions are used in this study to help blind individuals
navigate freely. The past research works done on designing
the smart blind stick are detailed below.
The author of article [1] suggests a solution that
uses the IoT concept to act as a bridge between visually
impaired persons and their surroundings. A variety of
sensors can detect abnormalities such as stairs, damp ground,
and other obstructions. This article discusses a functioning
prototype of a low-cost and simple-to-use smart blind stick.
Furthermore, this technology allows concerned parties to be
alerted of the user's current location. A software tool is also
being created to assist the blind's friends and family with

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setting the stick, such as adding or removing phone numbers
to which alarm messages must be sent. It's equally as
aggravating to lose the stick inside the house. This cure also
resolves the problem. To make the blind stick more capable,
the researcher [2] combined cutting-edge technologies such
as gadgets. This technology makes strolling sticks intelligent,
and its varied applications include an on-foot stick indicator
that emits a beeping noise if the user loses their stick,
allowing them to find their way home if they become
disoriented. A vibration sensor warns them of impending
danger, and they may listen to the tour guide's instructions on
their headphones wherever they go. To identify the blockage,
the camera uses an ultrasonic sensor positioned on the staff.
The image is sent to a microprocessor, which uses it to
identify the object and then delivers a spoken message over
the Raspberry Pi's microphone. The precise position is
determined by attaching a Global Positioning System (GPS).
The study [3] advises modifying ordinary sticks with an
ultrasonic sensor, buzzer, and vibration motor to detect
potential threats and notify the user. This stick will include a
GPS and GSM module to assist visually challenged people in
finding their way around in an emergency. Furthermore, RF
wireless home automation that can be managed remotely has
been integrated. This research focuses on the functioning and
design of the proposed smart stick. The author of article [4]
proposes adding an ultrasonic sensor into the blind stick to
assist the visually handicapped. After detecting impediments
at a range of four meters, the infrared device is discarded, but
it is still effective for detecting objects at closer ranges in
front of visually impaired persons. The smart stick's built-in
buzzer allows the user to pinpoint its location through radio
frequency transmission and reception. The smart stick has a
vibration motor inside of it that gets activated whenever the
device encounters an obstruction. The brains of this concept
are an Arduino UNO. The limb can identify any obstructions
in the path of the user. In addition to being user-friendly and
responsive, the smart stick consumes little power, is
lightweight, and can be folded up for easy storage.
The author of article [5] proposes a walking stick
design to help the visually impaired go to and from work.
The proposed approach allows the blind to "talk" to their
surroundings by utilizing the IoT. This prototype, which is
usable even by the visually impaired of the middle class,
comprises an ESP8266, a power supply for the control board
Fig. 1. Proposed system architecture
The smart stick uses two advanced technologies like
IoT and AI. The designed stick helps to detect and intimate
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and motors, and a mobile application. The recommended
system [6] by the magazine is intended to be a time-saving
solution to this challenge. Ultrasonic sensors are utilized in
this arrangement to detect possible threats, while infrared
sensors help identify higher surfaces such as stairs. They also
use ISD1820 to send out verbal alerts in the event of a
problem. In the event of an emergency, the user can press a
panic button to notify their designated emergency contacts.
The user's GPS location is relayed to the specified
emergency contact via SMS. They have created a smart blind
stick for persons who are visually impaired with the hopes
that it would be a lightweight, portable, responsive, and cost-
effective aid. The research work [7] is concerned with the
problem of the blind, who rely on walking sticks to get
around. To assist these people, they created a "smart stick"
that detects and alerts its user to potential hazards such as
stairs, fire, and water. Ultrasonic sensors can detect a variety
of items, including pits, walls, drainages, autos, individuals,
and others. He can use Bluetooth to remind the stick every
time he forgets it by speaking to it from his phone, and it will
respond with a voice that says something like "you forgot me
here." Aside from these considerations, there is always the
possibility of an accident occurring when they connect a
vibrating sensor to a source of vibrations that is substantially
stronger than usual. If the Arduino board's vibrator sensor
detects an accident at the previously specified frequency, a
message will be sent to the user's friends and family via the
GPS and GSM modules. The Smart shoe concept, which was
published in the journal [8], provides a permanent solution
for blind persons to walk independently on motorways. The
smart shoe allows the blind person to travel independently.
The shoe will be furnished with a Microcontroller and a
multitude of sensors, thanks to the IoT technology. If the
wearer approaches an obstruction while wearing the shoes,
the shoe will emit a warning buzz. Smart glasses with built-
in sensors may recognize items across a broader range as part
of the IoT, enhancing productivity. The two-way
communication between the smart shoe and the smart glasses
clears the user's path of any threats.
II. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed architecture for constructing a smart
blind stick is detailed in this section with the help of figure 1.
the person about the obstacles and the traffic signal. To
detect the traffic signal correctly the ANN model is
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employed. If the person is out of the limit or far away from
the house than the threshold kilometre the automatic message
will send to the registered person’s mobile via GSM
technology. The message comprised the location name with
latitude and longitude values. The IoT is used to store the
ANN model for identifying the traffic signal and visualizing
the obstacle distance. To detect the obstacle and location, the
three sensors like ultrasonic, GPS and ESP32 cam are used.
If any obstacles present or a red signal appeared on the road,
the speaker fixed at the output side of the controller gives a
voice notification.
III. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
The hardware required to build the smart blind stick
is detailed in this section. The hardware part is composed of
devices like input, controller, and output.
A. Input devices
1) Ultrasonic sensors, like sonar and radar, assess a
target's features by analyzing the echoes of sound waves.
Ultrasonic sensors detect things by emitting high-frequency
sound waves and analyzing the returned signal [9]. Sensors
determine the distance to an obstacle by measuring the time
it takes the signal to go there and back.
2) The ESP32-CAM development board features an
ESP32-S processor, an OV2640 camera, a microSD card
slot, and a plethora of general-purpose input/output (GPIO)
ports. A small camera module powered by the widely
available ESP32 microcontroller [10]. It includes an OV2640
camera, many GPIOs for connecting peripherals, and a
microSD card for image storage. The camera is used to
capture the traffic signal.
3) AI-Thinker invented and manufactured a mobile
communication modem known as the GSM. GSM is an
acronym for "global system for mobile communication,". In
1970, Bell Labs came up with the basic idea for GSM. It
dominates the mobile messaging market worldwide.
The GSM is an open, digital cellular technology that operates
on the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, and 1900MHz
frequency bands to provide smartphone and information
services. This GSM is used to send messages to the user via
mobile phone.
4) Every 24 hours, the 24 satellites that comprise the
GPS complete two rotations of the Earth [11]. These
satellites broadcast three bits of information: the satellite's
identification number, the satellite's location in space, and
the time of transmission. These signals are picked up by the
GPS receiver and used to pinpoint the specific location. Here
the GPS is used to locate the person, and send the location
details to the mobile, whenever the person is out of the
limited surroundings.
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B. Controller
Because NodeMCU is a mix of the Wi-Fi module
and Arduino, it makes it simple to connect sensors to
microcontrollers. We can control and supervise a wide range
of gadgets wirelessly from anywhere on the planet by using a
Wi-Fi module. The open-source NodeMCU development
board, which also includes a Wi-Fi transceiver, is built
around the Esp8266 microprocessor. Here planned to
implement IoT and ANN in the smart blind stick, to achieve
this NodeMCU is identified as the best option from the
literature survey.
C. Output devices
The road sign is read and told to the visually
impaired person using the speaker. The first stage of Text to
Speech is pre-processing, often known as normalization.
Here, we'll tell the ESP32 camera to interpret the traffic sign
by converting it to text. After the text has been normalized, it
is time to convert it into phonemes or phonetic transcripts.
As the last step, phonemes must be synthesized into a
human-sounding voice. This level can be attained in a variety
of ways, including synthesizing basic sound frequencies and
stacking them as phonemes, or simulating the human
speaking process for various words and phrases. In blind
stick, the speaker is used to generate the speech.
IV. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Many scientists have discovered fruitful ground for
their research in the subject of biology. The ANN is one such
technology that is based on the same principles as the human
brain and hence draws inspiration from biology. An ANN
simulates the behavior of neurons in the brain by being built
as a network of dendrites, nodes, synapses, and neurons
connected by arcs. Each arc is assigned a certain amount of
weight. As inputs are provided, an activation function is used
for these arcs to fine-tune the weights and generate the
desired outputs. Simply explained, a neural network is a
computational model that implements machine learning.
Using an ANN to accomplish perceptual and recognition
tasks saves time [12]. To define the target inputs, the neural
network takes advantage of the problem's non-linearity. In
machine learning, neural networks play an important part in
realizing a better categorization approach, and they are used
in a wide range of scenarios [13]. An ANN is typically
composed of three separate layers:
• The input layer contains the data that is fed into
the network. Because this is new information, it
may appear unsophisticated at first.
• The hidden layer's principal role is to convert data
from the input layer into a format that the output
layer can understand. An ANN's underlying
structure may include one or more hidden levels.
• The output layer processes input from the hidden
layer to produce the desired output.
In this work, the AI model is created with a single
input, three hidden and an output layer. The three colors of
the traffic signal are collected from google and given to the
model for training. The collected image is of different sizes,
so it is important to convert the images to the fixed size of
210*210. The number of neurons selected for the input layer
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is 44100, and the number of neurons in the output layers is 3.
After training, the model is tested and it provides an
accuracy rate of 97.24%.

Fig. 3. Cloud working

The second goal of the work is to make sure

whether the person navigates in the particular surrounding. If
the person crosses the threshold limit from their house, then
the GPS is used to track their location. The GSM is used to
Fig. 2. ANN model for signal identification
send the location details to its respective family members or
friends via message. The working of GSM and GPS is tested
V. WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
and the screenshot of the message is delivered to the person
To publish the observed data to the web via IoT, the which is shown in figure 4. The message gives the details
cloud service ThingSpeak is employed. If interested in like how long the person will be far away from the house.
collecting, visualizing, and analysing cloud-based data The latitude and longitude of the person's location are also
streams in real-time, ThingSpeak is an IoT analytics platform displayed.
solution we should look into. Using the web service Twilio, a
smart blind stick may upload data from its own devices to
ThingSpeak, visualize real-time data, and deliver alarms
[14,15]. The ESP32 module serves as the camera,
transmitting the picture it captures to the cloud via
NodeMCU and kicking off the speech processing in response
to sensor input. Through the use of ThingSpeak, can keep
tabs on all of this action remotely. All of this sensor data is
also possible to be available through the Telegram app and
the bot's application programming interface.

VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The prototype of the smart blind stick is constructed
successfully with the required hardware and software. The
working of the smart stick is detailed in this section. The first
main goal is to detect the obstacle and read the traffic signal.
The ThingSpeak cloud is employed to visualize the observed
data. The screenshot of the ThingSpeak cloud is given in
figure 3. The first chart in the upper left of the figure shows
the obstacle distance from the visually impaired person. If
the obstacle shows a distance of zero, there is no obstacle
present in front of the person. The ultrasonic sensor used in
this work can able to detect the obstacle up to 3 meters. Then
if the obstacle is very nearer to the person, the speaker
present in the smart stick will notify the person through its
speech. Next, the three LEDs present in figure 3 show the
traffic signal. With the help of the ESP32 cam, the traffic
signal image is captured and sent to the cloud. The ANN
model already deployed in the cloud helps to identify the
traffic signal and its result is shown in the cloud with the
help of three LEDs. Each LED is used to notify the
corresponding traffic signal. After the signal identification,
the speaker also notifies the signal color to the person.
Fig. 4. Alert message to the registered mobile number

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VII. CONCLUSION [12]. R. Lippmann, "An introduction to computing with neural nets,"
in IEEE ASSP Magazine, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 4-22, Apr 1987, doi:
Modern technologies and discoveries are 10.1109/MASSP.1987.1165576.
overwhelming the world. Every region of the world is [13]. Jürgen Schmidhuber, “Deep learning in neural networks: An
accepting technology to increase their productivity and overview”, Elsevier, vol. 61, pp. 85-117, 2015, doi:
10.1016/j.neunet.2014.09.003
influence in recent years. In the case of a person suffering [14]. Nettikadan, David & Raj M S, Subodh, “Smart Community
from blindness, all visual information is lost. The inability to Monitoring System using Thingspeak IoT Plaform”, International
move around independently and freely has been a long- Journal of Applied Engineering Research, vol. 13, pp. 13402-13408,
suffering for the visually challenged and the blind 2018
[15]. Zohari, M. H., Bala, V., & Abd Ghafar, A. S, “Server monitoring
community. This study mainly seeks to provide a smart stick based on IoT using ThingSpeak”, Journal of Electrical Power and
used by visually impaired people to aid and develop a Electronic Systems, vol. 1, no. 2, 2019
comfortable and safe atmosphere for the blind population.
Two rapidly developing technologies, IoT and Neural
Network, formed the basis of the developed model.
Information about obstacles and traffic lights is gathered,
processed, and transmitted using the IoT. The NN is then
utilized to determine which color traffic signal it is. The
system has a speaker that will sound an alarm and describe
the obstacle and traffic light. After that, if the person is
outside of their home, the GPS and GSM are used to keep
track of them. The designed IoT-enabled smart stick
helps the visually impaired to navigate around more freely,
both indoors and outdoors.
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Implementation of a Smart Garbage Monitoring

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

System using GSM

B. Rubini S. Pradeep Kumar M.Suganiya
Department of Electrical and Electronics Department of Electrical and Electronics Department of Computing Technologies
Engineering Engineering SRM Institute of Science and Technology
Vels Institute of Science, Technology, and Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Chennai, India.
Advanced Studies Advanced Studies suganiya11@gmail.com
Chennai, India. Chennai, India.
rubini77@gmail.com pradeep88.se@velsuniv.ac.in
Abstract— Recent population crises have increased pollution situation, we can develop an advanced level of intelligent
in urban areas due to garbage overflow. Garbage collection has garbage systems. The internet allows communication between
recently become a significant issue in urban areas. However, devices, which provides information to municipal officials.
collecting and segregating garbage is a complicated process. The information must be obtained and transmitted by a sensor
Because of population growth, every individual, animal, and or transducer. Sensors are small devices installed anywhere.
bird should impact the environment. People use an excess of This work focused on further improving previous work[4]. To
polythene bags and medical and chemical waste outside complete the design, garbage overflow indicators, sensors,
dustbins; they are not properly disposing of their waste. Because GSM, app development, and an IoT platform must be
of the garbage system harms the environment, resulting in foul
developed[5].
odors and unsanitary conditions in people's surroundings. As a
result, the proposed system explains how to solve this problem III. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
using an intelligent dustbin monitoring system. On the top of the
dustbin, ultrasonic sensors are to be installed to measure the fill
level. When the dustbin overflows, the GSM modem is activated
and connected to an Arduino Uno board with an ultrasonic
sensor via a microcontroller-based platform. In this intelligent
dustbin, the threshold level is high. When this level reaches
ultrasonic sensors, activate, until the garbage collection dustbin
is empty GSM Modem is continuously alerted to the appropriate
authorities.

Keywords—Global System for Mobile, Ultrasonic Sensor,

Adriano Uno.

I. INTRODUCTION
Overflowing garbage cans and spilled garbage spread
disease throughout the community. Solid waste management
is a significant issue in urban areas, and garbage collection and
segregation must take up as much space as possible. It is more
difficult in urban areas to deposit such a large number of
segregation plants and works. Polluting the public
environment is a significant concern for waste materials and
food products. In today's world, some countries are
implementing a zero-waste management system in all sectors
to address this issue. This action should consider reducing
water scarcity in industries and managing soil and air pollution
issues. To avoid the complications of garbage collection, this
paper developed an intelligent garbage monitoring system. In
this proposed paper, garbage dustbin overflow sends signals
to garbage collection trucks, the municipality office, and
office heads. The dustbin was overloaded as soon as the call
arrived, and clearing the overloaded dustbin was time-
consuming.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Garbage problems breed more viruses, bacteria, insects,
and mosquitoes, among other things. [1]. These elements
contribute to a polluted environment. In[2], degradable and
bio-degradable waste is separated with PH sensors. To avoid
fire accidents inside the garbage bins, they use PH sensors to
measure the PH value of garbage. This work emphasizes the
importance of separating waste using a conveyer belt. [3]The
dustbin's waste level must be detectable so an intelligent waste
collection system in the IoT Platform can perform. This work
uses Zigbee and GSM module communication. In the present
Fig. 1. Blog diagram of garbage system
IoT platforms can connect the most innovative processes
to the web for device-to-device interaction and user-to-user
interaction. [6]Sensors convert physical and digital signals
and transmit them to the management center. In the garbage
bin cap, install an ultrasonic sensor for level detection; signals
are sent to Adriuno's controller circuit if garbage reaches that
level.[7] Adriuno set up a GSM connection to send signals to
the municipal office whenever the dustbin reached the margin
level. Buzzer to show the level indication alarm, website to
show the area of the dustbin which one has filled shows in
updating position using IoT platform. System requirements
are considered to be 3 ways.
A. Ultrasonic sensor
Sonar is used to compute the distance of objects. Sonar
also provides excellent non-contact range detection with
stable reading and high accuracy in a user-friendly package
ranging from 2cm to 400cm.[8] This sensor classifies into two
types: piezoelectric transducer or crystal, stimulated by a
signal to produce a pulse, and electrostatic transducer, used in
this chapter to produce a sonic impulse. It has two pins, one
for sending and one for receiving signals. The speed of sound
waves in the air is approximately 341 meters per second.
Technical specifications are Power supply 5v DC supply,
current 15mA, and quiescent current <2mA, effective angle
<15°, Ranging distance 2cm-400cm, resolution 0.3cm,
measuring angle 30°. Estimation details are worked out using
codes c.

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over which it can communicate. This modem communication

is computing via USB, Serial, or Bluetooth. It is also
connected to the microcontroller via the MAX 232 port and
can send SMS alerts and transmit/receive data[12].

Fig. 2. Ultrasonic sensor

B. Arduino UNO Evaluation details

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform used to
create electronic studies[7]. Arduino develops both a physical
and a virtual component. Programmable circuit board or
Fig. 4. GSM network
microcontroller, as well as a software IDE (Integrated
Development Environment), installed on the computer. It is to
IV. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
create and distribute computer code. The actual board intends
the creation of interactive works. Adruino's features are
several in-built functions that make programming
straightforward, easy to create and upload code to the physical
board, and Works on Linux, Windows, and Mac operating
systems. Arduino makes it into an IoT product by adding an
ESP8266 wifi module. Arduino IDE can be used with any
Arduino board and easily converted for IoT applications[9].

Fig. 5. Garbage system hardware fixed with dustbin [16]

The design model of the intelligent dustbin setup is shown

in fig.5.Whenever a dustbin gets overflows ultrasonic sensor
is fixed on top of the dustbin to detect the level of the dustbin
and connected to the GSM modem to alert the authorities.
A. Test Result
Fig. 3. Adriano Uno microcontroller

The datasheet for the ATmega328p-based

microcontroller board implements in this work. It has 14
digital pins (6 PWM outputs, six analog inputs, a ceramic 16
MHZ resonator, a USB connection, a power connector, an
ICSP header, and a reset button). It contains all the
components required to support the microcontroller; connect
it to a computer via a USB cable or power it on with an AC-
to-DC converter or battery to start. Arduino board designs
make use of a diverse set of microprocessors and controllers.
The panels connect with digital and analog input/output (I/O)
pins connected to various expansion boards (shields) and
other circuits. The boards include serial communications Fig. 6. Test setup
interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some
models, used to load programs from personal computers. A When motion is detected, the dustbin opens the lid using
play with UNO without worries and change the chip for a few a servo motor and a PIR sensor. The ultrasonic sensor collects
dollars without worrying about doing something data on the waste in the dustbin. The status is transferred to
wrong[10][11]. the municipal authority when the waste level exceeds a
certain threshold[13]. Limitations of this waste management
C. Web applications
consider public attitude toward waste management, waste
GSM modems are connected to other devices on the collection, need for more landfill areas, separation of waste
network. The network operator determines the network range

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management, and method of dumpsites covering an only [7] A. Agarwal, K. Ray, B. K. Pradhan, and V. Kumari, “GSM Based
solution based on requirements is a challenging one in the Smart Digital Wireless Electronic Notice Board,” J. Inf. Technol. Digit.
World, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 144–152, 2022.
environment[14][15].
[8] A. Nikam, N. Thakur, and S. Patil, “Intelligent Waste Collection
System,” vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 4–6, 2016.
V. DISCUSSION
[9] I. Hong, S. Park, B. Lee, J. Lee, D. Jeong, and S. Park, “IoT-Based
The Automatic Garbage Fill Alerting System aids in Smart Garbage System for Efficient Food Waste Management.
pollution reduction. The garbage bin is often overflowing, Scientific World Journal. http://doi.org/10.1155/2014/646953sed,”
and animals, dogs or cows, roam around or enter inside the Sci. World J., vol. 2014, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2014.
dustbin. Some birds are also attempting to remove garbage [10] M. Saeed, M. Ahsan, M. H. Saeed, A. Mehmood, and S. El-Morsy,
“Assessment of Solid Waste Management Strategies Using an Efficient
from the trash can and this situation can be avoided Complex Fuzzy Hypersoft Set Algorithm Based on Entropy and
furthermore, the message can be delivered to the cleaning Similarity Measures,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 150700–150714, 2021.
vehicle rather than the contractor's office directly. Aside from [11] L. K. Sibanda, N. Obange, and F. O. Awuor, “Challenges of Solid
that, there is a distinction between dry and wet trash bins, Waste Management in Kisumu, Kenya,” Urban Forum, vol. 28, no. 4,
which collect plastic dry waste and biodegradable waste, pp. 387–402, 2017.
respectively. Methane and odor sensors have been [12] S. Shakya, “A Self Monitoring and Analyzing System for Solar Power
implemented to accomplish this and aid in separating waste Station using IoT and Data Mining Algorithms,” J. Soft Comput.
at the source, reducing the need for a workforce. Our Paradig., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 96–109, 2021.
automated system is used to pick up waste in and also around [13] E. Kombiok, K. A. Nyamekye, R. Adjei, and L. Danquah,
“Determinants of Unsafe Plastic Waste Disposal among Households in
the bin, segregate it, and deposit it in appropriate bins. the Tamale Metropolitan Area, Ghana,” J. Environ. Public Health, vol.
2021, 2021.
VI. CONCLUSION
[14] G. Salvia et al., "The wicked problem of waste management: An
Real-time implementation of this garbage monitoring attention-based analysis of stakeholder behaviors," J. Clean. Prod., vol.
system is highly beneficial to maintaining a clean 326, no. December 2020, p. 129200, 2021.
environment. Manufacturing costs are low. Including a [15] R. Khan et al., “Machine Learning and IoT-Based Waste Management
Model,” Comput. Intell. Neurosci., vol. 2021, 2021.
weight, the sensor will increase the cost. When the dustbin
was filled, an SMS alert was sent to the area workers and [16] Pardini, Kellow, Joel JPC Rodrigues, Ousmane Diallo, Ashok Kumar
Das, Victor Hugo C. de Albuquerque, and Sergei A. Kozlov. "A smart
higher officials. An SMS was sent to area sweepers and waste management solution geared towards citizens." Sensors 20, no.
higher-ranking officials. This system also helps monitor and 8 (2020): 2380.
maintain fake reports, reducing corruption in the overall
management system. This record should keep track of the
total number of garbage collection vehicle trips, allowing for
a reduction in overall garbage collection costs. The need for
more concentration in separating waste-management systems
is a significant issue in resolving the separation.
REFERENCES
[1] M. K. A, N. Rao, and P. S. B, “Smart Dustbin-An Efficient Garbage
Monitoring System,” Rev. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Comput., vol. 6, no. 6, pp.
7113–7116, 2016.
[2] D. C. Wilson and C. A. Velis, “Waste management - Still a global
challenge in the 21st century: An evidence-based call for action,”
Waste Manag. Res., vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 1049–1051, 2015.
[3] M. S, D. G, C. B, and D. D, “IoT Based Monitoring and Control System
using Sensors,” J. ISMAC, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 111–120, 2021.
[4] M. S. Singh, K. M. Singh, R. K. Ranjeet, and K. K. Shukla, “Smart Bin
Implementation for Smart City,” Ijarcce, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 765–769,
2017.
[5] M. J. Zapata Campos and P. Zapata, “Switching Managua on!
Connecting informal settlements to the formal city through household
waste collection,” Environ. Urban., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 225–242, 2013.
[6] C. Engineering et al., “Gsm Based Garbage and Waste Collection Bin
Overflow,” Ijariie, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 2235–2240, 2017.

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Android based Integrated Parking System for

Real-Time Parking
RAJI C.G.
ADIL BIN ABOOBACKER
Department of Computer Science Computer Science & Engineering,
Assumption Autonomous College, MEA Engineering College,
Changanacheri, Kottayam, Kerala Perinthalmanna, Kerala
rajicg80@gmail.com amadil1820@gmail.com

ANFAS MUHAMMAD JAMSHIDHA K

Computer Science & Engineering, Computer Science & Engineering,
MEA Engineering College, MEA Engineering College,
Perinthalmanna, Kerala Perinthalmanna, Kerala
anfasporora@gmail.com jamshidha2000@gmail.com

JISHANA SHEMEEM
Computer Science & Engineering,
MEA Engineering College,
Perinthalmanna, Kerala
jishanashemeem@gmail.com

Abstract— The lack of parking spaces is getting worse as the
number of vehicles on the road rises daily. Finding a
parking spot can be difficult, especially in big cities or places
where athletic or cultural events are planned. An integrated
parking system is suggested as a solution to this problem.
Despite the fact that there has been a tonne of research on
the creation of smart parking systems, much of it does not
deal with the problem of in-the-moment detection of
incorrect parking and automatic collection of parking fees.
The proposed system combined a real-time parking
reservation system with a smart payment method for the
beneficial to the society.
Keywords— Slot reservation, QR scanning, online
payment, automatic barricade.
I. INTRODUCTION
As the population and economy grow, so does the
number of vehicles on the road. Vehicles cruising for
parking are estimated to account for more than 40% of
total traffic density in metropolitan regions.
Continuously cruising in a specific area, causes traffic
congestion and air pollution. An integrated parking
system, in this case, resolves these issues by
intelligently utilizing the parking station. The majority
of smart parking systems proposed in recent years in the
literature provide solutions for the layout of parking
space data systems, car park booking services,
accommodation management and prevention of parking
spaces, real-time transportation within the parking
space, and so on. Even so, very few efforts have focused
on real-time and automatic detection of parking
illegally.
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Parking is quickly becoming one of the most serious
issues currently facing cities, and it is becoming cost-
prohibitive. As a result, Parking is scarce in major cities
worldwide, including universities and tourist attractions.
Finding a parking space during big events, for example, can
be difficult. Commuters waste time and fuel having a look
for open parking areas. For drivers, finding a parking place
in a parking area can be extremely frustrating. This
frustration can occur when parking places are difficult to
locate or when another driver takes the parking place before
they would reach it. The ability for customers to schedule
convenient spots and prepay fees was the integrated parking
system's primary design goal. Through the same app, also
provide space booking at the parking zone.
II. REVIEW OF EXISTING SYSTEMS
Students from Siddaganga Institute of Technology in
Tumakuru, India, Abhijeet Anand, Abhinav Kumar, A N
Mukunda Rao, Anupam Ankesh, and Ankur Raj suggested a
Smart Parking System (S-Park) in 2020 [1]. Under this
approach, the driver must first register at the building's
entrance gate. The driver receives a one-time registration
card, and the registration data is stored in the Raspberry Pi
database (RFID Card). To check the availability of parking
spots in various parking zones, use the website or the
Android app. Using the admin login for the website, the
operator makes a parking space reservation.
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Based on the driver's preferred parking location, a III. PROPOSED SYSTEM

one-time customized parking token (RFID tag) is
provided. The driver may utilize SPARK to navigate to
The proposed system is made up of three distinct
the proper parking area using Google Maps (Android
modules. These are Admin module, User module, Location
App). Unauthorized parking is prevented by opening the
Manager module, and lastly the Payment Gateway and
parking area barriers with the parking token provided at
automatic barricade system as shown in Fig. 1. Here Admin
the entrance gate. Finally, you return the parking token
and Manager modules are developed as web applications
to the entrance gate when you exit the building. Using
and user modules as android applications.
wireless sensor technology and networks, Robin Grodi,
Danda B. Rawat, and Fernando Rios-Gutierrez
suggested a smart parking system in 2016 [2]. Parking A. Admin
space statuses (occupied or vacant) are detected and If the administrator's username and password are both
transmitted to a database using a wireless sensor genuine, they will allow them to view the registered users.
network (WSN). Users can access this data via a The administrator can then approve the registered locations
website or a mobile app to get real-time updates and view the locations that were declined or blocked.
(application). While the WSN allows for flexible sensor Additionally, the administrator has access to user concerns
location, this system should give customers almost rapid and can respond to them.
information on parking space availability. If smart
parking is successfully implemented, the time and
money costs of traffic bottlenecks, wasted petrol, and B. User
time spent looking for parking spaces due to inefficient In this system, as soon as the user inputs his user ID and
parking would be significantly reduced. password, the software checks the user login information
In order to cut down on the time spent looking for against the database. If it is accurate, it then downloads all
parking, Y. Rahayu and F.N. Mustapa proposed a of the user's information and stores it in a global variable.
Secure Parking System based on Short Message The customer can then choose a parking space and confirm
Services (SMS) in 2014 [3]. By sending an SMS, the it by making a payment. They can read the administrator's
user of this system may quickly reserve a parking space. responses and file complaints, if necessary.
A micro-RTU, a wireless communication device,
manages the SMS (Remote Terminal Unit). This micro- C. Manager
RTU provides the user with a booking confirmation and
reservation information, including a password and spot If the admin enters a valid login and password for
number. The provided password is required to enter the Location Manager, they will be able to view the registered
parking area and is only valid for a short period of time. users. They can add parking spaces, check the status of such
This method's main flaw is that it prevents consumers spaces, approve bookings, and see the progress of those
from choosing a place. Consequently, it is not a user- bookings. They can also examine responses from admin and
friendly solution. An Automated Parking System with other users to complaints.
Bluetooth Access was suggested in 2012 by H. Singh,
C. Anand, V. Kumar, and A. Sharma [4]. When
Bluetooth is used in a parking system, security is
increased and an autonomous system is provided,
eliminating the need for manual intervention. A
Bluetooth reader is a feature of this parking system that
enables user authorization and identification. Users
must turn on their mobile Bluetooth in this mode in
order to sign up and identify themselves [5].
Bluetooth must be restarted when the session is
over [6]. Through the use of an ARM microprocessor,
which controls the mechanical engines to park the
vehicle in the proper parking area, the space
management and automation are carried out. The
advantage of a Bluetooth-enabled automatic parking
system is that paper payments are no longer necessary
[7]. The system's 10-meter range is its primary
shortcoming.
Fig. 1. Block Diagram

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D. Payment Gateway
The technology known as a payment gateway is
what collects and sends payment information from the
customer to the acquirer before sending the payment
acceptance or decline back to the customer. A payment
gateway securely verifies the card information of the
customer, confirms that the funds are available, and
eventually permits businesses to receive payment.
Between a merchant's website and its acquirer, it serves
as an interface. It secures the transmission of sensitive
credit card information from the customer to the
acquiring bank via the merchant.
After approval the QR will generate at the user
interface which will define the details of booking. At
exit/entry point there will be an automatic barricade system
with respect to Quick Response scanner. By showing the
QR to the scanner the barricade will open automatically.
Location manager can supervise the reservation manually.
At exit point with the help of same QR scanner by scanning
user will come to know whether time period exceeds. If it
exceeds then the user is supposed to pay the remaining to
open the barricade or if we exit before the reserved time, the
balance amount will get refund to our account.

E. Automatic Barricade
In order to provide smooth entrance and leave, an
automated gate system normally comprises of a
combination of automatic barriers and bollards
connected to a vehicle access control system.

IV. IMPLEMENTATION

The Android App and Website were created with

the primary goal of providing information on available
parking spaces in various parking zones. The app is
developed with Android Studio and Java, while the Fig. 3. Website
website is built with HTML and CSS [8].

Through web app, the admin can add the managers for
particular zones and also can view the details of managers
and the registered users. The administrator can then approve
the registered locations and see the locations that were
declined or banned. Both managers and admins have access
to the complaints made by users and can respond to them.

Fig. 2. Android App

Through the user mobile app, user can login by

entering their username and password and they can pre-
book the respective slots for particular time period by
selecting the view space option on the side bar. After
choosing the slot and the time, the payment request will
be sent. Once payment is succeeded, booking will be
approved by the admin. User can check the booking
status on view booking tab. They may read the
administrator's responses and file complaints, if
necessary.
Fig. 4. Admin Interface
The manager may add parking spaces, view parking
slot status, authorize bookings, and view booking status
through the same website using his login information.
Additionally, they have the ability to email customer service
complaints and observe user responses.

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E. Bootstrap
Bootstrap is a free and open-source front-end
programming framework for creating websites and online
apps. The Bootstrap framework simplifies the creation of
responsive, mobile-first websites and apps by utilizing
HTML, CSS, and JavaScript (JS) [14].

F. Java
Java is an object-oriented programming language and
software platform that is used on billions of devices,
including notebook computers, mobile devices, game
consoles, medical devices, and more. Java's ideas and
Fig 5. Manager Interface
grammar are based on the C and C++ computer languages.

V. TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES

In this system, we used python language, Flask as
framework and tool as PyCharm for the backend
development of the website. For frontend development,
we used bootstrap, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript [9]. For
Android development, we used Java, XML, and the
tool android studio. And for database creation, we used
MySQL and SQL Yog. Adobe Photoshop is used for UI
design [10].
A. Python
Python is an interpreted, dynamic, high-level
programming language that is free and open source. It is
compatible with both object-oriented and procedural
programming [11].
B. Flask
Flask is a simple and lightweight Python web
framework provides handy tools and functionalities for
constructing Python online applications. It provides
developers with flexibility and is a more accessible
framework for new developers because it allows you to
easily build a web application using only a single
Python file [12].
G. MySQL
MySQL is a relational database management system
(RDBMS) created by Oracle that is based on structured
query language (SQL).
H. Adobe Photoshop
For raster image manipulation, graphic design, and
digital art, Adobe Photoshop is frequently used. Layering is
used to provide the design and editing processes depth and
flexibility, as well as powerful editing tools that, when used
together, can do practically anything.
VI. RESULTS
The system displays the views formed and the
outcomes of the Integrated Parking System as the
framework is continuously implemented. To show this task,
we log in to the android app “Parkify.in” and reserve our
convenient parking slot. Through the view space option, As
illustrated in fig, we can check the availability of vacancies
and select our slot. The colors green and red indicate vacant
and occupied parking slots, respectively as shown in Fig. 6.

C. PyCharm
An excellent environment for Python, web, and data
science development is provided by PyCharm, a Python
Integrated Development Environment (IDE), which
offers a variety of crucial tools for Python developers
that are closely integrated [13].

D. Quick Response
A Quick Response (QR) code is a type of barcode
that can be swiftly scanned by a digital device that
encodes information as a sequence of pixels in a square- Fig. 6. Slots view
shaped grid. The user interface will produce the QR
code after the reservation.

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Then the payment request will be sent. Once A. Comparison with Existing Systems
payment is succeeded, the booking will be approved by
the manager. And we can check the booking status on Table 1. Comparison Table
the view Booking option. If our booking is completed, Paym
Rese Space
Methodol ent
the status will be "approved". For check-in, we can click Paper rvati manag
ogy Gatew
the blue arrow mark and can scan the QR code on ement
ay
displayed on the barricade. So the status will be Yan et al.
changed to "check-in" which is shown in Fig. 7. Finally RFID tag No Yes No
[1]
when we checkout, the above same process should be Abhinay Micro
No No No
repeated. We should scan the same QR code and the Kumar [2] RTU
status will be changed to "checkout". ARM
Lee et al.
Microcont No No No
[3]
roller
Wireless
Abu et al.
sensor No Yes No
[4]
network
ARM
Proposed
microcont Yes Yes Yes
System
roller, QR

The proposed system rectified all the limitations of existing

system by providing reservation, space management and
payment option which is shown in Table 1.

CONCLUSION

In the proposed system, an integrated parking system

Fig. 7. Booking Status
Then at the entry point of the parking space,
while the user trying to check-in, the location manager
clicks on the Scan QR button present on the view
booking panel of his interface. Hence the QR code is
generated for the specific user. By scanning this QR
which is generated by the manager, the barricade will
open automatically. At the exit point when scanning the
same QR, if we exit before the reserved time, the
balance amount of the parking charge will be refunded
to our account. If we exit after exceeding the reserved
time limit, we should pay the extra charge for that time
which is shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Automatic barricade
International Journal of Future Computer and Communication, vol. 3, pp.
377-395, 2014.
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prototype is presented that offers a new parking
management solution for a variety of parking facility sites
around the city, including malls, theatres, and other
locations. Drivers may learn about the availability of
parking spaces and book a space using a web-based
application. Additionally, by providing the motorist with
convenient payment options, it enables the automated
collection of parking costs. This can reduce traffic
congestion in cities like Mumbai while also saving user’s
time and gas. In contrast to conventional parking tactics, this
technology limits the driver's exertion in parking areas and
may reduce manual involvement in parking areas. People
can use this application to address major parking concerns.
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[1] G. Yan, W. Yang and S. Olariu, “Smartparking: A secure and
intelligent parking system,” in Intelligent Transportation Systems
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[2] M. R. Abhinav Kumar, Ankur Raj, “Smart parking system (s-park) – a
novel application to provide real-time parking solution,” in IEEE,2020.
[3]S. Lee, D. Yoon, “Intelligent parking loot application using wireless
sensor networks,” in International Symposium on Collaborative
Technologies and Systems, PP. 45-57, 19-23 May 2008.
[4] Abu Asaduzzaman, Kishore K. Chidella, “A time and efficient parking
system using zigbee protocol,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Southeast Con
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[5] Robin Grodi and F. Rios-Gutierrez, “Smart parking: Parking occupancy
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IEEE SoutheastCon, 2015.
[6] Y. Rahayu, “A secure parking system using gsm technology,” in
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[7] P. Tooraj Rajabioun, Brandon Foster, “Intelligent parking assist,”

in 1stMediter-ranean Conference on Control and Automation, Greece,
June 2013.
[8] C. S. H. Zhao, L. Lu and Y. Wu, “Ipark: Location-aware based
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Sarthaja, Brand Quality Detection Based on a Comparative Analysis
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Springer 10.1007/978-981-
16-0666-3 4 7, 2021
[11] V. K. A. S. H. Singh, C. Anand, “Automated parking system
with bluetooth access,” in International Journal of Engineering and
Computer Science, vol. 5, pp. 275-315, 2012.
[12] P. Sadhukhan, “An iot-based e-parking system for smart cities,”
in International Conference on Advances in Computing,
Communications and Informatics (ICACCI) 2017.
[13] Kamel, Khaled, S. Smys, and Abul Bashar. "Tenancy Status
Identification of Parking Slots Using Mobile Net Binary Classifier."
Journal of Artificial Intelligence 2, no. 03 (2020): 146-154.
[14] Vivekanadam, B. "Smart Parking with Fair Selection and
Imposing Higher Privacy Constraints in Parking Owner and Driver
Information. "IRO Journal on Sustainable Wireless Systems 3, no. 1
(2021 ): 11-20.

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IoT-based Automatic Manhole Observant for

Sewage Worker’s Safety
Rakesh Dronavalli Kalpana Seelam* Parthive Maganti*
Student, Dept. of EIE, Asst. Prof., Dept. of EIE, Student, Dept. of EIE,
V R Siddhartha Engg. College, V R Siddhartha Engg. College, V R Siddhartha Engg. College,
Vijayawada Vijayawada Vijayawada
rakeshdronavalli2000@gmail.com kalpanaseelam@gmail.com parthivemaganti@gmail.com

Jasmitha Gowineni Sai Deepthi Challamalla

Student, Dept. of EIE, Student, Dept. of EIE,
V R Siddhartha Engg. College, V R Siddhartha Engg. College,
Vijayawada Vijayawada
208w1a1079@vrsec.ac.in 208w1a1071@vrsec.ac.in

Abstract—With the rise in population growth in cities
IoT devices are being used in this automated world.
With increased population destruction, the
probability of accidents increases due to improper
infrastructure of roads, drainage systems, and
manhole blocks. The proper manhole system should
use in cities. Proper manual monitoring of
maintenance holes by scavengers is a dangerous job
in today’s polluted cities it may impact their health
and may lead to death. Without being well in, formed
the situation manholes may take a way to death. To
keep safe this proposed model, aim to provide an
automated manhole system that measures
temperature, humidity, and harmful gases using
sensors and updates this information using IoT
applications. If there is any abnormal change in the
manhole here this change is measured by the sensors
and transferred to the managing station in form of
messages to take further action.
Keywords—Manhole Observant, MQ O2 sensor, MQ
135 sensor, Internet of Things, Global Positioning
System, Sewage workers safety.
I. INTRODUCTION
Maintaining cleanness in cities is necessary in
the current world. An important section for any city is
cleanliness in maintaining drain systems and manhole
blocks are most important when it comes to access
points. Monitoring regularity check is prominent. But
because of faulty function of manhole covers shows up
to suffer people from accidents, poor environmental
issues, and dangerous gas leakage issues. Finally, to
solve these problems we are going to fix system that can
update the condition of manhole which measure the
temperature, humidity, harmful gases through sensors
inside the manhole and trace out position of the manhole
and send messages to manhole authorities. This project
will implement using IoT applications.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
There have been many proposed systems so far,
but "Manhole Cover Intelligence and Detecting system
[1]" is one that can be used to keep an eye on the lid
position of a manhole cover, provide real-time updates
on any changes, and sound an alarm if anything seems
amiss automatically. Additionally, there is a system
called "Drainage Monitoring System Using IOT" [2] that
is used to gather and receive data from various sensors in
sewage pipes and to update them in real-time
applications. Water level, temperature, and poisonous
gases are only some of the characteristics that can be
monitored with this kind of setup, and the data is relayed
to a control room in another paper titled "Underground
drainage and manhole monitoring system for smart
cities" [3]. IoT (Internet of Things)-based "Smart
Drainage Monitoring and Controlling System" [4] will
reveal data on water level, air temperature, poisonous gas
levels, and other environmental factors. The technology
appears to employ a machine that begins moving and
clearing stocking parts if it goes above a predetermined
threshold. Using IoT, the authors of "Development of
Alerting and monitoring system for manhole
management" [5] were able to create a system that
monitored manholes and sent real-time updates on gas
levels, temperature, water flow, and lid position to the

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control team. The system described in [6] is an Internet-
of-Things (IoT)-based early warning system for
detecting blockages in sewage pipeline systems by
means of the transmission of signals via ultrasonic
sensors. Another system designed based on MCU
MSP430G2553 processor is used to monitor the manhole
cover separately [7]. Paper with title Underground
Drainage Monitoring System for Metropolitan Cities
describes how to monitor the drainage system using
IoT[16]. Although information is provided on the state
of the lid, the sewage line, and the temperature of the
gases within, little effort was made to show the state of
the manhole and whether it was open or closed.
Therefore, both the open and closed states of the lid and
the manhole are governed by this work.
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM—AUTOMATED MANHOLE
OBSERVANT
The Automated Manhole Observant system
secured with a network is made up of various sensors,
which put forward actual values of the environment that
Figure 1: Functional Block Diagram
is concentration of gases and temperature up to point that
does not harm human body and let you know the
workable conditions. In addition to providing safety
precautions to sewages our proposed system will have
record of sudden water level changes, humidity,
temperature, hazardous gases in mobile app. If any
parameters crossing its threshold value the updated value
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from work station will be sent to managing stations
simultaneously some physical parameter values are
updated in LCD display which is placed to pole
imminent to work station.
IV. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the proposed
work. The gas sensors, temperature sensor, IR sensor and
humidity sensor continuously monitors the manhole
parameters and the sensors are interfaced with the
Arduino UNO controller. The threshold values for
sewage workers to work in the manhole like temperature,
humidity and hazardous gases are feed in the controller.
When the sensor senses the parameters which crosses the
threshold value then it sends alert message to managing
station through GPS and GSM. The location of the
problematic manhole is identified by the GPS and
necessary action is taken to control the parameters,
which create the problems to workers through coolants,
removing hazardous gases from manhole. All the data of
the sensors are also stored in drive by using IoT.
V. WORKING PRINCIPLE
In the proposed work total system is affixed to
manhole lid. As everyone knows that manhole lid
leakage is the main concern, to rectify this IR sensor is
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attached to the inner shoulder of manhole. IR sensor may
use for two purposes one for lid state and water level
detection. The main purposes of gas (MQ 02, MQ 135)
sensors [9] to detect the gas rate value and save sewage
worker life from breathing issues. Due to climate
changes temperature check is the main task for manhole,
it would helpful for worker to enter inside. Therefore,
here we are going to monitor this data using DHT-11
temperature sensor [10]. When system detects any
threshold values apparently microprocessor process data
and it will update it to mobile app and messages send to
managing station. This process will be done for every 15
seconds. To avoid confusions host can easily find
manhole location using GPS. This system reduces the
labour time required to check manhole condition.
Finally, this monitoring system is easily organized.
VI. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
Arduino Uno:
In the proposed work, Arduino Uno is the main
heart of the system and it supports the microcontroller
AT mega- 328. The Arduino has many advantages like
open source in hardware, software and can operate on
any operating system [11]. The Arduino is connected to
the LCD display, GSM, GPS, IR sensor and ESP-015
Wi-Fi module. Arduino consist of 15 digital pins. The
digital inputs from 2 to 7 are connected to LCD display.
Pins 9, GND are connected to Wi-Fi module from
Arduino. Pins 11, 12, Tx are connected to SIM 8000L.
Rx, 13 pins are connected to GPS from Arduino Uno.
Power supply pin acts as 9th pin. Remaining 9, 10, and
11 are connected to the IR sensor [12]. The board is
shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 2: Arduino Uno R3 Board
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based
on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital
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input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator
(CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power
jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it
with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery. "Uno" means one
in Italian and chosen to mark the release of Arduino
Software (IDE) 1.0.
LCD Display:
In this work display, system is mainly useful to
display the situation of the manhole to pedestrians,
travellers which is affixed to pole nearer to system
location. Digital pins from 2 to 7 are connected to the
main input to the LCD. The LCD receive the information
from the main controller and it updates the data on the
LCD this makes people wide-awake.
MQO2 and MQ135 Sensors:
In this work MQ 02 sensor detects the
combustible gas these gases may harm sometimes for
sewage workers and its value is displayed in LCD
display in concentration scope range from 20 to 100psi.
In this work MQ 135 sensor detects the carbon dioxide
gas this may harmful to environment, public to overcome
from these our sensors are will measure the
concentration range from 200 to 1000ppm and it displays
in LCD and update this information in mobile app and to
managing station.
Infrared Sensor:
In this work IR sensor used in two ways for
detect the water, lid position. The digital pins 9, 10, 11
are connected to the Infrared sensor it updates the
information about lid, water.
GPS:
To trace system location, we are going to fix
this GPS locator, here the digital pins Rx, 13th pins are
connected to the Global Positioning System. This block
updates the position of the system.
DHT11 Temperature Sensor:
For safety maintenance of manhole temperature
is the priority check. In order to save the sewage worker,
we must compassion the temperature inside the manhole
without compassion of underground temperature of
manhole, worker may cause suffocation these may result
to death. So, normal tolerance temperature rate for
human body is acceptable 30 to 38.2 degrees for a
tolerance time 40 to 45 minutes inside the manhole.
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Therefore, this sensor can read the temperature and gases. This system consists of in-built Wi-Fi module will
report it [13-14]. This sensor is used in the proposed process information sent by the sensors will displayed on
system to monitor the temperature in the manhole. LCD display and updates graphically in Thing free app.

The prototype is fixed at the real time manhole

Wi-Fi Module: and observed the flow level, lid position, hazardous
The main purpose of this module is to send data gases and the same values are updated in the things view
if app in error this module will send text messages to app which are shown in the following figures and each
mobile. Here digital pins 9th and ground are connected to figure is explained.
Wi-Fi module and pins 12, Tx, 11 are connected to the
GSM. Through with this module this system can update
the position of the system.

VII. SOFTWARE USED

1. Arduino Integrated Development Environment

(IDE):
Arduino Integrated Development Environment
this software used here for programming Arduino board.
In this proposed system we used C-language code using
AVR studio we dumped this program to Arduino Uno.
LCD, LED, Wi-Fi module is interfaced to the Arduino Figure 4: Experimental setup
board through the IDE software. The Arduino has many
In this work LCD display displays the digitized
advantages like open source in hardware, software and
values on display board where being collected this data
can operate on any operating system.
by the sensors. This display board will alert public and
to sewage workers to take further action which is shown
2. Thing View Free:
in Fig. 5.
Thing View enables you to visualize your Thing
peak channels in an easy way, just enter the channel ID
and you are ready to see the graphs that displayed in
mobile app [15-16]. The information which sent from the
controller is shown in the Fig. 3.

Manhole chamber

Figure 5: LCD Display

module
Figure 3: Manhole Module
VIII. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The experiment setup of the proposed system
“IoT based Automated Manhole Observant for sewage
workers safety” is shown in below Figure.3. When the
system is powered all the sensors, which are connected
to the Arduino, are activated, and start sensing the
parameters of the manhole. The IR sensors sense the flow
level and lid position, gas sensors sense the hazardous
The Fig. 6 shows the updated result of the
manhole lid position in graphical way using Thing view
free mobile app. Here figure shows the value “1” it
indicates that lid is in open condition when lid is open
state graph increases with red colour. If graph shows “0”
it indicates that lid is in closed condition in closed
condition graph falls. Finally, this process going to be
record with date and time to maintain proper examine for
observer.
The Fig. 7 shows app result of temperature
value in graphical form the normal tolerance
temperature.

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for sewage worker to work is 24 to 38 degrees

if it is greater than 38 no worker will be allowed to work
inside the manhole, we can rescue worker from
suffocation. If any temperature change occurs the graph
increases correspondingly it updated on LCD display,
mobile app.

Figure 6: Lid Position

Fig. 8 shows the app result of the combustible

gas range. The normal gas range is between 20 to 100
psi. If it is more than 100 psi it may cause under Figure 8: Smoke value
explosion. So, we should not allow workers above
100psi. The below graph shows the smoke value in
number and graphically it is also updated on display
and app. Fig. 9 shows the app result of humidity range.
The normal tolerance humidity range is 30 to < 74%. If
it is greater than 74% it may cause some breathing
problems, we should not allow to do work nside a
manhole at this situation our system will alert managing
stations through messages.

Figure 7: Temperature value

Figure 9: Humidity value

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Fig. 10 shows the app result of the carbon
dioxide rate. This gas range is shown in a graphical
figure. The normal carbon dioxide range is 200 to
1000ppm. If the value exceeds more than 1000pppm it
may cause irritation, a rise in blood pressure to rescue
from this situation we used to display and update it on
the app.
Figure 10: Carbon Monoxide value
Fig. 11 shows the app result of latitude and
longitude range of system location. To trace the system
location, we used to trace these longitude and latitude
addresses in route maps to resolve the problem.
IX. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Conclusion:
Manhole monitoring is a challenging problem.
The proposed work monitors and detects the vital
problems of manholes. This work proposes alternative
methods for tracking the situation of manholes. By
sensing and tracking the manhole’s hazardous
parameters, we can save the life of sewage workers. In
this work, we also introduce the manhole display boards
attached to the poles so that in the rainy season
pedestrians can observe it and can move away from the
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open manholes so that we can save pedestrian life from
dangerous situations. This work helps to reduce the
problems of manholes under the aegis of sensors and
helps to notify the inscribe mobile when harmful gases
are detected. Finally, this system will pass the
information to the display unit, mobile app, and updated
situation of lid in route maps for travellers. By this
project, the manhole monitoring may easily assemble.
Figure 11: Latitude and Longitude value
Future Scope:
Further, we will contrivance this system in solid
covers with vented types remains as a solution to prevent
pressure build-up underground and reduce the damages
caused by any overflow inside the manhole.
X. REFERENCES
[1] Nathila Anjum. G, Saniya Kouser. K “To Design & Analysis of
Underground Drainage and Manhole Monitoring System for
Smart Cities”, IJESC.
[2] Xinru Fu North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
“Manhole Cover Intelligent Detection and Management
System”.
[3] Prof H. P. Rewatkar, “Smart Drainage Monitoring and
Controlling System Using IOT”, IJRES.
[4] Aditya Patel, Parth Dave, Aatish Patel “Drainage Monitoring
System Using IoT ”, IJREAM.
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[5] M. Venkata Sudhakar, “Development Of Alerting And

Monitoring System For Manhole Management Using Iot”,
IJAST.
[6] V. Suresh Kumar, S. Manikandan, K. Pradeep, S. Sugan Raj “Iot
Based Early Warning System To Detect Blockage In Sewer
Pipeline System Inhigh Rise Building”, International Journal of
Pure and Applied Mathematics.
[7] J. H. Shen and Y. Q. Yan: MSP430 MCU Principles and Practice
of Engineering Design (Beijing University of Aeronautics and
Astronautics Press, China 2008), p.54 (Language: In Chinese).
[8] Kesarkar, Shailesh and Damotharan, C. and Pawar, Vinayak and
Shinde, Pooja, “Underground Drainage Monitoring System for
Metropolitan Cities (April 28, 2020)”. 2nd International
Conference on Communication & Information Processing
(ICCIP).
[9] https://datasheetspdf.com/pdf/622943/Hanwei/MQ-2/1
[10] https://datasheetspdf.com/pdf/785590/D-Robotics/DHT11/1
[11] Arduino Uno Rev3. (n.d.). Arduino Online Shop. https://store-
usa.arduino.cc/collections/core-family/products/arduino-uno-
rev3
[12] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron
spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic
substrate interface,” IEEE.
[13] MT Lazarescu, M.T., "Design of a WSN Platform for Long
Term Environmental Monitoring for IoT Applications,"
[14] Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, IEEE
Journal.
[15] Sang D. Mook Chang “Characteristics of humidity-temperature
change in the below-grade concrete structure by applying
waterproof materials on the exterior wall”.
[16] Prof Muragesh SK1, Santhosha Rao, “Automated Internet of
Things for Underground Drainage and Manhole Monitoring
Systems dor Metropolitan Cities.” International Journal of
Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology.

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Municipality Water Management System using IoT

Perumal. B
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Kalasalingam Academy of
Research and Education,
Krishnankoil, Virudhunagar,
India
perumal@klu.ac.in
Nagaraj. P
Department of Computer
Science and Engineering
Kalasalingam Academy of
Research and Education,
Krishnankoil, Virudhunagar,
India
nagaraj.p@klu.ac.in
Esakki Raja. S
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Kalasalingam Academy of
Research and Education,
Krishnankoil,
Virudhunagar. India
9919005063@klu.ac.in

Jaya Sunthari. S Keerthana. S Muthukumar. M. V

Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Kalasalingam Academy of
Research and Education,
Krishnankoil, Virudhunagar,
India
9919005088@klu.ac.in
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Kalasalingam Academy of
Research and Education,
Krishnankoil, Virudhunagar,
India
9919005107@klu.ac.in
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Kalasalingam Academy of
Research and Education,
Krishnankoil, Virudhunagar,
India.
9919005146@klu.ac.in

Abstract- Over the decades, associate degree bumper
variety of articles and approaches was taking to boost the
water management system. This Water Management
System (WAS) is employed to cut back water loss, work
force usage, and waste matter utilization. It halts the barriers
behind the municipality's water management. This water
management drawback was facing major problems in
additional over the countries within the world. Some
machine learning and self-learning algorithms facilitate to
resolve such issues quickly. Some ancient approaches assist
infrastructural pressure management, leak management,
and sensible water distribution system. This proposed work
introduces some sensors to acknowledge leak identification
and water supply required identification. A sensible water
flow detector helps to spot the distributed water level at this
time, exploitation the web of things transfers messages to
alert the sufficiency and deficiency of the actual space.
Using RFID, the municipality workplace identifies the
distribution of water regional-wise. This IoT-based water
management system makes the water management system
more adept and fewer wastage.
Keywords— Water management system, web of things,
Water flow detector, RFID
1.Introduction
Every year, the expansion of the population rate has earned
immense in over. it should cause water deficiency and
increase pollution because of each industrial and agricultural
usage. Earth has some water resources like groundwater,
river, lakes, and water wetlands. All on top of the water
resources depends upon the monsoon season rainfalls solely
[4]. So, water harvest management is a lot of necessitating
treatment for the WAS. Municipal firms embrace their data
to diminish the water deficiency downside. when the
inclusion of firms, they have some helpful techniques to
handle water abundance for his or her customers. In recent
decades varied numbers of water management techniques
and approaches evolved by the researchers [5]. In our
country, each urban and metropolitan areas do haven't
property water for drinking and different functions. thanks
to poor water management techniques, vast pipeline run and
high running of water area unit in sure areas solely [6]. the
web of things [7] could be a device that communicates data
abstract thought from physical devices like sensors. It sends
the whole knowledge exploitation the web, therefore it's
referred to as web of things. This planned system enquires
concerning the information concerning the flow of water and
RFID authorizations. This IoT-based Municipality's water
management system has associate degree economical thanks
to allot the water level of each corporation client. It avoids
collision between the corporation water users [8]. This
planned IoT-based water management system acts
proficiently and it types everyone with water property [9].
The huge literature survey concerning IoT and municipality
water treatment are discovered within the following session.
2.Literature Review
The authors of [1] counsel Associate in Nursing
improved water management system for enhancing different
fuel management like hydrocarbon or chemical science. This
methodology or approach is merely used for the varied
cooling lubrication applied, however it's a weaker show of
wastage of water management and outpouring management
[10].
In [2] the scientist unconcealed the problems of water
management in chemical industries. Here, the author
introduced the sensible Water Management System
(SWME) for the purification of water. This research work
helps to cut back two hundredth of water wastage. it'll
increase the economical setting in eco-manner [11].
Authors [3] exposed water management for industrial usage
and energy conservation functions. The model is integrated
with interval two-stage random programming for reflective
system uncertainties. These uncertainties area unit related to
the commercial production feature and therefore the
decision-making method. For the water-energy nexus, the

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energy proposed is principally targeted on the consumption
intensity of water purification and transportation from
completely different water sources [12]. It also use the
variety of real time applications in different discipline [16-
35]
3.Proposed System
A typical power offer is given to the Arduino UNO
microcontroller. The empire-embedded sensors like water
flow and RFID module area unit synchronal with the
Arduino UNO microcontroller. This 4x4 input device is
employed to position the corresponding security key by the
user [13]. liquid crystal display demonstrates the present
water consumption and its knowledge concerning the
consumption level. Driver and therefore the DC pump act as
associate degree output terminal and area unit primarily
based upon the line of the RFID module. This RFID decoded
each shopper and its shows the licensed user and their
address [14]. This effective diagram is shown in Fig.1
Fig. 1 Block Diagram Water Management System
4.Working Principle
This planned economical IoT-based municipality water
management system has been with success put in with the
Arduino UNO microcontroller and effective sensors.
Fig. 2 Flow Chart and Working Principle Water
Management System
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As shown in fig.1, the water flow detector evaluates the
number of waters flowing at a specific time or amount. Fig.
two describes the regulation of the research work. This RFID
module is employed to authorize the individuals by their
name, door no, and address. that is employed to tag the actual
one that consumed water per day or week. This 4x4 input
device is employed to approve the person by a word. It
guarantees avoiding collision between the peoples and water
satisfies all the peoples in an equal manner. once the users
end their authorization, the motive force units offer the water
for the actual client. This paper conjointly interfaces with the
LCD, that is employed to take in the number of waters
distributed to a specific client. victimization the web of
things, this proposed module sends the message regarding
the client detail to Municipal Corporation [15].
5.Results and Discussion
Arduino UNO microcontroller is performance as a pivot with
the detector and output units. approved water distribution
infixed C program embed with the Arduino microcontroller.
The water flow detector and RFID module square measure
biased by the microcontroller and it senses the quantity of
water content and approved person as a designed program
dependency. The time of the water flow are controlled by the
users and it monitors the extent victimization the web of
things. every one encompasses a distinctive water-smart card.
that helps to authorization of individual folks. This 4x4 input
device is employed to write and rewrite the user id and secret.
At the time of water flow, users place that RFID card into the
device and that is activate the actual motor. the quantity of
water distribution is displayed on the mounted alphanumeric
display. Fig. three indicates the authorization of the client that
displays the IoT model.
Fig. 3 Display the Customer Authorization
Fig. 3 displays the customer’s authorization and
information. And also fig. 4 to 7 displays the flow rate
and distribution level of water.
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Fig. 7 For low rate 1 increases and total distribution

Fig. 4: For flow rate 0 and total liters increases of values changes accordingly
Table.1 infers the customer’s information and the amount
of water distribution in a précised time duration.
Table 1: Municipality Water Management System
Model Description

Fig. 5 Soil Dry Moisture Output

S. Name of the House Flow Total
No. customer number rate distributio
n
1 S. 10/12 0 8697mL
JAYASUNTH
Fig. 6 Humidity Output ARI
2 S. ESAKKI 132/4 1 7109mL
Soil dampness sensor detects the ong RAJA
3 S. 536/2 3 2637mL
KEERTHAN
A
4 M. V. 106/8 10 9384mL,
MUTHUKUM
AR
Fig 5. For flowrate increases, total liters of value
change accordingly 6.Conclusion
The research work of sensible water management system
was heightened with the assistance of the web of things. it
absolutely was reducing hands, moderator loss, and
population collision in a very hot manner. it absolutely was
simpler apart from self-learning algorithms. the web of
things is employed to store a life history within the house of
the cloud. This session of results and discussion was show
off the outstanding performance over some ancient
approaches. This proposed work has well and smart to
handle the leak management system and water distribution
system. The flow meter or device and RIFD module
facilitate to equal water distribution for the approved folks.
It helps to scale back the wastage of water. within the future,
this research work makes over additional compact and tinier.
it's additional values in any scale of a network in water
distribution.
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Random Forest, DT And SVM Machine Learning
Classifiers for Seed with Advanced WSN Sensor
Node

1Sachin D. Shingade 2Rohini Prashant Mudhalwadkar 3 Komal M. Masal

Departement of Technology DOT Dept. of instrumentation and Control Department of Technology

SPPU & MITAOE Govt. COEP SPPU & PICT
Pune, India Pune Pune, India
sachin.shingade@mitaoe.ac.in rpm.instru@coep.ac.in kmmasal@pict.edu

Abstract— Random Forest- RF, Support Vector Machine -
SVM and Decision Tree - DT Machine learning classifiers
proposed and implemented to develop seed prediction model in
Visual Studio code environment using python along with
advanced Wireless Sensor Network’s raino-meter sensor node.
Wireless sensor network's infrastructure consists of sensors and
nodes. Use of a wireless system has the potential for significant
savings of workforce, resources and time. By adding Soil pH,
Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall sensor in the network one
can predict the crop seed to be cultivated in the current time by
analyzing the environmental conditions in the farm. Aim of this
work is to develop model using data analytics and machine
learning techniques. Prediction model is trained on historic
environmental data of crops. Based on the history and current
environmental data crop recommendation is proposed. Basic
data collection nodes with the sensor network provides the
required information about environmental parameters.
Random Forest- RF , Support Vector Machine - SVM and
Decision Tree - DT Machine learning classifiers implemented
and results shows Random Forest is the best with 95.12 %
accuracy, 94.94 % precision, 94.85 % recall and 95.12 % F1
score. This system helps to provide the correct advice at the
correct time.
temperature, atmospheric temperature, humidity, rain
conditions, soil pH, and plant water status, etc. The sink node
will retrieve the data from farm sensor nodes from the local
network. After that data will be transferred to web-based
application or cloud via a wireless network. Based on this
information, one can predict the crop.
A data analytics approach with machine learning
technology significantly improves the prediction efficiency
and can predict the best suitable crop seed accurately.
II. RELATED WORK
Agricultural crop recommendation systems which are
available on the marketplace considering variety of factors
such as the weather conditions during plantation time, type of
soil, location (geological), atmospheric temperature of the
location and so on. In this field variety of research work have
been already completed and presented the subsidiary literature
and results of their end objectives even though the methods,
parameters taken into consideration are different but the
objectives are same.

Keywords—Smart farming, machine intelligence, sensor network,
seed prediction.
I. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture with advance techniques for smart farming
used to improve the crop production as well as empowering
farmers for facing critical environmental conditions. Smart
farming, smart City, smart clinics uses internet of things –
IOT.[1] In smart farming so many things have to consider like
water required for irrigation, workforce required and
resources [3]. Agriculture in India contributes major part in
GDP. Agriculture help farmers for food security, nutritional
security and for earning money.
The proposed model will consist of Wireless sensors
network for data collection from farm field and arrangement
for collecting the data value information for further
processing , we will take ready database of different
parameters ( such as pH, Temperature, humidity, moisture
etc.) As an input for predictive algorithm. For current data
collection, WSN based system will work to collect useful data
for crop prediction. WSN collects data of soil moisture,
This connects GPS-coordinated sensors to the Internet that
can also be used to continuously analyze the crop [2-5]. The
work done in [6] confers the benchmarks and why they are
affecting into smart agriculture as a result of globalization.
Smart agriculture is farming that would help in water
conservation, soil nutrients maintenance, real time monitoring
and controlling despite the fact that precision agriculture has
improved during the course of time some of the difficulties are
still exists. As previously said monitoring site-specific
operations of such systems are necessary to get a better
outcome. [7].
Among the crops considered in the model for prediction in
the study [10] were coriander, legumes, cotton, paddy,
sorghum, peanuts, sugarcane, bananas, and vegetables. When
projecting the crop characteristics like pH, depth, erosion,
permeability, texture, rain, water holding and soil color were
all taken into account. The technique employed was ensemble
learning which combines the strength of two or more
independent models for improved prediction.
In order to provide an accurate estimate of agricultural
yields the crops were evaluated and ranked according to the

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Fig. 1. Flow Diagram of the Proposed Study

findings of the evaluation. This categorization was found Presently there are number of models available for
through the application of a variety of data mining techniques. recommendation of crops. But some of the ML models needs
This article provides a summary of numerous different datasets with more number of sample readings to give
classification methods, such as the K-Nearest Neighbor and accurate output label. Few models shows poor performance
the Naive Bayes models [11]. for larger number of data samples, few shows over fitting
errors. Random forest model shows good results with all
In this work [12] exploratory data analysis is proposed and
performance metrics also it reduces over fitting problems for
numerous different types of prediction models are explored by
larger datasets so preferred for model building.
their implementation. In order to recognize and evaluate each
property a sample data set is utilized and various different
System presented in figure 1 is composed of several
regression algorithms are applied. Several types of regression
phases where the first phase is hardware part of wireless
analysis including multiple linear, linear, and non-linear
sensor network which is used for obtaining the values of
regression as well as polynomial, ridge and logistic regression
temp, humidity, rainfall and moisture from the farm field. The
are explained in this paper. This article provides a comparative
collected parameters from each sensor node are then sent over
analysis of various data analytics algorithms.
cloud for further processing. Collected parameters from
In this study [13], the researchers separated the soil type, sensor nodes are sent over cloud through internet connection
groundwater level, rainfall, water availability and temperature using Wi-Fi module which is inbuilt on Node MCU along
into two separate datasets. One of the dataset consist features
such as rainfall and temperature, while the other dataset
consist features such as potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen
values as well as fertilizers, soil pH and organic carbon value
etc. In order to get the dataset ready, some fundamental
preprocessing steps were performed. The Naive Bayes and
J48 classifiers were utilized in the process of crop
recommendation. The ultimate recommendation achieved by
applying association rules to the classifiers' output in order to
get the best results. In order to train the model ten different
cross validations were employed. During the course of testing
number of metrics including Precision, ROC Area, Recall,
Accuracy and F-Measure were utilized. [14] Decision trees
are capable of classifying both numerical and categorical data
sets.
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
. In this piece of work a model is proposed that has the
ability to predict the crop seed by using parameters such as the
present temperature, Soil pH, humidity and the rainfall. The
representation of the full system is shown in figure 1 is a
Fig. 2. Sensor Node
systematic depiction of the system.

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Fig. 3. Sensor Sensed Data
with firebase platform which provides resources for
displaying and storing real time parameters and their values.
Figure 3 shows the results of firebase cloud platform on
which the values of sensed parameters are displayed and
saved.
The second phase is data pre-processing[3] which consists
of two steps. It is best to start by deleting every single missing
value from the original dataset . A dot in the dataset stands in
for a missing value and their presence might reduce the total
worth of the data as well as they negatively affects
performance. In order to solve this issue we swap out these
values for extremely negative numbers that the system will
consider as outliers.
The creation of the class labels constitutes the second
phase. As we are employing supervised learning it needs to
assign a class label to each entry in the dataset. Labelling
dataset is nothing but adding target attributes to the data used
for training. Here we are using standard dataset with eight
attributes Temperature, Humidity, Rain, Soil pH, soil type,
Nitrogen contents, Phosphorous contents, Potassium contents
and sensor data. This label is assigned during the
preprocessing stage of the data analysis using standard
labelled dataset with four attributes that are Temperature ,
Humidity, Rain and Soil pH. Which is an essential step prior
to the implementation of any algorithm for machine learning.
Data preprocessing involve tasks like data labeling, data
sorting, filling up data redundancy, data cleaning, splitting the
dataset for training and testing. Third Phase is application of
machine learning algorithm for training the sorted and refined
data. Once the algorithm is applied and the process of training
is over the result of this step is final trained model.
After feeding the dataset into machine learning algorithms
trained models get produced. The RF, SVM and decision tree
algorithms are used in our paper to propose a crop prediction
system. The information about soil parameters provided to
model. The program will look for a crop with a value that is
the most similar to the values entered. All of the crops that are
suitable for the input will be returned as an output. Based upon
the prediction result farmer can get the best suitable crop to be
cultivated in their farm.
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Wireless sensor network composed of different primary data
nodes and sink node for data receiving from each node. The
sample hardware node is represented in figure no 2. As shown
the node consists of Node MCU as a microcontroller for
receiving and processing the data from the sensors . Node
MCU board has inbuilt Wi- Fi module to send sensed data by
wireless link. Same node for pH sensor is also established. For
sink node Server Node MCU or raspberry pi is used as a server
to receive the data from all local nodes and further upload the
data to cloud. But for using Raspberry pi we need to connect
Wi-Fi module for wireless communication and respective
circuit.
Rain sensor – raino meter designed and fabricated for
sensing and measurement of rainfall in particular farmland.
For sensing rain in milli meter. Used Hall Effect sensor which
is continuously sense the tipping bucket moment, each tipping
bucket moment is calibrated for 2 ml water.
IV. RESULT
Local sensor nodes deployed in the farm will acquire the
recent information about temperature, humidity, rain and
moisture. The results obtained from the node are passed to
server node and then uploaded in real time to the cloud
Interface. Figure 3 shows the results of firebase cloud platform
on which the values of sensed parameters are displayed and
saved.
A. Dataset Description
The proposed model consist Wireless sensors network for
data collection from farm field and arrangement for
collecting the data value information for further processing
, we will take ready database of different parameters ( such as
pH, Temperature, humidity, moisture etc.) ready database
taken from kaggle as an input for predictive algorithm. For
current data collection, WSN based system will work to
collect useful data for crop prediction. WSN collects data of
soil moisture, temperature, atmospheric temperature,
humidity, rain conditions, soil pH, and plant water status, etc.
The sink node will retrieve the data from farm sensor nodes
from the local network.
Fig. 4. Simulated Prediction
323
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Fig. 5. Confusion Matrix of DT

After that data will be transferred to web-based
application or cloud via a wireless network. Based on this TP
information, one can predict the crop. Collected data Recall = *100 (3)
preprocessed, preprocessing helps to reduce time required for
TP + FN
model building [3]. A data analytics approach with machine
TP
learning technology significantly improves the prediction Precision = *100 (4)
efficiency and can predict the best suitable crop accurately. TP + FP
The hyper parameters selected at here are: Adam as Learning
Algorithm, at start Learn Rate is 00.01 %, minimum batch TP + TN
Accuracy = (5)
size is thirty, maximum epochs are hundred, weight decay TP + TN + FP + FN
parameter is one, min sample leaf value is 43.00, maximum
depth is thirty two, and number of trees are thirty one. P*R
F1score = 2 * *100 (6)
P+R
B. Performance Metrics
Prediction of the crop or crop recommended for the
specific input parametric values is shown in the figure 4. A
The prediction performance of proposed model is graphical user interface is created for manual input of the
analyzed by using confusion matrix and its sub parameters parameter values. First we need to select any one algorithm
like TP- True Positive, TN- True Negative, FP-False Positive from Random forest, Support Vector Machine and Decision
and FN-False Negative to calculate R-Recall, A- Accuracy, Tree Machine learning classifiers. Then after need to enter
F1 score and P- precision. values of Temperature, Humidity, Soil pH and rainfall .Then

Fig. 6. Confusion Matrix of Random Forest

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Fig. 7. Confusion Matrix of SVM

need to click on predict crop then it will predict best suitable

TABLE I. PERFORMANCE VALUES - DT AND RF CLASSIFIERS
crop seed for entered parameters values After entering the
values the selected algorithm predicts the crop and thus the DT RF
aim of crop prediction is archived. For temperature value 29, Prec Rec F1 Prec Rec F1
Crops ision all scor ision all score
humidity value 80, pH value 6.5 and rainfall value 50 % % e% % % %
algorithm predicted the Moong Bean. It takes 240 seconds to Cotton 84 95 89 96 97 97
predict crop. As data increases then time required for Lentil 97 99 98 97 100 99
prediction also increase. RF, DT and SVM algorithms are Maize 88 97 92 96 99 98
compared in terms of R-Recall, A- Accuracy, F1 score and P-
Millet 92 82 87 96 95 95
precision.
Moong bean 95 94 94 98 99 98
The DT algorithm can offer effective results in prediction Moth bean 90 87 88 97 97 97
and are faster than many other classifiers. But this algorithm Apple 99 99 99 100 100 100
is not suited for larger datasets and may result in Azuki bean 96 89 92 98 98 98
computational complexity and inefficiencies. Banana 90 97 94 94 100 97
The confusion matrix for the DT classifier is presented in Black gram 86 87 86 93 94 94
Fig 5. From the figure it is clear that the DT classifier provided Chick pea 80 84 82 95 92 93
optimal performance in predicting the suitable crop for Coconut 91 96 94 98 99 98
cultivation. The true positive rates offered by the DT classifier Coffee 58 83 68 56 78 65
are higher than the false positives. There are some Grapes 100 99 100 100 100 100
misclassifications seen in the matrix. This is due to the higher Groundnut 95 100 97 99 100 99
number of samples present in the dataset. The DT classifier is Jute 100 100 100
100 100 100
more optimal with smaller number of samples than with larger
Kidney bean 90 84 87 99 95 97
datasets. The tree structure in the DT classifier can accumulate
Mango 95 97 96 99 99 99
a particular number of samples and when the depth of the tree
is increased the accuracy of the classifier is degraded. The Muskmelon 93 97 95 95 100 97
overall accuracy attained by the DT classifier in crop Orange 97 97 97 99 97 98
recommendation is 91%. Papaya 98 89 93 98 98 98
Peas 92 93 92 96 96 96
The confusion matrix for the random forest classifier for
Pigeon pea 91 93 92 97 97 97
crop recommendation is presented in Fig 6. It is seen that RF
Pomegranate 100 100 100 100 100 100
classifier is best . This is because the Radom Forest classifier
Rice 92 88 90 98 97 97
is able to differentiate the input attribute values for the crops.
The overall accuracy in prediction of suitable crop by the Rubber 100 98 99 100 99 100
random forest classifier is 95.12 %. When the number of Sugarcane 98 94 96 98 97 98
samples are increased the accuracy in prediction is further Tea 67 36 47 60 35 45
reduced but comparably better. Compared to the DT and SVM Tomato 97 96 96 99 98 99
classifiers the RF provided better accuracy in prediction. Watermelon 92 87 90 98 92 95
Moreover the RF reduces computational complexities in the Wheat 92 89 90 98 95 96
training time and faster.

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The confusion matrix for the SVM classifier for crop
recommendation is presented in Fig 7. It is seen that there are
more number of misclassifications among different crops.
This is because the SVM classifier is unable to differentiate
the input attribute values for the crops. The overall accuracy
in prediction of suitable crop by the SVM classifier is only
74%. When the number of samples are increased the accuracy
in prediction is further reduced. Compared to the DT and RF
classifiers the SVM provided lower accuracy in prediction.
Moreover the SVM included computational complexities in
the training time.
Though the running time of the RF is high the accuracy in
classification is better than the other considered ML models.
Performance values in percentage are summarized in table I.
Among the crops the jute, pomegranate and grapes crops
achieved the maximum classification rate compared to the
other crops. The experiments suggests that when the input data
are discriminative, the results in prediction are high and when
more than 2 attributes are similar there are some
misclassifications. There are still more experimental studies
needed to be carried out with huge datasets or with big data to
identify the most effective classifier.
TABLE II. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SV, DT AND RF CLASSIFIERS
Accuracy Precision Recall F1 Score
Classifier Name % % % %
SVM Classifier 74 .00 74.67 74.32 74.25
DT Classifier 91.00 91.45 91.16 90.96
RF Classifier 95.12 94.94 94.85 95.12
In table II, RF model shows best results and also RF model
reduced over fitting problem for larger datasets. Hence, it is
preferred for model building.
V. CONCLUSION
The proposed system in this research would Predict the
most acceptable crop seed. This work focus on the use of Data
analytics and Machine learning techniques. The overall
experimentations suggest that the ML models are able to
handle the huge number of data samples more efficiently than
the other algorithms. Among the implemented ML models the
RF classifier is more effective in recommendation. As
Random Forest classifier able to differentiate input attributes,
it has less computational Complexity in training time so faster,
RF classifier shows 95.12 % accuracy, 94.94 % precision,
94.85 % recall and F1 score 95.12 % ; So Random Forest is
the best for recommending best suitable seed In future we
aim to develop a model integrating ML and data mining that
can suggest suitable crop for cultivation based on different
parameters. Also we aim to evaluate the model in all the
aspects to provide detailed interpretations.
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REFERENCES
[1] Nurzaman Ahmed, Debashis De , “Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart
Precision Agriculture and Farming in Rural Areas ” IEEE Internet Of
Things Journal, Vol. 5, December 2018.
[2] Sebastian Gutierrez , Israel Martinez , Jorge Varona , “Smart Mobile
LoRa Agriculture System based on Internet of Things ” IEEE, Dec.
2019.
[3] Sachin D. S. , Rohini R.P. , “Hybrid deep Q elman neural network for
crop prediction and recommendation based on environmental changes
” Concurrency and computation:Practice and experience, April. 2022 .
[4] Omer Gulec, Elif Haytaoglu , Sezai Tokat, “A Novel Distributed CDS
Algorithm for Extending Lifetime of WSNs With Solar Energy
Harvester Nodes for Smart Agriculture Applications ” IEEE Access,
April 2020.
[5] Jobish John, Vinay Palaparthy and Shahbaz Sarik, , “Design and
Implementation of a Soil Moisture Wireless Sensor Network ” IEEE ,
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[6] Lakshmi.N, Priya.M, Sahana Shetty, and Manjunath C. R, Crop
Recommendation System for Precision Agriculture, vol. 6 Reading,
IND: International Journal for Research in Applied Science &
Engineering Technology, 2018. [Online] Available:
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Video Browsing Strategies. Technical Report. University of Maryland
at College Park.
[7] Remi Schmaltz, “What is Precision Agriculture”, April 2017. [Online].
Available:https://agfundernews.com/what-is-precisionagriculture.html
[Accessed Feb.23, 2020]
[8] S.Pudumalar*, E.Ramanujam*, R.HarineRajashreeń, C.Kavyań,
T.Kiruthikań, J.Nishań. “Crop Recommendation System for Precision
Agriculture”, ,2016 IEEE Eighth International Conference on
Advanced Computing (ICoAC),2016
[9] Yogesh Gandge, Sandhya “A Study on Various Data Mining
Techniques for Crop Yield Prediction” International Conference on
Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computer and Optimization
Techniques (ICEECCOT), 20017
[10] S. Pudumalar, E. Ramanujam, R. H. Rajashree, C. Kavya, T. Kiruthika
and J. Nisha, "Crop recommendation system for precision agriculture,"
2016 Eighth International Conference on Advanced Computing
(ICoAC), Chennai, 2017, pp. 32-36. doi:
10.1109/ICoAC.2017.7951740.
[11] R. Kumar, M. P. Singh, P. Kumar and J. P. Singh, "Crop Selection
Method to maximize crop yield rate using machine learning
technique," 2015 International Conference on Smart Technologies and
Management for Computing, Communication, Controls, Energy and
Materials (ICSTM), Chennai, 2015, pp. 138-145. doi:
10.1109/ICSTM.2015.7225403
[12] T.R. Lekhaa, “Efficient Crop Yield and Pesticide Prediction for
Improving Agricultural Economy using Data Mining Techniques”,
International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science
(IJMTES), 2016, Volume 03, Issue 10.
[13] Viviliya, B. and Vaidhehi, V., “The Design of Hybrid Crop
Recommendation System using Machine Learning Algorithms”.
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring
Engineering, 2019, 9(2), pp.4305-4311.
[14] “How Decision Tree Algorithms work” available at
dataaspirant.com/2017/01/30/how-decision- tree-algorithm-work
[15] Chen, Joy Iong Zong, and Kong-Long Lai. "Machine Learning based
Energy Management at Internet of Things Network Nodes." Journal:
Journal of Trends in Computer Science and Smart Technology
September 2020, no. 3 (2020): 127-133
[16] Haoxiang, Wang, and S. Smys. "WSN based Improved Bayesian
Algorithm Combined with Enhanced Least-Squares Algorithm for
Target Localizing and Tracking." IRO Journal on Sustainable Wireless
Systems 2, no. 2 (2020): 59-67
[17] Atharva Ingle, “https://www. kaggle.com/ datasets/ atharvaingle/crop-
recom mendation -dataset”2020. 4I.
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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Misbehaviour Detection based on Least Square
Twin Support Vector Machine in VANETs
H Summia Parveen
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Sri Eshwar College of Engineering
summiaparveen.h@sece.ac.in
Abstract— A great deal of study has not been done on
machine learning techniques to identify inappropriate
activities in Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs).
Unauthorized vehicles have the likely to send erroneous
messages across VANET, which can lead to a difficult situation
that cannot be avoided. This article describes a machine
learning technique to classify misbehaviours in VANET. The
proposed strategy is based on the Least S quare Twin S upport
Vector Machine (LS TS VM), which the authors developed. Two
of the mechanisms developed are called data based trust
models (DTM) and vehicle based trust models (VTM). The
data based trust model is responsible for identifying fraudulent
messages by employing a LS TS VM-based classifier that
evaluates message content in conjunction with vehicle
characteristics. The message propagation behaviour of the
vehicle is evaluated by the LS TS VM-based classifier utilized by
the local VTM, which evaluation determines whether or not
the vehicle may be trusted. Then, using the Dempster–S hafer
theory, the trust authority (TA) VTM will compile several
different trust assessment reports that pertain to the same
vehicle and provide a comprehensive trust value. Compared to
base classifiers utilized for classification, the LS TS VM
approach is more effective in classifying a wide variety of
inappropriate behaviours that can be discovered in VANET.
Keywords—Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, Least Square Twin
Support Vector Machine, data trust model, vehicle trust model,
trust authority and Dempster–Shafer theory
I. INT RODUCT ION
The great mobility, large scale, and frequent
topological changes that describe vehicular networks make
them unique. Increased levels of cross -communication can
contribute to increased levels of passenger safety.
Connectivity to the VANET can be used in various
scenarios, such as when a collision occurs and additional
vehicles are approaching the area. VANETs are susceptible
to a wide variety of security threats [1], each of which can
potentially put VANET performance and maybe even users'
lives at risk. An attacker node may, for instance, simulate
traffic congestion by claiming to represent several vehicles
simultaneously, allowing the attacker node to conduct a
Denial of Serv ice (DoS) attack by interfering with the usual
data dissemination.
However, the distance between the sending and
receiving vehicles, speed, and reputation of the sending
vehicle were all ignored in Zhang et al. [4]'s message filter
based on BPNN, which did not consider message
forwarding. It was hypothesized by Liu et al. [5] that an
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S.V.Evangelin Sonia
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences
evangelinsonia.vs@gmail.com
adaptive and self-learn ing intrusion detection model might be
created by merging BPNN with SVM , wh ich would cut
down on the dependency on duplicate data and characterize a
wide variety of traffic occurrences. On the other hand, they
did not go to great length on the input feature.
The researchers [6] have utilized machine learning
methods to detect a wormhole attack, which is a type of
routing attack in which packets are tunnelled to another node
and then replayed in the network afterwards. The kernel
neural networks (KNN) with Support vector machines
(SVM) were utilized in the development of the models, and
the results of their application to a data set that the authors
had constructed were favourable. In [7], the authors
developed a hybrid EHCA-M DS (context-aware
misbehaviour detection system), which integrated a
supervised classifier model with unsupervised-based online
statistical classifiers, multip le non-parametric, which allowed
the system to detect inappropriate behaviour in a hybrid
environment.
Khot et al. [8] made a machine learn ing (ML) basis
to predict where a vehicle will be in the network in the
future. They compared the predicted values to the locations
given by the BSMs. Then used SVM with Modified Fading
Memory, abbreviated as SVM-MFM [9], to identify
inappropriate behaviour in VANET co mmunications.
Technology offers a feasible solution for RSUs that require a
large amount of computational labour. The authors of [10]
projected a hybrid intrusion detection system (IDS) that uses
ANN (Art ificial Neural Networks) to imp rove the system's
accuracy and performance. In [11], the authors employed
SVM and Nave Bayes feature inserting as intrusion detection
techniques.
They produced fresh, high-quality data to the
original features. In addition, they applied the framework to
several different datasets. A vehicle-RSU duo approach with
a merged feature set from successive BSMs is utilized in the
proposed methodology for position falsification detection,
which is distinct fro m other methodologies already in use.
Several distinct ML techniques are used to differentiate
between genuine vehicles and those that are harmful. The
following are the most important contributions made by the
work:
• First, based on the fact that the LSTSVM algorith m
can successfully manage binary nonlinear
classification and possesses the features of high
accuracy and greater routine, recommend a data
based trust model that is based on an LSTSVM -
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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Alert driver &

based classifier that can successfully assess whether forward message
Data trust model
or not the warning message is telling the truth Beacon and Feature vector LSTSVM
True
alert message message
depending on the communication content and from vehicle
for message
classifier message

vehicle attributes. Vehicle trust model

Verify
evidence
Feature LSTSVM
• Secondly, a local vehicle based trust component Input network model
Behaviour vector of vehicle Trust
report Update
behaviour classifier reputation or
that employs yet another LSTSVM -based classifier Trust Authority
withdraw
vehicles
is described, which module analyses the vehicle's Fuse evidence
based on DST

behaviour concerning communication propagation

to determine whether or not the vehicle can be
trusted. If it is determined that the vehicle can be
trusted, this module then delivers a trust report to
the Trust Authority (TA) that is based on DST.
• Finally, the strategy that was suggested for
identifying incorrect behaviour has been
demonstrated to be effective through simu lation and
extensive research.
The remaining steps of this project are broken down
as follows. In Section 2, the VA NET and attacker models
and the proposed approach are presented to the reader. It
discusses several criteria and the module for feature
extraction utilized to categorize undesirable actions in
VA NET. The experimental design and the results are broken
down and discussed in the third section. In the final section,
we provide some closing observations and suggest directions
for further research.
II. METHODOLOGY
The communication trust model generates a feature
vector by using the information contained within the
message and then uses an LSTSVM-based classifier to
determine whether or not the information contained within
the message can be trusted. If the message is authentic, the
model will alert the driver, and the driver will then forward
the message. If the communication cannot be trusted, the
model will forward it to the TA. The vehicle trust model
consists of the local VTM and the TA VTM, which are
considered important modules.
The local VTM generates a feature vector based on
the behaviour pattern of the vehicle being evaluated and then
utilizes an LSTSVM -based classifier to determine whether or
not the vector represents a genuine vehicle. Following that,
the evaluation report is sent to the TA by the vehicle. When
calculating the comprehensive vehicle trust value, the results
of the DST are noted for several automobiles before being
averaged together. Last but not least, the TA will consult the
results of the DTM and the vehicle trust model, then it will
revise the reputation value of the automobile, and if the
vehicle is removed, it will do it.
Fig.2. A framework diagram of Proposed LSTSVM-based
misbehavior detection
Take into consideration the framework of a typical
VA NET, represented in Fig. 2 and co mprises things like
RSUs, TA, and intelligent vehicles. Wireless communication
makes it possible for cars and RSUs to communicate with
one another and each other. The powers of computation and
storage that RSUs have are not present in vehicles.
Additionally, RSUs can communicate with one another. The
TA, has the most secretarial power and can connect through
RSUs over a safe channel. It also can communicate with
RSUs. In this strategy, k-nodes should be considered: The
LSTSVM classifier works by finding solutions to K-linear
equations and then producing K non-parallel hyperplanes,
one for each class. It generates k-binary LSTSVM classifiers,
again with ith LSTSVM classifier taking into account positive
class labels for the ith class and negative class labels for the
supplementary classes in the set of classes.
Let's say that the matrix represents the features of
the ith class , where Stands for the number of
characteristics that are included in the ith class. The matrix
represents the characteristics of other classes
, which may be written as follows:
(1)
Study a linear model with a problematic involving
the classification of four separate classes, where the
characteristics of each class are represented by a distinct
shape so that the classes may be seen more easily. The
MLSTSVM classifier selects n hyperplanes, one for each
class, and assigns them numbers 1...n for the respective
classes. Following is an example of a decision function
that can be used to create hyperplanes in such a way that the
characteristics of each class untruth within the near empathy
of their respective hyperplanes while still maintaining a clear
distinction from the characteristics of other hyperplanes and
the ith hyperplane:
(2)
The bias term is denoted by , and the
normal vector to the hyperplane is denoted by .
The OF (OF) of the ith linear LSTSVM classifier is
represented as the following expression:

(3)

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where is the parameter for the penalty, and

are two vectors of 1, and is the adjustable
for the slack. The OF's init ial term determines how far apart
the attributes of each class are when measured by their
squared sums. The hyperplane is kept close to the ith class
through the minimization process. The second term of the
target function works to limit the amount of incorrect
categorization brought on by features belonging to other
classes. Consequently, the hyperplane is positioned in such a
way that it is as close as feasible to the characteristics of the
ith class while remain ing as distant as possible from the
characteristics of other classes. The follo wing equation is
used to determine the Lagrangian function of the OF:
(4)
Following KKT (Karush–Kuhn–Tucker), conditions are
obtained by differentiating the above equation concerning
and as:
Eqs. (7) and (8) lead to:
Here, define the
and . With these notations,
Eq. (9) may be rewritten as:
(11)
The Lagrangian parameter is obtained from Eq. (10) and Eq.
(11)
Eqs. (14) and (16) lead to:
(15)
where the radius is the circumference of the earth, =
, , and
, translates the latitude
and longitude into radians, refers lat itude, and lg refers to
Utilizing DST [12] to aggregate various trust reports from a
variety of automobiles was done so that the accuracy of the
vehicle trust evaluation could be improved.
III. EXPERIM ENTA L RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The simu lation area spans around 2.5 kilo metres
and comprises two extensive highways that cross each other,
and 600 passengers are allowed inside the vehicle at one
time. The following is a list of features possessed by the
(5) vehicles: The maximu m speed is sixty kilo metres per hour;
the vehicle measurement is 4.5 metres; the minimu m
(6) distance among vehicles is 2.5 metres; the supreme speed is
sixty kilo metres per hour; the acceleration is 2.6 metres per
(7) second; the deceleration is 4.5 metres per second, and the
Krauss model is used for the car-fo llo wing algorith m.
Model LC2013 was used for the lane change, and a value o f
(8)
0.5 was assigned to the driver flaw. Create 20,000 training
sample data for LSTSVM -based message classifiers using
the network simulator. A CSV file stores the information
obtained from the train ing samp le. The proposed LSTSVM
(9)
is evaluated against other methods already in use, such as
besides BPNN [4] and SVM -MFM [9], using performance metrics
including True Positive Rate (TPR), False Positive Rate
(FPR) and accuracy.
(10)
(12)

(13)
The equation will tell you which hyperplane
corresponds to the ith class (15). Obtain the hyperplane for
each class by doing it in this fashion, which classifier can
predict the class k=n for a test feature 'x' by using the
distance D fro m each hyper-plane. It is assigned the class Fig.3.TPR results between proposed and existing
related to the hyper-plane situated at the position closest to methods
the value 'x.' The following is an examp le of the decision
function for the LSTSVM classifier:

(14)

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and SVM -MFM. According to the simulat ion's findings, the

BPNN SVM-MFM LSTSVM
suggested DTM possesses a high detection rate and the
35
ability to generalize. It is virtually unaffected by both the
30 cars' reputation and the malevolent cars' percentage.
25 However, in VA NETs, there are various attack methods, and
FPR(%)

20 the detection mechanism may in the future be updated to

15 resist other forms of malicious behaviour, such as Sybil and
DoS attacks.
10
5 REFERENCES
0 [1]. Engoulou, R. G., Bellaïche, M., Pierre, S., & Quintero, A.
(2014). VANET security surveys. Computer
1500 3000
number4500 6000
of messages 7500 Communications, 44, 1-13.
[2]. Chen, L., Tang, H., & Wang, J. (2013, June). Analysis of
VANET security based on routing protocol information. In 2013
Fig.4.FPR results between proposed and existing method
Fourth International Conference on Intelligent Control and
Information Processing (ICICIP) (pp. 134-138). IEEE.
BPNN SVM-MFM LSTSVM [3]. Al Hasan, A. S., Hossain, M. S., & Atiquzzaman, M. (2016,
96 September). Security threats in vehicular ad hoc networks.
In 2016 international conference on advances in computing,
94 communications and informatics (ICACCI) (pp. 404-411).
Accuracy(%)

92
90
88
86
1500 3000
number4500 6000
of messages 7500
Fig.5.Accuracy results between proposed and existing
method
Figure 3 shows that the TPR of LSTS VM begins to
rise significantly as the quantity of messages grows. As
shown in Figure 4, the FPR of LSTSVM starts to go down
when the percentage of malicious cars goes above 40%, and
the number o f messages goes down. In Figure 6, the TPR o f
BPNN and SVM -MFM goes down more gradually,
whereas, in Figure 4, it goes down more sharply with the
probability derivation (PD), reputation is regarded as the
conditional probability (CP), and it is the main influence of
BPNN, which is the case even though BPNN is also
pretentious by the reputation or the proportion of malevolent
vehicles. As shown in figure 5, the influence of malevolent
cars with an average reputation on LSTSVM is significantly
amp lified. LSTSVM has a pretty high level of accuracy, as
shown in Fig. 3–5. Th is level of accuracy is essentially
unaffected by the model's reputation or the fraction of
malicious vehicles.
IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
An attack detection method for VANETs to guard
against fraudulent messages and message suppression is
described in this work. First, a DTM based on LSTSVM is
constructed to detect fake messages. The primary focus of
this model is the message itself and also the feature vector of
the representation message provides data like event
descriptions and vehicle status. The results of the simulation
indicate that the message classifier that is based on LSTSVM
is quite successful. The proposed DTM is examined with the
assistance of several different decision logics, such as BPNN
IEEE.
[4]. J. Zhang, L. Huang, H. Xu, M. Xiao, and W. Guo, "An
incremental bp neural network based spurious message filter for
VANET ," in Proc. IEEE CyberC, Sanya, China, Oct. 2012, pp.
360–367.
[5]. Y. Liu, Y. Shi, H. Feng, and L. Wang, "Intrusion detection
scheme based on neural network in vehicle network," J.
Commun., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 232–239, Nov. 2014.
[6]. P. K. Singh, R. R. Gupta, S. K. Nandi, and S. Nandi, "Machine
learning based approach to detect wormhole attack in
VANET s," in Proc. Workshops Int. Conf. Adv. Inf. Netw. Appl.
Cham: Springer, 2019, pp. 651–661
[7]. Haldorai and U. Kandaswamy, “Intelligent Spectrum Handovers
in Cognitive Radio Networks,” EAI/Springer Innovations in
Communication and Computing, 2019.
[8]. S. Murugan and Anandakumar H., “Study of Efficient Hybrid
Wireless Networks Using QoS-Oriented Distributed Routing
Protocol,” Cognitive Social Mining Applications in Data
Analytics and Forensics, pp. 213–235, 2019. doi:10.4018/978-1-
5225-7522- 1.ch011
[9]. F. A. Ghaleb, M. A. Maarof, A. Zainal, B. A. S. Al-rimy, A.
Alsaeedi, and W. Boulila, "Ensemble-based hybrid context-
aware misbehavior detection model for vehicular ad hoc
network," Remote Sens., vol. 11, no. 23, 2019, Art. no. 2852.
[10]. Khot and M. Dave, "Position falsification misbehavior detection
in VANETs," in Mobile Radio Communications and 5G
Networks. Singapore: Springer, 2020, pp. 487–499.
[11]. Arulkumar, V., et al. "T ariff rate prediction for truckload based
on predictive analysis using machine learning." Int. J. Adv. Sci.
Technol 29 (2020): 5477-5482.
[12]. S. Sharanya and S. Karthikeyan, "Classifying malicious nodes
in VANET s using support vector machines with modified
fading memory," ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., vol. 12, no. 1, pp.
171–176, 2017.
[13]. M. J. S. Aneja, T. Bhatia, G. Sharma, and G. Shrivastava,
"Artificial intelligence based intrusion detection system to
detect flooding attack in VANETs," in Handbook of Research
on Network Forensics and Analysis Techniques. Pennsylvania,
PA, USA: IGI Global, 2018, pp. 87–100.
[14]. Arulkumar, V., et al. "Super Resolution and Demosaicing based
self learning Adaptive Dictionary Image Denoising
framework." 2021 5th International Conference on Intelligent
Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS). IEEE, 2021.

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[15]. J. Gu and S. Lu, "An effective intrusion detection approach

using SVM with naïve bayes feature embedding," Comput.
Secur., vol. 103, 2021, Art. no. 102158.
[16]. Wu, Y., Meng, F., Wang, G., & Yi, P. (2015, August). A
Dempster-Shafer theory based traffic information trust model in
vehicular ad hoc networks. In 2015 International Conference on
Cyber Security of Smart Cities, Industrial Control System and
Communications (SSIC) (pp. 1-7). IEEE.

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Issues and Future Challenges of Sentiment
Analysis for Social Networks- A Survey
R.Geethanjali,
Full Time Research Scholar,
Department of Information and Communication
Engineering,
UCE-BIT Campus,Tiruchirappalli,
Anna University, Chennai,
geethanjaliyokesh18@gmail.com
Abstract— Sentiment Analysis is a approach that uses Natural
Language Processing, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning
to computationally identify, categorize, classify, and recover
human emotions from unstructured text. The most efficient
and popular method for learning from and training social
media datasets is deep learning. In a range of applications,
including audio, picture, and natural language processing, it
has been demonstrated to be more successful. A text block is
evaluated using the sentiment technique to determine whether
it is positive, negative, or neutral. Not all members of the
public express their feelings in the same way; as a result, some
do so through comments and ratings while others do so
through texts that don't reflect the right frame of mind. This
evaluation lists the most typical and well-liked sentiment
analysis algorithms for social media data. The classification of
positive, negative, and neutral reviews using “LSTM, K-
nearest method, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine,
RNN, and MaLSTM” is explored and examined in this work.
All of these classification methods were evaluated along with
their drawbacks and difficulties.
Keywords— Big Data, Sentiment Analysis, Social
Networks, Machine Learning, Deep Learning
I. INTRODUCTION
Sentiment analysis (SA) is a technique for identifying
and examining user emotional states in texts through
Natural Language Processing (NLP). It is effectively
deployed in various applications like e-commerce [1],
public poll analysis, heuristic search, information
prediction , personalized recommendation, healthcare ,
and online instruction [3].
The fast expansion of these platforms has led to a shift
in user behavior from passive social network consumers
to active network content producers. China had 710
million Internet users as of June 2016, with a penetration
rate of 51.7%, according to the 38th statistics report from
the China Internet Information Center on the
development of the Chinese Internet [5]. It included
almost 100 million daily bloggers, 242 million Microblog
users, and 656 million mobile Internet users. In this
enormous volume of brief text messages, negative
feelings are most frequently expressed.
Online sharing and idea expression have increased
dramatically since the development of digitization and web
technologies [1]. The most well-known and web
technologies [1]. The most well-known and commonly
used social media platforms among users include Twitter,
Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, and social networking
sites. Governments, customers, and brands all utilize these
platforms to advertise goods and services, exchange ideas,
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Dr.A.Valarmathi,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Applications,
UCE-BIT Campus,Tiruchirappalli,
Anna University, Chennai,
valar1030@yahoo.com
run campaigns, and distribute promotional offers.
Companies now have new methods for analyzing customer
impressions using the data provided via networks, and they
are striving to employ algorithms to analyze people's ideas
and attitudes. For corporate analytics and intelligence,
fraud detection, and SA of customer feedback, many
methods are used to evaluate the data on social media.
Sentiment analysis (SA) is a method that uses machine
learning (ML) and NLP to find and extract human
sentiments from unstructured text (NLP). The most
popular sentiment analysis method is machine learning
since it makes it simpler to train and evaluate social media
datasets.
The most popular strategies are rule- and lexicon-
based, in addition to machine learning algorithms. To
distinguish between the various target content
components that are provided and the idea that is being
stated for each view, aspect-based sentiment analysis
leverages accompanying errands. Social networks,
microblogs, and other platforms on the World Wide Web
are currently producing enormous volumes of data. The
massive volume of information includes insightful details
on perspectives that may be used to advance businesses
and other industries in the scientific and business fields.
It is nearly impossible to manually locate and extract this
important information from such a large volume of data
[3].
User post sensitivity analysis enhances business
decision-making. It's a technique for gathering opinions
or ideas about a certain topic, location, or product from
online customer evaluations and categorizing them as
positive, negative, or neutral according on people's
sentiments toward the topic at hand. Emotions contain a
variety of highlighted values, including tri-gram and bi-
gram [4] due to polarity and amalgamations. By using
training techniques, feelings and views are assessed by
Support Vector Machines as both positive and negative
aspects. After NLP used ImageNet to recognize objects
with success in 2012, deep learning techniques were
introduced [10]. The results of statistical learning were
enhanced by DL algorithms in numerous fields. In recent
times additional standards for NLP applications like “SA,
machine translation, and question-answering systems
have been added to a neural network-based NLP
framework”.
Researchers typically combine different Deep
Learning techniques onto a single model to increase
sentimental analysis' effectiveness. “Some of the well-
known deep learning (DL) techniques include Deep
Averaging Networks (DAN), Denoising Autoencoders
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(DAE), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN),
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Long Short-Term
Memory (LSTM) networks, Bi-directional Long Short-
Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) networks, Gated Recurrent
Units (GRU), and Multi-Head Attention” were used.
A. Motivation
This report summarizes the significant research gaps
identified following a review and analysis of all prior
sentiment analysis studies. People use a variety of means
to communicate their emotions, including words,
comments, evaluations, and other visual indicators. The
main challenge is gathering and exploring the range of
feelings. The most difficult element is separating the
authentic information from the unreliable information
that is transmitted over social media and networks, such
as spam broadcast, fraudulent reviews and opinions, viral
posts, and so forth. Information these days is very active
and grows swiftly in the form of big data, which has its
own distinct set of characteristics. As a comprehensive
information strategy, opinion mining and sentiment
analysis do not find significant application work. As a
result, it emphasizes the necessity for greater sentiment
analysis research in order to meet present needs and
provide fresh strategies. The communicative analysis of
text-related data should be improved in the future to
accommodate new developments and research in
Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. Because
collaborative filtering only filters regularly sent messages
and rejects discrete messages, it suggests that the current
mining services are ineffective.
II. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE
SURVEY
This study's main objective is to use analytics to mine
knowledge and insight from massive amounts of data. It
focuses on developing innovative and effective
techniques for managing massive amounts of
unstructured text, audio, and visual data. Businesses have
been mining social media networks for meaningful
information since 2000 using sentiment analysis [6].
Although conventional approaches to sentiment analysis
have been used to analyze unstructured text for financial
gain, they might not be the ideal choice for processing
enormous amounts of sentiment data. The author argues
that it is critical to foresee the future growth of advanced
data analytics approaches. In this essay, author [7]
attempts to address the fundamental problem of
identifying emotion polarity in South Africa. A thorough
explanation of the procedure is given together with the
conventional way for determining the polarity of
sentiments. Data for the study was acquired from Amazon
online product reviews.
The studies on sentence-level classification and
review have become crucial tools. The suggested
methodology [8] uses ML and a domain-dependent model
to categorize twitter sentiments, which make use of a
variety of textual elements, such as data from Twitter N-
grams. Additionally, the author compared three
alternative weighting techniques to investigate how
weighing affects the classifier's accuracy. The SVM
classifier performs better when a tweet sentiment score
vector is included since it gives external comprehension.
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The Tibetan SA in this work [9] recommends a deep
learning algorithm to evaluate the efficacy of several
techniques for sentiment categorization using Tibetan
microblogs. The most popular microblogging site used in
this study for sentiment extraction is Twitter, where
individuals can post their opinions. The author analysed
reviews from the Twitter page cinema information set
using the Hadoop framework and sentiment analysis on
tweets in order to provide business intelligence
projections. The results are displayed as discrete parts of
information on Twitter that display positive, adverse and
neutral expressions.
A hybrid Sentimental Analysis model [10] that blends
fuzzy sets, semiconductor laws, unsupervised machine
learning techniques, SentiWordNet-assisted enriched
lexicon emotions, and fuzzy sets. The approach uses
linguistic semantic categorization based on fuzzy sets
polarity models after doing traditional hybrid
classification in the first place.
Millions of individuals around the world use online
social networks (OSNs) like Facebook and Twitter to
connect with others [2]. The effectiveness of protection in
OSN increases with the elimination of fraudulent
accounts. The construction of the OSN model has the
nodes and the links to identify fake profiles on Twitter.
SA of microblog entries and opinion mining were
regarded by Kranjc et al. in 2015. blogging is gaining
popularity daily. Millions of people share their ideas on
public platforms like Twitter and Facebook every day,
resulting in billions of messages representing people's
attitudes and opinions.
Due to linguistic diversity and the constrained
structure of microblogs, sentiment analysis over noisy
data poses a number of difficulties. Data sparsity is one
of these problems, while open-domain problems and data
dynamics are other ones. Due to the data sparsity
limitation, a lot of strange and poorly built phrases can be
found in microblogs. The main focus of the open domain
issue is the posts that users make. Users have the option
to offer comments on any topic, not only the domain
being investigated. Data dynamics, which result from the
enormous and unchecked number of users that frequently
post to microblogs, is another significant issue.
Microblogging data processing and real-time analysis are
challenging due to data dynamics.
On social networking sites, people from diverse
socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds post their
comments and opinions. Additionally, they express their
thoughts in their mother tongues, which encourages the
usage of technologies for mining multilingual viewpoints.
Recently, certain bilingual and multilingual sentiment
analysis methods have been developed. For bilingual SA,
there are monolingual and multilingual sentiment
classifiers available (Yan et al. 2014). There is only one
reference language that has a sentiment lexicon in the
monolingual sentiment classifier, thus other target
languages must be translated into the reference language.
According to Balahur et al. in 2015. developed a bilingual
machine learning method in 2014 to analyze sentiment on
tweets in both Chinese and English. better than
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contrasting remarks in Chinese and English individually.
Tweets are treated as a continuous stream of text using
both Chinese and English terms using a bilingual method.
This bilingual approach analyzes the word stems in movie
reviews posted on Twitter in order to generate feature
vectors. Use SVM and N-Gram, two interchangeable
natural language models, to categorize tweets.
By examining attitudes in tweets regarding stocks,
Smailovic et al. (2014) described a stream-based efficient
learning technique to forecast changes in stock price. This
approach, which is based on the Granger causality test,
asserts which is possible to predict changes in stock
values many days in advance based on feelings stated in
tweets about stocks. This method divides the posted
Tweets into three categories based on their sentiment:
positive, negative, and neutral. Lau et al. describe a semi-
supervised fuzzy product ontology mining method based
on social analytics (2014Conduct a fine-grained market
knowledge extraction to enhance product design and
marketing strategies. The development of a general
framework for stock price prediction by Li et al. (2014)
provides a lexicon-based method for examining the effect
of news on sentiment dimensions. The general approach
generates the sentiment dimensions using the Loughran-
McDonald financial sentiment language and the Harvard
psychology lexicon.
Ortigosa et al. (2014) describes a Hybrid Method for
emotional state-based adaptive e-learning system for
users. Obtain information from course participants that
teachers can use., particularly when adaptive systems are
being employed for online learning. The difficulty of
anticipating the fundamentally concealed relationship
among the news posted and the exchange of stocks as a
main topic of Nassirtoussi etal(2015) .'s research.
Recently, a variety of machine learning techniques,
such as SVM and probabilistic models, have been
proposed for text polarity identification. The curse of
dimension, or the high dimension character of text, has
produced a research gap despite stimulating
dimensionality reduction and feature extraction. Instead
of dividing the massage into two phases, it makes more
sense to take the key ideas from each book. The feature
set must be selected initially before feature values can be
extracted. Some methods to select representative word
sets include chi square (Liang et al. 2014), local/global
document frequency, bag-of-words (Rong et al. 2014;
Balahur and Perea-Ortega 2015; Yan et al. 2014), feature
hashing (de Silva et al. 2014a; Rill et al. 2014), and
information gain (Habernal et al. 2014)
III.THE SENTIMENT ANALYSIS PROCESS
The time-consuming sentiment analysis procedure,
which is used to examine sentiment data, consists of five
different steps. They are as follows: See Fig. 1
1. Data Collection: User-generated content from blogs,
forums, and social media platforms is the first source
of information used in sentiment analysis. These facts
are transmitted in an erroneous manner and with the
use of several words, slang phrases, writing styles, etc.
Practically speaking, manual analysis is impossible.
As a result, the data used in social media is extracted
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and categorized using text analytics and natural
language processing.
2. Text Preparation: The extracted data needs to be
cleaned before analysis. Both non-textual content and
analysis-relevant content are identified and removed.
3. Sentiment detection: involves looking over the
extracted comments and concepts. Sentences
providing objective ideas (facts, factual information)
are eliminated, whereas sentences communicating
subjective notions (opinions, views, and attitudes) are
kept.
4. Classification of Sentences: At this point, subjective
sentences are broken down into categories like
favorites and haters, good and bad, positive and
negative, and others.
5. Output Presentation: At its core, sentiment analysis
aims to turn unstructured text into information that
may be used. Pie charts, bar charts, and line graphs are
used to present the text results after the analysis is
complete. Additionally, by creating a sentiment time
line with the chosen value, the remaining time can be
calculated and graphically shown. (frequency,
percentages, and averages) as it changes over time.
IV.WHAT SENTIMENT ANALYSIS METHOD IS
BEST? DOCUMENT, SUBJECT OR ASPECT
It might be challenging to read people's written
emotions, especially when doing so in a large group. To
address this issue, a variety of sentiment analysis
techniques are employed. Identification, evaluation, and
classification of people's feelings as positive (1), neutral
(0), or negative (-1) constitute sentiment analysis
It helps businesses understand their brand
perception, where parts of their product or business
require improvement, and how they may manage their
resources. To gather human reviews, a variety of polling
techniques are employed, including platforms for Voice of
Customer Analytics, Voice of Patient Analytics, and
Voice of Employee Analytics. Even without such
specialized tools, a corporation can nevertheless benefit
from social media sentiment analysis to learn important
information.
We will use specific examples to illustrate the
various approaches to sentiment analysis in this post. You
can use this to decide which sentiment analysis technique
is ideal for you. Additionally, we'll examine the features
that make Repustate's sentiment analysis API the fastest
and most precise in the sector and how it handles
ambiguous responses.
(A). Which Methods Are Used In Sentiment Analysis?
Document-level, topic-level, and aspect-level are the
three different types of sentiment analysis techniques [1].
Depending on the volume and complexity of the text data,
these methods can be used. Let's take a closer look at
them.
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consideration. All of these subjects can be used to train a

1. Sentiment analysis based on Document
Using the data in a document, sentiment-level
document analysis attempts to categorise a sentiment or
emotion. Basic text analytics allows for the extraction of
a document's semantics from three different aspects: word
presentation, sentence structure, and document
composition. As long as the language has just one
emotion, it is simple. However, when phrase structure and
word representation are complicated, this strategy is not
particularly helpful. In such circumstances, the subtleties
of the comment can be lost, and the outcomes might be
incorrect.
2. Opinion research based on a topic
Opinions on a certain issue are discovered using topic-
based opinion analysis. This model identifies and extracts
themes from the data using keywords and total scores. The
subject's mood is also taken into
machine learning model, which can then be adjusted to
meet business or industry standards. For instance,
healthcare themes may include first aid, dosages of
prescription drugs, patient wait times, etc., whereas
hospitality topics might include food, bookings, or
services.
3. Sentiment analysis based on aspects
The Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA)
approach pinpoints the key features or traits of a unit and
calculates the typical sentiment expressed for each
feature. A luxury watch is an example of a product with
features and attributes that could include battery life,
design, colours, etc. In other words, a more accurate
method of reviewing reviews is aspect-based opinion
analysis.

Fig 1: The Sentiment Analysis Processing Steps [1]

Fig 2: The Sentiment Classification Techniques [1]

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V.TECHNIQUES FOR INFERRING SENTIMENTS
Sentiment classification is a method for classifying a
target unit in a document as either positive (favourable) or
negative (unfavorable). The three main classification
subgroups are as follows:
(A). Techniques Based On Lexicon
Literally, "vocabulary" refers to a person's vocabulary.
Unsupervised learning methods include word-based
strategies. Documents are looked up for both positive and
negative phrases under them. The classification of words as
positive or negative uses a certain dictionary. The document
is initialized at the top with a dot s, zero. The quantity of
points grows for each word in the document that is
constructive. On the other side, each negative word lowers the
overall score. In order to assess if a document has a positive
or negative sentiment, also known as document polarity, the
evaluation compares scores with a threshold number. These
methods can be broadly divided into the following categories:
1.A case-by-case technique.
The dataset gains domain specificity as a result, giving
the terms in the dataset context in addition to related
meanings.
2. A dictionary-based technique
Here, a group of words is initially chosen, and then its
synonyms and antonyms are looked up to be added to the
group. Up till a stable set is produced, this process is repeated.
(B) Techniques Based On Machine Learning
These can be categorized as classification problems and
supervised learning techniques. In essence, this approach uses
classification to establish if a document is constructive,
destructive, or neutral. In order for the classification model to
learn to distinguish between features that differentiate
between documents that are positively and negatively classed,
the model obviously needs a training set. The actions are as
follows:
1. Text-Vector
The document vectors are computed using the document
term and inverse frequency. Only words that truly offer a good
or negative description words from a specified dictionary are
taken into account.
2. Classification
For classification, a number of methods can be utilized,
including Naive Bayes and linear regression. Classifiers can
be probabilistic, linear (like SVM and neural networks), rule-
based, or decision-tree based (such as Naive Bayes,
Maximum Entropy, or Bayesian Network). Deep learning and
neural networks can also be used to analyze emotions.
Some examples of machine learning-based techniques are
1. Sentiment analysis using neural networks.
Sentiment analysis based on neural networks Deep
learning includes neural networks, which are based on the
human brain. A neural network has three stages: input,
hidden, and output, with a weight assigned to each node in a
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distinct layer. In sentiment analysis utilizing neural networks,
word embedding is used.
2. Sentiment analysis based on SVM
SVM is a supervised method that may be applied to both
regression and classification. SVM classification entails
positioning data points in space so that a plane or line may be
used to quickly divide them. To characterize the text, in other
words. Text can now be represented in an n-dimensional plane
thanks to feature vectors. When there are little experimental
data, this is very helpful because it makes classification easier.
3. Naive Bayes classifier sentiment analysis
The Bayes theorem serves as the foundation for the
probabilistic technique known as Naive Bayes classification.
The chance that specific traits belong to a given class is the
basis for classification. Using a Naive Bayes classifier for
both positive and negative reviews in the training dataset, the
number of base words is determined for each word in
Sentiment Analysis. Finally, using this likelihood, predictions
are formed.
4. Sentiment analysis based on maximum entropy
The maximization of entropy serves as the foundation for
this method. It is a probabilistic model, and the classifier's
goal is to increase the classification system's entropy. A bag
of words model can be utilized in sentiment analysis utilizing
the maximum entropy classifier, and it is then transformed
into document vectors. The only difference between it and a
naive Bayesian classifier is that the context here relates to the
likelihood that each word falls into a particular category. The
naïve Bayes classifier does not treat words independently as a
result.
5. Using a Bayesian network for sentiment analysis
It is a probabilistic graph-based classification technique
that is mostly employed to address decision-making issues.
Each edge of an acyclic graph represents a connection
between nodes, just as each node of a Bayesian network
represents a random variable. Tween words are used to
represent dependencies as a graph in sentiment research that
use a Bayesian network. When the training dataset is huge,
this is helpful. It offers a lot of research potential but is not
frequently utilized for sentiment analysis.
(C) Techniques Based On Hybrid Model
Better results and outcomes are produced by sentiment
analysis using a hybrid method. In comparison to a pure
vocabulary-based strategy and a machine learning technique,
the classification performance of a hybrid approach
combining a vocabulary-based technique and a machine
learning technique was greatly improved. Example: SAIL,
pSenti
VI.APPLICATIONS OF SENTIMENT ANALYSIS
Academics and businesspeople now have a practical
understanding of SA because of increased availability of
sensitive data from numerous forums, blogs, and social media
platforms. Sentiment analysis can help businesses understand
people's attitudes and specific customers'
preferences based on their past decisions. As a result, it
can assist them in customizing their products and services to
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meet their specific needs. The following are the several SA
application domains depicted in Fig 3:
1. Health Care
The most popular area in this field is healthcare. It is
used to analyze the opinions made by users of various social
media platforms, including Twitter, Facebook, etc.,
concerning their health. Health care professionals can use this
sentiment dataset to understand the emotions and issues of
their patients and to take appropriate action. This data can be
used by hospitals to evaluate their performance in perspective
of patient expectations. It is easy to identify whether a
sentiment is favorable or negative by assigning each one a
score. Furthermore, it can help medical facilities to determine
if patients are satisfied with their care or if there is space for
improvement. [17].
Fig 3: Sentiment Analysis Applications [1]
2.Government Intelligence
Government intelligence is a key field of sentiment
analysis. It can be used to gauge public sentiment on
impending initiatives or policies that will have an impact on
laws and regulations. The results of a freshly enacted
government policy can likewise be tracked and predicted
using this domain [16]. Using sentiment analysis, we can
determine how the general public will respond to a scandal or
a topic of contention.
3.Finance Sentiment Analysis
A recent area of study in finance is sentiment analysis.
Economic news can be studied using sentiment analysis in the
finance industry. Additionally, it has the ability to forecast
stock market behaviour and potential trends. By analysing the
tweets of several important financial analysts and decision-
makers, it is possible to do so. It is possible to understand how
sentiment analysis is used in real-time finance by assigning
words positive, negative, or neutral sentiment values. For
instance, the terms "good," "profit," and "growth" all have
positive values and in contrast, terms like "risk," "drop,"
"bankruptcy," and "loss" all have low scores. Sentiment
analysis can be used to analyze client communications and
identify dishonest behaviour. It can assist experts in finance
and investors in taking advantage of the market and managing
their market risk [18].
4. Politics
Sentiment analysis can be used to track political biases as
well as general public opinions and attitudes. Political parties
may benefit from having a better understanding of voter
desires and issues. Political parties or leaders can therefore
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evaluate their situation by considering popular support or
opposition and adjust as necessary. This can be done by
monitoring how popular they become online throughout the
course of their careers. One approach to do this is through the
use of social media platforms [15]. Finding the conclusion
holder, linking the hypothesis to the issues, separating the
public folks, and implementation are some of the challenges
in this discipline.
5. Analysis of Sports Sentiment
Nowadays, sentimental analysis can be used in many other
sports. Sports fans want to communicate their feelings and
opinions on social media about how their team and players are
performing. It can be used with the right statistics to evaluate
the opinions of fans and their level of involvement with a
particular athlete or event. Examining US sports fans' tweets
on the FIFA World Cup 2014 has been used in research [19]
to measure their emotional responses to the game's holder,
who has the power to express his ideas implicitly. Irony is
most frequently found in online
content [20]. For instance, "Sure, I'm glad my windows
crashed right in the middle of my assignment." Despite the use
of positive words like "glad," the sentence is mocking.
VII.ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN SA
The major limitations faced in sentiment analysis are outlined
and discussed below in Fig4.
Fig 4: Challenges in Sentiment Analysis
a. Domain-Specific
The context in which a word is used has a major impact
on how it is viewed. Hence it is a domain change depending
on the context of their referral. For instance, the word "soft"
denotes warmth in a positive way, yet applying it to athletes
may be offensive. It is a particularly important factor to think
about when researching about sentiments. oriented field [11].
The connotation of words can
b. Multiple Opinions in a Sentence
Multiple views can be expressed in one statement by the
opinion holder, along with factual and subjective data. To
determine the complete strength of opinions, a comprehensive
analysis of sentiments must be conducted. "The restaurant has
a beautiful ambiance, but the food is fairly expensive," as an
example. The "ambience" aspect of the statement has a
positive polarity, while the "food" aspect has a negative
polarity.
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c. Handling of Negatives
One of the biggest challenges in sentiment analysis is
handling negatives because it changes the flow of the text [6].
The words "no," "not," "can't," and "shouldn't" are among
them. As part of mood analysis, the degree of denial must be
determined. Comparing "The movie wasn't good, but the
actors did well" to "This battery will not operate for a long
time," the negative in the latter statement is more general.
d. Subjectivity Detection
Identification of subjectivity is yet another important
aspect of sentiment analysis. This activity is performed to
keep the subjective data for later processing while removing
the factual data. For instance, "The movie is releasing on
Independence Day." The audience for the Fourth of July
holiday will grow, and it will include both subjective and
objective data. Consequently, a careful evaluation is required.
e. Sarcasm Detection
To detect sarcasm, a comprehensive sentiment analysis
must be performed. A person with an opinion can
communicates it implicitly via using sarcasm. Irony is most
commonly found in online content [9]. For instance, "Sure,
It's a good thing my computer crashed in the middle of my
schoolwork. The statement is sarcastic despite the use of
terms like "happy." Despite all of the research that has been
done so far, the problem has still not been fully resolved.
VIII. SUGGESTION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IN SA
Recently there have seen a significant amount of research
globally in the research is sentiment analysis. Sentiment
Future analysis has the potential to create systems that can be
successfully used in practical applications.
a. sarcastic turns of phrase:
A lots of research need to be carried out in sentimental
analysis for sarcastic statements. Consider a phrase S6 that
balances good words with negative complements. S6 ought to
be classified as positive, even though it is negative.
b. Slangs, symbols, misspelled words and idioms:
Some Sentiment classifiers wrongly classifies the phrases
because it contains slang, symbols, a misspelt word, and
idioms. Informal and symbol terms are frequently understood
by people who have the same interests and can accurately
interpret what another person means by utilising the most
recent slang phrases.
c. Annotated training data:
Classification is a method of supervised learning. The lack
of readily available benchmark training data sets for sentiment
categorization has been emphasized.
d. Sentiment strengths:
Currently, whether a word is good or negative, it receives
the same score. However, it would be feasible to give various
words a varying weight based on how strongly they convey a
mood. Consider the sentences S7 and S8, which both have a
positive polarity, yet S7 would be more influential than S8. It
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is necessary to give words varied weights based on the
intensity of the sentiment they convey.
e. Multiple-language sentiment processing:
Social media networks with multilingual posts challenge
sentiment analysis to with levels of consistency and accuracy.
Chinese, Dutch, Spanish, Aurbi, and a few more one-for-two
level languages including Chinese, English, and German,
English, have recently been the subject of research
classification reviews. In addition, the most of them use
English as a target language.
f. Additional contributions in intense thoughts:
The location of the negative can sometimes affect the
text's valence. If a negative appears near to an adjective, the
polarity is taken to be the opposite of the adjective's polarity.
Consider the statements S9, which belongs in the positive
category, and S10, which belongs in the negative category. In
order to categorize anything when the adjective "not" is
present, the polarity is set to the opposite of the adjective's
polarity. The sentence will be classified as negative while it
should be positive if sentence S11 is taken into consideration.
g. Prediction time horizon:
Researchers have recently paid a lot of attention to the
study of temporal sentiment analysis and the patterns in
people's sentiment through time. Using time stamps, the
method extracts subject patterns. By narrowing the prediction
time horizon, the connection between news impact and intra-
day stock price return is investigated.
IX. NOVELTY OF THE RESEARCH AND IMPORTANT
STUDY RESULTS:
These massive data sets can now be used to disclose
user opinions in large part due to NLP and deep learning. The
development of hybrid-based deep learning models as a
feasible sentiment analysis solution has become a recent
research topic. These algorithms are used to identify a text's
emotional polarity and categorise it accordingly. When
compared to a single model's performance across all dataset
categories, hybrid deep learning models increased sentiment
analysis's accuracy. When performing sentiment analysis,
combining deep learning models improves using just one
model. Design and construct hybrid deep learning models to
enhance social network sentiment analysis performance. Deep
Learning Hybrid Models Enhance emotion classification
accuracy while lowering computational expense.
Multilingual, multimodal sentiment analysis needs to
be studied as an additional area of study. To merge audio-
visual categories, existing textual sentiment analysis methods
should be taken into consideration. When performing multi-
label classification tasks, ABSA (Aspect
Based Sentiment Analysis) techniques such as aspect
term discrimination, aspect category detection, and its
sentiment classification combine RNN and CNN. Using
MaLSTM to create a real-time hybrid deep learning model for
sentiment analysis that will be built on recurrent neural
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networks and support vector machines.
We put a lot of effort into creating new models that are
better at evaluating emotional responses in people. In order to
summarize to any language while performing prediction
tasks, we also put a lot of effort into making these models
language independent. In order to do topic recognition and
sentiment classification simultaneously using a single model,
the model can be created to operate in parallel mode. Expand
the strategy to include other OSNs, discover new methods and
techniques for analyzing non-text signals, and attempt to
understand their underlying contents in order to protect the
organization's reputation.
X. CONCLUSION
The analysis of sentiments, thoughts, and opinions in
relation to particular topics, things, people, groups, and
services is known as sentiment analysis. This paper gives a
detailed survey on supervised, unsupervised, and hybrid
Sentimental Analysis approaches along with a recent research
review. Various feature evaluation and classification
algorithms for SA are also reviewed in this research. The
evaluation of features is contrasted to establish the minimal
and optimal feature vector set. This paper also includes the
issues identified during classification is that the simplistic
usage of only positive, negative and neutral groups. A
complete opinion's overall rating cannot be generated by
combining ratings from different lines or paragraphs. Dealing
with snarky remarks, symbols, misspell phrases, and idioms
is still challenging. The existence of many languages and
geographical contexts in social media posts makes it more
challenging to perform sentiment analysis with adequate
levels of consistency and accuracy.
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[2] Priyadharshini, V.M., Valarmathi, A. A novel spam detection
technique for detecting and classifying malicious profiles in online
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Location based 5G Transmission for LEO

Satellite Communication using BPAM
Technique

Sivasakthi T Barath Narayanan R Palani U

Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
IFET College of Engineering
Villupuram, India
sakthi15ifet@gmail.com
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
IFET College of Engineering
Villupuram, India
danybarath513@gmail.com
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
IFET College of Engineering
Villupuram, India
palani_uin@yahoo.com

Vasanthi D Preethi R Pooja M (IEEE Member)

Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
IFET College of Engineering
Villupuram, India
dvasanthime@gmail.com
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
IFET College of Engineering
Villupuram, India
preethiraguraman2205@gmail.com
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
IFET College of Engineering
Villupuram, India
poojaece4444@gmail.com

Abstract—One of the most important technologies for
future communications is the satellite network. Traditional
geostationary orbit (GEO) satellite systems, on the other
hand, suffer from severe latency and high launch costs. As
a result, low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites have arisen as an
alternate approach to GEO satellites' inherent issues. The
inter-satellite link (ISL) has been intended to deliver
greater system performance and more reliable service in
tandem with the advancement of LEO satellite technology.
In addition, because of its high data rate and compact
terminal size, the optical ISL has been highlighted. In the
proposed system LEO satellite communication using
BPAM technique was employed for 5G transmission is
based on the Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is
a method of modulating a several different channels in a
digital signal to reduce interference.
Keywords-component: Low Earth Orbit satellite network,
Mobile phone, Packet data ratio, Average delay, Energy
consumption.
I. INTRODUCTION
Satellite communications can enhance and increase
the range of terrestrial communications by providing
continuous wireless signal coverage. Future wireless
networks are expected to use it. LEO communications,
which operate at altitudes ranging from 500 to 1500 km,
have sparked widespread interest in recent years due to
their potential to provide worldwide wireless connectivity
with increased data rates. On the other hand, its
transmission signal is sent by medium- and high-earth orbit
latency satellites is lower, allowing LEO satellites to reach
greater bandwidth and real communication. Furthermore,
the lower orbital inclination reduces the transmission
power requirement by having the earth station antennas
and satellite must be in a highly directional way and while
also reducing signal attenuation, both of which are
important factors in cutting transmission costs.
Although LEO satellite communication has some
advantages over other wireless communication
technologies, LEO satellites were constantly getting up
because of the distance coverage is low and about the
globe range at huge rates. Each LEO has a set amount of
time to provide services to users, which is frequently less
than the length of the call. To ensure that the user's ability
of calls, facsimiles, or the conveying message to
communicate is not hampered, several or more satellites
may be necessary during the user call procedure. When
the present service satellite is no longer capable of
providing proper service to the customers, it can be
replaced with a satellite of visible. Users are generally
covered by many satellites at the same time due to the
peculiarities of LEO satellite constellations. The user must
choose the satellites available at the current time while
starting a handover or a new call. Unlike the terrestrial
wireless network, when using ground base station services,
a user needs to be examined the signal strength by
checking the range of the signal is capable of making a
decision to connect the satellite communication.
Satellite network users were unable to choose a
switching object depending on the signal strength obtained.
Because in networks of satellites, different elements such
as the access satellite's ability to serve the user and
system's load balance must be considered. They
correspond to a variety of strategies for handover,
including remaining service time. There are as many
alternative handover mechanisms as possible, such as the
time left in service and maximum number of channels, as
well as maximum received data and signal strength.

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A. Bottcher and R. Wemer suggested an approach
for selecting the handover satellite based on the highest
elevation angle for the satellite handover strategy. The
strategy's handover performance isn't flawless, however,
because the satellite's maximum elevation angle may not
always match the real link quality. M. Gkizeli devised for
satellites, there is a hard changeover technique and a
mixed channel adaptable handover method of which rely
on signal strength as a satellite handover standard. The
highest maximum idle channels, longest visible duration,
and elevation angle were used to select satellites for new
call and handover services, with the impact of the various
influences of the combinations performance of the system
analysed. Wuen at proposed a theory-based on satellite
handover that uses the lowest route approach to discover
the user's optimum handover technique based on distinct
satellite selection criteria assigning variable weights to the
links in the satellite linked graph. In LEO
communications, selecting handover satellites is difficult.
Considering a single aspect is obviously insufficient. To
get the best satellite selection, some researchers advocated
weighing many parameters. However, there is no
consensus on how to calculate the weight, when to initiate
the handover, or which indications to use.
The weight of a particular the quality of the
channel between the satellite and the user the moment, the
satellite's total amount of users is currently servicing, and
the amount of power that the satellite can give to the user
determine the benefits of the user and the satellite.
According to existing LEO satellite handover strategies,
the entropy method is employed to reduce this typical
multi-objective problem to a single objective problem,
which serves as the foundation for users to access
satellites. When compared to alternative strategies, the
simulation results reveal that this strategy has certain
benefits in terms of handover times, and has received
SNR, and system load balancing.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
Satellite communication will predominantly consist in
the future of LEO satellites, as communication
technologies progress. As the orbital altitude decreases,
satellite’s speed increases while their service range
decreases. The number of satellites must increase in order
to achieve worldwide coverage requirements. From the
standpoint of the user, there are frequently many satellites
accessible for users to access at any given moment. In this
study, we measure the user's satisfaction with the satellite
service.
The interactions between satellites and their users are
fluid from the standpoint of the system. We divided the
period into n time frames to make research easier. The link
can be deemed fixed and expressed by a graph structure in
each time slot. User’s access and handovers are handled
consistently by the earth station. The solid lines reflect the
real users and satellites are connected, while the dotted
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lines represent a possible relation (The satellite is capable
of providing services to customers, but the quality of those
services is currently poor). The connection at a time t, for
example, can be expressed as G, where the characters X
and Y signify for user and satellite sets, correspondingly,
with E standing for the user- satellite relationship of
connection The element is 1 if the user is linked to the
satellite; otherwise, it is 0. Information on the differences
in Various satellites and users have different service levels
can be gathered.
A. CHANNEL QUALITY
In this study, it is examined that the satellite can
simultaneously accommodate several single antenna users.
A uniform array with antenna M is placed on the satellite,
with the number of antennas indicated on x and y axis.
Assuming a half-wavelength separation between the
antennas. Because several wavelengths divide different
users in space, it's fair to assume that the channels that
connect satellites and users are unconnected. A ray tracing
based channel model method was used to calculate the at
instant t and frequency, the downlink channel response
between the LEO satellite j and user i. The number of
propagation pathways of user channels is determined by
doppler shift, channel gain latency, where speed of light is
c, orbit's height is h, elevating angle is t, and A is
atmospheric fading.
B. REMAINING SERVICE TIME
Satellites move around the earth at a faster rate,
significantly faster than most users on the planet, satellite
movement is the primary cause of handover in LEO
satellite communications. The quantity of service time a
service that a satellite can give to consumers is a crucial
measure that is tied to the number of service handovers.
The earth station is in charge for determining each
satellite's range of coverage to each site in its
administration to the study depends on the satellite
constellation's predictability.
When a user requires communication system access
they can send data to the earth station about their location,
which will return a 2uN the initial row of a dimensional
matrix elements representing the second line element, as
well as the satellite j's coverage start time in the area
representing the coverage end time of arrival of satellite j
in the area i, N being the constellation's number of
satellites. As a result, at instant t, the satellite j's
remaining service period to user I.
C. NUMBER OF USERS
Communication pervades many various facets of
people's lives. As the number of different communication
terminals develops at an exponential rate, the pressure on
satellites becomes increasingly heavy. One of the
reference variables when consumers evaluate satellite
access should be the number of users serviced by
satellites, to avoid an inequitable situation in which
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certain spacecraft is congested while others are
underutilized, wasting satellite resources. The total
amount of users of the satellite service at any given time.
E denotes the matrix of connections between two points,
the user and the satellite and N max has the maximum
capacity of the satellite.
D. SATELLITE POWER DISTRIBUTION
Satellite power is frequently limited, therefore
satellite power is very precious. To make the most of
satellite power, we plan to assign power adaptively based
on channel circumstances. In order to maximise the
transmission rate, If more power to the channel will be
allocated, and Less power if the transmission is bad will
be allocated. This work uses the system's total channel
capacity at the moment t, N is the channel strength
between user I and satellite j, and is the noise spectral
energy density. Apply the Lagrange multiplier approach
to obtain the global optimum solution.
III. PROPOSED MODEL
In this research paper 5gbpam, we present Bipolar
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (BPAM), a new mobility
management technique for IP satellite networks that
combines the notions of precise and flexible position
control at different times of the day. The following facts
back up the study's core argument. Based on previous
investigations, the MN has a signal movement pattern
like that it follows after. The maximum MN spends the
most time if an IP addressing system is employed based
on a ground station's real-time coverage region. Most
time in each cell in a day. During sleeping hours, for
example, people spend the majority of their time at home.
The majority of mobile users spend the most of
their time idling. However, if we look at the call lists of
any MN over the course of a week, we can observe that
each MN has a distinct busy and idle time of day. The
quantity of calls received during sleeping hours, for
example, is smaller than during working hours.
Depending on MN movement and the quantity of calls
received in MN from these two areas, the entire 24 hour
period is divided into two halves.
A. BPAM METHOD DESIGN
Database creation, movement detection,
registration, and connection setup, as well as timing area
construction, are all part of the BPAM method's design.
In this PAM not used for this communication application
because It only uses the non-negative amplitude levels.
For each MN, a database with the following attributes
must be created.
A. It will be a weekly database, which means that it will
be updated every week.
B. It will provide the starting and finishing times of each
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call, as well as the related sub cell ID, for each day of the
week.
C. At the conclusion of each day, it will calculate the
total number of calls and total call time.
D. The database remembers the cell ID and the
associated time whenever a MN changes cell. As
previously stated, an appropriate timing table must be
maintained to manage these data.
B. TIME AREA CONSTRUCTION
In order to create the temporal space, the BPAM
approach divides the Earth's surface into numerous cells,
each of which is divided into several sub-cells. Every
sub-primary cell's cell is at the centre. A geographical
zone ID is assigned to each parent cell. A TAI is also
present in each sub-cell. Though the TAI of different sub
cells of different cells is the same since every TAI sub
cell is made up of its corresponding TAI cell, the TAI of
different sub cells of different cells isn't. This is
frequently done to avoid a large TAI variance. The two
types of time zones that will be discussed right now are
fixed and dynamic time zones.
A. Fixed-time region: Once the earth's surface has been
partitioned, all MNs are similar in a constant-time
region- based fully contraction. Each MN is assigned to a
Home Cell, which is where they will spend the
majority of their time during the week. It's also linked
to your personal sub-mobile, where you spend the most
of your time. Overseas sub cells are additional sub cells
in the host mobile. Alien cells are cells that are in a state
of relaxation. An MN's neighborhood and primary sub-
cells may or may not be the same.
B. Dynamic time area: Each cell in a dynamic time area
is formed using the database of each MN, guaranteeing
that the main sub-cell and local sub-cell of each MN are
equal. Because each MN has a new cell and a relative
sub cell, this form of the temporal area building is
difficult. Only the BPAM fixed time zone construction
type will be used in this situation.
C. MOVEMENT DETECTION
Minnesotans are likely to have a GPS receiver to
help them locate their cell phone. Motion detection can
be done in two ways for two different texts.
Because the active phrase applies correct position
management, every time an MN travels, that is, to a
different cell or sub-cell, it registers itself via a binding
update. The MN's location is determined by its IP
address, which includes information about its primary
and secondary home cells.
To put it another way, we build a pager-like system
using free location management. Because when the
parent sub-cell of a parent cell changes, an MN is not
required to register. You must, however, register when
changing the source cell. The number of connection
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updates is reduced in idle mode because to the rarity of
MN movement. According to the GPS, this comment
contains a Minnesotan. GPS is utilised to determine your
location when you get a message. The database also
contains the cell ID and sub cell ID. As a result, MN is
the communication's intended recipient.
D. REGISTRATION
There are two types of registration procedures to
choose from. It detects when an MN changes its home
sub cell or home cell for the active phrase. The idle
phrase is registered when an MN switches its home cell.
MN's location is managed via the suggested BPAM
approach based on time. The connection with care must
be treated whenever a handover occurs in an ongoing
call, as well as anytime it changes its sub cells or cells,
because it is employed that both precise and loose
location management at the same time. Another thing to
keep in mind is that whenever a new connection is ready
to be established, it is needed to track down the MN and
create a line of communication with her. The following
BPAM method must be used to lay out an association
and play out a flawless handover.
E. ALGORITHM OF BPAM
The BPAM algorithm can be explained with the step
by step procedure as stated below:
Step 1: When a communication request is disturbing
to an MN, the algorithm looks within the database for the
MN's phrase, which indicates whether it's active or idle.
Step 2: Assuming the MN is in the dynamic expression
mode, it'll examine exact area the board; on the off
chance that not, it'll talk about free area the executives.
Step 3: Because the MN is now in precise location
control, its location is additionally immediately
ascertained by looking up its IP address. As a result,
putting in place a different relation to the MN is
straightforward.
Step 4: The channel between the two communication
MNs alters when it gets a handover request, potentially
causing the nodes to disconnect. To require care of the
connection working well, several adjustments are
necessary kind of handover techniques are developed to
beat this issue. The identical basic routing strategy can be
used that was previously taught for Mobile IP because the
locations of MNs are precisely monitored here. MIP is
that the identical thing.
Step 5: MN's position may now be discovered using
GPS because it is not meticulously maintained. The
programme then analyses the database to establish the
MN's true location, i.e., which cell and sub cell it lives in.
Communication is now straightforward, as previously
said.
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Step 6: Whenever the MN gets a handover demand, it
advances it to the accompanying Local Forwarding is an
energy efficient scheme.
F. LOCAL FORWARDINGS SYSTEM
At the point when a handover happens, a lively MN
advises its new AR of the old AR's area at the hour of the
move. In the wake of getting this message, the new AR
illuminates the old AR that the MN has effectively
finished a handover. Therefore, the old AR sends parcels
bound for the hub to the new AR. Since the MN, the new
AR, and accordingly the old AR are only trading control
messages during this sending approach.
ADVANTAGES
1. The foremost advantage of this strategy is that it
combines the advantages of both precise and
unintentional location management. As previously noted
in the preceding work, the constraints of employing one
mobility management technique are overcome by
combining both mobility management systems at the
identical time.
2. Divide the entire amount into active and idle periods
supported the activity. At anybody time, not all MN is
active. The number of binding updates is decreases as a
consequence.
3. Many MNs now work at night because the quantity of
night employees in workplaces expands as a result of
the fast- growing IT sectors. As a consequence, the
entire binding update management procedure could
even be completed in as little as 24 hours. The number
of binding updates generated. As a result, the duration
of a single burst is reduced.
IV. SIMULATION RESULT
To assess the BPAM approach's performance, it
is compared to MIP and Handover Independent Mobile
IP. To evaluate each option, the value of handover is
used. The results of the simulation were run employing a
network stimulator. The satellite coverage zone is taken
under consideration to be square, with surfaces that
cherish those of a 650-kilometer- radius circle. Node
density is calculated by dividing the absolute number of
hubs separated from the all-out region covered. The
effect of cell shapes on administration costs is
overlooked with the end goal of effortlessness, and cells
are viewed as square. A paging region is made in Mobile
IP by joining the inclusion areas of four satellites: one
satellite and its four neighbours.
Each satellite is within the identical orbit because of
the one preceding it, and their orbits are contiguous.
Within the recommended strategy, however, is reliant on
the cell size. The results of the simulation are in shown
Fig.1. In terms of cost, the suggested approach beats,
what's more, an MIP that is autonomous of the
handover. More modest square-formed cell lengths have
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a higher administrative cost. Because of the quick
restricting updates that happen when an exorbitant
number of portable hubs, cross the cell limit, this is a
typical event.
Table 1: Parameters of the Satellite
Satellite coverage area 800[km]
Radius
Satellite ground Speed 8[km/sec]
8[km/sec] 18[km/sec](60km/hr)
Active Phrase duration 12hr
Α 16%
Λ 0.0009
Number of nodes reside in 106
the coverage area
∆t 1sec
HMN,LD 2 IEEE Netw., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 6-11, Nov./Dec. 2014.
HAR,AR 1 [4] Y. Ruan, Y. Li, C. Wang, R. Zhang, and H. Zhang
S 5
Fig:1 Management cost Vs Square-shaped cell length
V. CONCLUSION
The BPAM, which minimises the value of handover, is
shown during this study. After that, the phrase handover is
presented, likewise because the challenges that include it in
satellite communication. Then it is tested that MIP, P-MIP,
Handover independent MIP, and other IP protocol
management solutions. After that, it is necessary to went
over the suggested task and its advantages of the worth
analysis of diverse mobility management systems,
furthermore as a comparison to the following component of
the research provides access to the planned work. A
simulation result of several mobility management approaches
with the planned works is also presented to facilitate the
value analysis. It demonstrates that the BPAM technique
outperforms alternative IP protocols. As a result, it will be
able to use it in the IP networks as a future satellite
communication channel. As a bonus, this method reduces
human exposure to radiation, which has been identified as a
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health risk. To estimate the amount of bandwidth saved by
adopting FMC, the Mobile Bandwidth Saving Estimate
model was designed. An estimate of bandwidth saved is
formed supported the number of mobile users and their usage
habits. it has been proven that by employing this strategy,
70% of the spectrum is also conserved.
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Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 964-976,
Jul. 2008.
[14] J. Jiang, S. Yan, and M. Peng, “Regional LEO satellite
constellation design Based on user requirements,” in
IEEE/CIC Int. Conf. Commun. in China (ICCC), Beijing,
China, 2018.
[15] C. Dai, G. Zheng, and Q. Chen, “Satellite constellation
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[16] T. Savitri, Y. Kim, S. Jo, and H. Bang, “Satellite
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[19] X. Zhu and Y. Gao, “Comparison of Intelligent
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Detection of Selfish Nodes based on Node Energy in
Mobile Adhoc Networks – MANETs
R. Sarumathi
Research Scholar, VISTAS, Chennai, India
Dept. of Computer Science
RajeswariVedhachalam Govt. Arts College,
Chengalpet, India
Email: mathisaru@gmail.com
Abstract—One of the most essential self-configuring and
independent wireless networks is the MANET. MANET employs
a large number of intermediate nodes to exchange information
without the need for any centralized infrastructure. However,
some nodes act in a selfish manner, utilizing the network's
resources solely for their own benefit and refusing to share with
the surrounding nodes. Mobile ad hoc network se curity is a
critical factor that is widely accepted. S elfish nodes are the
primary problem of MANET. In a MANET, nodes that are only
interested in themselves do not involve in the process of packet
forwarding. A node can be identified as selfish or malicious due
to some misbehavior reasons. S elfishness on the part of network
nodes may be a factor in the low delivery ratio of packets and
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication is currently being adopted by
mobile users who work independently.The mobile nodes are
able to communication directly with other nodes as long as
they all have the same radio. If they don't, they need to
communicate with one another through the intermediate
nodes. The term "mobile ad hoc network" (MANET) refers to
a group of interconnected mobile nodes that make up the
network without a central controller[1, 2]. The topology of the
network is in a constant state of flux due to the fact that the
nodes are constantly switching places and re-organising
themselves in order to keep communication going despite the
physical distance between them. Accordingly, packets are
routed from one node to another using a node as a router.
Cooperative event of packet forwarding is currently
utilized way for ensuring the reliability of time dependent
actions. Due to the dynamic nature of a MANET, however,
packet forwarding is a critical operation. If the intermediate
relaying nodes that are picked during the setting up of the
route between the starting node and the target node are not
selected appropriately, then there is a high probability that the
link will fail. Also, link failures cause more packets to be lost,
which increases the number of retransmissions. This has a big
impact on the throughput and energy efficiency of the packet
forwarding strategy. The MANET's nodes are autonomous,
and its energy and memory resources are typically
constrained. This causes a node to become self-centered, and it
will only participate in communication if it provides the node
more benefits than expense. The potential for the development
of self-centered nodes positioned in the middle of other
significant networking constituents leads to a distraction of the
generally sent information as well as the performance of the
network in terms of both energy and safety. As a result, the
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V.Jayalakshmi
School of Computing Sciences
Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies
VISTAS,Chennai, India
Email: jayasekar.scs@velsuniv.ac.in
data loss. A high end-to-end delay is caused by node failure in a
MANET network. To study the selfish node attack, a malicious
selfish node is put into the network, and a trust-based algorithm
for the selfish node attack is also suggested.In order to discover a
solution to this issue, we have developed an algorithm called
S NRM for the detection of selfish nodes. The routing protocol
used in this paper for analysis is AODV. Using a simulation tool,
PDR and end-to-end delay are evaluated and compared.
Keywords—Adhoc, MANET, Routing protocol, selfish
node,Trust, Trust-based algorithm,W ireless networks.
trust model is essential for planning secure connection
pathways in order to carry out the packet forwarding strategy.
In a MANET, each node has a certain amount of energy
and bandwidth. It is necessary for it to transmit the packets to
the other nodes, which causes it to consume both power and
bandwidth. Because of energy limits, every node in a network
can become a selfish node[3]. There are three categories of
nodes in a MANET network, including selfish, normal, and
malicious nodes. Nodes that are considered to be normal are
those that do not cause any disruptions to the network's usual
activity and correctly transmit all of the data packets.
Malicious nodes may remove data packets, obscuring their
identity, wasting the energy of other nodes, and interfering
with the operation of the network. Alternatively, they may
send data packets in the wrong direction instead of sending
them along the right route. The selfish node doesn't help with
the sending of packets. Selfish nodes only try to keep in touch
with other nodes when they need to. The features of selfish
nodes are as follows: a) they do not engage in the routing
process; b) they do not respond to or transmit hello messages;
c) they delay the RREQ packet on purpose; and d) they drop
data packets. To improve the performance of the network, the
Selfish node should be found and taken out of the network.
The selfish node is one that does not share its resource with
other nodes in the network because it wants to use those
resources for itself.
II. RELATED WORK
The proposed method states that a selfish node must not
allow other nodes to use its memory for copy storage [4]. To
figure out how selfish a node is, each node adds up the credit
risk information of other nodes. Selfish allocation systems cut
down on communication costs and use a safe hill cypher
algorithm to ensure that replica data is kept secure.
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Utilizing community-based and context-based information
about the node, the SENSE method provides detection of
selfish nodes[5]. Through the application of intensive
mechanisms, the value of the node will increase so that it can
take part in the network[6]. You may determine the selfishness
of a node by using its unselfishness value. The mobility model
is based on the concept of a "home-cell community."
A method is presentedin which a trust table containing the
global trust state of all nodes is maintained by each node. The
selfish nodes are identified based on their trust value and their
threshold for selfishness[7]. Their neighbours can utilize this
knowledge to avoid doing any kind of activity with the selfish
nodes, whether forwarding or any other type of supportive
function.
Three detection methods are proposed to enhance the
selfishness avoidance protocol's capacity to identify selfish
nodes and hence increase the number of legitimate rou tes[8].
These three methods are called reset activity mode, warming
mode, and reset failure mode. The investigation of the
suggested procedures is carried out using the protocol
developed by TEAM and Marti.
Token based umpiring technique was used to suggest a
method for detect and reduce selfish nodes in MANETs [9]. It
is a technique called token-based umpiring, in which each
node in the network needs a token in order to take part in the
network, and the nodes that are adjacent to each other operate
as umpires. Umpire nodes will keep an eye on node activity
and notice if any node is acting inappropriately. It works very
well because it takes less time to find problems and has less
overhead.
A rapid model is provided to analyse the selfish node
discovery in MANET utilising a watchdog strategy. They
calculated the detection time and cost of the collaborative
watchdog method for detecting a selfish node[10].
[11] The method that is being proposed, which makes use
of reinforcement learning.The approach chooses the node
depending on transmission delay and success.The selects the
best group with the biggest reward on its activities for
transmitting the information and favours with the
neighbouring node of very small distance to the destination as
the next hop to set up as shortest path.Further, each node's
mobility is predicted by setting up a structure with multiple
states and assuming that mobile nodes could be in any one of
those states, even when they're moving, and acting according
to how things are done in that state.This makes it possible for
mobile ad hoc networks to set up stable short paths based on
reinforcement learning.
[12]When the routing protocols are utilised, certain routing
algorithms can cause an uneven consumption of energy at the
nodes of the network.This can be solved by employing
intelligent optimization algorithms such as ACO and dynamic
optimization.Using a smart ant colony optimization and
planning protocol for routing, the network's energy
consumption is optimised and a global optimal solution is
discovered by partitioning the network's areas based on
latency and energy.Utilizing machine learning to analyse
energy patterns and further reduce energy use in these
networks.The jump probability is calculated by taking into
account both the location of the node and the node
transmission area.
This area is then divided in order to search for potential
nodes while taking into account both the delay and the energy
of the divided area.In conjunction with the smart ant colony
optimization algorithm, the characteristics of the termination
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conditions of the algorithm, adaptive perturbation strategy,
neighbour selection strategy, and wireless sensor network are
used to generate the globally optimal solution.
III. Selfish Node Behaviour
Selfish nodes avoid sending hello packets to other nodes.
The selfish nodes do not forward RREP messages. The selfish
nodes don't send data messages to other nodes. RREQ
messages have a delay when being forwarded by selfish nodes.
Selfish nodes ignore RREQ messages.
Figure 1 Selfish Node Attack
Fig. 1shows the selfish node attack, in that the source nodeA,
destinationnode F and the node E is the selfish nodewhich
drops the packet between the intermediate node D
&destination node F.
IV. PROPOSED MODEL
In this paper, In the proposed SNRM architecture, each
node maintains a neighbour table that comprises RREQ packet
forwarding information, as shown in table I.In the neighbour
table, you'll find data like the battery's remaining charge.This
node is responsible for recovering the individual's remaining
battery from the previous node.
Neighbour Number of Battery S elfishness Total
Address RREQ Life packet
Packet forward
forwarded ed by
node
Tables 1. Neighbour Table
the Selfish Node Removal using Model (SNRM) algorithm.
The node's reputation is determined to prevent selfish nodes
from participating in routing. The current energy level of a
node and the communication ratio of that node are both taken
into consideration when determining that node's reputation.
The source node 'O' and destination node 'S' are set, and the
sender node initiates communication. Assuming that both 'O'
and 'S' are within communication range, the node will look at
the 'O' and ‘S’ reputation value, and if there is a match, the
transmission will occur and the system will be updated. In the
event that both 'O' and 'S' do not fall within the
communication range, then 'O' will send control packets to its
neighbours and wait for reply messages to arrive. In this case,
the checks on reputation are a little bit difficult due to the fact
that selfish nodes do not easily reply to the messages that are
sent. As a result, the communication ratio between nodes is
calculated by combining the sent request message and the
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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received reply message. 2. Examine the communication range for 'O' and 'S.'
3. If O and S are part of single-hop communication, it is easy
to send data.
A. Communication Range
4 If 'O' and 'S' do not lie inside the communication range then
Request and response routing messages sent between
"O" communicates with its neighbours by sending "RQ"
nodes in a communication network are used to determine the
communication ratio between them. The difference in the 5. Reputable nodes are those that reply to O's 'RQ' message.
number of Route reQuest (RQ ) messages that were sent to a 6. Now examine CR and the energy values of reputable
specific node and the number of Route Reply (RR) messages nodes.
that were not sent in response to a received 'RQ ' message is
what is used to calculate the CR for that particular node. 7. IF CR>80% and energy higher than threshold values
choose a higher residual energy node for Data
Therefore, CR is calculated using equation Transmission.
8. otherwise, that node is Selfish node.
[ ] ------------- Eqn(1)
9. Repeat the steps until you reach "S" Destination node.
10. End
where RQ indicates the total number of request messages O as originenode,S as sink node,RQ is route request.
that were transmitted from the node O and RR indicates the
total number of reply messages that were received by the node
O.
B. Detecting Selfish Node
The 25% of the initial battery capacity is used to determine the
battery threshold, which results in the introduction of the
residual battery threshold.

Battery Threshold = 0.25 * Initial Battery

Then, the remaining battery is compared to the threshold

value. If the intermediate node's remaining battery life is more
than the threshold, it may be safely assumed that the RREQ
message will be successfully relayed to the destination node,
and the intermediate node will retransmit the RREQ. If the
remaining battery is lower than the threshold, it can be
deduced that the intermediate node does not have enough
battery to transmit the RREQ message. As a result, the
intermediate node will choose not to convey the RREQ
message in order to conserve its own energy.

C. Energy Factor
After identifying the neighbour nodes, the energy levels for
each node are checked, together with the 'RR' message. When
choosing the next relay node, one of the criteria that is taken
into consideration is the energy with the highest value. Within
the framework of the routing process, the procedure of
selecting the node that has the maximum energy and the
highest communication ratio is chosen. The nodes given in the
route are chosen to transfer the detected information from 'O'
to the destination node 'S'. The nodes' energy levels are
compared to the threshold values after the threshold energy
has been set. Fig.2: Detailed communication

The node with the higher energy values compared to the

threshold is chosen, and this process is repeated until the data
V. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
reaches the destination
()
------ Eqn(2) The performance of the proposed system is evaluated by
simulating it with the network simulatorNS-2[40] using
Er (i) Remaining energy capacity of node Ni the most recent version, NS-2.34, and comparing it to a
well-known on-demand protocol called AODV as well as
E0 initial energy capacity of node Ni the Power aware routing.Scenarios with10,30,50, and 100
t denotes time taken. nodes in a 1000 m * 1000 m area have been prepared.By
adjusting the pause times from 0 to 500 and the speed
Algorithm:
from 1 to 25 metres per second in various circumstances
1. Nodes 'O' and 'S' are set. ranging from small networks to large networks, the value
for packet delivery ratio has been observed.Various
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parameter values for mobile or wireless networks have
been the following:
S imulation Parameter
Simulator
Simulation Time
Number of Nodes
Routing Protocol
Traffic M odel
Pause Time
M obility
Terrain
Transmission Range
Simulation is an essential part of the process of developing
MANET protocols, and SNRMis superior to both AODV in
terms of both performance and security Then evaluate how
AODV and E-AODV fare under similar conditions.
1.
Packet Delivery Ratio
Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
T ABLE I. SIMULAT ION PARAMET ER
Value
NS-2 Version 2.34
100s
10,30,50,100
AODV , SNRM
CBR
0 to 500s
1 m/s to 5 m/s
1000m*1000m
250m
Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR): is the ratio of the total
number of packets sent by the source to the total
number of packets received at the destination. It
characterizes the correctness and effectiveness of ad
hoc routing protocols by measuring the loss rate as
observed by transport protocols. Figure 1 illustrates a
comparison between the existing method and the
suggested proposed method. The number of nodes is
represented on the x-axis in this graph, while the
packet delivery ratio as a percentage is shown on the
y-axis.The fact that the performance of the suggested
algorithm 'SNRM' is best for 50 nodes is demonstrated
in figure 1, confirming the notion that it was
preferable to take attention of aspects such as the
energy status and the traffic level.Even though the
number of packets was very low when the pause time
was zero at first, as the pause time increased, SNRM
became much better at delivering packets than
AODV.SNRMis able to provide a greater total number
of packets at all speeds, ranging from 0 to 20 metres
per second.
AODV:Because selfish nodes in AODV do not pass
packets to other nodes, the number of packets that are
received willbe significantly lower than the number
of packets that are delivered or transmitted.
10.01
10
9.99
9.98
9.97
AODV
9.96 SNRM
9.95
9.94
0 20 40 60 80 100
No. of Nodes
Figure 1. .PDR(%) vs selfish node percentage
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SNRM:Because selfish nodes are cut off from the rest
of the network, E-AODV ensures that any packets
transmitted will be easily received by other nodes and
delivered to their intended location.Therefore, the
ratio of successfully delivered packets is higher in
SNRM than it is in AODV.
2. That proposed techniques minimise E2E delayThis is as
a result of the reason that the suggested algorithm only
detects the true selfish nodes in the network, hence cutting
down on the amount of time needed to create the routes,
and also as a result of the fact that more nodes relay
packets from other nodes. As a result, the E2E delay is
reduced. When compared with AODV, the average end-to-
end latency is cut by about 57 percent, and when compared
with SNRM, the delay is cut by around 10 percent.
AODV:Since selfish nodes are not recognised and
separated in AODV, their existence in the network will
result in higher retransmission, and packets will arrive at
their destination significantly more slowly.
SNRM: Because selfish nodes are identified and isolated
in SNRM, packets will be sent quickly and readily to other
nodes, and it will take significantly less time to route the
packets to their final destination.
2.9 AODV
2.85 SNRM
2.8
E2E Delay (sec)
2.75
2.7
2.65
2.6
2.55
2.5
2.45
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Nodes
Figure 2 . E2E delay vs selfish node percentage
Figure 3.Throughput, also known as network throughput,
refers to the typical rate at which messages sent across a
network are successfully delivered. This information may
travel over a logical or physical link or go through a specific
network node. Bits per second (bps) is the standard unit of
measurement for throughput, however bytes per second (bps)
and data packets per time slot (bps) are also common. When
illustrated in Figure3, as the number of nodes in a network
increases, the throughput decreases. When nodes behave
selfishly and discard the routing packets of other nodes, the
network's average throughput drops. In figure3 The diagram
demonstrates that the proposed approach improves the
network throughput when there is a s elfish node in the
network.
AODV:Selfish nodes in AODV won't share their data with
others, hence the protocol's throughput suffers. This is because
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the selfish nodes won't transfer the packets to other nodes and by the inappropriate actions of selfish nodes. The selfis h nodes
will instead keep discarding the packets, requiring more don't take part in the routing process, so the packet is held up
retransmissions. and dropped on purpose. These selfish node mis -behaviors
will have an impact on efficiency, dependability, and fairness.
SNRM:In SNRM, the following is true:-Because selfish
The selfish node uses the resources for its own benefit, but it
nodes are cut off from the rest of the network, more data can
does not make any effort to distribute those resources to the
be transferred from one node to another in the same amount of other nodes. Therefore, it is essential to identify the selfish
time.
nodes in the MANET. In order to efficiently identify the
selfish nodes, this research s uggests a new approach. The
SNRM method that was recommended is an efficient method
160 that helps to improve the functionality of MANET. It
T 140 considerably enhances performance parameters including PDR
h and detection ratio. In addition to this, it reduces the overall
120 overhead, as well as the latency and the percentage of dropped
r packets. In MANET, the suggested method is able to detect
o 100 selfish nodes with greater accuracy than the AODV method
u 80 that is currently in use. The potential improvement can be
AODV achieved in the future by giving security to the neighb our
g 60
SNRM node. By doing this, the neighbour node is protected from the
h 40 selfish node's compromise.
u 20
REFERENCES
t 0 [1] K.Vanitha, A.M.J.Md.ZubairRahman and K.Anitha,”An Analysis of
10 15 20 30 40 50 55 60 Issues in Security and Routing Protocol in MANET,” International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 3 Issue 1, Page No: .1594-
No of Nodes 1599, 2014.
[2] K.Vanitha& A. M. J. ZubairRahaman ,”Preventing malicious packet
Figure 3. Throughput vs. No of Selfish Nodes dropping nodes in MANET using IFHM based SAODV routing protocol”,
Cluster Computing, Page No: 1-9,2018.
Residual Energy [3] Y. Yoo, S. Ahn, and D. Agrawal, “A credit payment scheme for packet
The value of energy that is left in the node after the forwarding fairness in mobile ad hoc networks”, In Proceedings of IEEEICC,
volume 5, pages 3005 – 3009,May 2005.
transmission of a given level of data packets for the next set of
routing processes is referred to as residual energy. This value [4] Muthumalathi, N., and M. Mohamed Raseen. "Fully selfish node
is needed for future transmission of the data packets. detection, deletion and secure replica allocation over MANET ." In Current
Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICCTET), 2013 International
Commonly, the process of sensing and conveying the Conference on, pp. 413-415.IEEE, 2013.
information uses up the node's energy level. Since the data is
[6] Ciobanu, Radu-Ioan, CiprianDobre, MihaiDascălu, ŞtefanTrăuşan-Matu,
handled by high-energy-level nodes, the proposed protocol and ValentinCrist ea. "SENSE: A collaborative selfish node detection and
uses less power than traditional. incentive mechanism for opportunistic networks." Journal of Network and
Computer Applications 41 (2014): 240-249.
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[7]Subramaniyan, Senthilkumar, William Johnson, and
KarthikeyanSubramaniyan."A distributed framework for detecting selfish
nodes in MANET using Record-and T rust-Based Detection (RT BD)
technique."EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
2014, no. 1 (2014): 1-10.
[8] Rodriguez-Mayol, Alberto, and Javier Gozalvez. "Reputation based
selfishness prevention techniques for mobile ad-hoc networks."
Telecommunication Systems 57, no. 2 (2014): 181-195.
[9] Kumar, Jebakumar MSP Josh, AyyaswamyKathirvel,
NamaskaramKirubakaran, PerumalSivaraman, and MuthusamySubramaniam.
"A unified approach for detecting and eliminating selfish nodes in MANET s
using T BUT ."EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and
Networking 2015, no. 1 (2015): 143
[10] E Hernández-Orallo, MS Olmos, J-C Cano, C Calafate, P Manzoni, A
fast model for evaluating the detection of selfish nodes using a collaborative
approach in MANETs. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 74, 1099–1116 (2014).02/01
2014.
Figure 4 Analysis of residual energy [11] Duraipandian, M. "Performance evaluation of routing algorithm for
Manet based on the machine learning techniques." Journal of trends in
Figure 4 depicts the amount of residual energy that can be Computer Science and Smart technology (TCSST ) 1, no. 01 (2019): 25 -38.
obtained using either the suggested proposed method and the [12]. Chen, Joy Iong Zong, and Kong-Long Lai. "Machine Learning based
conventional method. Energy Management at Internet of Things Network Nodes." Journal: Journal
of T rends in Computer Science and Smart Technology September 2020, no. 3
V. CONCLUSION (2020): 127-133

In MANET, one of the most significant issues is caused

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A Review on Energy Efficient Cooperative Routing

Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks
Immanuvel Arokia James K *
Department of Information Technology,
VEL TECH MULTI TECH Dr.Rangarajan
Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College,
Chennai, India
immanuel_james@yahoo.com
Manjula P Mohana M
Department of Computer Science and Department of Artificial Intelligence and
Business Systems, Data Science,
Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai, VEL TECH MULTI TECH Dr.Rangarajan
India Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College,
manjula.arunraj@gmail.com Chennai, India
Mohananisha0531@gmail.com

Arthi S
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
VEL TECH MULTI TECH Dr.Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, India
Arthisankar794@gmail.com

Abstract - Wireless communications have experienced speedy and technical development in this modern era. Significant improvements
are required in terms of communication speed link, energy level, size of the device, network lifetime and applications for different
generations of wireless devices. Due to the advancement in technical development, the researchers have started to build WNArchitectures
the conventional method of data communication using peer-to-peer basis with a centralized (BS) controller. In Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSNs), the conventional method of data communication in the network is instituted and this allows the nodes to forward data through
other nodes in the communication network and create new communication paths that involve several wireless hops in the communication
network. Recently, there has been an upraise in cooperative communication. This promising methodology plays an important role in
relieving wireless channel fading, as well as, recuperating steadfastness in networks which permit nodes that allow cooperation among
them. The nodes share data in cooperative communication by exploiting the communication in their broadcasting nature. Simulations
were run for various adjustments in order to approve the Cooperative Power and Energy-efficient routing protocol (COPE) [14]
convention's implementation alongside the proposed Minimum Power Least Cost Routing (MPLCR) Algorithm conventions.

Keywords – Wireless Sensor Networks, Cooperative Communication, Energy Efficiency

rather than interference on the destination side, where

I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, wireless communications have seen
rapid and technological advances. Significant improvements
are required in terms of communication speed link, energy
level, size of the device, network life time, applications for
different generations of wireless devices. Due to the
advancement in technical development, the researchers have
started to build WN Architectures the conventional method of
data communication using peer-to-peer basis with a centralized
(BS) controller. In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the
conventional method of data communication in the network is
instituted, which allows the nodes to forward data through
other nodes in the communication network. It allows creating
new communication paths that involve several wireless hops
in the communication network [18]. The major characteristics
of WSN are network speed, link error, power consumption,
size of the network, network lifetime, node mobility and
security.
A. Co-operative Communications
The Co-operative communications, self-
governing paths are chosen between sender to receiver through
a relay channel. Figure 1 shows sample cooperative network
architecture. In the cooperative communication, the relay node
is tasked with forwarding the received signal to its intended
destination. Both the sender and the relay node transmit
multiple copies of data through independent fading channels
and they need to have a spatial diversity as well as having a
separate antenna. This results in numerous advantages that
include better coverage, a good higher capacity, signal quality
and minimum transmission power [12]. When cooperative
diversity is used, the other signal is seen as a contribution
information is only deciphered based on the direct signal. As a
result, cooperative diversity in a wireless network uses
dispersed antennas, which are essentially antenna diversity that
belongs to each node. Cooperative diversity is a strategy that
uses several antennas to maximise the network channel's
overall bandwidth by combining relayed signals and using user
diversity to decode direct signals in wireless multi hop
networks. Direct transmission is used in a single hop system.
Previous studies outline the cooperative
communication that mainly happens in the physical layer. i.e.
It can share its data and cooperate to send to the destination
side node. The main functions of the relays in the cooperative
include relaying methods such as Decode-and-Forward (DF)
and Amplify-and-Forward (AF).
The relaying schemes in the cooperative
communications are categorized into two types: fixed relaying
and adaptive relaying. In the fixed relaying scheme, the
channel comprised of resources that have a few predetermined
approaches between the source and the intermediate nodes.
The relay node receives data from the sender and transmits it
to the destination in an amplified fashion. This process is
referred to as Amplify and Forward (AF) relaying protocol.
This approach was discussed in the article [1] by Al-Thous et.
al. The received signal can also be decoded by the relay node,
then re-encoded and later transmitted back to the receiver. This
process is referred to as suitable D&F - Decode & Forward
relaying protocol.
In the suitable relaying scheme, the execution is
much easier than relaying, but the throughput (bandwidth)
efficiency observed is comparatively lower. The overall data
rate is reduced when the intermediate relay nodes are allocated

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more channel information. Potential exhaust delay and data
loss may occur in the relay channel when transmitting huge
amounts of data packets between the source and destination.
Fixed relaying schemes usually take double the time when
sending a small messages between sender and receiver node
compare to Method of direct transmission (DT). The location
of the relay usually causes an impact on the relative
performance of each method.
Fig 1 Direct Transmission and Cooperative Transmission
The adaptive relaying scheme resolves the
difficulties of the fixed relaying method and it describes two
methods namely selective and incremental relaying
techniques.
In a selective relaying scheme, the sender can
choose the appropriate relay node based on its Signal-to-Noise
Ratio (SNR). The relay node performs the Decode-and-
Forward (DF) operation when the SNR received exceeds a
certain onset level. In the incremental relaying method, the
sender may transmit information to the destination node
through direct link. Relay can eventually forward a data to a
destination. if the receiver is unable to get data properly
through the direct link [7].
The number of relay nodes and their position
both have a direct impact on the cooperative path's potential
gain. The relay node with the highest performance is
considered to be the best. The optimum relay nodes are often
determined by the different usage scenarios. For instance, in
the case of energy efficiency, the optimum relay node for the
sender node is chosen if the minimum power consumption of
a cooperative communication link is similar to that of a certain
relay node. Prior studies have shown that for multiple
intermediate relaying nodes (i.e., cooperative networks based
on multiple relays), maximum efficiency can be attained when
all the cooperative nodes appear to be positioned at the target
node.
Moreover, that the DF relay method, had
demonstrated that the relay node is conveniently located near
the mid-point between a sender to receiver at each link.
B. Cooperation Protocols
Consider a three terminal network with a single
relay for forwarding a data. The source sends the data to its
receiver, and the intermediate node also receives the data
concurrently in phase 1. The relay node forwards the data to
the destination in phase 2. As shown in
Figure 2, the source transmits data through power P 1, while the
intermediate node transmits the data through power P2.
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Fig 2 Simplified Cooperation Model
Let us consider that source to the intermediate node,
transmission data with the power of equal P. The source send
the communication data to destination as well as relay nodes
in the network.
C. Relay Node Selection
A good and quality relay node should be chosen
in the cooperative routing schemes to enhance its performance,
and thus providing a greater diversity gain. Therefore, the
choice of the ideal relay node increases the performance of the
system while the cooperative routing achieves critical
performance, throughput, efficiency, power efficiency, packet
delivery rate, and network lifetime. The relay node selection
methods are given here.
D. Optimal Number of Relay Nodes
Better performance and greater diversity can be
achieved by engaging more relay results. However, this may
require more resources (such as more time slots) in the case of
higher relay nodes. This may eventually cause collision at the
destination end, leading to a reduction in the cooperative gain.
Number of relay nodes high, the power efficiency co-operative
communication decreases due to protocol overhead. Normally,
there is a direct connection between the number of relay nodes
and the collision area. Increase in the number of relay nodes
leads to the increase in the collision area affected by the
cooperation. This may eventually reduce the overall
operational efficiency. This can be overcome by using the
single-relay node, it can achieve similar results of diversity
gain of multi-relay cooperation.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Co-operative routing was evolved as the trustable
methodology to redress wireless network channel recuperating
steadfastness and fading of networks that would permit nodes
can co-operate among them. The nodes share data in
cooperative communication by exploiting the communication
in broadcasting nature. Cooperative routing is categorised as
follows:
A. Hierarchical Cooperation
In the first phase (setting up the transmission co-
operation point), Each and every node shares data to the
additional nodes inside the group of data. In the next phase
(MIMO transmission phase), the long-range MIMO
transmission is demonstrated. In the last phase (cooperate to
decode phase), Each and every node in group of data ‘L’ bits
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of a data and there are no Memory In Memory Out
observations.
B. Cooperative Relaying Architectures
The architectural and system designs of
cooperative techniques are described in this section. Similar to
the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, a classification is
made based on the relaying method to aid the multi-hop
communication in the network.
C. Homogeneous Cooperative Architectures
Multi-hop Cellular Networks (MCNs) broaden flawlessly the
connectivity provided by the existing network without any
changes at the client-side. A mobile node can access network
services without depending on any other devices in the
network.
 Relaying in Wireless MAN
 Relaying in Wireless LAN
D. Heterogeneous Cooperative Architectures
Mobile devices support multi-mode with
multiple air interfaces and different data rates in heterogeneous
MCNs. This architecture may lead to many challenges in the
communication network.
Several factors influence the cooperative
architecture that includes multi-interface Mobile Stations
(MSs), topology and routing, transmission rate and co-channel
interference management and load balance. The end-to-end
route selection is according to the Service Level Agreement
(SLA) of the user. The network layer handles horizontal hand-
off between BSs of the same technique in a flawless approach.
E. Distributed Cooperative Routing
Data packets transmitted between the transmitter
source to receiver nodes are completed through relaying the
data packets in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. The source node will
find the location of the receiver node and will set up a path to
reach the destination. Table-based and on-demand based
routing algorithms are the two different methods of routing
algorithms of MANETs. Each node stores a routing table in
table-based routing algorithms. This routing table information
is updated regularly through a message sent by every node in
the communication network.
Designing cooperative algorithms can help in
saving power significantly. Cooperative routing uses two
truths: (a) the wireless broadcast advantage in the transmission
model (b) Wireless co-operative advantage in the supportive
model. The entire node transmits its information to more nodes
in the broadcast mode.
F. Network Modes and Transmission Modes
The main aim is to find a suitable route that
minimizes transmitted aggregated power between source and
destination. Let d and s denote the source-destination pair in
the communication network. Figure 3 shows the use of CT and
DT nodes in the network.
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Fig 3 CT and DT Modes
The data is received, the receiver & relay decode
the information. Such framework blunder may spread,
however its impact can be negligible. This is the point at which
the transfers work in a high SNR administration, the
predominant wellspring of mistake is diverted by being in a
blackout (i.e.) profound blur, which compares to the SNR
falling beneath some edge.
Flat quasi-static fading channels are measured in
this. Thus, the channel factors are held to be steady amid a total
edge and may shift from a casing to another. At long last, the
clamour terms are displayed as Nil-mean, complex Gaussian
irregular factors with measure up to difference N0. In this area,
the base power directing issue is figured and characterized in
two principle transmission modes.
G. Cooperation based Routing Algorithms
Two collaboration routing algorithms are
developed, require polynomial many-sided quality to locate the
minimum power route. Each and every node regularly
broadcast a ‘hai’ packet to neighbours. Also, a MAC protocol
is considered [15].
Minimum power cooperative routing calculation
is actualized as follows: First, every node ascertains the
expenses of its active connections and afterwards applies the
briefest way Bellman-Ford calculation utilizing these recently
updated figured expenses. Required transmission control
between the two nodes in base power got via looking over all
the conceivable nodes in the area to go about the hand-off. On
the off chance that there is no easy hand-off in the area, an
immediate transmission mode is measured. Second, the
conveyed Bellman-Ford most brief way steering calculation is
actualized at every node.
H. Broadband Cooperative Communications
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) is responsible for capturing multipath energy,
alleviating the inter-symbol interference and providing high
spectral efficiency in broadband communications. Multiband
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplication have put
forward the Ultra Wide Band for WPAN. The original idea of
cooperative diversity is applied for improving the performance
of OFDM systems. Certain techniques are required to utilize
the available multiple carriers effectively.
OFDM protocol improves spectral efficiency
compared to fixed relaying protocols in the communication
network. This protocol helps in forwarding data from each
intermediate of multiple sources in one OFDM symbol by
exploiting inadequate response from the destination. A relay
assignment scheme is implemented in OFDM based networks.
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I. Network life expectancy Maximization via Cooperation
Expanding the life expectancy of battery worked
gadgets are crucial outline proceed that permits continuous
data trade among circulated nodes in remote systems. Helpful
interchanges empower and use viable asset sharing among
agreeable nodes. The system proficiently exploits distinctive
areas and vitality levels among dispersed nodes. Initially, a
lifetime amplification issue using agreeable nodes is
contemplate, an execution examination for M-ary phase-shift
keying balance is given. A target to amplify the base gadget
lifetime under an imperative the enhancement problem
determines which nodes should cooperate and how much
power should be allocated for participation based on bit error
rate execution [3]. In addition, the device lifespan is
additionally enhanced by an arrangement of agreeable
transfers with a specific end goal to push data to the circulated
nodes in the network. The ideal area and power portion for
every helpful transfer are resolved with a means to augment
the lifetime of the devices [14].
 Life time maximization
Initially, the lifetime amplification issue is
detailed. At that point, an investigative arrangement is given
for a system with two agreeable nodes. Given the answer for
the two-node, a quick problematic calculation is produced to
tackle an issue for a network with multiple cooperative nodes.
J. Benefits of Cooperative Transmission
Collaboration in the system can provide huge
benefits to the nodes, as well as the entire system in various
angles. A few advantages are recorded as follows:
● Higher spatial diversity
Figure 4 shows a network such that the quality of
the channel between the Sender ‘S’ and Receiver ‘D’ nodes
corrupts seriously, an immediate transmission may have a
heinous error rate, which prompts retransmissions. On the
other hand, ‘S’ can utilize assorted spatial variety by having a
transfer ‘R1’ catch the transmitted data and forward the packet
to ‘D’ afterwards. Source ‘S’ may fall back on another
terminal ‘R2’ which may help in sending data or utilize ‘R 1’
and ‘R2’ simultaneously. Subsequently, contrasted and
coordinate transmission, the helpful approach appreciates
higher sufficient transmission likelihood.
Fig 4 Cooperation in a Network
Agreeable correspondences can adjust and relieve the impacts
of shadow fading superior to MIMO since, dissimilar to
MIMO, receiving wire components of a helpful virtual
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reception apparatus exhibit are isolated in space diverse
shadow fading.
● Higher throughput-lower delay
The adjustment rate is accomplished via versatile
balance as well as versatile channel coding at the physical
layer. Numerous MAC conventions have acquainted rate
adjustment as well as battling unfavourable channel
circumstances. For example, due to low SNR brought about by
high channel error rate experience, the WLAN standard, IEEE
802.11 changes to lower transmission rate to ensure specific
fading rate. The energy of participation is evident when it has
connected in combining with any rate adjustment calculation
[18].
Fig 5 Illustration of Delay and Throughput Improvement
On the off chance that Rate2 and Rate3 are greater
than Rate1 with the end goal that the aggregate transmission
rate of the two hops over R2 is lesser than that of the direct
transmission, participation promptly beats the heritage
coordinate transmission, as far as both throughput and latency
observed by the sender ‘S’. Besides, for transfers, for example,
R1 and R2, things being what they are, their own individual
self-intrigue can be serving other people effectively.
The intermediate relay node R1 that participates
in the network appreciates the advantage of the lower channel-
access delay, which can convert into throughput. Figure 5
additionally draws an unpleasant similarity with the helpful
plan and shows that rate adjustment can additionally enhance
the advantages of collaboration in a system setting.
K. Optimality
In a routing algorithm, the term optimality refers
to the route that achieves the significant steps in routing. The
primary function of the algorithm is optimised depending on
the requirements. The routing requirement of cooperative
communication in WSNs is to reduce the consumption of
energy in the communication network. Checking the most
viable cooperative route in an outsized capricious network is
found to be obstinate [5]. Sub-optimal algorithms in
cooperative routing can be alienated into the following types.
The primary type of sub-optimal cooperative algorithm that is
co-operative together with a non -cooperative path is
demonstrated by initially analysing the route with the shortest
path.
L. Objective
The co-operative routing algorithm is categorised
as three types: Quality of Service parameters, collision
minimisation and energy-efficiency.
a) QoS-aware
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The Quality of Service in the co-operative
routing algorithm is categorised as a packet delivery ratio,
throughput and outage probability. QoS is additionally a
critical foundation to quantify the performance of the network.
QoS is a significant concern in significant applications,
including fire detection, security and monitoring health. The
QoS in the network finds a path that satisfies the requirements
and concurrently optimises the exploitation of resources in
cooperative routing [8].
b) Throughput-aware
Cooperative communication ultimately uses the
broadcast condition of wireless channels and adventures
time/spatial diversity in a dispersed way. This accomplishes
massive upgrades in framework limit and reliability in
transmission. Cooperative diversity has concentrated from the
physical layer point of view. Cooperative MAC method has
pinched much concentration in recent times. To find the best
route, a node initially decides if participation on each
connection is required, the optimal cooperative scheme and the
most exquisite relay are selected.
Cooperative routing metric values are intended
and compared for each possible intermediate node, and the best
value is selected, which is then compared with the non-
cooperative link metric [6]. Utilising the last ideal metric
incentive rather than the customary metric incentive, ideal
ways are built up in multi-hop ad-hoc networks; thereby
considering the advantages from the MAC layer in the
communication network [12].
c) Packet delivery ratio
The percentage of transmitted packets from the
source that have effectively been delivered to their receiver is
termed as the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). The cooperative
routing algorithms enhance the system PDR by using an
approach. This approach is based on each connection and
correlation of the connections to choose the ideal PDR of the
supportive routing [13].
The cooperation between mobile hosts is in the
outward appearance of nodes are acted as relay intermediately
that move data from a sender, or else remote destination using
point-to-point or point-to-multipoint links in the network.
Power allocation and routing problems are evaluated under
cooperative communications of the network. This is done to
gain a cross-layer design as well as the physical layer [4]. The
multi-criteria cooperative routing algorithm is evaluated. This
algorithm has the following parameters: the remaining energy
of nodes and the power required for transmission of these
nodes. The algorithm picks a path for each specific pair as well
as the transmission power of the nodes.
d) Energy Efficiency
Energy efficiency is regarded as the primary goal
of algorithms that are intended for routing, including ad-hoc
networks, Personal Area Networks (PAN), sensor networks
and other wireless networks in the exploitation of an
assortment of wireless networks. The cooperative routing
algorithms regarding energy efficiency can be divided into two
types:
All energy-saving algorithms show improvement
in energy saving under different conditions of the network and
constraints under various performances. The consumption of
power for active radio electronics is not considered. Prior
importance is given to radio electronics that consume power
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which can augument considerably and transmit cooperatively
along the path to next-hop receiver node by multiple nodes
[10].
e) Cooperative link
The algorithms initially compute the cost
function established in the minimum transmission power for
each helpful link. The energy-saving links are then engaged in
a cooperative link strategy for discovering the least amount of
energy routing technique. The calculation of the cost of the link
is done using the allocation of minimum transmission power
under convinced network scenarios [9].
f) Relay node assignment
Selecting an energy-efficient intermediate node
is a valuable technique for saving energy in cooperative
routing algorithms. A weight value is assured for each
intermediate node in existing cooperative routing algorithms.
The consumed power can be kept if the particular node serves
as a co-operative intermediate node for the precise link which
denotes the weight. The link checks the weight of all probable
intermediate nodes & intermediate node is taken into
consideration for the equivalent link. The candidates of the
relay node are sorted in a descending way for cooperative
routing algorithms based on their residual network lifetime.
This technique covetously selects the node with the outsized
residual network life expectancy with it’s uses them as the next
intermediate nodes. Last few nodes are selected in some cases
for Minimum energy non- co-operative path in the
intermediate nodes. Every node that transmits data will then
adjust its point in the network, so that all the nodes become
visible to be at the equal distance from the destination [15].
g) Path selection
The minimum energy non-supportive course or
the smallest amount of energy supportive course can be
obtained from work done by the algorithms with shortest-path
equally Bellman- Suurballe’s algorithm , Ford algorithm and
Dijkstra’s algorithm.
III. MOTIVATION OF THE WORK
Wireless sensor networks has been widely used in
many fields, such as smart home, smart city applications,
monitoring (underwater activities like water salinity, oil
pollution monitoring, and seismic monitoring), different
environmental changes (like temperature, humidity, light,
scope of the human body like human vitals, telemedicine,
Hospital information systems), animal surveillance (like
coverage in the forest and zoo), vehicular ad hoc networks,
agricultural (like smart farming, smart agriculture), Industry
4.0/5.0, Intelligent transportation systems, security and safety,
defence and so on.
A lot of energy is needed by the nodes in the network.
This energy is used in the transmission and reception of
information that is required in sensing and processing. In order
to increase the lifetime of the network, all the designing
protocols and applications for the wireless sensor networks
should be energy aware. Typically, all the real time
applications are heterogeneous in nature rather than
homogeneous.
In this research, designing flexible cooperative
routing protocol is taken into account while exploring the
outcome of cooperation nodes, with reference to optimal
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routing techniques, energy consumption, throughput, and
lifetime of WSN. The key elements of this research work is to
illustrate how the operational parameters (QOS) like the
lifetime of the network, throughput, along with total energy
consumption of the network are improved in significant
manner. Similarly the performance of the following QOS
metrics like the quantity of alive nodes, quantity of dead nodes,
quantity of dropped packets, End to End Delay are discussed
and given better results than various existing methods.
COPE demonstrates greater energy efficiency.
However, COPE protocol also demonstrates improvement in
terms of energy efficiency and network lifetime. Each round
results in a relatively smaller number of dead nodes.
Additionally, due to energy efficiency, the number of alive
nodes rises after each round, improving throughput. The
network as a whole is able to send more data packets from
nodes to the BS, boosting the system throughput.
A. Scope and Novelty
The efficiency and performance of the networks
can be determined in terms of the following parameters; energy
consumption, network throughput as well as end-to-end delay.
The energy efficiency is defined as the ratio of the amount of
energy consumed per successful packet delivery. The total
energy consumption is achieved by minimizing the number of
relays, increasing the packet delivery rate along with reducing
end to end delay bounded source to destination.
Minimum Power Least Cost Routing (MPLCR)
Algorithm is proposed. This MPLCR includes link
computation which is used to find a optimal path (relay node)
to avoid link failures and to reduce the traffic in the network.
The shortest path with minimum hop selection has been
achieved by using a sequential scanning algorithm to achieve
minimum power consumption in the network. Moreover, the
relay node and its characters for acquiring a quality of service
in the transmission stream have discussed. The proposed
MPLCR algorithm guarantees to save energy to the extent of
30% when compared to the other existing algorithms like
Cooperative Power and Energy-efficient routing protocol
(COPE).
B. Proposed Routing Algorithm
The proposed Minimum Power Least Cost
Routing (MPLCR) is algorithm developed for improving the
network lifetime. This algorithm is designed by calculating
link computation, sequential scanning algorithm and balance
energy shared by the neighbouring nodes. It is considered for
the construction of the minimum power route through
cooperative nodes. Also, Johnson’s briefest path algorithm
helps in finding the briefest way between all sets of vertices.
And it permits negative values yet not negative cycles, and it
works along with Bellman-Ford briefest path routing.
Execution is completed by using Johnson's briefest path
algorithm. In the Bellman-Ford calculation, each node has a
place from 1 to n esteems (i.e.) x є (1,..., n). Assume that ‘x’ as
the source and ‘y’ as the receiver.
The cycle will be dx(y) = min{c(x, v) + dv(y)},
where dx(y) = cost of least way from x to y. The base is
assumed to control over all neighbours v of x. dx(y) = gauge
of minimum cost from x to y, node x knows cost to each
neighbour v: c(x, v), node x keeps up remove vector dx =
[dx(y): yєN]. Node x additionally keeps up its neighbours’
separation vectors for each neighbour v, x looks after dv =
[dv(y): yєN]. For minimizing energy, there have been studies
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of cooperative multi-hop routing under more complex fading
models. The sole purpose of these methods involves reducing
the total energy consumed in the routing from the source node
to the destination node. Nonetheless, irregular energy
distribution among nodes is experienced while using the
minimum cost path. The irregular energy distribution can
negatively affect the life-time of the network.
The proposed MPLCR algorithm is compared
with COPE to analyse the performances. COPE is supposed to
compare the energy balancing variation and power saving with
MPLCR to understand the QoS.
IV. PERFORMANCE RESULTS
Sensor nodes have been assumed to be stable and
introduced indiscriminately in this simulation. The base station
is capable of tolerating, accumulating, and sharing the
information from the cluster heads to the preferred destination.
When communicating, the bits are sent to the Base Station and
CHs. Simulations were run for various adjustments in order to
approve the proposed MPLCR convention's implementation
alongside COPE conventions. In the simulations, 100 sensor
nodes are distributed at random; they are assumed to be
immobile and have a BS sent a long distance from the sensors.
It is also acknowledged that each node in the system delivers
information about residual energy to BS.
TABLE I. PARAMETERS FOR SIMULATION
S. No. Parameters Values
1 DC Current (RX) 18 mA
2 DC Current (TX) 10.5 mA
3 Minimum Supply Voltage 1.9 V
4 Erx - elec 50 nJ/bit
5 Etx - elec 50 nJ/bit
6 Eamp 1.3 nJ/bit
7 EDA 5 nJ/bit
8 Size of each packet 4000 bits
9 Prob of choosing a CH (p) 0.125
10 Initial Energy (Eo) 0.8 J
Simulations are used to evaluate the execution of our
proposed route loss aware protocol MPLCR, which is
compared to COPE standards [2] A system with a size of 1200
square meters is investigated, with 100 nodes distributed
randomly in the field and a sink node positioned at the system's
co-ordinates region of (600 square meters) [6].
Fig 6 : Scalability comparison of MPLCR and COPE
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In the figure 6 the comparative analysis of two protocols can
be discussed. The packets sent to the base station of the
compared protocol MPLCR. The Scalability of both protocols
can be varied and MPLCR can be much better compared with
COPE. The Scalability of each node can be described in a
graph in a predominant way [17].
Fig 7: Energy Consumption
In the figure 7 the number of nodes consuming energy in
relation to the number of rounds for the two routing protocols
used, as well as COPE. The number of dead nodes in COPE
increases with each round, and our proposed protocol MPLCR
achieves the best outcomes; as a result, it is substantially more
productive in terms of dead hubs each round, as shown by the
plots [11].
Fig 8: Alive node variations in multiple rounds
In the figure 8 the scalability of both protocols can be
compared. Our proposed MPLCR can be varied along with
COPE and it gives a maximum result of scalability when
compared [14].
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Fig 9: Packet count in multiple rounds
Figure 9 shows that in the network, number of rounds is
compared to the number of living nodes. As expressed in
COPE, the CHs are overburdened. As a result, it has the fewest
active hubs. MPLCR has far better results than COPE.
However, as seen in the diagram, our model has the greatest
number of alive nodes left until the end of the rounds, making
it more efficient and producing superior results when
compared to other procedures [16].
V. CONCLUSION
An account of the underlying architecture and
working of cooperative routing is presented in this chapter. The
motivation of the work, scope and objectives of the research
are presented. Also the cooperative communications,
cooperative protocols in cooperative routing, hierarchical
cooperative, cooperative relaying architectures, distributed
cooperative routing, broadband cooperative communications,
network lifetime maximization, advantages and their
applications are also presented. This algorithm initially
computes the cost function established on the minimum
transmission power for each helpful link. The energy-saving
links are then engaged in a cooperative link strategy for
discovering the least amount of energy routing technique. The
calculation of the cost of the link is done using the allocation
of minimum transmission power under convinced network
scenarios. The subsequent chapter provides a thorough
overview of the numerous cooperative routing applications and
their challenges.
VI. FUTURE WORK AND CHALLENGES
A joint investigation of the techniques and
challenges from the physical layer, the network layer as well
as the MAC layer can be used to guarantee huge benefits to
cooperative communications. Cooperative mechanisms
subject to retro-compatibility constraints that limit
performance. Nevertheless, in the long-term, the evolution of
wireless communications will be defined by new architectures
and standards, which, once engineered, may follow different
design principles to their predecessors. It is reasonable to
consider that future standards such as the fifth generation of
mobile communications will have the capabilities of embedded
support for cooperative communications.
For implementing Inter-cluster cooperation at the
application level, the following example applications can be
considered.
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 Smart home scenario interfaced with IoT. [11] Mariam Akbar, Nadeem Javaid, Zahoor Ali Khan, Umar Qasim,
Turki Ali Alghamdi, Saad Noor Mohammad, Syed Hassan Ahmed,
 Smart city applications. Majid Iqbal Khan, Safdar Hussain Bouk, 2015 “Towards Network
 Underwater monitoring. Lifetime Maximization: Sink Mobility Aware Multi-hop Scalable
 Different environmental (light, humidity, Hybrid Energy Efficient Protocols for Terrestrial WSNs”, International
Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks (IJDSN), October 25, 2015,
temperature, etc.), https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/908495
 Human body parameters (human vital signs), [12] Anwar Khan, Ismail Ahmedy, Mohammad Hossein Anisi, Nadeem
 Animal surveillance (coverage in the forest and zoo), Javaid, Ihsan Ali, Nawsher Khan, Mohammed Alsaqer & Hasan
 Vehicular ad hoc networks, Mahmood 2018, ‘A Localization-Free Interference and Energy Holes
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modern era of IoT, which is driven by data. In today's scenario, [15] Zhai, C, Liu, J, Zheng, L, Xu, H & Chen, H 2012, ‘Maximise
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in WSN-led IoT applications, is a challenge. In recent years, [16] N. G. Palan, B. V. Barbadekar and S. Patil, (2017) "Low energy
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Impact of Power, Dıstance and Channel Conditions

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on The Throughput of Infrastructure and Adhoc Wi-

Fi Networks

ManasaPriya K Chaitanya G Mubeena Sk

Department of ECE Department of ECE Department of ECE
VFSTR, University VFSTR, University VFSTR, University
Guntur, India Guntur, India Guntur, India
manasathatavarthi@gmail.com chaitanyakrishna@gmail.com sk.mubeena951@gmail.com

Jahnavi K Seetha Ramanjaneyulu B Gangaprasad G

Department of ECE Department of ECE Department of ECE
VFSTR, University VFSTR, University VFSTR, University
Guntur, India Guntur, India Guntur, India
k.jahnavi417@gmail.com ramanbs@gmail.com ganga.prasad96@gmail.com

Abstract— Since Wi-Fi technology is widely used nowadays,
it is important to understand how different levels of transmitted
powers and channel conditions affect the throughputs at various
communication distances. This inter-related study is carried out
in this work with focus on both infrastructure and ad-hoc type
Wi-Fi networks. This study would help in designing a better Wi-
Fi network in infrastructure mode and decide on the number of
access points that are required at different distances in the
coverage area, to offer required throughput. In ad-hoc mode of
Wi-Fi, this analysis would be useful in deciding the power levels
required at the transmitters to enable the signal to reach the
destination through the intermediate relay nodes that are
located at various distances from each other. Simulation study
is carried out for different versions of IEEE 802.11 standard like
the 11a, 11b, 11g, 11n and 11ac. The study also helps in deciding
on the version of the standard that offers the optimum coverage
distance and throughput, for the given network.
Keywords— IEEE 802.11, Transmitter Power, Path loss,
Throughput, Coverage Distance, Channel conditions, Fading,
Data rate. Introduction
I. INTRODUCTION
In addition to the conventional wired local area networks
that employ Ethernet technology, wireless local area
networks (WLANs) also became common these days, for the
main reasons of quick deployment and affordability. While
IEEE802.3 became the popular standard for wired LAN,
IEEE 802.11 became the de-facto standard for WLANs. It is
also known with its trade name Wi-Fi. In addition to the
original 802.11 version, the other main versions of it are
IEEE11b, 11a, 11g, 11n and 11ac [1]. The initial IEEE802.11
version was supporting 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps of data rates only.
The next version of it with the name IEEE802.11b was
supporting upto 11Mbps data rate, with fall back rates of 5.5
Mbps, 2 Mbps and 1 Mbps that the system would roll back if
unacceptable percentage of bit error rates (BER) are
experienced. The next version of it was 802.11a that offers 6-
54 Mbps of data rates [1], [2]. The later version 802.11g also
offered 6-54 Mbps of data rates. Later on, many versions are
introduced with increased data rates, namely the 802.11n
with 72-600 Mbps, 802.11ac with 433-6933 Mbps, 802.11ax
with 600-9608 Mbps and 802.11be with 40000 Mbps [3]. Of
these standards, some of them operate in 2.4 GHz ISM band
and some in 5 GHz range of ISM band. The higher frequency
band of 5 GHz has the advantage of offering more
bandwidths and hence higher data rates compared to 2.4 GHz
band [2], [3]. However, it suffers from the issue of lesser
coverage distances when compared with 2.4 GHz band
systems.
In this work, a study is carried out to know how the
varying power levels of transmitter can affect the throughput
values at receiver, for the different versions of IEEE 802.11
Wi-Fi standards, under different channel condition
environments. The study can help in deciding the locations of
access points in infrastructure mode of Wi-Fi network. In
mobile ad-hoc networks, it aids in knowing the power levels
required to reach the next available nodes, through which
destination would be reached [2], [6].
Rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section-II
describes related work of the theoretical aspects of path loss,
channel conditions, signal-to-noise ratios, bit error rates and
includes some literature survey that dealt with the study of
these aspects.Section-III describes the proposed network
system and its parameters that are chosen to carry out the
desired study of throughput result analysis. Section IV
concludes the paper.
II. TRANSMISSION POWER AND COVERAGE AREA
It is known that in wireless communications, power of the
received signal decreases drastically, with increasing
distances from the transmitter. While ‘path loss’ is the main
cause of this decrease, other mechanisms like reflection,
refraction and multipath fading of the signal also contribute
to it. In its simplest form, received power can be considered
as transmitted power minus path loss [5], [7]. ‘Free Space
Path loss’ (FSPL) can be mathematically expressed as,

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4𝜋 III. SIMULATION RESULTS

𝐹𝑆𝑃𝐿 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑑) + 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑓) + 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) − 𝐺𝑡
𝑐
− 𝐺𝑟 (1) The impact of changing the transmission power is studied
at first, for different versions of IEEE 802.11 standard.
where, ‘d’ is the distance between the transmitter Distance is kept constant for this study. Then next study is
and receiver, ‘f’ is the frequency of the channel used for carried out by changing the distances between the transmitter
transmission, ‘c’ is the velocity of the wave and ‘𝐺𝑡 ’ and ‘𝐺𝑟 ’ and receiver but keeping the transmission power as constant.
are the gains of transmitting and receiving antennas. Finally, the effect of channel conditions is studied for
different channel parameters and varying distances. These are
As path loss increases with distance, received power gets discussed in the following subsections.
decreased at longer distances. This results in the decrease of
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). But sufficient value of SNR is A. Varying Transmitter Power
needed to detect the binary bits from the received signal.
In this, simulation is carried out by increasing the
Lower values of SNR result in bit errors. In such cases, if the
transmitter power from 5mW onwards, upto 100 mW. The
transmitted power level can be increased, it can help to
devices are kept close enough within a distance of 50 meters,
improve the SNR and reduce the bit error rates (BER) [5], [7].
and line of sight (LoS) channel with no other impairments is
How much strength of the received signal is needed to get
considered here. It is known from theory that the signal will
detected depends on receiver sensitivity also. A receiver with
travel longer distances for higher values of applied power,
good sensitivity levels will be able to identify the signal of
and so the access point's effective range is directly
very low strength also, but bit errors may be present because
proportional to the transmitter power it emits. The results are
signal’s level is too low, to the level of noise. Receiver
shown in Fig-1. As it can be observed, throughput values
sensitivity in the order of -100dBm is generally used in Wi-
remained constant even if the transmitter powers are
Fi systems [8].
increased beyond a value. It indicates the maximum possible
throughput for the offered load. As mentioned earlier, 14.07
In general, path loss models are considered to be the tools
Mbps load is offered in all the cases, for these simulation
to forecast the coverage areas of wireless networks. The
studies. The reason for 802.11b offering 1-2 Mbps data rates
authors in [9] depicted the effect of pathloss on a signal at
is due to its physical limits that are based on the modulation
different distances into different categories. As the path loss
and coding schemes employed in it. The discussion of
increases with frequency, higher value of frequencies are
maximum possible physical data rate is carried out in the next
prone to higher path losses and hence lesser coverage
subsection, that deals with distance-based variations in
distances, for the given power levels of transmitter [9], [10].
throughputs.
As different pathloss models exist, in [11], the authors
considered few pathloss models and compared how one path
loss differs with another in urban, sub-urban and rural area
environment and given which model suits best for the three
environments.

For predicting transmitter coverage and optimizing

wireless network performance accurate prediction of pathloss
is necessary. In [12], the authors provided a better
understanding for the propagation of radio waves for wireless
network optimization & communication design.
In [15], the authos have taken urban and rural
environments and checked with respect to the pathloss
models selected and concluded on the path loss model that is
suitable for rural environments.
In the experimental study of this work, the analysis is
carried out with respect to the throughput, distance and
channel characteristics for different path loss models,
shadowing and fading conditions using NETSIM simulator.
NETSIM offers various features that support VANET
simulation, WSN simulation and many other types of
network simulations. NETSIM helps in implementing
different new routing protocols and experimenting with
various available pathloss models. With the support of these
available path loss models, we analysed the throughput
performance for the proposed network.
Fig: 1 Transmitter power Vs Throughput
B. Effect of Distance
As per the principles of electromagnetic wave propagation
and path loss phenomenon, the received signal power
decreases as the distance between the communicating nodes
increases. Due to this, the signal to noise ratio (SNR)
decreases and hence bit error rate (BER) of the transmission
increases, when distance is increased. This BER value is used
in IEEE802.11 standard to decide the transmission rate of the
system. That means, when the BER gets increased, the data
rate of Wi-Fi falls back to smaller value. This ‘Physical Data
Rate’ will decide the throughput of the system for the given
distance [13], [14]. Physical data rates and actual throughput
values of the simulated system are shown in Fig-2 and Fig-3
respectively. As can be observed from these results, 2.4 GHz
versions of Wi-Fi offer longer distances of coverage of up to

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200 meters when compared to 5GHz based versions that

cover 100 meters, for the chosen transmitter power of 10 mw.

Fig 4: 802.11b performance under different channel conditions

Fig: 2. PHY rate Vs Distance

Fig 5: 802.11g performance under different channel conditions

Fig: 3. Distance Vs Throughput

C. Channel Characteristics
In addition to path loss, channel impairments like
shadowing and multipath fading also influence the
throughput performance. These effects are studied here. The
effect of ‘path loss alone’, ‘path loss plus shadowing’ and
‘path loss plus shadowing plus fading’ are considered. Fig 6: 802.11n - 2.4 GHz performance under different channel
conditions
Throughput changes for these different channel conditions
for varying distances are found. The results are shown in Fig-
4 through 9 for different versions of IEEE 802.11. The results
of versions that use 2.4GHz band are shown in Fig 4 through
Fig 6. The results of versions that use 5 GHz band are shown
in Fig 7 through Fig 9 The results are obtained for a
transmitter power of 10mW. For the versions of 2.4 GHz
band, when the Pathloss alone is applied, as the distance
increases throughput gets slowly decreased and at 1500m of
distance it becomes zero. For pathloss (Friis Free Space) plus
shadowing (lognormal) case the throughput becomes zero at
1200m itself. For the case of pathloss plus fading (Rayleigh)
plus shadowing, the throughput becomes zero at 700m
distance. Transmitter power is considered as 10mW in all the Fig 7: 802.11a performance under different channel conditions
above cases. These are depicted in Fig 4 for 802.11b, in Fig
5 for 802.11g and in Fig 6 for 802.11n.
For the versions of 5 GHz band, when the Pathloss
alone is applied, throughput gets slowly decreased to zero at
550m of distance. For the cases of pathloss (Friis Free Space)
plus shadowing (lognormal) and pathloss plus fading
(Rayleigh) plus shadowing, the throughput becomes zero at
400m distance itself. Here also, transmitter power is
considered as 10mW in all the cases. These are depicted in
Fig 7 for 802.11a, in Fig 8 for 802.11n and in Fig 9 for
802.11ac. Fig 8: 802.11n - 5 GHz performance under different channel conditions

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Fig 9: 802.11ac performance under different channel conditions
IV. CONCLUSION
In this article, throughput analysis of Wi-Fi is carried out
for varying values of transmitter power and distance between
the communicating devices under different channel
conditions. The simulation study is carried out for different
versions of IEEE standard. As higher distances lead to lesser
powers received at the receivers, the SNR values will be
decreased and BER values will increase at those higher
distances, which in turn results in lesser throughputs. This
effect can be compensated by increasing the transmitter
powers, as depicted in the results. It is known that channel
conditions that depend on reflection, refraction, multipath
fading and shadowing also play their role in this. Impact of
them for three common channel types is also discussed. The
study helps in network planning and appropriate placement
of access points in infrastructure network. In the case of ad-
hoc network it helps in deciding the location of relay nodes
in stationary networks and identifying the required power
levels needed to reach the neighbour nodes in mobile ad-hoc
network.
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[3] Khorov, Evgeny, et al. "A tutorial on IEEE 802.11 ax high efficiency
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[6] O. O. Erunkulu, A. M. Zungeru, C. K. Lebekwe and J. M. Chuma,
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[7] Haider Kadhim Hoomod, Intisar Al-Mejibli and Abbas Issa Jabboory,
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[12] S. Kouhbor, J. Ugon, A. Rubinov, A. Kruger and M. Mammadov,
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Towards Internet of Things: Integration of Wireless

Sensor Network to Cloud Services for Data
Collection and Sharing
Anil Kumar N Dr.S.Vijayalakshmi Dr. D. Baswaraj
Department Electronics & Instrumentation Department of ECE, Department of CSE
Engineering R.M.K. Engineering college Vasavi college of engineering
Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering svl.eie@rmkec.ac.in Ibrahimbagh, Hyderabad
College Tirupati braj.d@staff.vce.ac.in
anilkumar.n@vidyanikethan.edu Dr.S.Chandramohan
Department of ECE Mohit Tiwari,
Padmanayaki Selvarajan Sri Chandrasekarendra Saraswathi Viswa Department of CSE
Department of Information Technology and Mahavidyalaya Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering
Security Kanchipuram, India Delhi,India
Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi chandramohan@kanchiuniv.ac.in mohit.tiwari@bharatividyapeeth.edu
prasanasp23@gmail.com

Abstract - Web applications with special computation and of the Internet of Things (WSN) idea is wireless sensor
storage requirements benefit greatly from the cloud computing networks, specifically. With inbuilt CPUs and low-power
model. With an extensible and flexible architecture, Wireless radios, WSNs are made up of intelligent sensor nodes that
Sensor Networks are integrated with the Cloud. It is possible to
keep track of environmental variables including temperature,
directly integrate REST-based Web services into other
pressure, humidity, vibration, and power usage [2]. The
application domains, such as e-health care, smart homes, and
even vehicular area networks (VANs). An IP-based WSN testbed primary objective of WSN is to offer users discovery services.
has been used to implement a proof of concept REST API web It makes sense to offer her WSN service to an expanding
service for accessing data from anywhere using a REST API. customer base given the rise in Internet users.
When monitoring data exceeds values or events of interest, users
will receive notifications by email or tweet. Users can transmit real-time data to your consumers at any
time with high bandwidth and excellent quality thanks to our
Keywords: Vehicular area network, Wireless Sensor network, adaptable, efficient, and economical cloud computing
testbed, Web service infrastructure. The cloud, which enables the provision of
computing as a service, is made up of hardware, networks,
I. INTRODUCTION
services, storage, and interfaces. [3]. Additionally, data
The term "Internet of Things" (IoT) refers to the
acquired from wireless sensor nodes can be shared via email,
interconnection of commonplace items with the Internet,
SMS, messaging services like social networks and blogs, and
including smartphones, Internet-enabled TVs, sensors, and
REST-based web services like Simple Object Access Protocol
actuators. These technologies can be intelligently connected to
(SOAP) and Representational State Transfer (REST). [4].
open up new channels of interaction between things and
These sensor networks can be connected, connected, and
people. The introduction of new dimensions to the world of
reviewed to forecast trends, analyze data in real time, and
information and communication technology has helped the
avert hazardous situations. For the Open.Sen.se sensor data
development of IoT advance significantly in recent years. The
platform, this study presents the design, development, and
number of linked gadgets surpassed the number of connected
integration of a scalable WSN architecture [5].Data from
persons in 2008, claims [1]. By 2020, 50 billion connected
sensor nodes is processed, stored, and examined by the
gadgets will exist, predicts Cisco. seven times the size of the
Open.Sen.se server via application programming interfaces
world's population now.
(APIs) (APIs). Use REST-based web services as an adaptable
application layer that can be readily incorporated into a variety
These connections are anticipated to develop into the fully
of application domains, such as e-health services, smart
developed and dynamic IoT network now that anyone can
homes, and even vehicle area networks (VANs).
connect to anything from anyplace. The Internet of Things
In order to demonstrate the concept of an intelligent
will be significantly impacted by developments in
environment, we integrated a REST-based web service into an
nanotechnology and wireless sensors. One of the key elements
IP-based low-power WSN testbed. This allowed the intelligent

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environment to access data from any location. Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs) have long been an obvious innovation.
Sensor data must be stored and made available for use in real-
world applications at all times and in all places. WSNs lack
the ability to store a lot of data and perform subsequent data
processing because they are constructed using proprietary
components. The quantity of WSNs may rise in a cloud
environment that offers these controls. In order to synchronize
cloud conditions and distant sensor linkages, this notion
therefore presupposes a sensor cloud structure.
For Internet of Things (IoT) applications that demand
adaptable and unavoidable compute, the tuned system is suited
and pragmatistically constructed. Developing nations require
appropriate social security systems to manage their large
populations. An integrated system can address problems with
the provision of health services that are included in the plan.
Using this to make it possible for people, networks, and
businesses who offer health care services to gather and send
health information when necessary to enhance social security
services for residents of both urban and rural locations. A
framework with IoT capabilities does not have many
challenges to investigate. This theory focuses on issues with
remote sensors and provides original solutions to these issues.
When connected to the Internet, WSNs often follow the IEEE
802.15.4 standard and employ their own set of regulations,
such as unpredictable board and construction. This proposition
offers a method for synchronizing sensor vision with a cloud
environment that depends on the Internet. Operating a
6LoWPAN-based hub offers dependable system-to-system
communication, including Internet connectivity.
a. Challenges in WSN
The sensor system is facility-dependent and differs slightly
from a conventional PC organization. In comparison to
conventional PC systems, there are some testing difficulties.
The memory, battery life, and reserve power of small sensor
hubs are all constrained. The following are some viewpoints
that WSN need to be able to include: availability of IP The
majority of Internet of Things applications need a small hub to
connect to the internet. The fact that CEOs have a range of
personalities and that packaging varies depending on
convention requirements make it difficult. This experiment
has to be run using IP-based remote sensing. In WSN, the use
of steering force is a crucial element.
The control system should be created to enhance energy
efficiency because the energy supply at the sensor hub is quite
constrained. Your Vitality might increase if you change how
you use it. Information Gathering Data collection from several
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tiny sensors is a difficult task. It can be used to gather
information. It is a technique that dispenses with the necessity
to categorize information based on application requirements
and produce copy packages, allowing for the orderly
management of information. Information-gathering techniques
increase system longevity and cut power usage. In addition,
obstructions between them can cause information loss. This is
a really challenging test to pass.
b. Cloud computing
International companies and scientists are interested in the
continuous advancement of distributed computing. The cloud
offers a domain of execution to which a client or company can
connect and exchange resources like superior PCs, databases,
etc., situated in geographically distant sites, often controlled
by other affiliates. The construction of routine, system-based
functions and services allows for the delivery of coordinated
and carefully curated functionality to end users. This is made
possible by a key idea known as distributed computing. It
delivers a management-centric design with little end-user data
technology overhead, lots of customizability, and low TCO. It
is possible to use distributed computing with three different
management models and four different organizational types.
The following are the three major types of control that the
cloud can offer:
● Software as a Service (SaaS): It is a product delivery
paradigm that enables users to access programmes from a
range of client devices without having to hire professionals to
operate the underlying cloud infrastructure.
● Platform as a Service (PaaS): Provides customers with
access to a hidden cloud infrastructure for rapid application
development, management, and oversight.
● Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Instead of using actual
hardware, this service offers virtualized computer resources.
Based on cloud framework leaders, usage, and ownership,
there are four different contract models.
II. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
IoT devices with embedded sensors are connected through
communication protocols. Owing to LPWAN wireless
networks, these Internet of Things devices can interact across
great distances (Low-Power Wide Area Network). Based on
his Lora, many people use wireless sensor networks. Cellular
networks like NBIoT, LTE-M, WLAN, and technologies like
sub-1 GHz, Zigbee, and Thread can be used to transfer the
data gathered by this sensor network to the cloud.
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a. Components of Wireless Sensor Network Remote interior monitoring systems support monitoring vast
● Sensor Nodes: Sensors are necessary for recording areas and ensuring the gas concentration level.
environmental parameters. The recorded data is used to create
an electrical signal that is then transferred. Outside Monitoring: To ensure broad flexibility for
● Radio Nodes: A wireless node, also known as a master machinery that is prone to having extreme access, external
node, gathers data from sensors and transmits it to the gateway monitoring of air quality requires the use of precise remote
in a wireless sensor network. These are made up of a sensors, rain and wind safe preparations, as well as energy
transceiver, a battery, and a microcontroller. procurement procedures.
● Access Point or Gateway: Receiving wireless data from
Air Pollution Monitoring: In a few urban locations, wireless
radio nodes and transmitting it over a cloud, often over the
sensor systems have been installed to alert residents to the
Internet or other cellular networks, is done by access points or
presence of a set of harmful gasses. These can benefit from the
gateways.
advantages of the particularly designed remote connections
● Edge Computing and Data Analysis: Information received
rather than wired establishments, which also increases their
from the gateway is further processed, examined, and stored
adaptability for testing readings in various locations[13-16].
using data analytics and edge computing. This information can
be shown on an IoT dashboard or mobile application[8-12].
Woodland Fire Detection:A system of sensor nodes can be
installed in woods to identify the beginning of fires. Sensors
b. Wireless Sensor Network Architecture
that measure temperature, humidity, and gases released by
burning trees and other vegetation can be installed on the hub.
Fault Tolerance: Fault tolerance refers to the network's
Avalanche Detection: The Avalanche Detection Framework
capacity to continue running even in the event that a sensor
employs distant sensor systems to identify minute variations in
node malfunctions.
soil composition and other traits that could happen before or
Mobility of Nodes:To enhance network performance, nodes
during an avalanche. Avalanches can be predicted using
can be moved anywhere they are within the sensor's range
information gathered prior to the event.
thanks to their mobility.
Scalability: WSN networks can include thousands of nodes
Water Quality Monitoring: Monitoring water quality entails
due to the network architecture.
looking into the purity of subsurface reservoirs, streams, lakes,
Feedback in case of Communication Failure: Notifies the base
and oceans[17-21].
station instantly and without delay if a specific participant is
unable to communicate data over the network.
Catastrophic event Prevention: Rapid response from wireless
sensor systems helps prevent the effects of calamities like
c. Sensor network
floods. Canals with expected moderate fluctuations in water
level are good locations for remote hubs.
Many WSN applications for earth science research have
emerged as a result of the evolution of environmental and
Mechanical Monitoring Machine Health Monitoring: For
earth observation technologies. This covers the exploration of
hardware condition-based maintenance, a wireless sensor
the outback, the oceans, the ice sheets, and volcanoes. This list
system was developed. This is due to the fact that it provides a
includes some of the most well-known locations.
large financial investment and allows for more capabilities
(CBM). In wired systems, wiring work typically prohibits the
Air Quality Monitoring: Counts of persons who can be seen
installation of enough sensors. Resources, rotating hardware,
must be taken across the board on a frequent basis in order to
dangerous or restricted areas, and previously unreachable
safeguard both people and the environment from the harm
places are now available to remote sensors.
caused by air pollution. Hazardous situations require the use
of technology that continuously monitors dangerous gasses.
Information Logging: Data collection for ecological
since both major quality metrics and the climate are subject to
monitoring is also done via wireless sensor systems. This can
fast change.
be done in a number of ways, from as basic as checking the
temperature in an ice chest to as difficult as figuring out how
Inside Monitoring: The employment of top-of-the-line,
much water is in a nuclear power plant's flood pond. In this
complex equipment that can adhere to mechanical regulations
manner, it will be simple to show through quantifiable data
is required to monitor the gas levels in unprotected areas.

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how well the framework functioned. WSNs have an advantage

over conventional loggers in that they may offer an
information flow that is "live."
Modern Sense and Control Applications: Several protocols
that enable remote sensor setup have been established through
continuing research. Future mechanical and associated distant
sensing and control applications are anticipated to profit from
these fresh viewpoints, with his WSN approach partially
replacing or enhancing conventional wireline-based systems.
Water/Waste Water Monitoring: Among the various activities
involved in water and wastewater monitoring are the
identification of surface or groundwater kinds and checking
that the nation's water infrastructure can support both people
and other animals.
Horticulture: Remote sensing systems are being employed
more frequently in agriculture, relieving ranchers of the need
for wired support in challenging circumstances. In gravity fed
systems, weight transmitters can be employed to impart a load
to the central point of control and monitor water tank levels.
The water system can be mechanized to use water more Figure 1: IoT with different WSN
effectively while minimizing waste.
Tracking and Localization: Leveraging WSNs results in a. Addressing
inactive restrictions and pointless targets by taking use of the
A front-end proxy system's base station must be able to offer
inescapably straightforward nature of such innovations and the WSN and Internet compatibility. In the second case, the base
nature of remote connectivity based on a consistent WSN station ought to serve as a gateway at the application layer.
infrastructure. will be monitored (e.g. brand). There must be compatibility between WSN and Internet
Keen Home Monitoring: Remote sensors are put into common protocols. The sensor node must have a direct IP address in
objects to create the WSN, which is used to monitor activity in order to employ the third technique because it can be directly
connected to the internet. Figure 2 denotes gateway protocol
smart homes. Systems that use remote sensors can monitor
which links the user with the sensor node along with the base
changes in the state of objects under human control and station.
provide behavioral support services.
Region Monitoring: WSN monitors a region that exhibits
some wonders. Geofencing for gas or oil pipelines is a
civilized example. Sensors are used in military models to find
enemy disturbance.
III. IOT IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
Sensor networks in the Internet of Things (IoT) consist of Figure 2: Gateway solution
specialized, spatially dispersed sensors that collect information Regular Internet protocols are challenging to run on sensor
about the environment and wirelessly communicate it to nodes with limited resources for the following reasons:
internet-based destinations. A WSN typically functions as a
network of nodes that sense and regulate their immediate ● Deployment: Devices are regarded as fixed things on
surroundings. All of these nodes are connected via a wireless the Internet. During operation, your actual location
means. Nodes communicate with one another through this won't change. Network administrators have
link. Figure 1 illustrates IoT connected with different WSN1, experience with reliable topologies. Sensor nodes are
WSN2, WSN 3 and WSN 4. dispersed throughout the detection field in a WSN at
random. Numerous applications also employ
portable sensor nodes. This shows that sensor nodes'
structural makeup is dynamic.

● Vulnerability: The sensor is exposed to events

because of its position. A dead knot might form in the

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entire process for any number of reasons, and a node
with an excessive amount of events or
communication will use up too much power.
● Limited Resources: The energy in sensor nodes is
finite. To maximize energy consumption, alternate
between active and sleeping modes frequently. Sleep
mode has a direct impact on sensor node architecture
since it effectively disconnects the node from the
network.
It is obvious that WSN and IoT are approached completely
differently. Niche aspects govern how well WSN and IoT
integration works. WSN topology changes need to be closely
monitored [6, 7, 8].
. Service because it offers a REST-based API for exposing and
IV. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
4.1 Wireless Sensor Node Design
The processes of developing the testbed and designing the
hardware are highlighted in this section along with the
suggested architecture. The base station is essential to the
suggested strategy. While retaining all communication,
retrieval, and computing capability, the size of this node is
kept to a minimum. XBee-ZB module, Ethernet shield, and
Arduino UNO board form the base station hardware. Through
a USB connection, the ATMEGA 328, an Atmel AVR
processor found in open source Arduino microcontrollers, may
be programmed in C.Figure 3 indicates the interrelation of IoT
in wireless sensor networks.
Figure 3: Interrelation of IoT in Wireless Sensor Network
Wireless sensor networks use microcontrollers to gather
sensor values from end devices, organize the data using a
predefined packet protocol, and transmit it via Ethernet. Sen.
se runs a job that communicates data to the server. Local
proxies are linked to wireless sensor networks via the Ethernet
module, which serves as a hub node. The two primary
functional parts of a base station are typically web servers and
XBee interfaces to wireless sensor networks. The Arduino
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UNO implements these two features. Both the XBee interface
and the functionality of the web server require libraries. The
mini-server acts as a mobile application server between a
wireless sensor and a dedicated network, allowing it to process
more sophisticated data than the sensor end devices. To gather
data from wireless sensors and transmit it to a platform for
sensor data in the cloud, base station sink nodes use the
ZigBee protocol. The monitoring layer also gives the base
station access to its web server so that it can connect and
upload sensor data.
Figure 4 denotes the flowchart of sensor communication with
its end nodes. This layer includes a web interface for
manipulating sensor data, producing statistics, and database
storage. The monitoring layer uses Open.sense.se. HTTP
accessing sensor data.This enables the connection of new
applications to existing networks with little adjustments. In
order to access sensor readings by device type and timestamp,
Open.Sen.se offers a graphical user interface for infographic
data streams used in real-time system monitoring. The base
station domain rule may also automatically give an alert to the
user each time it detects the needed occurrence.
Figure 4 : Flowchart of sensor communication with its end
nodes
V. Result and Discussion
In virtually every area of life, the fusion of IoT with WSNs
creates a wealth of options. The integration has flaws despite
how enticing they may look. Little hardware and software are
available to sensor nodes in WSN. Sensor node operating
systems function quite differently from internet node operating
systems since they have far less computing power. Hardware
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for sensor nodes is made to use less energy and to awaken in
response to an incident. IoT, on the other hand, is not
constrained by the capabilities of hardware or processing. For
interoperability during integration, WSN and IoT layered
functions must be synchronized. WSN nodes should be
updated as well to fend off cyberattacks. The capacity of a
WSN to faithfully integrate must be improved, and the layered
operations of IoT must be modified to function with a WSN.
In figure 5, the wireless sensor network nodes are depicted
over their lifetime.
Figure 5: Wireless sensor network node lifetime
VI. CONCLUSION
This idea evolved into a flexible structure for WSN connection
to the cloud using REST-based complete Web products as an
interoperable software layer that can be immediately added
into different applications, gathering and dispensing sensor
data. To avoid data loss and social unrest brought on by
coordinator failure, we implemented intelligence at many
architectural layers to meet the various requirements of
conceivable software scenarios with the least amount of
redecoration and recoding. The results of the assessment show
that clients can benefit from sensor statistics on any mobile
device with internet connectivity and from any place.
According to the data, the Open.Sen.se server typically needs
eleven seconds to automatically assemble and send the user's
alert notification email to their chosen email account. Utilizing
the sleep capability of low strength XBee ZB transceiver
modules allowed for the evolution of a comparable energy-
efficient method for extending the life of sensor nodes.
VII. REFERENCES
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[13] K. Karunanithy and B. Velusamy, ‘‘Edge device based efficient
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[16] A. Belfkih, C. Duvallet, and B. Sadeg, ‘‘A survey on wireless

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Modified Aquila Optimization based Route Planning
Model for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Networks
Sachin Vasant Chaudhari
Associate Professor, Department of Electronic and
Computer Engineering, Sanjivani College of Engineering,
Kopargaon, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra,
sachin_tra@rediffmail.com
Shahnawaz Ayoub,2
Shri Venkateshwara University, NH-24, Venkateshwara
Nagar, Rajabpur Gajraula, Dist: Amroha, Uttar Pradesh,
India, shahnawazayoub@outlook.com
Dr. M. Siva
Assistant professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Easwari Engineering College, Chennai,
Tamilnadu, India,
m.siva@eec.srmrmp.edu.in
Abstract—Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are deliberated as
a potential example of automated emergency tasks in dynamic
marine environments. But the maritime transmission
performances among UAVs and offshore platform becomes a
crucial problem. The task planning problems of numerous UAVs
are classified into two parts, route planning and task allocation
problems, are different and interrelated from one another.
Because of the complicated marine environments, both efficiencies
of UAVs in an intelligent ocean are not acceptable. This study
presents a Modified Aquila Optimization Algorithm based Route
Planning Scheme (MAOA-RPS) for UAV networks. The presented
MAOA-RPS technique is majorly concentrated on the detection of
optimal routes for UAV data transmission. To attain this, the
MAOA-RPS technique involves the incorporation of Levy flight
(LF) with the traditional AOA. In addition, the optimal routes are
chosen by the MAOA-RPS technique via a fitness value, which can
be determined by many input parameters. For assessing the
enhanced outcomes of the MAOA-RPS technique, we have
performed a series of experiments. The comparison study revealed
the improved performance of the MAOA-RPS technique under
distinct metrics.
Keywords— Unmanned aerial vehicles; Route planning; Data
transmission; Metaheuristics; Levy flight
I. INTRODUCTION
As mobile sensing systems, unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs) or drones are an efficient and fast option to distinguish
the atmosphere owing to their quick response abilities [1]. The
UAVs could adopt self-directed performances execution
multifaceted errands at a low working cost, offering strong
incentives to accept such automobiles for several happenings
like environmental monitoring, search and rescue operations,
and accurate agriculture [2]. Drones were used effortlessly in
cases where anthropoid life is at risk, like military processes
performed in bad weather, intimidating ecological
circumstances, or polluted districts. Scientific research events
like monitoring vehicle traffic, data collection, saleable and
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Dr. M. Dhipa
Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Nandha Engineering College, Perundurai Main
Road, Erode,
dhipachandrasekar@gmail.com .
B Gayathri
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science,
Bishop Heber College, Affiliated to Bharathidasan
University, Trichy,
gaya3arun85@gmail.com
V. Banupriya
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science
and Business Systems, M. Kumarasamy College of
Engineering, Karur, Tamilnadu, India,
banucs03@gmail.com
safety duties such as border watching, controlling protected parts
namely energy broadcast appearances are other bags where
drones are working frequently [3]. Administrations have
previously spent millions of dollars on this skill, and seemingly
this spending will endure increasing with the cumulative
requirement in both civil and governmental governments [4].
With progress in aerospace abilities such as altitude, range,
endurance, and observation, UAVs are an indispensable aspect
to increase military power. In armed forces, drones are
employed in execution of several assignments like electric
conflict and signal intelligence, transportation, battle damage
valuation, investigation search and rescue, and reconnaissance
and aggressive rival targets [5]. Fig. 1 defines the components
of UAV system.
Fig. 1. Components of UAV
With the expansion in UAV technology, the necessity for
utilizing drones professionally develops more significant stock
[6]. Users have to plan their doings efficiently and segment the
data timely, while the enhancements in the information and
communication schemes aid doctors discover reckless and real
solutions. It is experimental that drones remain progressively for
investigation tasks. As the supreme flight time of a drone was
limited, it is vital to have an ideal route strategy to shelter
additional ideas, regions of interest, or lines. Besides, allowable
process periods may also be snugger than aerospace time [7, 8].
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Process of many drones in shadowing task chiefs the
investigators to the steering problematic which is an influential
arena of processes research identified as the Vehicle Routing
Problems (VRPs), presented by Dantzig and Ramser. VRP was
usually castoff in the terms of transport processes with a delivery
system of goods among a granary and patrons. Every route
employed by vehicles remains strongminded to curtail the
transport price or total travel coldness topic to some restraints.
VRP was an NP-hard issue, then, since it is presumed that P is
unequal to NP [9], the computing power essential for solution
surges at a better rate than multinomial as the delinquent size
rises. For large illustrations of the VRP, meta-heuristic methods
were employed in a shot to overwhelmed the problems related
with exact methods [10]. The review of meta-heuristics
expresses that the projected techniques could bargain and
occasionally optimal resolutions to bulky examples having an
insufficient one hundred customers.
This study presents a Modified Aquila Optimization
Algorithm based Route Planning Scheme (MAOA-RPS) for
UAV networks. The presented MAOA-RPS technique is
majorly concentrated on the detection of optimal routes for UAV
data transmission. To attain this, the MAOA-RPS technique
involves the incorporation of Levy flight (LF) with the
traditional AOA. In addition, the optimal routes are chosen by
the MAOA-RPS technique via a fitness value, which can be
determined by many input parameters. For assessing the
enhanced outcomes of the MAOA-RPS technique, we have
performed a series of experiments.
II. RELATED WORKS
Santin et al. [11] grant metaheuristics for routing a varied
group of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) for comprehensive
exposure of pulverized parts, seeing concurrent reduction of the
attention time and placement the negligeable amount of
refuelling stations. As this problematic was not solved, the
author intended high-level path preparation that syndicates the
multi variable neighborhood search (MOVNS) meta-heuristic
and the careful preparation to travel the usual non-dominated
answers. In [12], a drone steering and orientation problem
drones UAV-ROP) that reduces the 3D flight detachments of the
drone under directional, navigation and indeterminate
restrictions are presented and established NP-hard in this study.
To enhance the covered direction-finding and locations in the
UAV-ROP concurrently, a real memetic process is projected in
this study. In the system, the GA achieves the outer loop for
enhancing the route and the local search meta-heuristic does the
inner loop for enhancing the locations.
Ozkan [13] suggests an algorithm to use and drones for
mitigating forest fire risks. The advanced metaheuristic
technique crossbreeds fake annealing and resident
hunt metaheuristics with an integer lined software
design method. The precise perfect was industrialized to resolve
the distance-constrained multi-based multi-drone routing
problem, and since the difficulty of the issue, the generated
meta-heuristics aid the method treasure better answers. In [14],
an exact route planning technique for weeding machines related
to drone imageries was devised. A GA was rummage-sale to
enhance the process route. For GA, a novel route indoctrination
method and fitness function remained. In [15], projects an
innovative metaheuristic by a neuro-fuzzy inference scheme for
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decision making christened MANFIS-DM procedure on
independent drone schemes. The MANFIS-DM method means
to efficiently establish the drone system into bunches and then
categorize the imageries into fitting class tags.
III. THE PROPOSED MODEL
In this study, we have developed a new MAOA-RPS
technique for route planning in the UAV network. The presented
MAOA-RPS technique is majorly concentrated on the detection
of optimal routes for UAV data transmission. To attain this, the
MAOA-RPS technique involves the incorporation of the LF
concept with the traditional AOA [16]. In addition, the optimal
routes are chosen by the MAOA-RPS technique via a fitness
value, which can be determined by many input parameters.
Initially, in AOA, the swarm catches the prey via four predation
methodologies.
The initial approach: Fly high in the sky search prey. Now,
they are above the hunt space at highest height and initial
searching and flippers the target. When the prey is identified,
they dive vertically towards the prey and the behavior is
formulated as follows:
𝑡
𝑋(𝑡 + 1) = 𝑋𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) × (1 − ) + (𝑋𝑀 (𝑡) − 𝑋𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑) (1)
𝑇
From the expression, 𝑋(𝑡 + 1) represents the individual
location at 𝑡 + 1 iterations, 𝑋𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) denotes the existing global
optimal location at 𝑡 𝑡ℎ iterations. 𝑡 and 𝑇 signify the present 𝑡-
𝑡ℎ iterations and the maximal count of iteration. 𝑋𝑀 (𝑡)
represents the current mean position of individual at extant
iteration. rand refers to the arbitrary number in Gauss
distribution ranges from [0, 1].
The second approach: contour flight with shortest glide
attack. Now, it switched from flying at highest altitude towards
hovering on prey's head, getting ready for predation behavior
and the position can be upgraded as follows:
𝑋(𝑡 + 1) = 𝑋𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) × 𝐿𝐹(𝐷) + 𝑋𝑅 (𝑡) + (𝑦 − 𝑥) × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2)
From the expression, 𝑋𝑅 (𝑡) indicates the arbitrary position,
and 𝐷 shows the dimension size. 𝐿𝐹 represents Levy flight
function. 𝑦 and 𝑥 characterize the shape of search that is given
below:
3×𝜋
𝑥 = (𝑟1 + 0.00565 × 𝐷1 ) × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (−𝜔 × 𝐷1 + )
{ 2 (3)
3×𝜋
𝑦 = (𝑟1 + 0.00565 × 𝐷1 ) × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−𝜔 × 𝐷1 + )
2
1
𝜋𝛽 𝛽
𝜇×𝜎 Γ(1 + 𝛽) × sin ( )
2
𝐿𝐹(𝑥) = 0.01 × 1 ,𝜎 = 𝛽−1
(4)
1+𝛽 ( )
|𝑣|𝛽 Γ( )×𝛽×2 2
( 2 )
Consider, 𝑟1 as the searching cycle number within [0, 1], 𝐷1
signifies a random number from one to 𝐷-dimension, along with
𝜔 specifies a constant of 0.005. Fig. 2 demonstrates the
flowchart of AOA.
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This distribution followed the predictable LD for |𝑠| ≥ |𝑠0 |,

while 𝑠0 discusses the minimal step length. Now, 𝛤(. )
characterizes the Gamma function and is calculated by:
∞
𝛤(1 + 𝛽) = ∫ 𝑡 𝛽 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (12)
0
In the distinct cases, if 𝛽 is an integer, then guarantees that
𝛤(1 + 𝛽) = 𝛽! (13)
In the proposed model, the step size can be generated by
means of LD to exploit the searching region:
𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒(𝑡) = 0.001 × 𝑠(𝑡) × 𝑆𝐿𝐶 (14)
Now, 𝑡 indicates the iteration count to local search method,
𝑠(𝑡) has evaluated by means of LD and 𝑆𝐿𝐶 represent the social
learning components of global searching method.
The routing issue is processed as a Multiobjective minimized
problem. In such cases, 2 objectives are considered to enhance
reliability of the data distribution. The purpose of the proposed
method is to minimalize the cost of inter‐cluster and intra‐cluster
Fig. 2. Flowchart of AOA communications. The aim of the proposed model is shown
below.
The third approach: Lowest‐altitude flight gets closer |𝑉| |𝑐𝑘 |
towards the prey and slowly attacks. Now, they initially discover
and determine the neighboring prey location, and descend ∑ ∑ 𝑤𝑐𝑚𝑚,𝑘 →𝐶𝐻𝑘 (15)
vertically towards primary predation, once they found prey 𝑘=1 𝑚=1
|𝑉|
reduction the speed and it is expressed as follows:
𝑋(𝑡 + 1) = (𝑋𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) − 𝑋𝑀 (𝑡)) × 𝛼 − 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑ 𝑤𝐶𝐻𝑘 →𝑁𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐻𝑜𝑝𝐶𝐻 , (16)
𝑘
+ ((𝑈𝐵 − 𝐿𝐵) × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 + 𝐿𝐵) × 𝛿 (5) 𝑘=1
Whereas, 𝐶𝐻𝑘 → 𝐶𝐻 number 𝑘; 𝑘 → whole amount of CH
Assume 𝛼 and 𝛿 as amendment parameters in the
selection; 𝑁𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐻𝑜𝑝𝐶𝐻𝑘 →Next hop to 𝐶𝐻𝑘 ; 𝑐𝑚𝑚,𝑘 → Cluster
development process, fixed as 0.1, 𝐿𝐵 and 𝑈𝐵 correspondingly
shows the lower and upper boundaries of the search space. member number 𝑚 of clusters 𝑘; 𝑉 → The vector involving the
The fourth approach: Walk on land and catch the prey. Now, CH selected; 𝐶𝑘 → The vector covers the CM from the cluster
they go toward the land for tracking the prey escaping trajectory, that corresponding to 𝐶𝐻𝑘 .
along with attack the prey and this behavior is formulated by: IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
𝑋(𝑡 + 1) = 𝑄𝐹 × 𝑋𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) − (𝐺1 × 𝑋(𝑡) × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑)
− 𝐺2 × 𝐿𝐹(𝐷) The experimental result analysis of the MAOA-RP model is
+ 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 × 𝐺1 (6) assessed under three scenarios as demonstrated in Table 1.
2×𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑−1
𝑄𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑡 (1−𝑇)2 (7) TABLE I
𝐺1 = 2 × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1 DATASET DETAILS
{ 𝑡 (8)
𝐺2 = 2 × (1 − ) Parameter
Scenario Scenario Scenario
𝑇 1 2 3
From the expression, 𝑄𝐹 denotes the quality function of
search process, 𝐺1 indicates the parameter of random motion 10*10 10*10
The task allocation area 10*10 km
during prey chasing, as well it is arbitrary number ranges in km km
[−1,1], 𝐺2 refers to the flight slope during prey chasing that is The number of warehouses 1 1 1
denoted by 2 reduced linearly to 0. The material loading capacity
20 kg 20 kg 20 kg
The MAOA is derived by the use of LF. It is an arbitrary of a UAV
walk while the step was defined based on the step length that has 1.5 1.5 1.5
likelihood distribution. An arbitrary step length was derived in The flight speed of UAVs
km/min km/min km/min
the Levy distribution (LD) as follows [17]. 𝐼𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 75 km 75 km 75 km
𝐿(𝑠) ∼ |𝑠|−1−𝛽 (9)
Whereas 𝛽(0 < 𝛽 ≤ 2) indicates the index and ‘s’ shows 𝑁𝑐 10 20 30
the step length. The Mantegna Approach for symmetric Levy 𝑁𝑝 100 100 100
stable distribution has been employed for creating arbitrary step Iterations 200 200 300
sizes as follows:
𝑢 Independent runs 50 50 50
𝑠= 1 (10)
|𝑣|𝛽
In Eq. (10), 𝑢 and 𝑣 denote the standard distribution.
𝑢 ∼ 𝑁(0, 𝜎𝑢2 ), 𝑣 ∼ 𝑁(0, 𝜎𝑣2 ) (11)

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TABLE II
SDIS ANALYSIS OF MAOA-RP SYSTEM WITH DISTINCT
ITERATIONS UNDER SCENARIO-1

Shortest Distance / km (Scenario – 1)

No. of MAOA-
SA GA ACO GA-PSO
Iterations RP
0 84.55 66.63 91.22 62.94 58.26
25 73.40 61.25 85.05 57.96 54.38
50 67.02 58.36 82.36 55.57 53.18
75 66.03 56.67 69.91 55.67 53.18
100 59.36 55.87 63.54 55.67 53.18
125 56.07 55.87 61.75 55.67 53.18 Fig. 3. SDIS analysis of MAOA-RP system under scenario-1
150 56.07 55.87 61.75 55.67 53.18
175 56.07 55.87 61.75 55.67 53.18
200 56.07 55.87 61.75 55.67 53.18
Average 63.17 57.68 70.48 56.52 53.65

Table 2 and Fig. 3 implies the shortest distance (SDIS) of the

MAOA-RP model with recent models. The results depicted that
the MAOA-RP model has gained least SDIS values. For
instance, with 25 iterations, the MAOA-RP model has resulted
to lower SDIS of 58.26 whereas the SA, GA, ACO, and GA-
PSO models have attained higher SDIS of 84.55, 66.63, 91.22,
and 62.94 respectively. Also, with 100 iterations, the MAOA-
RP method has resulted to lower SDIS of 53.18 whereas the SA,
GA, ACO, and GA-PSO models have reached higher SDIS of
59.36, 55.87, 63.54, and 55.67 correspondingly. Similarly, with
150 iterations, the MAOA-RP model has resulted to lower SDIS
of 53.18 whereas the SA, GA, ACO, and GA-PSO models have
achieved higher SDIS of 56.07, 55.87, 61.75, and 55.67
correspondingly.
An average SDIS assessment of the MAOA-RP model on
scenario-1 is illustrated in Fig. 4. The results assured that the
MAOA-RP model has gained superior results with minimal
SDIS of 53.65 while the SA, GA, ACO, and GA-PSO models
have obtained maximum average SDIS values of 63.17, 57.68,
70.48, and 56.52 respectively.
Fig. 4. Average SDIS analysis of MAOA-RP system under
scenario-1
Table 3 and Fig. 5 implies the SDIS of the MAOA-RP model
with recent models. The results portrayed that the MAOA-RP
approach has gained least SDIS values. For example, with 25
iterations, the MAOA-RP technique has resulted to lower SDIS
of 116.94 whereas the SA, GA, ACO, and GA-PSO models have
attained higher SDIS of 161.74, 139.07, 136.95, and 134.65
correspondingly. Additionally, with 100 iterations, the MAOA-
RP model has resulted to lower SDIS of 105.96 whereas the SA,
GA, ACO, and GA-PSO models have attained higher SDIS of
113.04, 122.78, 131.46, and 116.23 respectively. Also, with 150
iterations, the MAOA-RP method has resulted to lower SDIS of
106.31 whereas the SA, GA, ACO, and GA-PSO models have
reached higher SDIS of 113.04, 115.70, 123.84, and 110.21
correspondingly.

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TABLE III
SDIS ANALYSIS OF MAOA-RP SYSTEM WITH DISTINCT
ITERATIONS UNDER SCENARIO-2

Shortest Distance / km (Scenario – 2)

No. of MAOA-
SA GA ACO GA-PSO
Iterations RP
0 178.74 154.13 146.69 148.28 125.08
25 161.74 139.07 136.95 134.65 116.94
50 147.04 133.58 130.93 122.96 110.21
75 123.14 129.86 131.28 118.35 107.91
100 113.04 122.78 131.46 116.23 105.96
125 113.04 119.24 127.39 110.21 106.31
150 113.04 115.70 123.84 110.21 106.31
175 113.04 115.70 122.43 110.21 106.31 Fig. 6. Average SDIS analysis of MAOA-RP system under
200 113.04 115.70 122.43 110.21 106.31 scenario-2
Average 128.88 126.54 129.89 118.94 109.51

TABLE IV
SDIS ANALYSIS OF MAOA-RP SYSTEM WITH DISTINCT
ITERATIONS UNDER SCENARIO-3

Shortest Distance / km
No. of GA- MAOA-
SA GA ACO
Iterations PSO RP
0 294.65 259.82 251.65 257.33 221.79
25 279.01 237.07 223.92 237.07 201.53
50 255.91 214.33 206.51 219.30 175.94
75 214.68 203.31 200.11 201.53 166.70
100 185.89 190.52 199.05 183.76 166.35
Fig. 5. SDIS analysis of MAOA-RP system under scenario-2 125 178.43 180.21 195.14 180.92 166.35
150 178.43 179.85 189.80 176.30 166.35
An average SDIS assessment of the MAOA-RP model on
scenario-2 is exemplified in Fig. 6. The results assured that the 175 178.43 179.85 189.80 175.94 166.35
MAOA-RP approach has gained superior results with minimal 200 178.43 179.85 189.80 175.94 166.35
SDIS of 109.51 while the SA, GA, ACO, and GA-PSO models
have obtained maximum average SDIS values of 128.88, 225 178.43 179.85 189.80 175.94 166.35
126.54, 129.89 and 118.94 correspondingly. 250 178.43 179.85 189.80 175.94 166.35
Table 4 and Fig. 7 implies the SDIS of the MAOA-RP model
with recent models. The results depicted that the MAOA-RP 275 178.43 179.85 189.80 175.94 166.35
model has gained least SDIS values. For instance, with 25 300 178.43 179.85 189.80 175.94 166.35
iterations, the MAOA-RP approach has resulted to lower SDIS Average 201.67 194.02 198.77 191.79 172.79
of 201.53 whereas the SA, GA, ACO, and GA-PSO models have
attained higher SDIS of 279.01, 237.07, 223.92, and 237.07
correspondingly. Also, with 100 iterations, the MAOA-RP
technique has resulted to lower SDIS of 166.35 whereas the SA,
GA, ACO, and GA-PSO models have attained higher SDIS of
185.89, 190.52, 199.05, and 183.76 respectively. Also, with 150
iterations, the MAOA-RP model has resulted to lower SDIS of
166.35 whereas the SA, GA, ACO, and GA-PSO models have
achieved higher SDIS of 178.43, 179.85, 189.80, and 176.30
correspondingly.

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Fig. 7. SDIS analysis of MAOA-RP system under scenario-3
An average SDIS assessment of the MAOA-RP model on
scenario-3 is demonstrated in Fig. 8. The results assured that the
MAOA-RP model has obtained superior results with minimal
SDIS of 172.79 while the SA, GA, ACO, and GA-PSO
techniques have obtained maximum average SDIS values of
201.67, 194.02, 198.77 and 191.79 correspondingly.
Fig. 8. Average SDIS analysis of MAOA-RP system under
scenario-3
V. CONCLUSION
In this study, we have developed a new MAOA-RPS
technique for route planning in the UAV network. The presented
MAOA-RPS technique is majorly concentrated on the detection
of optimal routes for UAV data transmission. To attain this, the
MAOA-RPS technique involves the incorporation of the LF
concept with the traditional AOA. In addition, the optimal routes
are chosen by the MAOA-RPS technique via a fitness value,
which can be determined by many input parameters. For
assessing the enhanced outcomes of the MAOA-RPS technique,
we have performed a series of experiments. The comparison
study revealed the improved performance of the MAOA-RPS
technique under distinct metrics. In future, data collection
scheme can be introduced to improve the overall network
performance.
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[1] B. Abhishek, S. Ranjit, T. Shankar, G. Eappen, P. Sivasankar, A. Rajesh,
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Performance Analysis M-PAPM WDM-PON

System with ASE-Powered Stealth Channels
for Steganography Applications
Mr. A. S AGAYA S ELVARAJ,
Associate Professor,
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering,
IFET College of Engineering,
Villupuram, TamilNadu, India.
johndanielpascal@gmail.com
MATHIBALAN.B,
UG Scholar,
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering,
IFET College of Engineering,
Villupuram, TamilNadu, India.
mathibala100@gmail.com
S AGADEVAN K
Associate professor
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering,
IFET College of Engineering,
Villupuram, TamilNadu, India.
sakakec@gmail.com

MOHANRAJ S
UG Scholar,
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering,
IFET College of Engineering,
Villupuram, TamilNadu, India.
admohanraj17@gmail.com

Abstract----Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 1. INTRODUCTION

boosts a physical medium's carrying capacity. Light
frequencies within a frequency range are assigned to
incoming optical communications (wavelengths or
lambdas). Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(DWDM) has lately acquired favor as a low-cost method of
increasing the tran smission capacity of existing fibre cable
connections. DWDM was formerly solely used in baseband
digital applications, especially in terrestrial long-distance
networks and, in certain cases, metropolitan and
commercial networks. The performance of DWDM
components and frequency-stabilized lasers has lately
skyrocketed, while their costs have plummeted. As a result, a
variety of novel optical network configurations have become
commercially viable. Different types of DWDM systems,
such as point-to-point, tree, and ring networks, are
developed based on application needs. Each of these systems
needs an own set of parts. Becau se it provides greater
management and protection measu res, the ring
configuration is preferred above all others. A multichannel
high-speed DWDM ring with 16 channels and a channel
spacing of 0.4 nm was developed in this work. Each channel
has a 10 Gbps data rate. The performance optimization of
the DWDM ring using various modulation techniques was
discovered on the simulated ring. As a comparison, the
MPAPM modulation format was employed. Different
modulation formats' BER and Eye diagrams were compared
and analyzed. MPAPM outperformed CRZ, NRZ, RZ, and
DPSK, according to research. The Electronic Dispersion
Compensation (EDC) iii technology, which includes
Decision Feedback Equalizers (DFE) and Feed Forward
Equalizers (FFE) equalizers, can extend the tran smission
distance even more.
Keywords: Optical Networks, Dense
Wavelength Division Modulation, Optical
Co mmunicat ion, Frequency Reuse, Pulse A mplitude
Modulation
The flo w of in formation fro m one location to
another is referred to as co mmunicat ion.
Co mmunicat ion systems are necessary to communicate
over great distances. The method of modulat ion is used
in various communicat ion systems to convey
informat ion across long distances. In the modulation
process, high-frequency electro magnetic waves carry
the information. In particu lar, visible optical carrier
waves in the optical range are required in optical fibre
communicat ion systems. These optical carrier waves
have very high frequencies in the range of 100 THz
[1]. People used to send brief messages across small
distances using light and fire, mirrors, and s moke in the
past. After many years, in 1880, Alexander Graham
Bell invented the photophone which made the use of
light for co mmun ication. Photophone was a device
which used to transmit sound on them light beam. But
the photophone did not become the practical device
because of unsecured channels through which the light
was passing. Fiber optic trans mission began to advance
rapidly with the invention of fiberscope. Fiberscope
was used in industry and for laparoscopic surgery. But
it was in 1970 that fiber optic co mmun ications
revolutionized with the invention of Laser diode. Then
in 1975, first commercial fiber optic co mmun ication
system was developed which used semiconductor [2].
The fourth-generation optical fiber systems
made use of optical amp lifiers to increase the repeater
spacing. The WDM technique was also used to
increase the bit rate. By 2001, fourth generation optical
communicat ion systems were operating at 10 Tb/s. The
major fiber losses in the systems were compensated by
the EDFA amplifier. The conventional C band was the

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focus of the fifth-generation of optical technologies [3].
These systems concentrated on expanding the
wavelength range in WDM. Solitons are employed in
optical co mmunications systems as well. So litons are
pulses of a specified form that maintain their shape
while co mpensating for fibre dispersion and
nonlinearity. The goal of this generation of systems
was to efficiently use the bandwidth of fibre using
DWDM methods. The WDM variant technology is
DWDM.
1.1. OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATIONS:
The data carrying capacity of communication
networks rises as the carrier frequency increases.
Optical waves in the THz band are used in optical
fibre co mmunication systems, which greatly boosts the
optical co mmunicat ion systems' informat ion carrying
capability. The fundamental b lock diagram of an
optical fibre co mmun ications system is shown in
Figure 1.1. The data is transferred in either digital or
analogue format. At the source, the data is in electrical
form. At the optical source, the electrical signal is first
converted into the optical signal. The optical source at
the transmitter side can be a laser diode or an LED.
The optical signal is then transmitted through the glass
fiber. At the receiver end, the optical signal is
converted back into the electrical form using an optical
detector [4]. The optical detector can be a p-n diode, p-
i-n or an avalanche diode. Optical detection provides
the optical-electrical conversion.
Figure 1.1 Block Diagram of Optical Fiber
Communication
In optical fiber co mmunication, signal is in
optical fo rm and transmitted through the glass fiber.
The optical fiber communication system has many
advantages over the conventional commun ication
systems in which electrical signals travels through the
copper wires. As the signal travels in optical for m and
the signal remains confined to the glass fiber, optical
fiber co mmunication system becomes secured. The
range of the optical carriers is in THz which has very
high bandwidth as compared to the radio
communicat ion and microwave co mmun ication
systems. The signal is guided by the glass fiber and
signal attenuation is very small as compared to the
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signals propagating through the cables. The added
advantage of optical fiber is its small size and weight
as the fiber is made up of g lass or plastic and the
diameter of fiber is as small as a single strand of hair.
1.2. DENS E WAVEL ENGTH DIVIS ION
MULTIPLEXING
DWDM is variant technology of WDM. In
mid of 1990, dense WDM systems started emerg ing,
those systems used 16-24 channels spaced at 100-200
GHz. In late 1990, DW DM systems were capable of
carrying up to 80 channels, those were densely spaced
at 25-50 GHz. In DWDM, d ifferent wavelengths at
narrow spacing are co mbined and sent at a t ime over a
single optical fiber. The application of DWDM is in
submarine and long-haul terrestrial systems which
carry enormous data [5]. The difference between the
WDM and DWDM is the spacing between the
wavelengths. In DWDM , wavelengths are closer than
WDM hence DW DM provides mo re channel capacity.
In networks based on Synchronous Optical Netwo rk
(SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
protocols, DWDM and WDM methods are employed.
Depending upon the applications, different network
topologies like point-to-point, tree and ring topology
are used. But ring topology is preferred for DWDM
because of the advantages of better management
experience and protection. Optical Add Drop
Multiplexer (PA PM) is one of the main co mponents
used for imp lementation of DWDM. An PAPM takes
a multi-wavelength signal, removes one or more
wavelengths, and replaces them with one or more pre-
selected wavelengths. Amplification and equalization
of optical signals are possible at PAPM as each optical
signal is controlled indiv idually. In DWDM, Crosstalk
is the main issue like in W DM. Crosstalk arises due to
imperfections of network co mponents and hence limits
the performance of networks based on DWDM.
Figure 1.2 Block Diagram of Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
1.3. MODULATION FORMATS
Modulation is a method of impressing data
optical carrier waves for transmission across optical
fibre. The researchers explored and analy zed
bandwidth-efficient modulation forms for optimal
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exploitation of high-capacity optical networks. The
modulation formats used to imprint data on optical
carrier waves have an impact on the capacity of
DWDM networks. For real world applications,
selection of the modulation format also depends upon
the other factors like interference and inter-modulation
fro m adjacent channels, nonlinear properties and noise
tolerance. The simp lest modulation formats used in
optical fiber co mmunication systems is non-return-to-
zero (NRZ). In NRZ, pulse is ON for the entire bit
period. The NRZ modulation format has the advantage
of ease of generation and less bandwidth requirement.
But NRZ is not a suitable modulation format in
DWDM systems as this modulation format is h ighly
susceptible to linear effects. One of the most common
optical modulation formats is a return-to-zero (RZ). In
RZ, pulse remains ON for a portion of the b it period.
RZ has better performance as compared to NRZ in
high-speed networks like DW DM, because of self-
synchronizing data format and resistant to Kerr non-
linearity. Because the RZ pulse has a greater optical
bandwidth than the NRZ pulse, it is more susceptible
to dispersion. Chirped Return-to-Zero (CRZ)
modulation format is a subset of RZ modulation
format. This modulation fo rmat is obtained by pre-
chirp on conventional RZ pulses at the transmitter
side. For long haul transmission systems at channel
data rates up to 10 Gbps, CRZ modulation format is
used. Phase modulation of RZ data format generates
CRZ. CRZ format is tolerant to the fiber non-linearity
but wide optical spectrum is its disadvantage as it
reduces the dispersion tolerance and spectral
efficiency [6].
2. RELATED WORK
It is crit ical to use available bandwidth as
efficiently as possible in very h igh-capacity optical
networks such as DWDM. Choosing modulation
methods that utilize less bandwidth is one technique to
optimize available bandwidth. The modulation format
adopted must be interference-resistant and resistant to
nonlinearity and noise in the fibre. The speedy
implementation effort must also comp ly to budgetary
constraints. M. Jaworski et al discussed several
modulation formats. The author provided an overview
of the modulation types used in terabit DWDM system
testing. Kerr In DWDM systems [7, 8], nonlinearity and
chromatic d ispersion of fibre are major degradation
problems. The author ran simulat ions of a 4 x 40 Gb/s
DWDM system across a 4 x 80 km single -mode fibre
distance, then modified the dispersion. The simu lations
of various modulation formats were then conducted. In
simu lations, fibre parameters like as attenuation,
dispersion, dispersion slope, and non-linear co-efficient
were employed. In order to prevent fiber-induced
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degradation, numerous modulation techniques were
developed, each having major advantages for
transmission. Differential Quadrature was shown to
be superior than Suppressed Return to Zero (PAPM )
and Duobinary Phase Shift Key (DB-PSK) modulation.
A. Sangeetha et al proposed a set of simu lations to
connect non-Return to Zero (NRZ), RZ, and CRZ
systems in terms of signal degradation caused by Kerr
non-linearities in 320 km of DW DM signal trans mission
simu lations. The author explored the dynamics of CRZ
systems. The CRZ modulation format was determined
to have substantial advantages over the NRZ modulation
standard. WDM systems did not perform well across
distances of 5000 km o r more at 10 Gb/s. The author
used the CRZ modulation format across more than 5000
kilo meters with acceptable power marg ins, and he also
examined the generation of individual CRZ pulses. The
creation of pulses at ideal power levels was dominated
by chromatic dispersion, with non-linearity having little
impact. In decreasing the influence of non-linearity,
symmetric dispersion compensation was shown to be
more important than asymmetric compensation [9, 10,
11].
A. Sheetal et al created a model of a 40 Gb/s
long-distance DWDM system with a capacity of 1.28
Tb/s. The modulation types Carrier Suppressed Return -
to-Zero (PAPM), Duobinary Return-to-Zero (DRZ), and
Modified Duobinary Return-to-Zero (M DDRZ) were
simu lated (MDRZ). In the research, MDRZ, a modified
modulation format, was given. A maximu m
transmission distance of 1450 kilo metres was reached
using a 32-channel DWDM system employing the
MDRZ modulat ion standard with symmetric correction
[12, 13].
Bobrovs et al.demonstrated nonlinear optical
effects on NRZ and RZ modulated signals. Nonlinear
effects were emp loyed by the authors to demonstrate the
utilisation of Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) and Return-to-
Zero (RZ) modulat ion formats in WDM systems. The
outcomes of the simulation demonstrated that nonlinear
effects (NOE) were affected by dispersion and input
power levels. The NRZ format is faster to generate and
has less signal bandwidth than the RZ format, which has
less inter-symbol interference. The d ispersion value of
NRZ systems is nearly nil. The newly produced
harmonic peak power in RZ format systems is two times
lower than in NRZ format systems [14].
3. PROPOSED OBJECTIVES
Because of its low loss, fast speed, extended
bandwidth, and great capacity, DWDM Stealth Optical
networks have transformed data delivery. As a result,
much study has been conducted in this sector in recent
years. According to a review of the literature, much of
the study has focused on a small nu mber of nodes, a
small nu mber o f channels, and point-to-point networks,
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with little focus on ring networks. A ring network with .

16 channels spaced by 0.4 n m was used in this work, RING LENGTH 300 km
with a data throughput of 10 Gbps. Different modulation SPAN LENGTH 50 km
formats were investigated using an eye diagram and NUMBER OF NODES 6
BER. According to ITU-T rules, the effect of crosstalk
has been studied for channel spacings more than 25 DATA RATE 10 Gbps
GHz, but no study has been undertaken for channel NUM BER OF 16
spacings smaller than 25 GHz. Cross talk becomes less CHANNELS
of an issue as channel separation increases. Dispersion CHANNEL SPACING 0.2,0.4,0.8&1n m
is caused by the material of the fibre, non-linearity, and
the distance travelled by the signal within the fibre. Figure 5.1 shows the arrangement of the designed
Several strategies must be used to limit this dispersion. DWDM ring. The designed optical ring network design
Electronic Dispersion Co mpensation is one way that is has unidirectional fiber as a channel. The proposed
emp loyed. This method is used to account for single - network consists of six PAPMs arranged in a ring
mode fib re d ispersion. In order to find the optimal topology. Each PAPM is connected to other PAPM by a
outcomes, the EDC was evaluated. nonlinear single mode fiber. The length of fiber span of
4. PROPOSED WORK 50 km is used between PAPM. Each node converts
A literature analysis was conducted to electrical data into an optical signal and the optical
investigate the performance optimization of a signal is transmitted 54 through the DWDM ring. Each
mu ltichannel, mu lti-gigabit per second DWDM ring node has a programmable transmitter and receiver with
using optical software. numerous filters. Each node can add/drop any
Crosstalk and channel spacing will also be wavelength of each channel. For amp lificat ion of the
evaluated on the Stealth DWDM Ring system. optical signal, EDFA amp lifier is employed between the
Various modulation techniques will be used to nodes. To compensate the non-linearities of a
examine the planned Stealth DWDM Ring system. mu ltichannel system, large effective area fiber (LEA F)
The electrical equalizat ion approach was used is used. Power of -9 d Bm per channel is used as a
in the performance study to increase the distance of the transmitter. Total 45 wavelengths at spacing of 0.4 n m
optimized DWDM Ring. are used in the designed ring network. After each node,
In the planned DWDM Ring, a fast comparison Multiplot is used to observe optical performance.
of different HOA and the effect of power transients in Figure 5.2 depicts the simulation configuration
cascaded EDFAs is made. for the DWDM PAPM ring network. Each node
5. METHODOLOGY includes one line signal input and output, as well as 16
DWDM technology helps service providers input and outputs for adding and deleting wavelengths.
in dealing with rising user traffic. SDW DM is a kind Each port's output is routed to optical receiver blocks,
of wavelength-division-mult iplexing (DWDM). By which are subsequently routed to Multiplot. The 16
distributing incoming optical signals to specific light wavelengths employed in the design of the ring are
wavelengths within a specified frequency range, shown in Table 5.2
DWDM increases the carrying capacity of physical
fibre. When the channel gap between channels is less Table 5.2 Wavelengths Used in DWDM Ring
than 0.2 n m, SDWDM is employed. WDM versions Lambda Wavelength
include DW DM and SDWDM. The fourth-generation λ1 1550
optical networks were based on WDM. WDM is
wavelength division multiplexing. By using WDM λ2 1550.4
technique, channel bandwidth is used efficiently by λ3 1550.8
sending various wavelengths simultaneously over the
same fiber channel. λ4 1551.2
OptSim 5.3 software is utilised in this thesis
λ5 1551.6
work for imp lementation and assessment of the
proposed DWDM ring. It is a sophisticated fibre λ6 1552
simu lator tool that takes into account characteristics
λ7 1552.4
like as fibre loss, chromatic d ispersion, birefringence,
polarization mode dispersion, and Kerr non-linearity. λ8 1552.8
The OptSim 7simu lator can produce high-precision
λ9 1553.2
findings for fibre networks in a short period of time
Table 5.1 Netwo rk Design Simu lation λ10 1553.6
Parameters

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. .
. .
. .
. .
λ16 1568
Figure 5.1 Simulation Setup of 16 nodes DWDM PAPM
Ring
5.1. OPTICAL TRANSMITTER
The optical transmitter section consists of input
fro m a PRBS generator. The output is given to an
electrical generator. The output of electrical generators
and the laser is given to the external modulator.
External modulator modulates the signal and the
modulated signal is given to PAPM. Figure shows the
simulation setup of optical transmitter.
Figure 5.2 Simulation Setup of Optical
Transmitter
5.2. OPTICAL FIBER
Optical fiber is the mediu m or channel through
which the optical signal propagates to reach the
receiver. When an optical signal is transmitted over a
fiber, it degrades because of linear and nonlinear
degrading effects in the fiber. Optical loss and
chromatic dispersion are linear degrading effects; SPM,
XPM, FWM, SRS and SBS are nonlinear degrading
effects.
For imp lementing the DWDM PAPM ring
network, large effective area fiber (LEAF) is used to
compensate the non-linearities in the fiber. To overco me
the attenuation in fiber, EDFA is employed after each
fiber span.
5.3. EDFA
Erbiu m doped fiber amp lifier (EDFA) is used
to compensate the attenuation in fiber. When optical
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fiber is doped using rare earth element Er then EDFA is
obtained. The operation of EDFA is normally limited to
C-band i.e. 1530-1560 n m reg ion. EDFA uses optical
pumping fo r amp lification. The optical pu mping process
requires the use of three energy levels.
EDFA is made up of a doped fibre and pump
lasers. When pump light is injected in the same direct ion
as the signal flo w, co-directional pump ing occurs. A
counter-directional pump injects pump light in the
opposite direction of signal flow. In the DWDM PAPM
ring network, EDFA is employed to compensate for
attenuation.
5.4. OPTICAL RECEIVER
The optical receiver is responsible for
converting optical impu lses to electrical signals. To
compensate the dispersion, electronic dispersion
compensation techniques are applied after the
receiver block.
6.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1. EFFECT OF CROSSTALK
Crosstalk occurs owing to the comp lexity of
mu ltichannel systems. As a result, investigating the
influence of crosstalk on the proposed DWDM ring is
crucial. Crosstalk is measured at various levels, and an
analysis is performed to determine which levels
enhance BER. The simu lation results of BER at
various degrees of crosstalk are shown in Table 5.2.
The results are based on the wavelengths at the
extreme upper (45), extreme lower (1), and central
(25) ends of the spectrum. The PAPM modulat ion
format is used to modulate the wavelengths.
Figure 5.3 Plots the variation of BER with
respect to of crosstalk. Plot in blue color indicates
λ1. Plot in red color indicates λ25 and plot green color
indicates λ45. It is found that BER is min imu m at -40
dB crosstalk.
Figure 5.3 Variation of BER verses Crosstalk
7. CONCLUS ION
The dissertation work's major goal was to
implement and optimize a mult ichannel, mu lti-gigabit
per second DWDM ring. Several channel DWDM ring
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with mu ltip le gigabits per second. The proposed [11] R. Goyal and R. Kaler, (2012), “A novel architecture of hybrid
(WDM/TDM) passive optical networks with suitable
DWDM PAPM ring network has six nodes and works
modulation format”, Optical Fiber Technology, Vol. 18, No. 6,
on 45 channels separated at 0.4 n m. Different amounts pp. 518-522.
of crosstalk were used to monitor the BER in order to [12] Wiley India Edition, New York, Third Edition, pp. 332.
analyze the influence of crosstalk on the proposed [13] X. Liu, (2005), “Can 40-Gb/s Duobinary Signals be Carried
network. Crosstalk BER was found to be the lowest at Over Transparent DWDM Systems With 50-GHz Channel
Spacing?”, IEEE Photonics Technology Letter, Vol.16, No.6,
-40 db. To find the optimu m channel spacing for the
pp. 1328-1330.
proposed DWDM ring network, channel spacing was [14] Q. Liu, N. Ghani and T. Frangieh, (2007), “Topology
varied fro m 0.2 n m to 1 n m. It was observed that at Abstraction Schemes in MultiDomain Full Wavelength
0.4 n m, the performance of the proposed ring was best Conversion DWDM Networks”, IEEE International
in term of BER, as BER was least at 0.4 n m. The Symposium on High capacity Optical Networks and enabling
performance of proposed DWDM PAPM ring is also technology, Dubai, pp. 1-6.
affected by the type of modulation format used. To
optimize the performance of the designed DWDM
PAPM ring, the optimu m data format was selected.
Various modulation formats, including NRZ, RZ,
CRZ, DPSK, Manchester, and PAPM, are emp loyed
for analysis. The three wavelengths λ1, λ25 and λ45
i.e., 1550 n m, 1555.6 n m and 1567.6 n m respectively
are taken. The selected wavelengths are modulated
and transmitted at 10 Gbps rate. Performance
parameters like eye d iagrams and BER are used to
analyze the designed ring. The eye d iagrams of PAPM
modulation format were best at all the three
wavelengths. BER was least in case of the PAPM
format. Hence, it is concluded that the PAPM
modulation fo rmat is best for the designed DWDM
PAPM ring and the performance of the designed ring
was best using PAPM modulation format in terms of
BER.

REFERENCE
[1] Senkans, Ugis, et al. "Research of hybrid WDM-PON data
transmission system with embedded ASE-powered stealth
channels for steganography applications." Optical Fiber
T echnology 58 (2020): 102300.
[2] Jingjing, Bao, and Zhan Honglin. "The Study of Generalized
Spatial Modulation Based on MPAPM Signals in Indoor
Visible Light Communication System." 2020 IEEE Eurasia
Conference on IOT, Communication and Engineering (ECICE).
IEEE, 2020.
[3] Wang, Xu, et al. "40 Gb/s Secure Optical Communication
System Based on Optical Code Technology." 2018 20th
International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks
(ICT ON). IEEE, 2018.
[4] A short history of Fiber optics;
http:/www.sff.net/people/jeff.hechts/history.html.
[5] G. Kesier, (2011), “Optical Fiber Communications”, T ata
MacGraw-Hill, New Delhi, Fourth edition, pp. 35.
[6] J. Senior, (2002), “Optical Fiber Communications”, Prentice
Hall of India, New Delhi, Second edition, pp. 105-107.
[7] H. Bulow, F. Buchali and A. Klekamp, (2008), “Electronic
Dispersion Compensation”, Journal of light Wave Technology,
Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 158-167.
[8] M. Syuhaimi, A. Rahman and M. Moghaddasi, (2012), “A
Comparison between Electrical and Optical Chromatic
Dispersion Compensation in Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Network Regarding to Electrical Pulse Shapes”, Journal of
Computer Science, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 76-83.
[9] G. Agrawal, (2008), “Fiber-Optic Communications Systems”,
Wiley India Edition, New York, Third edition, pp. 427-428.
[10] A.Borsali, H. Badaoudi, M. Aichi and W. Aichi, (2012), “Effect
of Wavelength Spacing For WDM system on the Quality of
Transmission”, International Journal of Computer Science, Vol.
9, No. 2, pp. 441-443.

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Detection of Distributed Denial of Service Attack

using Random Forest Algorithm

Murukesh C Kishore Kannan B Thilak kumar A Venkat B Haris kumar V

Associate Professor, UG Students, UG Students, UG Students, UG Students,
Department of ECE, Department of ECE, Department of ECE, Department of ECE, Department of ECE,
Velammal Engineering Velammal Engineering Velammal Engineering Velammal Engineering Velammal Engineering
College, College, College, College, College,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
India. India. India. India. India.
thilak241100@gmail.c
om

Abstract— The Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack
entails flooding an online service with traffic from multiple
sources such that it is rendered unavailable. These attacks have
been identified by many researchers using machine learning
algorithms. In this paper, Ping of death attack is executed and
their detection was performed using random forest algorithms. A
DDoS attack is detected by Splunk software, which collects attack
details about the data packets. Data from Kaggles’s dataset is
used to train the machine learning algorithm. An algorithm
based on the random forest is used to visually differentiate
between the normal and attacked samples whose accuracy is
equal to 99.8%. During the attack on the network, the Central
Processing Unit and Wi-Fi performances are also analyzed.
to access. This paper examines the protection of the commonly
used Internet of Things disassembly components and might
function in the event of recent solutions. A security study is
additionally a challenging endeavor because the kinds of
attacks that are possible can affect many sorts of services or
perhaps damage equipment for various kinds of applications in
a way. The researchers can make use of this study to
investigate various attacks on the devices. The Splunk software
is employed to view the variations in the Wi-Fi and CPU
performance before and during the attack. This software is also
used to feed the real-time data during the attack. Classification
is then performed using the Random Forest algorithm.

Keywords— Distributed Denial of Service, Ping of Death, II. RELATED WORKS

Random Forest algorithm, Splunk, Cyber security.
I. INTRODUCTION
DDoS is one kind of Cyberattack that is performed on the
layers of the OSI model. The attackers are mainly targeting the
network layer. There are various categories of DDoS attacks
like SYN flooding, Fragmented packets, Ping of death, Smurf
DDoS, etc. The attacker looks for the loopholes in the network
and sends the node which is not a part
of the network. Later the attacker uses these nodes to send a
huge amount of data packets to the target which in turn disrupts
the network. This entire attack is done without the knowledge
of the user. The entire server may also be down within a short
time. On a large scale, this attack can be done by assembling a
network of compromised nodes and following the above
process. In the category of Ping of death attack, the data
packets are sent into the network more than the allowed limit
which causes overheating and gets crashed.
The IoT is the latest technology that allows us to control the
devices or sensors from remote locations. It can try this through
easy communication between a neighborhood network,
internet-type, radio, etc. With the web of Things developing
together with automation and mechatronics, the technology can
create a good array of solutions that are inexpensive and simple
Various researchers have studied and implemented
detection techniques for DDOS attacks mainly by using
advanced learning techniques some of them are discussed
below. Rohan Doshi, et.al discusses IoT networking
insecurities and the solutions to detect the DDoS attack using
the feature selection technique. This technique accurately
predicts the DDoS detection in IoT network traffic and also
demonstration is done on the usage of IoT network-specific
behaviors which is used to say that feature selection will have
lighter accuracy. Machine learning algorithms are employed
including various neural networks. The result is the detection
of DDoS attacks on the local IoT device using a low-cost
Machine learning algorithm and traffic data[2].
Zekri, Marwane, et al discusses the DDoS attack on the
cloud service network. The performance of the cloud service is
degraded by the use of many compromised computers by
taking advantage of known bugs and vulnerabilities large
packets are sent then the server is jammed by the attacker. This
problem is identified by the use of c.4.5 algorithms to eradicate
DDoS threats. Thus algorithm uses signature detection
techniques along with a decision tree to perform automatic
detection of the DDoS attack also many comparisons are done
and the best-suited model is chosen[3].

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A classification algorithm is used to predict the results by
using the given dataset. The disadvantage of the existing
method is that a non-real-time dataset is used for a prediction
that is taken from one or more websites that have been
collected and combined as a dataset.
This proposed method uses real-time data and Kaggle data
as a dataset to predict the results with high accuracy. The
training set and test set were used to visualize using the
matplotlib module between normal and DDoS.
The remainder of this paper is arranged in the following
format. Section III presents the proposed method for DDoS
attack and light automation system and Splunk software. The
machine learning algorithms are elaborated in detail. In Section
III, the details of the experimental setup are provided. The
results and discussions from experimentation are detailed in
Section IV and conclusions are provided in Section V.
III. PROPOSED METHOD
In this model, the IoT device is attacked using Kali Linux
which sends a huge amount of packets into the network and
disrupts the normal functioning of the device, this type of
attack is known as Ping of Death. Here the IoT device is the
voice-controlled LED which uses Adafruit and the IFTTT
platform along with the google assistant for the switching of
the LEDs. The Ping of Death attack is performed in an IoT
device that is controlled by the mobile phone. The real-time
data from the network before and after the attack is collected
using the Splunk software after which the difference can be
noted. Data is fed into a machine learning model as a test set to
determine if an attack has occurred or not.
Figure.1 Block diagram of DDoS attack detection
3.1 DDOS ATTACK
In the Open System Interconnection model, all the layer has
a set of instructions, and each instruction exposes
vulnerabilities and exceptions. An attacker can use protocol-
based attacks to carry out a DDoS attack by exploiting these
vulnerabilities. It primarily targets the third and fourth layers of
the OSI model to drain out the processing functions and
memory of the target system. Ping of Death is one of the
protocol-based attacks.
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It exploits the TCP/IP structure of the Internet to send
unwanted or deficient data packets in the system using the ping
instructions. Generally, a data packet may have a payload of up
to 84 bytes. It is illegal to send data packets greater than 84
bytes. Therefore, the attacker will break down a large packet
into many small bits and send them to the target node. When
that node finally reconstructs all the small pieces of the data
packets, the final size is larger than 84 bytes, resulting in a
server or machine crash. In the field of computer security, Kali
Linux is a commonly used term. It is recognized as the most
advanced tool for advanced security assessments, ethical
hacking, and penetration testing. Kali Linux is used to perform
Ping of Death DDOS attacks by using the command mentioned
below. The code is used to perform Basic commands used to
perform
Ping of Death attack:
root@kali:~ ls
root@kali:~ cd DDOS
root@kali:~ ls
root@kali:~ python2 ddos.py
root@kali:~ ping 118.35.108.43
Click Enter to start the attack
root@kali:~/DDOS
IP:118.35.108.43
PORT SCANNING:80
Click enter to start the attack. After maximum packets are
sent, hit Ctrl+C to break the attack. Ping of Death attack was
successfully launched in the target system.
Figure.2 Root kali window
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Figure.3 Root Kali DDoS window
3.2 LIGHT AUTOMATION SYSTEM
Voice-controlled wireless light automation through the
Internet is integrated with a mobile phone application so that
users can control their lights and utilities using voice
commands through their phones. If This Then That (IFTTT) is
a web service that allows you to create simple conditional
statements by chaining together conditional statements called
applets. A web service triggers an applet when a change
occurs. Adafruit IO works with your project’s data by
displaying, responding, and interacting. The IFTTT chain uses
Google assistant and Adafruit services. By using google
assistant to turn on or off the lights in my home by giving a
command like “Hey Google turn on or turn off”, the lights get
turned on or off accordingly. When this happens, IFTTT can
interpret the message and send it to Adafruit's dashboard in the
form of an understandable command to the created feed.
Figure.4 IoT process flow
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3.3 SPLUNK SOFTWARE
Splunk is a technology that searches and indexes log files
and provides insight into the data. One of its main benefits is
that it does not need to store its data in a separate database, so it
does not require any extra infrastructure. It indexes and
correlates information into a container that can be searched,
and generates alerts, reports, and visualizations. Splunk is used
to monitor and search through large amounts of data. The tool
can detect patterns in data, create metrics and diagnose
problems arising from challenges such as IT management,
security, and compliance.
To detect DDoS, the system generates traffic using Curl
scripts, as well as using Splunk software to visualize it. A high-
rate flooding attack is launched against the server using the curl
script. Requests are sent in large quantities, with responses
flooding back to the source. A log file is stored at the local
server. In the visualization module, the log file is analyzed
based on which metadata is generated. Using visual analysis, it
is possible to identify the IP addresses which are responsible
for flooding the network. Using query virtualization, we
calculate how many requests come from each IP address. As a
result, there is a problem with formatting the network log file,
which is obtained from server log files.
Figure.5 Splunk output
3.4 RANDOM FOREST ALGORITHM
Machine learning techniques such as random forests are
used for regression and classification problems. Random forest
gives solutions to complex problems. Random forest
algorithms generate many decision trees and train these trees
using bagging. Bagging is a method of improving a machine
learning algorithm’s accuracy by combining two ensemble
meta-algorithms. By taking the average or mean of the outputs
from the various trees and by examining the predictions from
the decision trees, the random forest algorithm determines the
outcome. The accuracy of the outcome increases with more
trees.
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Various classification techniques are performed on the

dataset to find out the best predicting model. Eighty percent of
the dataset is used for training the model and twenty percent is
used as a test set. The dataset also consists of real-time data
taken from the Splunk software.
3.4.1 PSEUDO CODE:
Step 1: Importing the libraries
Step 2: Importing the dataset
Step3: Splitting the dataset into a Training set and Test set
Step 4: Feature scaling
Step 5: Training the Random forest classification on the
training set
Step 6: Predicting the new result Figure.7 CPU performance
Step 7: Predicting the test set results after attack
Step 8: Making the confusion matrix
Step 9: Visualizing the Training set results
step 10:Visualizing the Test set results

Figure.8 Wi-Fi performance

after attack
Table .1 Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithm

Figure.6 Random forest output for the test set

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The tools are analyzed to simulate Distributed Denial of
Service attacks, that is sending a huge amount of packets to
shut down Web servers in the initial stages. During DDOS
attacks, the IoT device can't be controlled by mobile devices
due to the system processing a large number of data packets.
During packet traffic in the network, the devices connected to
the network will not able to communicate with each other. This V. CONCLUSION
Splunk software monitors network traffic and generates reports
when abnormal packet traffic is detected on the network. A An analysis of current DDoS detection techniques is
random forest classification algorithm was trained with the presented in this paper, including machine learning techniques.
given dataset. Real-time data is taken from the Splunk software The Ping of Death attack is executed by the Kali Linux
and using this, the Random forest algorithm delivers results. operating system which affects the network performance of the
IoT module. As a result, 99.8% of instances were correctly
The task manager is used to analyze the Wi-Fi and CPU classified using a random forest algorithm. The future scope of
performance of the system and the Rate of sending and this project will be incorporating deep learning technology
receiving packets per second was displayed in the Wi-Fi instead of machine learning.
section associated with the task manager.

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REFERENCES
[1] Banitalebi Dehkordi, Afsaneh, MohammadReza Soltanaghaei, and
Farsad Zamani Boroujeni. "The DDoS attacks detection through
machine learning and statistical methods in SDN." The Journal of
Supercomputing 77.3 (2021): 2383-2415.
[2] Rohan Doshi, Noah Apthorpe, Nick Feamster, "Machine Learning
DDoS Detection for Consumer Internet of Things Devices", 2018 IEEE
Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops, DOI
10.1109/SPW.2018.00013.
[3] Zekri, Marwane, et al. "DDoS attack detection using machine learning
techniques in cloud computing environments." 2017 3rd international
conference of cloud computing technologies and applications
(CloudTech). IEEE, 2017.
[4] Hoyos Ll, Manuel S., et al. "Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks
detection using machine learning prototype." Distributed Computing and
Artificial Intelligence, 13th International Conference. Springer, Cham,
2016.
[5] Khamparia, Aditya, et al. "Multi-level framework for anomaly detection
in social networking." Library Hi Tech (2020).
[6] Mirkovic, Jelena, and Peter Reiher. "A taxonomy of DDoS attack and
DDoS defense mechanisms." ACM SIGCOMM Computer
Communication Review 34.2 (2004): 39-53.
[7] Alam, Tanweer. "A reliable communication framework and its use in the
internet of things (IoT)." CSEIT1835111| Received 10 (2018): 450-456.
[8] Bhattacharyya, D. K., & Kalita, J. K. (2016). "DDoS attacks: evolution,
detection, prevention, reaction, and tolerance". CRC Press.
[9] Sonar, K. and H. Upadhyay, "A survey: DDOS attack on Internet of
Things. International Journal of Engineering Research and
Development," 2014.10(11)
[10] Behal, Sunny, Krishan Kumar, and Monika Sachdeva. "D-FACE: An
anomaly-based distributed approach for early detection of DDoS attacks
and flash events." Journal of Network and Computer Applications 111
(2018): 49-63.

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Digital Data Protection using Barcode &
Steganographic Approach
Ayushi Chaudhary Prof. Ashish Sharma
GLA University GLA University
Mathura Mathura
ayushichaudhary11@gmail.com Ashish.sharma@gmail.com
Abstract—In order to secure the digital data, various
image steganography methods were proposed. This
research work investigates and proposes a novel
steganographic approach. This research study considers a
hard and fast set of standards to investigate and estimate
the advantages and disadvantages of the steganographic
methods. As a result, a novel steganography style has been
proposed. Steganography provides higher protection than
cryptography due to the fact that cryptography covers only
the contents of the verbal exchange. Steganographic
messages are always first restated with the conventional
methods, and then the input image will get changed in some
way to include the rephrased conversation. Steganalysis is
the discovery of steganography based decrypted program.
They are LSB-based Steganography, Steganography with
closing full-size bits, and Steganography with photo slant
dots. The discussion has been figured out using succession
and lopsided cryptography.
keywords: Steganography techniques, Steganalysis, digital
image, Cryptography, encryption.
I. OVERVIEW
Digital data security has become a significant challenge
in the recent years. Internet provides consistent
information about essential images, sort of prints and
archives. To safeguard the information, one needs to
make it less consistent by moving the repeated data over
the local area [1, 2].
To arrange and make comparatively consistent
frameworks, various information reserving and
encryption styles were proposed. Furthermore,
encryption styles help to safeguard the sensitive
information (4). Encryption encodes the information in a
way that an accidental provider cannot intrude the
information processing model. Steganography hides the
general reality of the dialogue by masking it. The
steganography helps the users to stay away from
drawing in duplication to the transmission. Steganalysis
helps to understand steganography patterns. It has
recently become more important to evaluate the
underlying information. Steganography styles are used
to defend watermarks in data [3].
II. STEGANOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
A. Text Steganography:
It hides the textbook in the back of a few different lines,
converting the layout of a being textbook, to extrude the
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Dr. Neeraj Gupta
GLA University
Mathura
Neeraj.gupta@gla.ac.in
phrases within the textbook. Principally, a textbook is
then used as a medium of conversation.
a. Format Grounded Styles, in these textbook facts are
embedded within the provider textbook by converting
the layout of the quilt textbook itself [4].
b. Verbal styles simply evaluate the verbal information.
c. Random and statistical technology styles produce its
provider textbook in accordance with the arbitrary
characters.
Figure1: Steganography Process
B. Image Steganography
The method of data concealment into that source image
within the absence of declination within the image is
called image steganography [5, 6].
a. Spatial Sphere Fashion: Particles are incontinently
changed into the print pixel-worth bitwise and
additionally encompass the profundity of pixels and
control decibel. There are a few ways to do inserting
instruction in a Spatial Sphere; the ideal is the Least
Square Bit (LSB).
b. Changing Domain Fashion: This style face challenges
in terms of different image processing stages
(compression, docking and improvement) to this style,
since the transformation circle conceals the situation
dispatch inside the broad spot inside the source image
[7-10].
c. In the metamorphosis sphere, the primary factor is to
convert the image from the spatial sphere into the
metamorphosis sphere and additionally the name of the
game communique is embedded into the provider image.
These approaches cover statistics via means of
exceptional functions.
d. Deformation Fashion, the data is stored in sign
deformation. This style calls for know-how and
carefulness in searching exceptional among the authentic
provider photo and stego image after data embeds
throughout the method of decrypting
e. Veiling and Filtering, image with 24bit length or
grayscale ordinarily utilizes a securing and separating
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style and the utilization of outstanding activities to cover
a report. Concealing information through a method of
denoting the photograph, this style is like a paper
watermark, this style gives information in a likewise
broad photograph place than essentially stowing away
inside the commotion position [11].
C. Sound Steganography
The Human Auditory System (HAS) is more interesting
than the Human Visual System (HVS); this is one of the
points of view that makes implanting a message in sound
recording in any remarkable procedure more noteworthy
than various existing formats [12, 13].
These methods are utilized for installing a novel strategy
in sound recording:
a. LSB Coding
b. Equality Coding
c. Reverberation Data Hiding
In audio steganography, there might be a format, which
can be used as a cowl media for installing the
comprehensive record of MP3, WAV and MIDI and so
forth [14].
a. LSB Coding:
The un-broad byte of the supplier record is changed with
the bytes of the situation dispatch.
b. Equality Coding
The equality tag of the blanket record is checked for
closeness, in the event that similarity exists moreover no
movement can be done and assuming the assortment
exists furthermore any piece LSB can be scarcely
changed (cowl instruction or secret report) to make
equity equivalent.
c. Reverberation Data Hiding
The information is outfitted for including a reverberation
sound to the blanket record [15].
a) The legitimate expansiveness is utilized to conclude
the genuine measurements sound.
b) Decay charge is useful to self-control reverberation
component.
c) The offset includes the space among the genuine
discourse alarms with the executed reverberation [16].
D. Video Steganography
Stowing away the tape resembles a craftsmanship of
concealing information due to the reality that the shipper
isn't best at stowing away anyway how that report is
open through method of method for one and all other
than recipients. Concealing Communication inside the
tape is a piece of the fine art concealing information
[17].
Tape grounded steganography approaches are equivalent
to original photograph; it's named into spatial circle and
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frequency circle grounded styles. Holding capacity and
shortcomings in tape steganography are the basic
outcomes. The results have gained steganography ability
with the utilization of spatial set of rules and promptly
embed the information into the given photograph and not
utilize the apparent adjustments and exact quality.
Change circle set of rules is embedding the information
inside the change region and the addition of this
arrangement of rules is based on the dependability but
with little capacity [18].
III. LSB SUBSTITUTION BASED STEGANOGRAPHIC
TECHNIQUES
A. LSB SUBSTITUTION IN GRAYSCALE
IMAGE
A record-scale virtual portrayal is a review wherein
the figure of each pixel incorporates the most
productive information. The Steganographic execution
selects the devoted LSBs (K=1,2) of each pixel to
smooth out with the signification of the match promotion
patches [19]. The dispatch is unscrambled inside the
most un-extensive fix of each pixel and the wrap print
[20]. This creates no saw to expel the real depiction. The
procedure of LSB convenience in grayscale preview is
offered below. An image is examined. If there should
arise an occurrence of a dim scale picture, a 2-layered
framework of unsigned whole numbers with values
somewhere in the range of 0 and 255 is achieved.
• The pixels are pulled so and follow parallel.
• The private dispatch can remain alive and reworded
applying symmetric crucial or RSA cryptography
designs.
• The manual is broken at all significant pieces of the
pixels. Dim scale gets a 2-layered grid of unsigned
numerals (1) or (- 1).
• The pixels are-reinserted into the image [21].
B. LSB SUBSTITUTION IN COLOR IMAGE
Each pixel in RGB image is suggested by three
elements, red, blue and green assortments. The RGB
image is depicted by the line, segment, 3 array of home
unit8 / unit16 or twofold. In this quarter, LSB
steganography is offered, wherein the RGB conceal
image is applied. The plaintext is unevenly allowed
among the three elements, red, green and blue. The
movement of LSB concession in tone picture is given
under [22].
• A RGB image of the 3D lattice is investigated and the
pixel staying in contact with the farthest segment and
pitch nuts and bolts of each assessment is laid out and
changed into twofold.
• A private dispatch gets to and is rewarded with
working symmetric legend or RSA cryptography [23].
• The pulled patches are changed by manual fixes.
Subsequently, each piece is changed with a value of
1[24].
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IV. STEGANALYSIS
Steganalysis [25] is the method of unscrambling the
encrypted information from the stego image. The pixels
of the image are then emptied. Further, 8 portions are
removed. The removed string can be deciphered by
using a key. The square diagram of steganography is
also addressed [26]. The Steganalysis method is used
while deciphering available keys, and eventually unique
correspondence is completed.
Assuming that an argentine scale photo is required, a 2-
layered shape of unsigned numbers with values ranging
between 0 and 255 has been executed.
Figure 2: Block Figure of Steganalysis
In order to develop communication encryption using the
RSA algorithm to construct the cover of the message
encrypted within the steganographic image, the message
can be encrypted by utilizing any of the Steganographic
patterns. In the end, the decryption has been
implemented to decipher the encrypted message.
V. BARCODE
Scanner tags are important in all areas, including media
exposure, trade, travel, and money transactions, since the
recognition is a sophisticated ID (machine-ID). There
are three types of standard tags: one dimension (1D),
two dimensions (2D), and three dimensions (3D).
a) 1D scanner tags give current realities in opposite
joints, show numerals and aplhabets and have a clear
information volume. The 2D scanner tag shows the
realities both in opposite and vertical squares and the
supplement information and is 100 minutes longer than
the 1D standardized identification [28].
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a)
FIGURE 3. Decoded steganography process
The 3D scanner tag performs in opposite and vertical
squares and also perform in-depth analysis. This 3D
standardized tag is distinct from others and streamlined
to be reproduced [29].
FIGURE 4: 1D and 2D barcode
The standardized tag enables the buyer to view
the products at physical stores, checkout stations,
structure devices, labor force charge, tagging,
convenient carrier tickets, and reduces the fundamental
slip. In avionics, this standardized identification is
imprinted on the ticket to disseminate the traveler
information such as phone work, standard handout work,
approaching flight, lodging, traveler report place flyer,
and numerous other realities. This scanner tag aids
airlines in naturally discovering the negative-top
rundown [31].
VI. STEGANOGRAPHY
The steganography mode is a shift-by-shift schedule for
changing or giving up the top image into the stego
image [32]. There are three types of images that are
commonly used in steganography: Graphics Interchange
Format (GIF), Joint Photographic Experts
Group (JPEG), and helpful Network Graphics (PNG).
These records became the standardized, recognizable
proof image in BMP format with the most atom
association [33].
The program decoded the normalized label image on the
ticket and converted it to a stego image. The stego image
could be appropriately changed back to the cover image
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[35]. Figure 6 depicts the proposed flowchart.
b)
FIGURE 5. Flowchart
VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The proposed model performs two tasks: decoding and
unveiling the standardized tag image, as represented by
numerals. The strategy uncovered the standardized tag
image; the scanner tag was then updated into a stego
image that couldn't be ruled by the versatile telephone
detail or the online standardized tag. Similarly, the
timetable conveyed the perplexing activity. Along these
lines, the stego image could be live on and be updated
independently into the scanner tag image.
FIGURE 6. The program encoded the cover image
FIGURE 7. The decoded steganography image
VIII. CONCLUSION
From the results, it is evident that the proposed
steganography approach has been successfully
developed and decrypted the information from the
image. Finally, the information has been obtained from
the scanner tag by analyzing the developed stego image
by inserting LSB as stego key.
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In future, the deep learning techniques can be
incorporated to encrypt and decrypt the image and also
to analyze the different types of scanner tags.
REFERENCES
[1] Johnson, N.F., Jajodia, S.: Exploring Steganography: Seeing
the Unseen. Computer 31(2), 26–34 (1998)
[2] Artz, D.: Digital Steganography: Hiding Data within Data. In:
IEEE Internet Computing, pp. 75–80 (2001)
[3] Li, X., Wang, J.: A Steganographic Method based Upon JPEG
and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. Information
Sciences 177(15), 3099–3109 (2007)
[4] data-stealer could not enter the passenger’s data, because
Westfeld, A., and G. Wolf, Steganography in a Video
conferencing system, in proceedings of the second
international workshop on information hiding, vol. 1525 of
lecture notes in computer science, Springer, 1998. pp. 32-47.
[5] W. Bender, D. Gruhl, N. Morimoto, and A. Lu. Techniques for
data hiding. In IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 35, Nos. 3-4, pages
313-336, February 1996.
[6] Aura, T., "Practical Invisibility in digital communication, in
information hiding" First international workshop, proceedings,
vol. 1174 of lecture notes in computer science , Springer,
1996, pp. 265-278.
[7] Johnson, N.F. and S. Jajodia. "Exploring Steganography:
Seeing the Unseen." IEEE Computer Mag., February 1998.
[8] Westfeld, A., and G. Wolf, Steganography in a Video
conferencing system, in proceedings of the second
international workshop on information hiding, vol. 1525 of
lecture notes in computer science, Springer, 1998. pp. 32-47.
[9] Pan ,H.K., Y.Y., Chen, and Y.C., Tseng, “A Secure Data
Hiding Scheme for Two-Color Images”, Proc. Fifth IEEE
Symp. Computers and Comm., IEEE Press, Piscataway, N.J.,
2000.
[10] Rabah, K“ Steganography : The Art of Hiding Data”
Information Technology Journal ,Vol 3 No.3, 2004 , pp. 245-
269 .
[11] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron
spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic
substrate interface,” IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp.
740–741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics
Japan, p. 301, 1982].
[12] N. Hamid, A. Yahya, R. B. Ahmad and O. M. Al-Qershi,
Image Steganography Techniques: An Overview, IJCSS 6, pp.
168-187 (2012).
[13] X. Feng and H. Zheng, Design and Realization of 2D Color
Barcode with High Compression Ratio,International
Conference on Computer Design and Applications 1, pp. 314-
317 (2010).
[14] N. Victor, Enhancing the Data Capacity of QR Codes by
Compressing the Data before Generation,International Journal
of Computer Applications 60, pp. 17 – 21 (2012).
[15] R. Rani and G. Deep, Digital 3D Barcode Image as a
Container for Data Hiding Using Steganography, ISPCC, pp.
325 – 330 (2017)
[16] Y. van der Westhuizen and D. Chai, 3D dynamic barcode,
Electronics Letters 54, pp. 1024–1026 (2018).
[17] A. Grover et al, “Parameters Effecting 2D Barcode Scanning
Reliability” in Advances in Computers vol 80, (Burlington:
Academic Press, 2010), pp. 209-235.
[18] T. Morkel, J.H.P. Eloff and M.S. Olivier, An Overview of
Image Steganography, Proceedings of the Fifth Annual
Information Security South Africa Conference. (2005)
[19] P. Xuea, H Liu, J Hu and R. Hu, A Multi-Layer
Steganographic method Based on Audio Time Domain
Segmented and Network Steganography, AIP Conference
Proceedings 1967, pp. 020046-1 - 020046-17 (2018).
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[20] M. Devi and N. Sharma, Improved Detection of Least

Significant Bit Steganography Algorithms in Color and Gray
Scale Images, Proceedings of 2014 RAECS UIET Panjab
University Chandigarh (2014)
[21] N. Hamid, A. Yahya, R. B. Ahmad and O. M. Al-Qershi,
Image Steganography Techniques: An Overview,IJCSS 6, pp.
168-187 (2012).
[22] S. Goel, S. Gupta, and N. Kaushik, Image Steganography –
Least Significant Bit with Multiple Progressions, Proceedings
of the 3rd International Conference on Frontiers of Intelligent
Computing: Theory and Applications (FICTA) 2014 328, pp.
105 – 112 (2015).
[23] C. Maiti, D. Baksi, I. Zamider, P. Gorai, and D. R. Kisku, Data
Hiding in Images Using Some Efficient Steganography
Techniques, CCIS 260, pp. 195–203 (2011).
[24] F. Y. Shih (2017), Digital Watermarking and Steganography,
Boca Raton: CRC Press.
[25] P. Filzasavitra, T. W. Purboyo and R. E. Saputra, Analysis of
Steganography on PNG hnage using Least Significant Bit
(LSB), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Square
Error (MSE), Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 14,
pp. 7821-7827 (2019).
[26] Johnson, N.F., Jajodia, S.: Exploring Steganography: Seeing
the Unseen. Computer 31(2), 26–34 (1998)
[27] Artz, D.: Digital Steganography: Hiding Data within Data. In:
IEEE Internet Computing, pp. 75–80 (2001)
[28] Li, X., Wang, J.: A Steganographic Method based Upon JPEG
and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. Information
Sciences 177(15), 3099–3109 (2007)
[29] Westfeld, A., and G. Wolf, Steganography in a Video
conferencing system, in proceedings of the second
international workshop on information hiding, vol. 1525 of
lecture notes in computer science, Springer, 1998. pp. 32-47.
[30] W. Bender, D. Gruhl, N. Morimoto, and A. Lu. Techniques for
data hiding. In IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 35, Nos. 3-4, pages
313-336, February 1996.
[31] Aura, T., "Practical Invisibility in digital communication, in
information hiding" First international workshop, proceedings,
vol. 1174 of lecture notes in computer science , Springer,
1996, pp. 265-278.
[32] Johnson, N.F. and S. Jajodia. "Exploring Steganography:
Seeing the Unseen." IEEE Computer Mag., February 1998.
[33] Westfeld, A., and G. Wolf, Steganography in a Video
conferencing system, in proceedings of the second
international workshop on information hiding, vol. 1525 of
lecture notes in computer science, Springer, 1998. pp. 32-47.
[34] Pan ,H.K., Y.Y., Chen, and Y.C., Tseng, “A Secure Data
Hiding Scheme for Two-Color Images”, Proc. Fifth IEEE
Symp. Computers and Comm., IEEE Press, Piscataway, N.J.,
2000.
[35] Westfeld, A.” F5-A Steganographic Algorithm: High Capacity
Despite Better Steganalysis”, 4th International Workshop on
Information Hiding.

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Blockchain based Healthcare Data Management

Karthigha M[1]
Department of Computer Science
and Engineering
Sri Ramakrishna Engineering
College
Coimbatore, India
karthiga.m@srec.ac.in
Padmavathy C[3] Dr.V.S.Akshaya [2]
Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science
and Engineering and Engineering
Sri Eshwar College of Engineering Sri Ramakrishna Engineering
Coimbatore, India College
Vsakshayaphd@gmail.com Coimbatore, India
padma.dhansh@srec.ac.in

Abstract -- Block Chain is an emerging technology which
includes a number of features by default such as, distributed
ledger, decentralised storage, authentication, security, and
traceability. In health sector, patient data are sensitive and it is
very essential to be secured, which can be done using
blockchain technology. Exchange of healthcare data between
hospitals is limited by privacy and dependency on centralized
data management systems. Such a centralised storage can be a
concern since it can lead to data leakage, data manipulation,
mistrust, and single point of failure. Blockchain offers a
decentralised computing and storage solution that can help
with these issues. It includes smart contracts, identity
verification and more. Integrating block chain technology with
identity management will be the solution for some issues, such
as centralized governing of identities. This system proposes
Ethereum based blockchain data management for healthcare
application, to store and review the patient record by web
application allowing only identity verified users like patient,
doctors, family members and hospital staff to have the secure
access to health information. Ethereum currently uses a proof-
of-work consensus mechanism. S olidity is the popular
language for writing Ethereum smart contracts. The data on
Ethereum blockchain is stored using tire data structures to
manage temporary and permanent data. To protect data
integrity, ownership, and permissions, smart contracts are
created. S ince the business can be handled by smart contracts,
there won't be a need for centralised authority to oversee and
authorise it, which will cut costs.
Keywords— Block chain, distributed ledger, Authentication,
Smart contract, Ethereum, Identity management, decentralized.

I. Introduction A. Problem Statement

Blockchain is a digital ledger used for recording the
transactions and it is immutable. The main issue in health care
is securing patient data from data theft, modification, data
breach and identity issues. A significant difficulty is how to
authenticate information regarding identity and access control
[18, 19]. Blockchain technology relies on private keys to sign
each transaction and authenticate a user's identity . Open-
source operating system Ethereum creates a peer-to-peer
network and provides smart contract capability. It is a
platform for distributed computing that facilitates the creation
of decentralised Digital applications (DApps) with the use of
block chain technology.
The decentralised virtual computer known as the
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), provided by Ethereum,
may run programmes via a worldwide network of public
nodes. Ethereum's native programming language is called
Solidity. A smart contract is a piece of software code designed
to execute, manage the pertinent events, and uphold the
conditions of a contract or agreement automatically. It is
powered by the open-source Ethereum technology. Smart
contracts make it possible to conduct legal transactions alone.
These transactions can be tracked and are permanent.
Patient health data includes sensitive information
such as the patient's past health record, investigation report,
therapy, test reports, and other specifics . Both manual and
computerized management of these health data is possible.
The manual approach, which uses papers and ledgers, is the
long-standing procedure used in the majority of hospitals to
retain records [14,15]. The drawbacks of this approach are
the necessity for enormous storage spaces and the
challenging nature of data retrieval. Currently,
computerization of clinical data is common due to the ease
of data storage and retrieval. However, there is a risk that
data manipulation will become a significant issue.
Currently, healthcare organizations save patient data,
diagnostic results, and prescriptions in a centralized manner
[16,17]. There is a potential of data leakage because it is a
centralized system. Since patients have limited control over
their data and sharing the acquired data is a laborious &
challenging process, hackers can easily steal or exploit
patient data for a variety of reasons.

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DATA ACCESS AND

DATA STORAGE AND SECURITY PROBLEM
AVAILABILITY PROBLEM
ATTACKER ALSO CAN
GET ACCESS
PATIENT DATA 1
SS
NO ACCESS
HOSPITAL 1
CENTRALIZED
STORAGE
WRITTEN FORMAT
HARD TO MANAGE
LOT OF FILES
PATIENT DATA 2
HOSPITAL 2
PATIENT’S DETAILS
Fig.1: Problem in the Existing System
II. Literature Survey
Anuraag et al. [1], explored blockchain as a
method to effectively manage medical data. A number of
studies were conducted, the most of which were concerned
with speculating about the potential advantages and
disadvantages of blockchain technology for the healthcare
industry without offering any supporting evidence or
system evaluation. It was concluded that blockchain
technology might offer a way to manage medical records
on a cloud platform while maintaining data privacy and
confidentiality.
Vardhini B [2] presented a system to house
health record blockchain transactions in order to establish a
smart ecosystem and address the challenges now plaguing
the healthcare industry. The objective was to make patient
data accessible securely so that a third party cannot access
it without authorization. EHR framework used block chain
technology to store data securely and enforce a single
version of the truth. Prior to committing the transaction to
the distributed ledger and accessing a patient's medical
record, the stakeholders require authorization. A
blockchain-based solution can support widespread
availability and data confidentiality.
Kavinga Yapa Abeywardena [3] proposed Flexi
Medi, a private blockchain-based patent detail management
system which was expected to solve the privacy issues.
Solution proposed a distributed ledger to permit secured
system access control and retrieval. Flexi Medi achieved
high data security principles based on hybrid access
mechanism, public key and cryptography.
Randhir Kumar [4] created a distributed on-chain
and off-chain storage method employing Interplanetary File
Systems (IPFS) and consortium blockchains. The
architecture made it simple for hospital employees (such as
doctors and clinical staff) to store medical records and
retrieve medical evidence of COVID-19 patients.
Kevin Peterson et al. [5], proposed that a
blockchain can be a solution to enable data sharing within a
ATTACKER network and defined the protocols for applying this
technology to healthcare. It helped to overcome issues such
as privacy, interoperability and decentralized data
management.
Peng Zhang [6] offered a blockchain-based design
where the system represents users' digital identities using
the public key infrastructure. In order to assure that only
users in appropriate key can log in, identity was
immediately stored in the blockchain. For the purpose of
NURSE
facilitating data exchange, enhancing patient decisions, and
protecting data, these identities were designed for clinical
practitioners.
Daisuke et al. [7], functioned on health archives
utilising the blockchain platform, submitting medical data
to the Hyper Ledger network. The information used in the
work was kept in the Hyperledger blockchain.
Catalini [8] discussed the ability of blockchain
technology to provide medical information exchange over
specific control, which was evaluated with a paper on the
topic of blockchains in healthcare. The study's authors
looked at how blockchain technology which provides
digital access throughout the network, processing a
significant amount of medical data, is transforming the
healthcare industry.
Shen et al. [9], offered MedChain, a system
that shares medical data via peer-to-peer networks and
blockchains. This system was created to manage patient
data gathered via Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, gadgets,
and other mobile applications as well as healthcare data
gathered from physical examinations.
Tsai and Wu [10] conducted an analysis of e-
healthcare management systems. Two algorithms were
suggested for supplying data or network security and
integrity. In creating rules for the healthcare data, adopting
a distributed system for data administration was also
recommended.
Rouhani et al. [9], on an blockchain platform for
the handling of medical data , a solution was presented to
get around permission and permission-less block chain
network restrictions.
Khezr et al. [12], discussed a number of issues
with the healthcare management system and suggested
ways to use blockchain technology to address them. Due to
some potential medical use cases where block chain
technology could significantly improve the practise, the

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study topic was highlighted on distributed ledger

technology in healthcare. A network protocol-based IoMT
distribution mechanism was also suggested. PATIENT RECO RDS ARE
Litchfield et al., concerns about the privacy and STO RED IN ETHEREUM
security of medical data. Paper [13] suggested using BLO CKCHAIN

blockchain to address these issues in addition to polling the

public on healthcare data-related issues.

Table .1 Comparison of the Existing Systems

EACH RECO RDS ARE STO RED

IN BLO CKS USING PUBLIC
KEY AND HASH

III. Design of Blockchain PATIENT PERMITS

HO SPITALS TO ACCESS
THEIR DATA BY
SHARING UNIQ UE ID
i) Workflow of Block chain:

After patients are admitted in the hospital, the patient

records are stored in Ethereum blockchain. Each record is
stored in blocks using public key and Hash. Hash value
will be different for each transaction. Using the Ethereum
blockchain, patients can control their own medical records
across numerous hospitals . Patients only will have the
Fig. 2: Workflow of blockchain
access to Healthcare data. Patient grants or permits the
hospitals to access or modify their data by sharing their
unique key. This enables safe access to patient data, by
preventing unauthorized third party access.

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REGISTER
DOCTOR - A

PATIENT GETS DIAGNOSED

1
IN HOSPITAL - X
PATIENT GOES
TO HOSPITAL - Y

Hospital - X 2

REGISTER
DOCTOR - B

2
REGISTER THE
PATIENT

Hospital - Y

ACCESS TO PATIENT
DATA
Create 3
blockchain

DOCTOR – B VIEWS AND EDITS THE

PATIENT DATA IN HOSPITAL - Y

DOCTOR - A

GETS TO KNOW ABOUT

ETHEREUM LAST UPDATE ABOUT
Blockchain THE PATIENT

Fig.3: Workflow of the Proposed System

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Asset Management System". IEEE Smart Data (Smart Data), Halifax,

ii) Workflow of the proposed system
When the patient comes to hospital-X, the patient and
doctor-A should register on Ethereum blockchain – Dapp.
Patient gets diagnosed in the hospital-X. All patient
information will be kept in the blockchain as blocks . After
a while, patient goes to the another hospital called hospital–
Y. Doctor-B in that hospital should register in the
blockchain. Only the patient can access the health data.
Patient grants access to Doctor-B by sharing a unique ID.
Now Doctor-B can view or modify the past data of the
patient. Doctor-B updates the current condition of the
patient in the Ethereum blockchain.
IV. Conclusion
Attackers can hack the health care records easily. Ethereum
based patient management system is much secured, and it
allows patient to view and edit health records securely. The
patient has to give access to the hospitals or other users to
view the records, hence the attackers can’t access the data.
Data can be made accessible to any hospitals wherever the
patient goes for treatment. The disadvantages of paper
based centralized storage are solved by the patient data
management using blockchain.
NS, Canada, August 2018
[12] Khezr, S, Moniruzzaman, M, Yassine, A, Benlamri, R. "Blockchain
technology in healthcare: A comprehensive review and directions for
future research". Appl. Sci. 2019
[13] Litchfield, A.T , Khan, A. "A Review of Issues in Healthcare
Information Management Systems and Blockchain Solutions" CONF-
IRM, 2019
[14] Nabil Rifi, Elie Rachkidi, Nazim Agoulmine and Nada Chendeb
T aher, "Towards using blockchain technology for eHealth data access
management", 2017 Fourth International Conference on Advances in
Biomedical Engineering (ICABME), 2017
[15] Nafiz AI Asad, T ausif Elahi, Abdullah AI Hasan. ” Permission-
Based Block chain with proof of Authority for Secured Healthcare
Data Sharing”. ICAICT I,2020
[16] Mikula, T omas,Rune Hylsberg Jacobsen.” Identity and Access
Management with Block chain “ Euromicro Conference on Digital
System Design,2018
[17] Kamau Gabriel, Caroline Boore, Elizaphan Maina and Stephen
Njenga, "Blockchain T echnology: Is this the Solution to EMR
Interoperability and Security Issues in Developing Countries?", IST -
Africa Week Conference , 2018
[18] Luharuka, Shubham, Gaurav Anil Kulkarni, Pallothu Devi Sri, and
Ria Somani."T echnical Scrutiny of Block chain Technology Protocols
and its Applications."IRO Journal on Sustainable Wireless Systems 2,
no. 1 (2020): 13-22.
[19] Shakya, Subarna. "Efficient security and privacy mechanism for
block chain application." Journal of Information Technology 1, no. 02
(2019): 58-67.

V. References
[1] Vazirani A, O'Donoghue O, Brindley D, Meinert E,”Implementing
Blockchains for Efficient Health Care: Systematic Review”J Med
Internet Res 2019
[2] Vardhini B, Shreaya N Dass, Sahana R. “A Blockchain based
Electronic Medical Records Frameworks using Smart Contracts”
International Conference on Computer Communications and
Informatics (ICCCI) 2021
[3] Kavinga Yapa Abeywardena, Budhima Attanayaka, Kabilashan
Perisamy, “ Blockchain based Patient’s detail management System”.
In 2020 2nd International Conference on Advancement in
Computing/ DOI: 10.1109/ICA51239.2020.9357163.
[4] Kumar, R.; T ripathi, R. A Secure and Distributed Framework for
sharing COVID-19 patient Reports using Consortium Blockchain and
IPFS. In Proceedings of the 2020 Sixth International Conference on
Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC), Waknaghat, India,
6–8 November 2020
[5] Kevin Peterson, Rammohan Deeduvanu, Pradip kanjamala, Kelly
Boles. “ A Blockchain-based Approach to HIE Networks”.
ONC/NIST ,2016.
[6] Peng Zhang, Jules White, Dougias C, Schmit, Gunther
Lenz,S.T rentRosenbloom.”FHIRchain:ApplyingBlockchain to
Securely and Scalably Share Clinical Data”. Elsevier,22018.
[7] Ichikawa, D.; Kashiyama, M.; Ueno, T . T amper-resistant mobile
health using blockchain technology. JMIR mHealth uHealth 2017
[8] Catalini C, Gordon, W.J. "Blockchain technology for healthcare-
Facilitating the transition to patient-driven interoperability". Comput.
Struct. Biotechnol. 2018, 16, 224–230
[9] Shen, B, Guo, J, Yang, Y. "MedChain: Efficient Healthcare Data
Sharing via Blockchain". Appl. Sci. 2019
[10] Hsin-Te Wu, Chun-Wei T sai. "Toward blockchains for health-care
systems: Applying the bilinear pairing technology to ensure privacy
protection and accuracy in data sharing", IEEE Consum. Electron.
Mag. 2018
[11] Rouhani, S., Butterworth, L., Simmons, A.D., Humphery, D.G.,
Deters, R. "MediChainT M: A Secure Decentralized Medical Data

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Intruder Detection System for Digital Device using

Computer Vision
Sugantha Mallika .S.S[a] Priyadharsini.M[a]
Information Technology Information Technology
Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College
Coimbatore, India Coimbatore, India
sugantha.samuel@srec.ac.in priya.murugesan@srec.ac.in

Venkat Kumar .I.S[b] Sudharsan .R[b] Surya .M[b]

Information Technology Information Technology Information Technology
Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College
Coimbatore, India Coimbatore, India Coimbatore, India
venkatkumar.1805156@srec.ac.in sudharsan.1805149@srec.ac.in surya.1805151@srec.ac.in
[a] Assistant Professor (Sl.Gr) – Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, India
[b] UG Students - Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, India

Abstract — Probably, the most valuable asset of a digital
device is its data and their security. An intruder detection system
is a modern concept that is absolutely necessary for a computer
system to have a secured data and its features. This intruder
detection system detects intruders and sends an alarm to the
appropriate party. As a result, the incident responder can
quickly evaluate the problem and take appropriate action. Here
in the system the image of the person is captured through a web
camera. The extracted face is recognized and then stored in a
separate folder. The captured image is compared to the
authorized person’s saved image in the database. By comparing,
the system can distinguish between authorized and illegitimate
users. If an unauthorized person is discovered, the system sends
the owner the recognized image through email. Along with that
this model also sends the recorded screen video of the intruder,
which will give information about what the intruder tried to do
with the device. Then to alert the authorized person a normal
message is also sent to the authorized person mobile number
because one may not check the mail frequently so sending an
SMS will alert the authorized person even if their phone is out of
internet. Then at last the device will make an alarm to alert the
people around the device and then it will be locked, so the
intruder can no long access the device.
Keywords—intruder detection; face recognition;
Computer Vision; twilio; Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
I. INTRODUCTION
Human intrusion on a personal device states that a security
event in which the intruder gains access to the system or it’s
resource without having authorization. The purpose of a
human intrusion detection system is to detect illegal access to
a digital system, gadgets, PC, Laptop or a protected systems
and deny such unauthorized access to protect personnel and
secured data from damage or theft. This technology detects
intruders correctly and provides security. By identifying the
intruder, this technology can help to decrease data and
information theft. The model has the ability to respond fast,
ensuring that no theft occurs in our systems or devices. The
camera is accessed through the webcam in this arrangement,
and the camera captures continuous video. Face recognition is
carried out using Open Computer Vision library. The image of
the user had already been saved in the database. The image
will be compared to the datasets in the database by the system.
If the captured image does not match the dataset image, the
system will save the image by clicking it. After that, Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol library generates a mail and sends it to
the specified mail address. The email contains a picture of
intruder and the screen recorded video as attachment.
II. IMAGE PROCESSING
The process of transforming an image into a usable format is
known as image processing and converting an image to a
digital format and executing operations on it to extract
important information from it. When implementing specific
signal processing algorithms, the image processing system
normally treats all images as 2D signals.
A. Types of Image Processing
• Visualization - Locating objects that aren't visible in
the image
Open
• Object Recognition – Identifying and detecting things
in an image
• Sharpening and Restoration – From the original
image, an upgraded image is created.
• Pattern recognition - Calculating numerous patterns
around the image's items
• Retrieval - Browse and search through a big library
of digital photos that are similar to the original.
B. Steps In Image Processing
• The initial stage in image processing is image
acquisition. In image processing, this step is also

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known as pre-processing. It entails getting the image
from a source, which is usually hardware.
• Image enhancement is the technique of bringing out
and highlighting certain interesting characteristics in a
previously concealed image. This can include
adjusting the brightness, contrast, and other settings.
• Image restoration is the process of enhancing an
image's look. Picture restoration, unlike image
augmentation, is done using mathematical or
probabilistic models.
• In the digital domain, colour image processing
encompasses a variety of colour modelling techniques.
Because of the widespread usage of digital photos on
the internet, this step has acquired popularity.
• Wavelets are a type of visual representation that
comes in a variety of resolutions. For data
compression and pyramidal representation, the images
are separated into wavelets or smaller sections.
• Compression is a technique for reducing the amount
of storage or bandwidth needed to save or transmit an
image. This is especially true when the photograph
will be used on the Internet.
• Morphological processing is a collection of processes
used to morph images based on their forms.
• One of the most difficult phases in image processing
is segmentation. It entails breaking down an image
into its component bits or objects.
• Each region of an image is represented and described
in a form appropriate for further computer processing
once it is divided into regions in the segmentation
process. The qualities and regional properties of a
picture are dealt with in representation. The task of
description is to extract quantitative information that
can be used to distinguish one class of things from
another.
• Recognition is the process of assigning a label to an
object based on its description.
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
Various researches have been done on Detecting an
Intruder. This study is done prior to beginning the project by
which one can comprehend the many methods that have been
employed in the past. This research assisted in determining the
advantages and disadvantages of the current system.
Jan Lansky et al. [1] have worked on deep learning-based
intrusion detection systems, and present a comprehensive
study and classification of these schemes. It explains how
deep learning networks are used in the intrusion detection
process to accurately detect intrusions, Limitations – Used old
datasets which cannot represent the current threats and
security attacks. Nelson et al.[2] have worked on to figure out
the quickest way for homeowners to be notified if an intruder
or thief breaks into their home utilising a proactive
surveillance system The outcome demonstrates that the system
can identify and recognise intruders and provide a proactive
notification to homeowners via a mobile application,
Limitation – The resolution of the image is reduced to increase
the Frames per second to capture the intruder.
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Sivakumar et al.[3] have worked on home security
enhancement by sending verification letters to the house
owner or using face recognition to detect intrusion are
common examples. This research combines the two
techniques and provides a two-layered solution that is simple
and cost effective.
The system is intended for the property's main entrance and
has already been designed and demonstrated. An Arduino
controller interfaces with sensors and image processing tools
in MATLAB to authorise entrance using a GSM module in
this system, Limitations – The movements of the intruder are
detected but face is not detected in this paper, they have
mentioned it will be done as future work.
Bhanse et al.[4] have worked on an Face revelation is used
in this application to boost the auto applications. It
demonstrates how the camera's confidence affects the edge
every second and, consequently, the ideal open door for
standing up to acknowledgement. The image processing for
face identification, face tracking, and recognition for
automotive applications is done here using Open Computer
Vision. Wang et al.[5] have worked on intrusion detection
system for video surveillance, Target detection, automatic
identification, and automatic alert are the system's core
function modules. The system will call the camera and launch
the video surveillance and automatic alarm system when the
user starts the software. Intrusion behaviour is detected using
the three frame difference method and the background
subtraction method. The system is practical, easy to run, and
has a greater working efficiency, allowing it to achieve the
user's intended purpose.
Menage et al.[6] have on the system It is used to identify
intruders and send an alert to a designated person. As a result,
the incident responder can quickly evaluate the problem and
take appropriate action. The PIR sensor detects human
movement in the system, which is captured using the Pi
camera. The extracted face is detected and then delivered via
HDMI connection to the Raspberry Pi. In Open CV- Python,
this system works great. The taken image is compared to the
authorised person's saved image in the database, Limitations –
The picture of the intruder is sent only through mail. It may
not be sure if the user has internet connectivity all the time to
check the intruder’s activity. Ron Bitton et al.[7] Securing
Remote Desktop Connections to Electronic Flight Bag Servers
with a Machine Learning-Based Intrusion Detection System it
functions by far off work area conventions (RDP) are
regularly utilized for associating and interfacing with PCs
from a distance. For this situation, a server part runs on the far
off PC and offers its work area (i.e., screen) with the client
part which runs on an end client gadget. As of late, various
weaknesses have been distinguished in two generally utilized
far off work area executions, Microsoft Remote Desktop and
RealVNC. These weaknesses might uncover the distant server
to another assault vector.
Chunjie Zhous et al.[8] have worked on numerous models
are built by exhaustively breaking down the multidomain
information on field control layers in modern interaction
computerization, with thought of two perspectives: physical
science and data. Wei Zhong et al.[9] have worked on an AI
based Intrusion Detection System (Intruder Detection System),
has turned into an imperative part to safeguard our financial
and public safety. Past shallow learning and profound learning
techniques embrace the single learning model methodology
for interruption identification. The single learning model
methodology might encounter issues to see progressively
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confounded information dispersion of interruption designs. D. Flowchart

Especially, the single profound learning model may not be
successful to catch remarkable examples from nosy assaults
having few examples. Manish kumar et al.[10] Interruption Start
Detection System (IDS) is a well-known word in the field of
network and information security. It's an important aspect of
the basis for Network and Information Security. The Have
Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) aids in the detection of Detect the face
unauthorised use, uncommon, and malevolent exercises on the from the camera
host, while the Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS)
aids in the detection of network assaults and interruptions[11-
15]. Different specialists are effectively chipping away at
various ways to deal with further developing the Intruder
Compare the detected
Detection System execution and numerous upgrades have
face with the authorized
been accomplished, Limitations – There is communication
delay and cost of implementation is quite expensive. persons face

IV. SYSTEM ANALYSIS

NO
A. Existing System If the person
The old technologies need a human support or require is intruder?
more work for the instalment. There are also false alarm in
some situations, so the authorized person getting notified YES
without any intruder and the data is stored in a external disk,
so as long as camera is installed there may be a need of
additional storage disk which increases the cost effectiveness Report the intruder to the
of the model. There are some Intruder Detection System authorized person
available, but they consume more time to execute the process
and reporting an intruder. Sometimes those systems produce
false alarm, so the efficiency of those systems gets diluted and
the available features are very less. The existing Intruder End
Detection System was not facilitating the screen recording
feature. Fig 1. Working Model of IDS

B. Proposed System
The system consists of a web camera which is used to
acquire the video continuously and with that the picture of the
person is taken. So it requires no additional cost for
installation. Then the camera continuously monitors and
obtains the video, Images are taken for each period of time
from the captured video. The Images will be in RGB format.
These images are examined once again to see if the invader is
still present. If there is no invader, the processing will come to
a halt. If there is an intruder on the premises, then the model
takes a snap of the intruder image and sends an e-mail and a
message by this system This includes a notification of the
intruder's existence as well as the intruder's photograph. Then
an alarm will be raised to alert the people around the device
and finally the system will be locked.
C. Modules Used
When a new person tries to access the device the new
person’s face will be compared with the authorized person. If
there is no match then the new person will be labelled as
intruder.
V. METHODOLOGY OF SYSTEM
Using the Open Computer Vision and face recognition
library the intruder is detected, then using Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol and Twilio API the intruder will be
reported. This approach uses the below processes to detect and
report the intruder.
A. Detecting an Intruder
Initially the images of the authorized person is stored and
will be given as input to check the intruder. Then using the
Face recognition Python library the picture of authorized
person is compared with the unknown person. The image will
be converted into numerical encoding, so that it will be easy
for the model to do the comparison. When the authorized
person is unavailable, then the system recognize the intruder
by comparing with loaded image in authorized folder. Once
the person if found as intruder, the camera will stop recording
at a fixed time and next process will get started.

Once the intruder is found the screen will be recorded to

know what the intruder is trying to do with the device. The
video will be recorded for a fixed time.
Then using Simple Mail Transfer Protocol library, the
picture and the recorded screen video will be sent to the
authorized person mail. Finally, an alarm will be raised and
the device will be locked. So that the intruder can no longer
access the device.
B. Recording the Screen
When the intruder is found then the screen recording will
be immediately started, screen recording is done to monitor
the intruder’s activity on that device. The recording will be
stopped when it meets the fixed time limit. The time limit is
fixed by the authorised person, and it is customizable. With
the recorded video we can be able to know what the intruder is

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trying to do in our device. After the fixed time, the screen

recording will be stopped.
C. Reporting Intruder to authorized person
The intruder picture will be stored in a separate folder.
Then the recorded screen video and the intruder picture will be
sent to the authorized person mail account, Simple Transfer
Protocol library is used to send the mail. The stored pictures
are then deleted on the disk to save storage space because the
copy of that picture and video is already sent to the authorized
person mail. Along with the intruders picture the screen
recorded video will also be sent in mail to monitor the
intruder’s activity Fig 3. Authorized person picture on camera

D. Alarm, Short Message Service and Locking device

First of all, a Twilio account is created then using the
Twilio account id and account token the configuration is
finished. After that a Twilio number is obtained, with that
number only the authorized person will receive the SMS. Then
using Python Twilio rest library, the SMS will be sent to the
authorised person’s mobile number. Then an alarm sound for
fixed time limit will be activated, to alert the people around
the device. The time limit and the volume of the alarm is
customizable. Then at last the system will be locked so that
the intruder no longer can able to access the device. The alarm
and the screen lock is achieved through Python libraries.
Fig 4. Intruder’s picture on camera
E. Block Diagram Then the intruder’s picture and the recorded screen video will
be sent to authorized person through email. The mail will
come from the sample mail created for this project
intruderdetectionpc@gmail.com and the mail will be sent to
Video Frames Face Detection the authorized person email.

NO

Intruder Face Comparison

YES

Record the Screen Email the photo and

screen recorded video

Make an alarm and lock

the screen Fig 5. Received Email

After that to alert the authorized person, a SMS will be sent to

Fig 2. Block Diagram
the mobile number.

VI. RESULT
The program will be executed and then the camera will be
turned on to check if any other person other than the
authorized person using this PC. It will compare the face
detected from the camera with the authorized person image
and display the result below the image.
Fig 6. Received SMS

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VII. RESULT ANALYSIS
A. About Pycharm
PyCharm is a Python Integrated Development
Environment (IDE) that includes a variety of key tools for
Python developers that are tightly integrated to create a
pleasant environment for effective Python, web, and data
science development. It offers with a robust set of capabilities
that support the most up-to-date development methods right
out of the box. Smart code completion, code inspections,
automated code restructuring, an integrated debugger, and a
test runner are all included in PyCharm Community Edition. It
simplifies the management of large projects.
B. Accuracy Calculation
According to this project, initially all the images will be
considered as the input data and processing data. But as per
proposed method, we need to pre-process the image for
obtaining result.
Accuracy = (TP+TN)/(Total).
Where TP = True Positive, TN = True Negative
The world's simplest face recognition library recognizes and
manipulates faces from Python or the command line using the
face recognition module. The library is based on dlib's deep
learning-based state-of-the-art facial recognition. On the
Labelled Faces in the Wild benchmark, the model has a 99.38
percent accurate rate
Accuracy
Face Recognition
0 50 100
Accuracy
Fig 7. Accuracy of Face Recognition Module
VIII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Science and technological innovation is a never-ending
process. New products and technology are always being
developed. Hence this intrusion detection system helps to
avoid data theft and to provide a secured computer
application. So that one can keep their personal device turned
on without worrying about any intruders.
For the future scope, Intruder Detection System can be
developed into an application to make the process easier and
to make a call to the authorized person with some recorded
voice after an intruder is found.
REFERENCES
[1] Bhanse, Vivek Kishor, and M. D. Jaybhaye, “Face Detection and
tracking using Image processing on Raspberry Pi.”, 2018, International
Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications
(ICIRCA), pp. 1099-1103, IEEE, 2018
[2] Bhambri, Pankaj, Sachin Bagga, Dhanuka Priya, Harnoor Singh, and
Harleen Kaur Dhiman. “Suspicious Human Activity Detection System”
Journal of IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics, and Cloud 2, no. 4 (2020):
216-221.
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[3] Chen, Joy Iong Zong. “Smart Security System for Suspicious Activity
Detection in Volatile Areas”, Journal of Information Technology 2, no.
01 (2020): 64-72.
[4] Chunjie Zhou, Shuang Huang, Naixue Xiong, “Design and Analysis of
Multimodel-Based Anomaly Intrusion Detection Systems in Industrial
Process Automation”, 2020, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and
Cybernetics: Systems, ISSN Information: 2168-2232
[5] Jan lansky, Saqib ali, Mokhtar Mohammadi, “Deep Learning-Based
Intrusion Detection Systems: A Systematic Review”, 2021, IEEE access,
Electronic ISSN: 2169-3536
[6] Manish Kumar, Ashish Kumar Singh, “Distributed Intrusion Detection
System using Blockchain and Cloud Computing Infrastructure”, 2020,
2020 4th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and
Informatics (ICOEI) (48184), Electronic ISBN:978-1-7281-5518-0
[7] Nelson C. Rodelas1, Melvin A. Ballera2, “Intruder detection and
recognition using different image processing techniques for a proactive
surveillance”, 2021, Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science, pp. 843~852
[8] Nitesh Singh Bhati, Manju Khari, “Comparative Analysis of
Classification Based Intrusion Detection Techniques”, 2021, 5th
International Conference on Information Systems and Computer
Networks (ISCON)
[9] Ron Bitton, Asaf Shabtai, “A Machine Learning-Based Intrusion
Detection System for Securing Remote Desktop Connections to
Electronic Flight Bag Servers”, 2021, IEEE Transactions on Dependable
and Secure Computing, ISSN Information: 1941-0018
[10] Sivakumar, Swetha, and R. GomathiBhavani, “Image Processing Based
System for Intrusion Detection and Home Security Enhancement”, 2018
3rd IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics,
Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT), pp. 1676-1680.
IEEE, 2018
[11] S. Menaga, A. Priyadharshini, V. Subalakshmi, “A Smart Intruder
Detection System”, 2021, International Journal of Engineering Research
& Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-018
[12] Vaishali Bhatia, Shabnam Choudhary, K.R Ramkumar, “A Comparative
Study on Various Intrusion Detection Techniques Using Machine
Learning and Neural Network”, 2020, 8 th International Conference on
Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future
Directions) (ICRITO).
[13] Wang, Jin-xiang, “Research and implementation of intrusion detection
algorithm in video surveillance”, 2016, International Conference on
Audio, Language and Image Processing (ICALIP), pp. 345-348, IEEE,
2016
[14] Wei Zhong, Ning Yu, Chunyu Ai, “Applying big data based deep
150 learning system to intrusion detection”, 2020, Big Data Mining and
Analytics, Electronic ISSN: 2096-0654
[15] Xue Ying Li, Rui Tang; Wei Song, “Intrusion Detection System Using
Improved Convolution Neural Network”, 2022, 11th International
Conference of Information and Communication Technology (ICTech))
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Detection of Attacks using Attention-based
Conv-LSTM and Bi-LSTM in Industrial
Internet of Things
Bebin Josey T
Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science,
Nesamony M emorial Christian College, M arthandam,
India.
bebinmca@gmail.com
Abstract- This research work proposes an attack
detection algorithm for the industrial internet of
things (IIoT) which uses an attention-based Conv-
LSTM and Bidirectional Long short-term memory
(Bi-LSTM) network. The approach consists of two
feature extraction modules namely attention-based
Bi-LSTM feature extraction and Convolutional
LSTM (Conv-LSTM) feature extraction algorithm
that extracts the features on the same data. The Bi-
LSTM further extracts two types of features where
one type is extracted in the forward pass while the
other is extracted in the backward pass. The Bi-
LSTM and Conv-LSTM extracted features are
fused and are trained/tested using the fully
connected layer of the neural network to detect
normal or abnormal data. The evaluation of the
algorithm was performed using the metrics namely
false negative rate, false alarm, detection rate, and
accuracy with the IIoT dataset namely AWID, and
CTU-13. The proposed approach provides an
accuracy of 98.02% and 95.98% for the AWID,
and CTU-13 datasets respectively which shows
that the algorithm outperforms other recent IIoT
attack detection algorithms.
Index Terms-Convolutional-Long Short Term
Memory (Conv-LSTM), Bidirectional Long Short
Term Memory (Bi-LSTM), Industrial Internet of
Things (IIOT) attack, Feature Extraction,
Attention
1. INTRODUCTION
Recently, due to the development of cloud
computing and the internet of things (IoT), industrial
systems have established the industrial internet of
things [1] (IIoT). This IIoT has become the attack
target of attackers. There are two phases in IIoT
attacks which include the preparation phase followed
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Dr. D.S. M isbha,
M CA, M .Phil, Ph.D Assistant Professor,
Nesamony M emorial Christian College, M arthandam,
India.
misbhasatheesh4@gmail.com
by the attack stage. In the preparation phase, the
information about the target is collected by the
attackers.In the attack phase, the target
infrastructure/equipment is under the control of
attackers and the attackers will launch attacks on
thetarget. This first phase is performed in three stages
namely (a) Intrusion penetration, (b) Lurking, and (c)
Lateral intrusion. In the intrusion penetration stage,
the attackers identify the device that has less security
in the IoT system and takes central of the weak secure
device. In the lurking stage, the controlled device will
collect essential information by hiding in the IIoT
target as normal authenticated devices. This lurking
process may occur for several months. In the intrusion
stage, move weak devices will be under the control of
attackers for collecting more sensitive information as
illustrated in Fig. 1. There are two types of attacks
namely low frequency and multistage. In the low-
frequency type, the attacker gets undetected for
several years or months and collects the data. In this
type, only a few abnormal data are produced. In a
multi-stage attack, the intensity of the attack will
increase. The attackers will get control of USB
devices, wireless devices, local area network (LAN)
servers, etc. Finally, the target industrial infrastructure
or equipment will be attacked by a virus.
An intrusion detection system (IDS) is used to detect
such attacks that perform three major functions
namely (a) It monitors the firewall, routers, and
servers (b) It identifies the patterns of malicious
content and supports the network administrator for
effective control (c). It sends a notification on
detecting malicious content. Two approaches namely
signature-based schemes and behavior-based schemes
are used in the Intrusion detection system.Signature-
based schemes provide better performance for the
detection of unknown malware attacks since these
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schemes compare the incoming data traffic with the
signature of attacks that was stored in the database.
The behavior-based IDS alsomonitors the behavior of
Weak secure device
Attacker
Personal Computer
Employees
Send attack command
Fig. 1: Representation of attack in IIoT
Several researchers are working on developing IIoT
attack detection algorithms where the traditional
schemes can be categorized as time series detection
and online learning detection. In the time series
approach, the data is initially divided into different
intervals from which the interval score is estimated.
The author Ren et al. [2] used a dynamic Markov
model, where the memory attribute length is balanced
using a high-order Markovmodel. The real-time state
prediction approach was combined with the dynamic
duration approach [3] by Ortega et al., where varying
time window is used for anomaly detection. The
authors Melnyk et al. [4] used a semi-Markov-based
auto-regressive approach where the data suggested
phase distribution is compared with the model-
predicted phase distribution. The online learning
schemes proposed by Ozkan et al. [5] used temporal
data for anomaly detection. In this approach,Neyman-
Pearson's approach is used in detecting the anomaly
from the received dynamic and static data. This
approach shows better performance when there is a
high/large sequence data rate.
The authors Sasikala et al [6] used a
classifier namely XGBoost for the detection of
attacks. The attack detection on the cloud was
proposed using a Flower Pollination Algorithm by the
authors Ananthi et al. [7], where the scheme can
detect different attacks on wireless sensor
networks.Since the time series approach uses the
model for attack detection on a selected time interval,
the performance of attack detection reduces if there is
a mismatch between the actual attack interval and
chosen attack interval. In the online learning
approach, a few features are extracted from the data
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the system that was linked to the attack which also
uses statistical information.
Core Server Industrial equipment
Target Network
T ransmit information
from each interval to detect the abnormality. The
author Smadi et al. [8] used a feature extraction
algorithm on the input data in an adaptive approach,
where the implementation was done to detect phishing
e-mails. A principal component analysis (PCA) based
approach was proposed by Wang et al. [9] where the
abnormal feature variation is detected from
theextracted features. The author Roshan et al. [10]
used an extreme learning approach using the new
detection data and the historical data. The model is
updated by estimating the mean square error (MSE).
Deep learning algorithms [11] are also used in
anomaly detection, where the LSTM model [12]
shows a better performance. The data at current or
past instances may be used to predict the abnormal
data that was arriving in the future. Therefore a short-
term prediction of normal/abnormal at any time
instance is performed using the hybrid conv-LSTM
and Bi-LSTM model.The contribution of the paper is
as follows,
(i) The paper proposes an attack detection algorithm
by detecting the features extracted from the IIoT data
which classifies the data as normal/abnormal.
(ii) The feature extraction algorithm uses two modules
namely Bi-LSTM and attention-based Conv-LSTM.
TheBi-LSTM generates two different features namely
forward and backward pass features. The extracted
features are trained using the fully connected layer to
detect the abnormality.
(iii) The evaluation of the algorithm was done using
the dataset namely AWID, and CTU-13 using the
metrics false negative rate, false alarm, detection rate,
and accuracy.
The remaining section of the paper is constructed as
follows. Section II shows the proposed IIoT attack
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detection algorithm. Section III shows the evaluation Attention

results of the proposed algorithm and finally, Section
IV concludes the work.
Normalize
II. PROPOSED METHOD Convolution
layer 1 and 2
The block diagram of the proposed hybrid attention -
LSTM
based Conv-LSTM and Bi-LSTM for the detection of
attacks in IIoT is provided in Fig.2. The hybrid
detection schemes consist of two networks namely the
attention-based Bi-LSTM network and Conv-LSTM Fig. 3: Representation of attention-based conv-LSTM
network [13]. Let the data from the IIoT network at
∑ ( ) (4)
time be .
The block diagram representation of Conv-LSTM
with the attention mechanism is provided in Fig. 3.
Bi-LSTM
Two convolution layers are used where the arriving
Fully connected
Feature fusion

network Result
Data dataat a time instance having size is convolved with
layer

Normal/ the kernel equal to the size of the arrived data that is
Conv-LSTM
Abnormal received on that time instance. The convolved data is
network
then applied to the function followed by a
normalization, where the function also uses the
Fig. 2:Block diagram representation of proposed LSTM output estimated from the two-layer
attack detection in IIoT convolution. The normalized feature and the LSTM
features are multiplied to obtain the Conv LSTM
Therefore the data on a time frame be represented as output.
{ } (1)
Data
LSTM
The Conv-LSTM performs, the convolution operation
network LSTM
in two layers (layer-1, and layer-2) the convolution
output is applied to the LSTM network and an network
LSTM
attention process. Let and be the kernels of network LSTM
CNN in layer-1 and layer-2 respectively. The
.....

network
convolution operation in layer-1 can be expressed as,
LSTM
( )( ) ∫ ( ) ( ) (2) network LSTM
network
The convolution operation in layer-2 can be expressed LSTM
as, network LSTM
network
( )( ) ∫ ( ) ( ) (3)

The feature value obtained from the LSTM and Fig. 4: Representation of Bi-LSTM
attention process are multiplied to obtain the Conv-
LSTM feature . The Conv-LSTM generates the The Bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM) consists of two
output from the IIoT data input as. processes namely forward pass and backward pass.
This Bi-LSTM consists of two sections of cascaded
LSTM network where one network performs the
forward pass while the other section performs the
backward pass. The forward pass section generates
the output , similarly, the backward pass section
generates the output . The representation of
forward pass and backward pass in bi-LSTNM is

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represented in Fig. 4. The LSTM layer estimates the
hidden state of each time step represented as
[ ]
The output of the attention can be estimated as
∑
Where the score estimated as
( )
Where represent the hidden output of Conv-
LSTM. , and are the learnable parameters.
The attention output depends on the hidden
variable and input . The output gate, cell state,
forget gate, and input gate in the LSTM network is
given by
( )
( )
(9)
( )
(10)
( )
(11)
Where ( )
Here is the element-wise matrix multiplication
operator. represent the input, b’s and W’s represent
the bias and weight respectively. The function ( )
represents the activation function. The LSTM network
has a memory cell that preserves the state over time.
Gates are used to control the memory cell which can
enable the memory cell to forget or retain the state. A
sigmoid layer is used in the network that makes the
feature between 0 to 1. In each time instance, the state
of the memory cell is updated based on the input data
and memory cell state. The product of the output gate
and the sigmoid result of the memory cell state gives
the feature value at the current time instance. The
forward pass feature backward pass feature
and the attention-based Conv-LSTM ( ) are merged.
Therefore the complete features that can be
trained/tested are given by,
(12)
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The features are trained using the fully
connected layer of the neural network. The features
that are extracted by the Conv-LSTM and Bi-LSTM
(5) are trained in the fully connected layer that has layers
such as the input layer, hidden layers, and output
layers. The number of neurons in the input layer is
equal to the number of features extracted by the
(6) hybrid algorithms. Two neurons are used in the
outputlayer where one neuron represents the
classification result that corresponds to normal data
while the other neuron represents the classification
(7) result that corresponds toabnormal data.The attack can
be detected periodicallyon the IIoT network using the
trained model. For handling the attack detection in the
cloud data, the algorithm can be implemented in the
cloud server, where the IIoT network is also
connected. Thus the algorithm can detect the
attackfrom the data that was received on the network
that was sent by the attacker.
(8) III. EXPERIM ENTA L RESULTS
The evaluation of the proposed hybrid attention-based
Bi-LSTM in detecting the attacks in IIoT is
performed with the metrics false negative rate, false
alarm, detection rate, and accuracy which can be
estimated using the relation
( ) (13)
( ) (14)
( ) (15)
( ) (16)
Where , , represents the false negative, false
positive, true negative, and true positive respectively
obtained from the classified normal and abnormal
results. The evaluation of the algorithm for attack
detection was carried out using the datasets namely
AWID [14], and CTU-13 [15]. The algorithm was
implemented using Matlab 2020a on a PC with the
64-bit window-7 operating system with 8GB RAM,
and a 3.4GHz I7 processor. The performance of the
proposed algorithm was compared with the traditional
schemes such as sequential HNP [5], CELM [10],
SAM [9], MSB [16], PEDS [8], O-LSTM [17], and
MLSTM [12].
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TABLE I: Performance comparison between TABLE II: Performance comparison between

Proposed and traditional attack detection schemes for Proposed and traditional attack detection schemes for
the dataset AWID the dataset CTU-13
FNR FA DR Acc
FNR FA DR Acc S chemes (%) (%) (%) (%)
S chemes (%) (%) (%) (%) HNP 7.35 6.95 59.69 93.01
HNP 7.35 5.97 63.29 93.89 CELM 9.54 7.74 56.49 92.08
CELM 10.58 6.04 62.2 93.51 S AM 6.16 7.08 59.55 93.01
S AM 8.32 5.69 64.17 94.05 MS B 10.62 7.84 55.88 91.88
MS B 6.85 3.59 74.22 96.08 PEDS 7.98 7.04 59.24 92.87
PEDS 6.59 4.81 68.3 95.05 O-LS TM 8.21 9.98 50.49 90.18
O-LS TM 7.88 3.29 75.67 96.25 MLS TM 2.14 5.31 67.2 95.01
MLS TM 6.02 2.02 83.79 97.58 Proposed 2.02 4.86 68.45 95.98

Proposed 5.85 1.96 86.39 98.02

The accuracy and detection rate of the proposed

approach is higher than the traditional schemes,
whereas the false negative rate and false alarm rate of
the proposed approach are lesser than the traditional
schemes when evaluated using the AWID dataset. For
the proposed approach the FNR, FA, DR, and
accuracy are estimated as 5.85%, 1.96%, 86.39%, and
98.02% respectively as depicted in Table I.

Fig. 6: Graphical comparison of Accuracy, DR, FA,

and FNR of the proposed method for the dataset
CTU-13

The accuracy and detection rate of the proposed

Fig. 5: Graphical comparison of Accuracy, DR, FA,
and FNR of the proposed method for the dataset
AWID
The graphical comparison for the AWID dataset is
provided in Fig. 5. The experiment was done with a
sequence length of 50 and an input dimension of 50
[12]. The LSTM network in the hybrid system uses a
batch size of 50 with 50 epochs at a learning rate and
dropout rate of 0.01 and 0.5 respectively.
approach is higher than the traditional schemes,
whereas the false negative rate and false alarm rate of
the proposed approach are lesser than the traditional
schemes when evaluated using the CTU-13 dataset.
For the proposed approach the FNR, FA, DR, and
accuracy are estimated as 2.02%, 4.86%, 68.45%, and
95.98% respectively as illustrated in Table II. The
high accuracy is attained by the proposed model due
to the usage of an attention mechanism that focuses
only on essential data for training/testing the model to
detect attacks in IIoT.The graphical comparison
obtained on the CTU-13 is provided in Fig. 6.

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Fig. 7: Variation of accuracy for different epochs
during training in AWID and CTU-13 datasets.
The variation of accuracy during the training epoch is
illustrated in Fig 7. Since the conv-LSTM and Bi-
LSTM are trained with 50 epochs, the model attains a
training accuracy of around 95%. The accuracy
almost stabilizes as the number of epochs reaches 50
when evaluated using both the AWID and CTU-13
datasets. From Fig. 7 it is clear that the model attains
a maximu m training accuracy infewer epochs.
IV. CONCLUSION
The model proposed an IIoT attack detection
algorithm that uses an attention-based Bi-LSTM. The
algorithm initially extracts two different features from
the IIoT data using attention-based Conv-LSTM and
Bi-LSTM networks. The extracted features are fused
and trained using the fully connected layer of the
neural network. Evaluation metrics namely false
negative rate, false alarm, detection rate, and accuracy
are used to evaluate the proposed attack detection
algorithm with the datasets namely AWID, and CTU-
13. The detection accuracy of the AWID, CTU-13
dataset was estimated as 98.02% and 95.98%
respectively. The performance of the algorithm was
found to be better when compared to similar attack
detection schemes.
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Design of Hybrid Authentication Protocol for
High Secure Applications in Cloud
Environments
Sai Srinivas Vellela,
Research Scholar,
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering,
Saveetha School of Engineering,
Saveetha Institute of M edical and
Technical Sciences,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
sais1916@gmail.com
Abstract: S ince a large amount of data gets transferred,
the security and privacy are important in cloud
computing which increases the risk of data attack.
Cryptography is a method of transmitting and storing
data so only the intended receiver or recipient can read
and process it. The original message, known as plain
text, can be converted to an unintelligible version
known as cipher text in cryptography. The ability to
securely delete sensitive data from storage is becoming
more important. In this method some important
security services including authentication Protocol is
provided in cloud computing.The entire architecture is
divided into four modules they are security server,
cloud database, hybrid authentication protocol and
communication. To provide efficient security hybrid
authentication protocol is utilized. In hybrid
authentication protocol initially data will be registered
and to this data privacy is provided using privacy
module. Now to the obtained data security key is
provided. After that data base functions are performed.
Security server will provide security for the transmitter
and received data. Cloud data base will store the data.
From results it can observe that hybrid authentication
protocol will improve the performance, security,
scalability and reduces the errors, Delay and attacks
which are obtaining from unauthorized users.
Key Words:Cloud data base, Security server, hybrid
authentication protocol, Cloud computing, Cryptography,
Delay.
I.INTRODUCTION
Internet computing resources are provided by cloud
computing. The Cloud computing network has
absorbed the majority of applications, resulting in a
system that is more persistent [1]. The exponential
growth of modern data centres, social network data
and a sudden increase in computing data power and
storage are the primary reasons for adopting cloud
computing. So me of them have low utilisation and
high costs, which could be reduced by developing
cost-effective and reliable cloud-based solutions.
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Dr.R. Balamanigandan,
Associate Professor,
Department of Artificial Intelligence,
Saveetha School of Engineering,
Saveetha Institute of M edical and
Technical Sciences,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
balamanigandanr.sse@saveetha.com
Internet-based IT services are represented, and
current consumption is supplemented by the new
Cloud computing method. As a service, dynamic
scaling and regular virtualization are given [2].
Internet service providers provide a number of
internet services that benefit users when utilized. As a
result, resources must be saved in management and
computation, as well as data storage. Specific
services, such as lower-cost client hardware and
software are provided by service providers. Large
volumes of data are also kept on remote servers as
computing resources and storage increase.
Remote locations also have access to computing
resources (software and hardware) and cloud
computing takes use of these to access the entire
network. Expanding techniques for using cloud
computing to transform information technology
processes will be created in the future. Due to its
many advantages, including flexibility, cost-
effectiveness ,scalability and most businesses use
cloud computing technology to transfer cloud data. In
order to share informat ion or documents other
among staff members in the cloud and an
organization subscribes to cloud services using a
cloud service application. Every file is characterized
by a set of keywords, and members of staff or other
authorized users have the ability to download a file
fro m the cloud by querying the cloud using specific
keywords.
The Vectorspacemodel is co mmonly used in
informat ion retrieval because of its simplification and
adaptability. An information retrieval system based
on boolean models has issues with addressing and
order ranking. The vector space model is emp loyed
for informat ion retrieval, but as a result, the search
precision for informat ion is inadequate since long
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documents with poor representation exhibit poor
similarity values; in these situations, spontaneous
weightings are acceptable, but not in the vector space
model. The term-based order of the documents is lost
in the vector space approach.
The design of the newly introduced N-level vector
design system ranking scheme, wh ich explores a
novel idea for term weighting and takes into account
the feature term location in the document, effect ively
removes this difficu lty. Then, using the newly
introduced system, the ranking process of encrypted
documents is evaluated once the document content
has been properly described. This newly p resented
formula, which is supplied for information ext raction,
produces a better retrieving outcome. With this
approach, a new termweighting formu la is
introduced, and the featureterm location and a brief
summary of its contents are also included in the
document.
A group of sensor nodes are connected to each other
in anetwork through wireless Co mmunicat ion is
called Wireless Sensor Network(WSN).Sensornodes
are distributed spatially in WSN that are controlled
mutually in so meconditions. Sensornodes are present
in adversarial environment such that the attackers can
easily enter into the network fo r capturing data fro m
physical nodes. In most ofthe cases, the sensors may
devices in any of the present node where every single
sensor represents mult iple sensor identities within the
network.Syb il attacks may remarkab ly decrease the
rig idness off aulty systems like maintenance of
topology and distributed storage. Geographic routing
protocols mayhave be open for threats such that an
adversary using theSybil attack is appeared in
mu ltip le sensor nodes at a time to manipulate the
location data information with neighbour nodes.
Authentication of identity for sensor node has to be
performed in turn to prevent attacks.Such activities
are practiced for public key cryptography in
conventional internet. The ability of resource
constrained with this storagecost sensor node is not
efficient fo r generation of d igitalsignatures. Present
working models sort out the issue by forming
secured pair wise keys through pre-distribution
methods of random key and. Ho wever, th is
simp lification is not totally secured and energy
efficient.
In this study, the current working system is
enhanced for identification of radio sensor nodes
basing on their fundamental signatures impulsively
depending on communication signal that leads to
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complete analysis of Physical Unclonable
Functions (PUF) features of rad ios for improved
security of physical layers[3]. The theoretical
enhancement of RF-PUF is represented for an
asymmetric IoT network.Any additional hardware
at the constrained resource of IoT node is not
required for RF-PUF operation.PUF
implementation at Tx node does not require on-chip
oroff-chip circuitry fo r RF-PUF.Process variability
and component to lerance factors are inherent
variations developed in proposed schemeateach
transistor.A framework basing on machine learning
techniques is designed in this study which reduces
the nonidealities such as data variability accounts
and variability in channel at receiver end.
Atthe time o f data transmission, the data packets
are highly prone to attacks.To overcome these
drawbacks a powerfu l method is required that not
only provides security but it should improve the
efficiency of currently wo rking network
system.This study presents a new technique based
on mach ine learning which generates fake data for
providing secured path for commun ication among
sensor nodes by misleading the attacker. In
proposed technique generation of faked at a packets
is not supported in order to reduce consumption of
power and it avoids end to end delay by promoting
through put rate.
II.LITERATURE SURVEY
Ambika Gupta, Anjan i Mehta, LakshyaDaver,Priya
Banga.et.al [4], In th is co mputerized period, the
development of many various applications makes the
liv ing souls in a manner more brilliant and yet it
likewise expands how much informat ion to an
exceptional rate.
Fabio Bracci, Antonio Corradi, Luca Foschini.et.al
[5], Soft ware as a Service (SaaS) applications
completely taking advantage of the capability of
versatile Cloud figuring foundations normally is
empowering new universal access situations for
itinerant clients, like market sales users and home
med ical care clinical data. SaaS applications
commonly expect to move in formation and assets to
the Cloud framewo rk site; that raises a few testing
issues spreading over from access control to assets to
protection insurance, proprietorship, and security of
the information of the last SaaS clients [14][15].
Jun Feng, Yu Chen, Pu Liu.et.al [6]The information
that is put away as well as co mmunicated on the
Internet has been classified "the blood of the IT".
Alongside the framework and organization based
applications, information capacity has been perceived
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as one of the significant components of data
innovation. The success of Cloud Co mputing requires
the moving fro m server-appended capacity to
disseminated capacity [12][13].
Yun Zhang, FarhanPatwa, Rav i Sandhu.et.al[7] a
public cloud gives undertakings and associations a
safe and effective climate to convey their
frameworks. While associations and organizations
benefit fro m mov ing to cloud stage, almost certainly,
comparative d igital assaults will happen to
associations what share a similar cloud stage. One
method for allev iating this chance is to d ivide
network protection data between these associations.
Brad ley Lee Snyder, James H. Jones.et.al [8]Past
endeavors to recognize cross -occurrence cloud
permanence have comprised of looking through
mo mentu m occasion unallocated space for pieces
effectively owing to an earlier client or case, and
results were essentially reliant upon the particular
examples tried and the pursuit terms utilized by the
specialist [9][10][11].
III. HYBRID AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOL
The below figure (1) shows the architecture of hybrid
authentication protocol. The entire architecture is
divided into four modules they are security server,
cloud database, hybrid authentication protocol and
communicat ion. To provide efficient security hybrid
authentication protocol is utilized. In hybrid
authentication protocol initially data will be
registered and to this data privacy is provided using
privacy module. Now to the obtained data security
key is provided. After that data base functions are
performed. Security server will provide security fo r
the transmitter and received data. Cloud data base
will store the data. The below figure (1) shows the
explanation of entire architecture.

Security Server

Cloud Data Base Hybrid Authentication Protocol

Database
functions Security Registration
Resident DB Communication
New
module Module Module
module resident Module
Database
module
Visitor
module Visitor API Privacy
Module
Module
Archive Returning
module

Fig. 1: Architecture of Hybrid Authentication Protocol

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Cloud Data Base
A cloud data set is one that is created and retrieved
using a cloud stage. It serves the majority of the same
functions as a traditional data base, but with the
added flexib ility of distributed computing. To
execute the data set, clients use programming on a
cloud platform [16][17].
In registering, aresident module or inhabitant
program stays in memo ry a ll through the lifetime of a
figuring meeting. One such program may be an attack
on program. This has brought about the term
inhabitant security. Visitor’s module records different
informat ion about guests and shows this information
in the configuration of either Reports (with graphs) or
Blocks. Archive Module Creates a packed chronicle
of at least one record or trees [20].
Hybrid Authentication Protocol
The gathering, storing, transferring, and sharing of
data over the cloud without compro mising the
security of independent information is referred to as
informat ion security in distributed computing. The
cloud security engineering model is typically
communicated as far as: Security controls which can
incorporate innovations and cycles. Controls ought to
consider the area of each help organizat ion, cloud
supplier, or outsider.
APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are
comprehensively acknowledged and utilized in web
applications. There are four chief kinds of API
ordinarily utilized in online applications: public,
accomplice, p rivate and composite. In th is specific
circu mstance, the API "type" shows the expected
extent of purpose. An API details can have a nu mber
of formats, but most commonly includes,data
structures schedules,remote calls, object classes or
factors. So, a module is a product part, and an API is
directions, and conceivably a few devices, fo r
utilizing and speaking with a product part.
Communication Module
By the use of servers, data sets, informat ion storage,
system ad min istration, and programming, many
administrations can be provided through the Internet
in a distributed manner. People who need ext ra
capacity and companies looking for a dependable off -
site data backup option both have become mo re and
more used to distributed storage.
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Security servers
These Servers are utilized to store and to share. It
additionally used to large informat ion handling in
framework. These are kept up with by distributed
computing suppliers, those are not in one space like
end-clients. In this way, these servers are not
dependable subsequently the end client's can't be trust
cloud servers. To make and authorize the security
strategy access choices. Here taking into account the
servers in cloud are not conniving with Data shoppers
and End-clients[18][19].
This deal with each characteristic and distribute out
users chose from space trait to end customers or end-
clients. This is the super key age place, here age of
public boundaries are finished. The characteristic
power awards different access honors for the end-
clients by giving mystery keys in view of the
properties and it is co mpletely private in organization
of a framework.
These End-clients are called as information
makers/proprietors; their information is rethought in
the cloud. Utilizing these clients scramb le their
informat ion to control and access their own
informat ion. These are considered as rules in the
organization. Informat ion is mentioned by buyers
fro m distributed computing servers. The information
is decoded by the shoppers just when the entrance
approaches are fulfilled by users. However, the
customer attempts to get to the unavailable
information from the users.
The Data Owner (DO) and Data User (DU) are the
two sorts of elements used for this framework. The
DO can be either an association or an individual
which was the proprietor for a progression of records
to share. While DUs are the approved information
clients of DOs who were permitted to get to a portion
of those records.
IV.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The below table (1) showscomparison of
authentication protocol, Multifactor authentication
protocol andhybrid authentication protocol. In this
performance, errors, security, delay, scalability and
attacks are utilized. In this hybrid authentication
protocol performance, security and scalability will be
increased compared with authentication protocol &
Multifactor authentication protocol. In the same way
errors, delay and attacks are reduced compared with
authentication protocol.
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Table. 1: Comparison Of Parameters

Multi factor Hybrid Authentication

S.NO Parameters Authentication Authentication Protocol
Protocol Protocol

1 Performance 86% 91% 98%

2 Errors 73% 54% 8%

3 Security 64% 86% 95%

4 Delay 89% 32% 7%

5 Scalability 43% 68% 87%

6 Attacks 77% 28% 6%

The below figure (2) shows the comparison of authentication protocol and Multifactor
performance and errors for authentication protocol, authentication protocol, hybrid authentication
Multifactor authentication protocol andhybrid protocol increases the performance and reduces the
authentication protocol. Co mpared with errors in effective way.

Fig. 2: Comparison Of Performance And Errors

In hybrid authentication protocol, security is authentication protocol, Multifactor authentication

increased and delay is reduced compared with protocol which is shown in below figure (3).

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Fig. 3: Comparison of Security and Delay

Co mparison of scalability and attacks for scalability is increased in hybrid authentication

authentication protocol, Multifactor authentication protocol compared with authentication protocol and
protocol andhybrid authentication protocol is shown Multifactor authentication protocol.
in below figure (4). Attacks are reduced and

Fig. 4: Comparison Of Scalability And Attacks

V.CONCLUSION internet to store and protect our data.Fro m results it

Cloud computing plays major ro le in present
generation to save the data.So to protect the data
hybrid authentication protocol is introduced. Fro m
past decades the cloud computing has gained huge
attention. In this the service provider manages via
can observe that hybrid authentication protocol will
improve the performance, security, scalability and
reduces the errors, Delay and attacks which are
obtaining fro m unauthorized users.Comparison of
authentication protocol, Mult ifactor authentication

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protocol andhybrid authentication protocol is g iven
in detail manner. In this performance, errors,
security, delay, scalability and attacks are utilized. In
this hybrid authentication protocol performance,
security and scalability will be increased compared
with authentication protocol & Mult ifactor
authentication protocol. In the same way errors,
delay and attacks are reduced in hybrid
authentication protocol compared with authentication
protocol and Multifactor authentication protocol.
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A Randomized Dot Pattern Character Encoding

Scheme (R-DPCES) for Steganography
Susmita Mahato
School of Computer Science and Engineering
NIST Institute of Science and Technology (Autonomous)
Brahmapur, Odisha, India, 761008

Email: sus_ps@rediffmail.com

Abstract— Randomization is popularly used in encryption

techniques to improve cryptographic security compared to
their deterministic counterparts. A cipher text is chosen
randomly from a set of cipher texts matching the message to
encipher a message. This paper proposes randomizing the
existing DPCES to secure information transmission in a
steganography system. The randomization concept is applied
to a flexible DPCES, a Character Binary encoding scheme used
in steganography. This would significantly improve the
effectiveness of defense against statistical analysis aimed at
revealing the message of suspecting the steganography method
is under attack. Knowledge of the exact mapping dot pattern
applied to encode the message is required to extract the
message. An attacker's probability of knowing the encoding
scheme would be very low, if not zero. Thus, the
Steganography system becomes highly secured with a
randomized encoding scheme. The binary data is computed
using R-DPCES and inserted into the cover. The stego-cover is
transmitted to the intended recipient through the public
channel.
Keywords— Character to binary encoding, Dot Pattern
Character Encoding Scheme, Randomized Dot Pattern Character
Encoding Scheme, Randomization, Steganography
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
The aim to randomize the dot pattern character encoding
scheme (DPCES) is to increase security which can be
achieved in the following ways:
i) Smooth out the a priori probabilities statistics [5] for the
distribution of inputs to the encoding method reduces the
efficiency of statistical attacks.
ii) By removing the chances of the revelation of the chosen
dot pattern scheme by an attacker. If the encoding function
encodes the message by randomly generated bit sequences,
the revelation of the message from the bit sequences is
almost impossible.
iii) Increases the size of the message space to the attackers.
If the message space is small, the non-randomized scheme
risks being defeated by simple statistical or forward search
attacks [6].
iv)The entropy of the plaintext is increased by adding
random bits [7] [8].

In a steganography scheme, a message in bit form [1] [2]
is embedded in the cover file. The stego cover is transmitted
to the receiver. In DPCES, a secret message is transformed
into a binary string by a flexible case-specific dot-pattern
mapping technique. The binary code is embedded in a
steganography system to improve its security [3]. A
randomized encryption scheme encodes a message by
selecting a cipher text from a sheet of cipher texts randomly
corresponding to the message under the current encryption
key [2]. Goyal et al. first defined and constructed functional
encryption using randomized functionalities [4].
Randomizing an encoding scheme makes the system more
secure and robust to attacks. The present work discusses the
benefits of the randomization of the dot pattern character
encoding scheme.
A. Mapping using R-DPCES
The proposed algorithm consists of two parts, i.e., the
hiding process and extracting process.
Algorithm for converting the message into a binary
string: -
Step 1: Take a message M.
Step2: Transform the alphabet in a dotted form using
randomly selected dotted character pattern set Cs (following
the steps given in [9]).
Step 3: Represent M for Cs, Merge dotted pattern of Cs
and M.

This paper proposes to randomize the dot pattern
character encoding scheme to achieve better security in a
steganography system. In randomized encoding, the system
randomly selects an encoding pattern from a set of dot
pattern character sets.
Step 4: The row set is created by checking the connection
between dots (following the steps given in [9]).
Step 5: Merge the Bit strings received from Step 5.
Step 6: Embed this bit string in a cover using any image
steganography method.

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Step 7: transmit the image file to the receiver.

Algorithm for reverting back the message from the
binary string: -
Step 1: Collect the binary data using the mining
algorithm on the received image file.
Step 2: Plot the matrix with dots.
Step 3: Separate the row and column-wise dots.
Step 4: Extract the bit string by checking the row and
column-wise dot connection.
Step 5: Separate the pattern and message from the dot
matrix data.
Step 6: Match the data part’s character pattern with the
template’s dot pattern to identify each pattern in the data part
and decode the complete message. (b)

III. R-DPCES IMPLEMENTATION

The proposed technique application in image steganography
can be accomplished in two ways. The whole process of
sending and receiving of the message comprises of two
phases.
A. First way
We encode the secret message using a random pattern and
embed the encoded message in a cover. Then, finally, send
the key comprising the pattern details through a secure
channel.

1) First phase

The message is transformed into bit string using R-

DPCES.
(c)
Fig. 1 (a) – (c) Encoding window for R-DPCES with randomly generated

template using 6 dots

(a)

Fig. 2 Encoding window for R-DPCES with randomly generated template

using 9 dots

2) Second phase
In this phase image steganography [10] is performed. the bit
string is implanted in a cover image. Here, MATLAB code

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is used for message embedding using Least Significant Bit

steganography. Different test images are tested to hide the
secret bit strings. Then, the resultant image is sent to the
recipient. The recipient fetches the binary data using the
message extraction method. Finally, the bit string is
transformed into the message using the same mapping rules
used during embedding.

3) Third phase
It is the third and last phase. Finally, the message is
converted from the binary string using RDPCES.

(a)

Fig. 3 R-DPCES with randomly generated template using 6 dots

(b)

Figure 5 (a-b) Encoding window for R-DPCES with the randomly

generated template using 6 dots and 9 dots respectively

2) Second phase

The second phase would be similar to given in

Section III.A.2.
Fig. 4 R-DPCES with randomly generated template using 9 dots

3) Third phase
Thus, randomizing the dot pattern character encoding
scheme using nine dots also gives a very large number of
character sets combinations to choose from which would
defeat the risk of revealing the secret message by simple
statistical or forward search attacks.

B. Second way
The dot patterns can be merged with the secret message and
embedded in a cover. An image cover consists of a lot of
scopes to embed a lengthy bit string without raising much
noise. In addition, there will not be any need to share the
key, which would make the system more secure.

1) First phase
(a)

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(b)
Figure 6(a-b) Decoding window for R-DPCES with randomly generated
template using 6 dots and 9 dots respectively
IV. BENEFITS OF RANDOMIZATION CONCERNING
SECURITY
This section discusses the benefits of RDPCES w. r. t
security evaluation.
A. Considering six dots for each character
Number of dots to represent each character = 6
Number of edges row wise = 3
Number of edges column wise = 4
Total number of edges = 7
Total number of bits = 7
Maximum unique combination of bits can be made = 27 =
128
Total number of alphabets in English script = 52 (26 capital
letters + 26 small letters)
Considering some special symbols = 3
Total characters considered for our experiment = 55
Total 55 characters can be represented using 128 dotted
patterns in
= = = 8.626634*10109
number of various dotted pattern representation character set
combinations. Thus, randomizing the dot pattern character
encoding scheme using six dots gives a vast number of
character set combinations to choose from, defeating the
risk of revealing the secret message by simple statistical or
forward search attacks.
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B. Considering nine dots for each character
Number of dots to represent each character = 9
Number of edges row wise = 6
Number of edges column wise = 6
Total number of edges = 12
Total number of bits = 12
Maximum unique combination of bits can be made = 212
= 4096
Total number of alphabets in English script = 52 (26 capital
letters + 26 small letters)
Considering some special symbols = 3
Total characters considered for our experiment = 55
A total 55 characters can be represented using 4096 dotted-
patterns in
= = = 3.323848*10138
number of various dotted pattern representation character set
combinations. The benefit is analyzed in two parts: -
1) Security is improved: -
o It reduces the effectiveness of statistical attacks.
o An increase in the number of dot pattern character
sets combinations defeats the risk of failure by
statistical or forward search attacks [6].
o Adding random bits in RDPCES increases entropy.
2) Revealing of Secret message becomes challenging for
the attacker: -
o The randomized encoding scheme selects encoding
pattern randomly, not limiting to any fixed standard
code for representing any script.
o Accurate fetching of the typescript and
combinations of typescript would be nearly
impossible task without knowing the dotted
pattern, so the revealing of the secret message.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a randomized DPCES is presented to increase
the security of the steganography system. The dotted
patterns are generated randomly, making the encoding a
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priori statistical attack proof. The proposed scheme

improves the reliability and security of secret messages
transmitted through a public channel. Further enhancement
can be done through an automated random dot pattern
generation system for character encoding and randomized
choice of specific patterns for different scripting languages
to transmit and communicate to the receiver using a
steganography system.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers
for the valuable comments and Dr. Biplab K. Dutta, Ph.D.
(Pittsburgh), IIMC and IIT alumnus, for his continuous
guidance from constructing the first draft to the publication
of this article.

REFERENCES
[1] Desoky, A., Younis, M, Chestega: chess steganography methodology,
SecurCommun Netw, 2(6):555–66 (2009)
[2] Rivest, R.L., Sherman, A.T. (1983). Randomized Encryption
Techniques. In: Chaum, D., Rivest, R.L., Sherman, A.T. (eds)
Advances in Cryptology. Springer, Boston, MA.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0602-4_14
[3] Mahato, S., Yadav, D. K., and Khan, D. A.,. A novel approach to text
steganography using font size of invisible space characters in
Microsoft word document, Intelligent Computing, Networking, and
Informatics, Springer India, pp. 1047-1054 (2014)
[4] Goyal, V., Jain, A., Koppula, V., Sahai, A., Functional encryption for
randomized functionalities, Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report
2013/729 (2013)
[5] Taylor, I. The Applications of Probability to Cryptography, Alan M.
Turing, Available from: arXiv:1505.04714v2 [math.HO] ) (accessed
on 14/10/2017 2015)
[6] Simmons, Gustavus J., and Holdridge, D. Forward search as a
cryptanalysitic tool against a public key privacy channel. Presented at
the Symposium on Computer Security and Privacy (1982)
[7] Shannon, Claude E. Communication theory of secrecy systems, Bell
System Technical Journal, 28, 659-715 (1949)
[8] A. Wyner, "Review of 'Information Theory and Reliable
Communication' (Gallager, R. G.; 1968)," in IEEE Transactions on
Information Theory, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 103-104, January 1970, doi:
10.1109/TIT.1970.1054414.
[9] Mahato, S., Yadav, D. K., Khan, D. A., Personal characters to bits
mapping using Dot Pattern Character Encoding Scheme (DPCES),
Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information
Sciences (2017)
[10] Vinothkanna, Mr R. "A secure steganography creation algorithm for
multiple file formats." Journal of Innovative Image Processing (JIIP)
1, no. 01 (2019): 20-30

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Usage of Classifier Ensemble for Security

Enrichment in IDS
1
Ch. Phaneendra Varma
Dept. of CSE, Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women(A), Bhimavaram, India
chpvarmacse@svecw.edu.in
2
G. Ramesh Babu
Dept. of CSE, Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women(A), Bhimavaram, India
grameshcse@svecw.edu.in
3
Pokkuluri Kiran Sree,
Department of CSE Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women(A), Bhimavaram, India
drkiransree@gmail.com
4
N.Raghavendra Sai
Assoc.Professor Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah EducationFoundation,Vaddeswaram,
AP, India
nallagatlaraghavendra@gmail.com

Abstract: The success of the web and the consequent rise in data sharing have made network security a challenge. Attackers
from all around the world target PC installations. When an attack is successful, an electronic device's security is jeopardised. The
intrusion implicitly includes any sort of behaviours that purport to think twice about the respectability, secrecy, or accessibility of
an asset. Information is shielded from unauthorised clients' scrutiny by the integrity of a certain foundation. Accessibility refers to
the framework that gives users of the framework true access to information. The word "classification" implies that data within a
given frame is shielded from unauthorised access and public display. Consequently, a PC network is considered to be fully
completed if the primary objectives of these three standards have been satisfactorily met. To assist in achieving these objectives,
Intrusion Detection Systems have been developed with the fundamental purpose of scanning incoming traffic on computer networks
for malicious intrusions.

Keywords: Intrusion, Classification, Threat.

I. INTRODUCTION A lot of attention is paid to data security because of

An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) looks through the
data frame's assets, and alerts the frame leader to any
potentially dangerous movement. IDSs with more
sophisticated innovation can fend against attacks. This
sophisticated IDS moves to block access to the PC's resources
by bad individuals or organisations. The two main categories
are abuse and irregularity-based IDS. Abuse-based IDSs are
created to display known risks by using instances of known
assaults [2]. By contrasting instances of major attacks or
inadequacies of the facility, facilities can discern abuses and
identify intrusions. The benefit of IDS abuse is the ability to
identify known attacks with high precision. This form of IDS's
inability to recognise novel tackle types is a significant issue
[3]. The characteristic feature of structures that distinguish
abuse intrusions is their ability to recognise the majority, if not
all, of the reported patterns of aggression. Their main worry is
the issue of abuse-based responses to identify fresh assaults or
zero-day vulnerabilities.
how frequently individuals use the Web. IDS is designed to
monitor network traffic and spot any unusual patterns that
could signal a network intrusion and jeopardise the framework.
To put it another way, it continuously scans network traffic for
potential security gaps [1]. If an IDS detects a security
weakness or another, the framework separates the two, and a
notification will be sent to customers informing them of the
intrusion. IDS is essential for enhancing the environment's
security for systems management. Depending on the
techniques used to detect attacks, there are various types of IDS
[2].
(1) The IDS analyses the organisation and combats observed
behaviour and regards doubtful examples that are fixed to an
aggression signature data collection. It is based on scoring.
Alarm is sounded, and the attack is manifested by the
appropriate actions. The data collection excludes newly
detected or undetected risks without a label. If an unknown
assault occurs, IDS won't have a chance to notice it because its
mark doesn’t match the one in the dataset. This illustrates that

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the information base’s capacity to remember indicators of an
assault in progress, limits the viability of intrusion detection.
These frameworks have successfully defended against
recognised attackers.
(2) IDS in the Light of Particulars: IDSs with signature-based
detection are beneficial for differentiating between known but
ineffective traces and unexplained ones. To get beyond this
restriction, peculiarity-based IDS investigations act
realistically when measured against the benchmark that
represents the typical condition of the architecture, which
includes elements like conventions, traffic volume, and
standard packet size.
A departure from the expected example signals odd
behaviour and issues a warning. Occasionally, thorough
explanations of acceptable behaviour can cause acceptable
behaviour to be mistaken for aggressive [3]. The IDS crossover
consolidates the usage of strangeness-based and signature-
based ones in order to benefit from both [4]. This is hoped to
be done by raising detection rates for ongoing assaults while
lowering the likelihood that fresh plastic attacks may benefit
from misleading advantages.
II. RELATED WORKS
Researchers have been working to encourage programming
that can inherently recognise intrusions in network frames ever
since Denning originally suggested to distinguish the intrusion
[6]. IDS are defined as frameworks that make use of AI,
machine consciousness, and dataset frameworks to identify
potentially harmful tendencies in huge datasets [2]. IDS in the
context of peculiarities and IDS in the context of misuse can
be roughly divided into two kinds. Recent convergences of
abnormality and IDS abuse have given rise to a number of new
delivery methods for new courses.
Framework that can spot intrusions in the light of
anomalies is reviewed. The identification of inconsistency
attacks, outlines the typical behaviour of a framework, which
makes fun of the framework's routine duties, and whenever
anything unexpected is detected, a banner is raised. Quirk-
aware frameworks define the "ordinary" actions of a
framework and clients prepared for anything that deviates from
the design [2], as opposed to containing all the examples of the
extraordinary and dreadful data collection and updating them
as new examples appear.
According to [7], an IDS feature has three stages:
definition, preparation, and recognition. The data is prepared
to record the device's typical behaviour during the define
phase. Following definition, the model is ready to adjust to
customary behaviour. In light of the specified information, the
model detects and accounts for any deviation from expected
behaviour during the identification phase [7]. The Irregularity
IDS was developed using a variety of intrusion detection
techniques. Information extraction techniques, AI-based
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processes, and factual methodologies were all defined by
Mishra and Yadav [8] as complementing strategies. Others
have combined the computations to expand the capabilities of
the IDS, although some scholars have only used one
calculation in these tactics [8].
In order to find rarities in view of profile markers,
Atefi et al., [9] developed a framework by combining Genetic
Algorithms (GA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM)
algorithms. SVM had higher accuracy than GA. The two
approaches were merged by specialists to produce a purebred
IDS. Half of the IDSs failed to consider individual execution
tactics when performing the evaluation.
The fluid ranking method for IDS that Khor et al. [5]
implemented, supports identification rates for assaults that fall
into the odd ranking. The tactic lessens the unfavourable
effects of widespread intrusion classification, which has shown
higher rates of single intrusion detection. The suggested
technique first separates exceptional attacks from the rare
intrusion categorization, allowing each teacher to concentrate
on fewer courses. The technique's processing cost is further
decreased and identification rates are raised by the double
separation of network traffic.
An intrusion detection model was suggested by [11]
in light of SVM and Random Forest tactics. The pooling was
carried out using two approaches. NSL-KDD was used to
evaluate the models. A recognition accuracy of more than 95%
was attained using the models. SVM was not used in the
irregular timbers procedure's traffic management of the two
models' exhibitions.
Using Naive Bayes, ID3, MLP, and group learning
approaches, [12] advocated a unique intrusion detection
methodology. Using the CICIDS2017 dataset, the models were
assessed. The NB, ID3, and MLP were combined to produce
the crew model. The F1 score, accuracy, revision, and
precision were utilised as metrics to assess the models. In
comparison to other models, the ID3 decision tree model
performed better.
Buczak and Guven [4] assessed AI calculations for
intrusion detection while taking into account a variety of
elements, such as the calculations' complexity, the problem
with security designs, and others. The authors suggested a
number of characteristics, such as accuracy, computational
complexity, and humdrum complexity, to determine the most
effective technique for finding the intrusion.
In order to increase accuracy, Aburomman and Ibne
Reaz [6] proposed a creative method of giving the classifier
access to intrusion detection frameworks. When building the
builder kit according to the recommended PSO delivered load
table, the results were different from those attained by using
the Weighted Moving Average (WMA) method. The load
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arrangement developed in LUS with rationalisation has III. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK

allowed for an expanded presentation of IDS.
IDS examines the gathered network data and compares it to a
The availability of attributes that are most appropriate standard that has been established for the framework and
for identifying various anomalies in network traffic was addresses its typical form of behaviour. Befuddle advises
explored by Qassim et al. [7]. A-IDS was developed as a shatter the frame just in case it is detected. The following are
cautious classifier that can automatically evaluate and the components of a cut ID image.
categorise anomalies picked up by a system for packet header-
based inconsistency identification. The suggested method To gather information about network traffic, this calls for
analyses network traffic, selects the best examples, and blocks attention to client and framework operations.
traffic patterns that represent previously available data and (1) Tracking the movement of the company.
assaults. (2) Examine and identify first.
Govindarajan [8] developed another mid-run intrusion
detection framework using an auxiliary vector machine with a
spiral premise capacity. According to tests using several slice
identification information indexes, heterogeneous models
outperform homogeneous models in terms of fitness.
Resampling is employed to increase the number of streams in
the minority class, and a modified collecting approach is
subsequently used to work on classifier speculation, according
to the cross technique known as SmootheAdaNL by Liu et al.
[9]. Order execution operates by loading improperly described
flows.

A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) assault is an

attempt to flood a network or service with internet data in order
to disrupt regular traffic. DDoS attacks leverage multiple
compromised internet-connected computers and other devices
as the source of attack traffic, making them more effective.
Computers and other related resources, such as IoT devices,
are instances of exploited machinery. In the event of a DDoS
attack, the server's bandwidth and connectivity are seriously
affected, causing major intrusions in all network services. The
primary objective of DDoS attacks is to damage the network
and resource availability for authentic users. The network is
overloaded beyond its bandwidth capabilities in a malicious
flood attack resulting in downtime and the intrusion of
services. Targets range from banks and healthcare providers to
low-profile public networks.
The security of IDS has been aided by artificial
intelligence techniques that permanently differentiate
intrusions. Despite the considerable work put into these
sections, IDS dataset preparation bias is such a fundamental
issue that it could significantly reduce the usefulness of IDS.
The number of patterns in the positive class is less than the
number of occurrences in the negative class. When making
decisions, a classifier that has been trained using biased data
may be predisposed to the undesirable classes. To prevent this
problem, the class size bug must be fixed. By resampling the
dataset and utilising the cluster classification approach, the
framework aimed to reduce class irregularity and advance
order execution.
Fig. 1: Proposed Architecture
Figure 1 illustrates the process for analysis and detection of
attacks in the suggested framework. This section includes the
training of an intrusion expectation model that can detect the
intrusion with accuracy.
This review suggests a characterization-based
worldview for intrusion analysis and detection. The main goal
of this work is to concentrate on the infrequent class invasions.
The recognition patterns generated with this data may not be
persuasive in that class, because of the low number of agent
occurrences in the class. To prevent this, the minority class is
originally resampled. Engineering knowledge is currently used
in this kind of attack. For classes with many cases, more
modest examples are also utilized. This pre-managed data
serves as a training set for detection model learning. Another
component of pre-treatment is clear proof of sensational
information or material lacking certain attributes.
When the classifier group strategy is applied,
concentrations on the currently targeted have displayed
increased detection rates. Therefore, the suggested method
favors a unique categorization kit by combining the bits of
information from many knowledgeable authorities. The
company is built using two optional strategies in order to
establish two-tier meetings. Utilizing the information layer and

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element layer techniques, a total of two detection models are
produced.
Model 1 for detection: The information subsets D1 D2,... D[n]
that have been created by taking out a portion of the data from
the initial preparation are obtained by the singular basis
classifier. These classifiers' outputs combine to produce Model
1 for detection, which is the group's expected outcome.
Model 2 for detection: The highlighted subsets S1, S2,…,S[n]
from the first training dataset were processed by eliminating
segments. These subsets were then used to train individual
classifiers. The findings are synthesized to produce Model 2
for detection.
The combined secondary effects of identifying patterns 1 and
2 are used to determine whether an attack has taken place.
(3) Development of safety measures.
Any risky activity that has been observed will be reported via
an alert to the head.
IV. ALGORITHM
Fig. 2(a)(b): Algorithm of the proposed classifier
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
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By trial and error, the KDDCup'99 dataset was selected from the
UCI library [12]. As a kind of prospective dataset, the
information from KDDCup'99 was used to assess a number of
proactive activities that have been carried out in the IDS sector.
In a tactical organizational environment, the dataset comprises
of a number of attacks that have been imitated repeatedly. The
dataset is represented by 41 characteristics and contains a
training dataset with 494 021 records and a test dataset with 311
029 records.
The KDDCup'99 dataset [4] identifies four crucial
attack types: Remote-to-Local (R2L), User-to-Root (U2R),
management test, and Denial of Service (DOS). R2L attacks
involve an assailant attempting to break into a building or
company [6]. A U2R assault entails the attacker being granted
access to the victim's PC while he or she is competing for
superset honours. Filtering is used by the attacker in an
investigative attack to look for any security gaps in the victim's
image. A structure's weaknesses could be taken advantage of by
its flaws. A DOS attack aims to deny access to resources to
authorised clients. This is frequently accomplished by
overburdening structures or organisations with knowledge,
which divides the association or administrations. The
administrations will channel themselves toward it gradually or
ineffectively. A subset of attacks from the KDDCup'99 dataset
is chosen for this review, including any concomitant attacks.
Table 1: Datasets used in the experiment
(a) Teardrop. It entails sending cross-received split IP packets
from the target machine. After receiving them, the target
machine tries to put them back together, but it is unsuccessful.
The framework is unable to handle it due to a coverage issue in
Windows 95 and Windows NT, effectively covering the
packages. The framework can crash or restart as a result.
(b) Smurf. In this particular sort of attack, the attacker spoofs the
target framework and transmits Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMP) packets using the IP address of the target
framework to avoid management. The majority of orchestrated
devices react to the source IP, which results in a flood of traffic
that exceeds the target frame. Therefore, recently accepted
clients will approach the services.
For the trial and error, a portion of the KDDCup'99
dataset was used. The specifics of the dataset considered in this
review are displayed in Table 1. The effectiveness of the
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framework is measured using the detection rate as the

assessment metric. The degree of incursions that are accurately
highlighted makes up a portion of the accuracy.

VI. DETECTIONS AND RESULTS

The suggested framework's implementation conflicts

with the multiclass classifier group that is currently in use.
Trial and error are fully disclosed for the distinct Logistic
Regression, J48, and Naive Bayes classifiers. Table 2 lists the
detection rates for the suggested and supplementary reference
methodologies. Figure 3 depicts the assessment of the
recommended strategy's implementation in relation to the
detection rate. Even though the presentation increase seems to Fig. 3: Logistic Regression
be less important, the precise intrusion that separates the
evidence is important and encouraging. The extended accuracy
of intrusion finding when utilising the suggested technique is
evident from a close inspection of the diagram in Figure 3.

The analysis's main objective was to determine the

impact on suggested IDS detection rates of selecting particular
individual classifiers as team critical classifiers. Some
inferences about the best classifiers for IDS have been drawn
from this. The best base classifier can be selected for a team
built for an IDS using the results of the data analysis. Three
classifiers were put to the test as part of the suggested strategy:
J48, Logistic Regression, and Naive Bayes. The use of
strategic consequences as a fundamental classifier for
identifying intrusions has been very successful. Pre-processing
helps the classifier operate more accurately and makes it easier Fig. 4: J48 method
to detect attacks from staggered classification. In any case, it is
a cost because the model's learning phase requires more time.
In general, the suggested technique enhances IDS deployment
by using a more transparent plan and system.

Table 2: Detection Rates

Fig. 5: Naïve Bayes Method

VII. CONCLUSION

This paper has introduced a new intrusion detection

classifier group system that is expanded by utilising two
distinct methods. Various skills are used to have the sets ready
at the end of the day. In addition, a resampling technique that
concentrates on the deluge of unexpected ratings is deployed
simultaneously. The suggested methodology enhances existing

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general reference techniques to correctly identify intrusions

based on revision. Based on the size of the dataset, the cycle
can develop gradually to adjust the staff size. This means that
the number of base classifiers to be used to put the meeting
together must be decided quickly. If the dimension is solved
deductively, it could not be beneficial for datasets of varied
sizes and embarrassment indices. Consequently, you can
enhance efficiency while creating a minimal amount of
overhead by analyzing these attributes and adaptively scaling.
The method's viability can also be assessed for various forms
of attacks.

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Kumar."DDoS Detection using Machine Learning Techniques." Journal of IoT
in Social,Mobile, Analytics, and Cloud 4, no. 1 (2022): 24-32.

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Optimal Installation for Enhancing Power System

Security using Integrated BBO-PSO Techniques
K. Kavitha
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
kavitha_au04@yahoo.com

Abstract FACTS devices are categorized into three types relies

Currently the power system is revolving out to be
extensive and multifaceted. An indispensable variable in the
function of a power system is the hankering to preserve
system security. The power system security valuation
determines the safe and the erratic working states, even if the
security promote administer the fundamental control action
alongside over-burdens under emergency state of affairs.
Contingency Analysis (CA) is essential in power system
assessment. In the dissertation, a resourceful method is
projected for contingency analysis depends on line flow. A
proposed method is the amalgamation of Biogeography
depend optimization (BBO) and Particle swarm optimization
(PSO) algorithm. Here, SVC, TCSC and UPFC devices are
exploiting for scrutinize the line contingency and preserve the
system security. The proposed method is employed for make
out the optimal spot and sizing of FACTS devices were
resolute. To recognize the optimal place of FACTS devices,
the utmost API bus is acknowledged. Subsequently, the line
contingency is investigated and weigh up the analogous
competence of FACTS devices. It aids to kick off compulsory
control proceedings to sustain power system security,
reliability and stability. The anticipated method put into
practice in Matlab/Simulink platform.
Keywords: Flexible AC transmission system, unified power
flow controller, Biogeography based optimization, Particle
swarm optimization
1. Introduction
Since the contemporary electric power system can be
heterogeneous, globally interrelated, and a broadly isolated
network, controlling to a great extent multifaceted system
becomes a severe scientific challenge. Due to the complexity
such as variation in structure, rapid development, and
functioning techniques which leave the power system
exposed to uncertainties the modern power systems were
susceptible to extensive failures Due [1, 2]. This situation
makes the power systems susceptible to stability and refuge
complexities [3]. Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS)
gadgets are ordinary method to face such consequences, using
[4]. Consequently, employing FACTS gadgets could be an
appropriate solution for escalating transmission system
capability having power flow controls [5, 6]. Moreover,
owing to the development of power system, network security
was extra significant and it becomes essential to pay lot of
attentions over application of FACTS gadgets for network
security indices [7]. A FACTS device controls the power flow
in the network, and minimizes superfluous loop flows in the
profoundly loaded lines there by resulting in augment
loadability, better security and firmness of the network [8-
10].
upon the types of connections; the initial category embrace
devices like thyristor-controlled series capacitors (TCSC)
which can be linked in sequences with branches. The second
category embrace gadgets like static VAR compensator
(SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)
they can be linked in shunt with the buses and their vital
operation is voltage control. Sooner or later, the third one
encompasses devices like unified power flow controller
(UPFC), includes series-connected along with the shunt-
connected elements and are termed as combined series-shunt
gadgets [11]. UPFC becomes one FACTS tool that could
administer the power flow in transmission line by interleave
active and reactive voltage constituent in series have the
broadcasting line [12-14]. Therefore, the issue that should be
solved in a reactive power optimization issue was to find out
the reactive power production by the all sources, thereby
optimized a convinced optimization issue [15-20].
This paper described about the BBO algorithm and
PSO algorithm for improvising the security of power
mechanism based on the FACTS devices. Here, the BBO
algorithm is utilized for identifying the optimal location of
FACTS gadgets. Then the PSO method can be employed for
evaluating the capacity of FACTS devices.
2.Recent research works: A brief overview
S.Sreejithet al.[21] have listening carefully on solving
Security Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) problem by
employing ABC method integrating FACTS gadgets. The
purpose of the SCUC issue was to achieve least operating
cost concurrently preserving the system security. The
representation of the FACTS gadgets in a power system and
determining an appropriate location were converse.
S.Ravindraet al.[22] have anticipated a severity function
was devised by employing transmission line loadings and bus
voltage magnitude divergence. MajidMoazzamiet al.[23]
have discussed an most favorable UPFC placement and load
shedding coordination scheme for voltage crumple avoidance
in unforeseen event condition employing Hybrid Imperialist
Competitive Algorithm-Pattern Search (HICA-PS). The main
optimizer of the algorithm is ICA, at the same time as pattern
search was employed to fine tune the ICA results.
M.VenkateswaraRaoet al.[24] have anticipated the
SSSC, STACOM and UPFC were painstaking to consequence
of such controllers in attractive mechanism ATC. Additional,
building transmission lines, substations are incredibly
economical to face the growing load and to amplify the
transfer capabilities. Consequently, use of FACTS controllers
is the alternative method to increase the transfer capacity.
RabiahBadaret al.[25] have projected Voltage Source
Converter (VSC) based FACTS have a notorious capability
for hasty regulation of various network quantities and battle

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Low Frequency Oscillations (LFOs) when prepared with
competent accompanying damping control. To sustain the
voltage constancy of the transmission line is extremely
significant accountability of designing the power flow
controller. If the transmission lines activate their constraints
like voltage profile, voltage angle, real and reactive power
generation then the mechanism will be unsteadiness and
enlarge the whole power losses. To develop the system
security, in transmission lines or generators emergency
conditions, voltage source-based power injection replica is
necessary to advance the system security. The objective of the
FACTS gadgets was to give the necessary reactive power to
congregate voltage constancy and allotment of real power
flow via every transmission line lacking distressing its
restraints. There are only some methods proposed to resolve
these security troubles in literature but they all are fruitless.
The above-mentioned limitations have aggravated to do this
research exertion.
3. The Proposed Model
In the manuscript, BBO and PSO algorithm for
improvising the security of the power system depends on the
FACTS devices. The overall flow diagram is given in figure
1. At this point, the SVC and TCSCare painstaking. The
anticipated BBO algorithm is leveraged for discover the
optimal location of FACTS gadgets. Then the PSO algorithm
is employed for appraise the competence of FACTS gadgets.
Primarily, the normal power flow was scrutinized through the
Newton-Raphson scheme. Afterward the line contingency is
employed in the system, which encloses the maximum
apparent power flow index (API) values. This is
acknowledged as the optimal location for putting in place the
FACTS gadgets, which is employed by BBO algorithm. This
is painstaking as the first stage of the anticipated method.
Then the size of the FACTS gadgets is determined by via
PSO algorithm, which is well thought-out as the second stage.
The exhaustive rationalization of the anticipated BBO and
PSO algorithm is expressed as lower.
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Start
Read the bus data & line
data
Select the maximum API
bus –line outage performed
Stage1: BBO algorithm
Place FACTS devices
Stage2: PSO algorithm
Analyzing capacity, cost of
facts device
No
Max iter
Yes
Save the optimal results
End
Figure 1: Flowchart of overall analysis
Stage 1:
In stage1, the BBO algorithm was engaged for
determining the optimum place of the FACTS gadgets. At
this point, the power flow terms like the voltage, real and
reactive power flows had previously resolute by means of the
Newton–Raphson (N–R) method. Followed by the line
contingency is carried out at the lines results in instability at
the mechanism. Thus, the maximal API bus and the
equivalent disturbing features were obtained by means of the
BBO method. The algorithmic ladder to maximize the
location is specified in the subsequent section.
BBO algorithm
BBO is a population depend, stochastic optimization
method, which is depend on the perception of biogeography
that agreement with nature’s way of distribution of species.
Areas, where these aspects are exceedingly constructive be
liable to have a larger number of species, measure up to with
a less favorable area. Movement of species from one area to
another area smooths the progress of sharing of their
characteristics with each other [30]. In consequence of this
movement, the quality of some species may enhance due to
barter of good attributes with superior species. Geographical
regions that are highly suitable as residences for biological
species had an elevated habitat appropriateness index (HSI).
The variables that exemplify habitability termed as suitability
index variables (SIVs) [31-33]. At this juncture, the steps to
recognize the optimum location of FACTS devices were
described below.
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Steps to find the optimum location of FACTS devices capability of the FACTS for defend voltage steadiness of the
Step 1: Begin the BBO input variables namely bus date, line transmission system. The variance in the normal voltage ( Vn
data, bus voltage (Vi ) , real and reactive power ) and the fault duration was well estimated. An ample account
of the process of the PSO approach is deliver below and the
( Pi and Qi ) etc. Disperse the habitat modification flowchart is shown in figure 2.
probability like mutation rate (  ) and emigration
rate (  ).
Steps to find the optimum sizing of FACTS devices
1. In PSO method, prepare the velocity and positions vector
Step3: Start SIV, every SIV of a system was initialized of all controlling parameters haphazardly. Here, all
arbitrarily by fulfilling the restraints. Apiece habitat parameters are painstaking as particles, which positions
embody an effective solution to the presented issue. ( )
vector is Pi k = pik1 , pik2 ,.....pink at iteration k, and
Step 4: Prepare the migration procedure and apply mutation velocity vector represents as (
vik = vik1, vik2 ,.....vin
k )
function to all migrated values.
correspondingly.
Step 5: Run the load flow of the system for normal condition.
2. The optimum solution was acquired by ith particle in
Step 6: Find the normal condition API by means of the iteration k can be defined as
equation (1) for all the buses. k = pk
Pbesti ( k k
bset,i1, pbest,i 2 ,..... pbest,in . )
Step 7: Employing the objective function, the BBO make out
the optimum location and of FACTS devices. 3. Assess the fitness function of the particles.
Step 8: By conducting the mutation function the species fitness function = minC F ,Vd  (29)
count probability of every habitat was upgraded via
the novel migration formulae which is expressed At this juncture, the minimum value of cost of FACTS
below, gadgets and voltage deviation was regarded as a fitness
function.
(i ) (t + t ) = Ainj (i ) (t )1 − t ( +  ) − t Ainj ( i −1) i −1 + Ainj (i +1) i +1 
1
Ainj (28)
4. k
Contrast the personal best Pbesti of each particle with its
Step 9: Make sure every constraint with regard to every existing fitness values. If the current fitness value was
migration and emigration rate dissimilarity. The migration k
well again, after allocate the current fitness value to Pbesti
function can be conducted probabilistically. when the
migration function achieves the optimal values then the value coordinates.
was preferred as the optimal value. Depend on the output of 5. Institute the current best fitness value in the complete
BO algorithm, the optimal location is branded for fixing the population and its coordinates.
FACTS gadgets, like SVC, TCSC and UPFC
correspondingly. 6. Modernize velocity and position of the d th dimension of
the ith particle by means of the subsequent equations,
The capacity of FACTS device was computed by employing
the PSO algorithm. The complete working process of PSO Vi (u+1) = w *Vi (u ) + C1 * rand() * (Pbesti − Pi (u ) ) + C2 * rand() * ( gbesti − Pi (u) ) (30)
algorithm was illustrated below.
Pi (u+1) = Pi (u ) + Vi (u+1) ) (31)
Stage 2:
7. Reiterate the process until the annihilation is
In this fragment, the second stage of the anticipated
accomplishing otherwise cease the algorithm.
method is embodying. Now, the prophecy of handpicked
capacity of the FACTS device is taken into account. By
means of the ideal capability of the FACTS device the
dynamic stability of the system is superior.
PSO algorithm
The Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO) has
developed as a population-depend search algorithm and also
as a replacement solution to the ever-intricate non-linear
optimization problem. It depends primarily on the instinctive
procedure of group communication to deal out personage
knowledge when a group of birds or insects are on the
sentinel for food or drift along in an incisive space, despite
the fact that they are not conscious of the finest position. On
the other hand, from the fashion of the animal social
demeanor, if any member thrives in trace a preferable path,
all the other members’ just follows it without loss of time. In
the case of PSO, every member of population was tenure as
‘particle’ and the population termed as ‘swarm’. At the outset,
a random population can be generated which travelled
intermittently in the chosen directions. In the manuscript, the
PSO method is gracefully employed to stop in mid-sentence
the voltage variance and in this manner augment the

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Initialize the bus data, line
data, and facts device
parameter
Initialize the particles
randomly with position and
velocity
Evaluate the minimum
fitness function
standard 30 BSs. The bus data, line data and the limits of
control variables were anticipated from [32, 33]
correspondingly. The Newton Raphson power flow algorithm
was successfully utilized to compute the power flow solution
earlier than and later than setting FACTS device. In the N-R
method, the voltage, real and reactive powers are found out.
Subsequently, the line contingency is generated and
investigate the system characteristics. It constitutes the
maximum API value, which is acknowledged as the
preeminent location for fixing the SVC, TCSC and UPFC
correspondingly. The voltages are examined under the normal
and fault condition which is put into a table in table 2.The
IEEE 30 BS is demonstrated in the figure 3.

Evaluate the fitness value

Y
Update gbest If fitness is less than pbest
=fitness N

Y
Update pbest If fitness is less than gbest
=fitness

N
Update the velocity and
position N
Y

If gbest is less than the Figure 3: Structure of IEEE-30 test system [34]
desired goal
Table 1: Implementation parameters
S.No Description Algorithm Values
Terminate 1 Population Size 10
BBO
2 Generation Limit 50
algorithm
3 M.R 0.1
Figure 2: Flowchart of PSO algorithm
4 Population Size 10
4.Results and discussion 5 Generation Limit 50
6 PSO
In the manuscript, a competent method is introduced for C1,C2 1.5
algorithm
improvizing the dynamic security of the system with FACTS 7 wmin 0.4
devices. Currently, the BBO and PSO are engaged to 8 wmax 0.9
establish the optimal location and sizing of SVC, TCSC and Table 2: Voltage analysis in normal and fault time
UPFC gadgets. The ground-breaking algorithm can be
enforced in the MATLAB/Simulink platform and their Voltages during fault time
Bus Normal
Line numbers
performances were appraised. The performance of presented numbers voltage
4 6 12 22 33
technique was review by line contingency problem. For the 1 1.06 1.06 0.989 1.06 1.06 1.06
duration of this condition, the optimal placement of FACTS 2 1.033 1.023 0.995 1.043 1.043 1.043
device is time-honored depend on their utmost API value. 3 1.0228 1.0201 0.98997 1.0386 1.0307 1.0386
The line contingency is abridged after insertion SVC, TCSC 4 1.0136 1.0109 0.99003 1.021 1.0239 1.021
5 1.0044 0.9764 0.98047 1.0091 1.0092 1.0091
and UPFC on the accurate place. The line flow limit was
6 1.01 1.01 1.002 1.01 1.01 1.01
leveraged to substantiate the contravention of line limits after 7 0.99993 0.9879 0.98524 1.0018 1.0018 1.0018
tenacity problem that shows the security limits. Auxiliary, the 8 1.0103 1.0103 1.0021 1.0103 1.0103 1.0103
voltage deviation of the mechanism can be assessed. 9 1.0458 1.0456 1.0272 1.0461 1.0463 1.0461
10 1.0367 1.0362 1.0122 1.037 1.0373 1.037
4.1. Performance analysis 11 1.0771 1.0769 1.059 1.0774 1.0775 1.0774
12 1.0572 1.0567 1.0241 1.0596 1.0604 1.0596
The execution parameters are put into table 1. At this 13 1.071 1.071 1.028 1.071 1.071 1.071
time, the proposed approach is employed to the IEEE 14 1.0414 1.041 1.0094 1.0435 1.0441 1.0435

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15 1.0355 1.0349 1.0048 1.0371 1.0377 1.0371
16 1.0411 1.0406 1.0106 1.0426 1.0432 1.0426
17 1.0326 1.0321 1.0062 1.0333 1.0337 1.0333
18 1.0236 1.0231 0.99483 1.0248 1.0253 1.0248
19 1.0198 1.0193 0.99218 1.0207 1.0211 1.0207
20 1.0232 1.0227 0.99636 1.024 1.0244 1.024
21 1.0228 1.0223 0.99655 1.0234 1.0237 1.0234
22 1.03 1.03 1.001 1.03 1.03 1.03
23 1.0229 1.0225 0.99621 1.0235 1.0239 1.0235
24 1.0158 1.0156 0.98948 1.016 1.0161 1.016
25 1.0069 1.0068 0.98684 1.007 1.007 1.007
26 0.98903 0.989 0.96859 0.9891 0.9892 0.9891
27 1.01 1.01 0.994 1.01 1.01 1.01 (b)
28 1.0094 1.0094 1.0004 1.0094 1.0094 1.0094
29 0.98987 0.9899 0.97351 0.9899 0.9899 0.9899
30 1.0014 1.0231 0.9481 1.0241 1.0253 1.0281

Here, the performance investigation of anticipated

method with the FACTS devices is argued in 4 various cases.
Every case can put in plain words briefly.
• Case1: With SVC
• Case2: With TCSC
• Case3: With SVC and TCSC
• Case4: With UPFC (c)

Case 1
The anticipated algorithm was executed on IEEE 30-BS
depicted in Figure 4. The test BS comprises of 1 slack bus, 5
generator buses, 41 lines and 24 load buses. During the
emergency period, the maximum API line is acknowledged.
To settle on the optimal location and size of SVC gadgets in
the network, the anticipated BBO and PSO algorithm has
been executed. Table.3 presents that the SVC placement by
means of the projected method show the way to lower SVC
cost and vaguely less voltage deviation. The calculated value
of voltage deviation was 0.546 and average cost of SVC was (d)
74.53296 $/KVAR at the optimal location 3, 4, 10, 26 and 19.
Moreover, the optimal susceptanceand capacity are analyzed
in the corresponding buses that are0.0084, 0.0095, 0.017,
0.0408 and 0.0428 and 102.7569, 105.587, 102.2995, 89.3582
and 98.8955 respectively. The other optimal locations are
revealed and concerning the SVC. Subsequently, investigate
their power, voltage deviation and cost etc. The voltage
profile scrutiny of projected method depend SVC is
established in the figure 4.

(e)
Figure 4:Analysis of voltage profile using SVC in a line (a)3
(b)4 (c)10 (d) 26 and (e)19
The above depictions shows that the voltage profile
examination of SVC which is associated in the assortment of
buses such as 3, 4, 10, 26 and 19 during the contingency
period. And their equivalent voltages, power and costs are
explore.
(a)

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The capacity and costs of the combined SVC and TCSC are
determined. The average cost of the SVC with TCSC is
Table 3: SVC capacity and cost
64.66196 and 71.91688 $/KVAR respectively. Also analyzed
Optimal Susceptance Capacity Total cost their susceptance and reactance values are analyzed.
Device
location in p.u. (MVAR) ($/KVAR) 5. Conclusion
3 0.0084 77.3839 102.7569
4 0.0095 70.9543 105.587 The presented method has been executed in MATLAB
10 SVC 0.017 69.0306 102.2995 platform. The anticipated method can be employed for
recognizing the optimal place and power rating of the FACTS
26 0.0408 77.6483 89.3582
gadgets depends on the voltage, maximum API and least cost.
19 0.0428 77.6477 98.8955
Here, BBO and PSO method was examined to improvize the
security of power system depend on the voltage. The
Case 2 projected method was experimented with the IEEE 30 bus
benchmark mechanism. When linking SVC, TCSC and UPFC
This section portrays the power flow, optimal location; in the lines, the voltage values were appraised over and above
voltages, competence and cost of the TCSC devices are their competence and cost. As a result, the anticipated method
investigated. The TCSC is associated with the IEEE 30 BS obtains superior results for improving the voltage stability
depend on their circumstances in Table 4. The optimal and minimizing FACTS installation cost. Then the optimal
location of the TCSC in line is achieved by the BBO location of FACTS device and their ratings were examined.
algorithm lines 4, 6, 12, 22 and 33 correspondingly. Also, the
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)

Comparative Stratification of Steganalysis

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Techniques to Interpret & Target Anomalies

Dhiren Dommeti Siva Ramakrishna Nallapati Dr Venkata Vara Prasad Padyala
Department of CSE Department of CSE Assoc. Professor
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Department of CSE
Foundation Foundation Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Guntur, India Guntur, India Foundation
dhiren2910dommeti@gmail.com srk.nlpt@gmail.com Guntur, India
varaprasad_cse@kluniversity.in
Venkata Naresh Mandhala
Department of CSE
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Foundation
Guntur, India
mvnaresh.mca@gmail.com

Abstract— The art of detecting hidden messages in media is
known as steganalysis. Statistically and visually data is hidden
in the media. Using deep learning techniques is evidently
favorable as they are efficient in learning hierarchical data.
Through this research, we tend to investigate and compare
various steganalysis techniques and implement classifiers to
compare the results achieved. Neural networks, Clustering
Algorithms, and other Tools are used to design a model for the
investigation of Experimental Findings. Classifiers like the SVM
classifier, K-NN classifier, Random Forests classifier, MLP NN
classifier, and Naive Bayes classifier are trained and tested to
detect images undergoing steganography. The results acquired
are compared and analyzed.
Keywords— Steganalysis, Classifiers, Cryptography,
Confidentiality, Steganography.
I. INTRODUCTION
In this era, thanks to technology people are utilizing the
internet for every online service one such service offered to
everyone is communication, but not all the time
communication happens under secure channels, sometimes
the data transfer happens over unprotected networks. or the
data in transit is intercepted and precious info is lost. Various
well-organized tools are available which are capable of
compromising the security, and integrity of the data in transit.
One of the most effective solutions to tackle these kinds of
situations is the encryption of data. various cryptographic
techniques are developed for this purpose. But in
cryptography, the cipher can be visible to the human eye in a
scrambled form which raises the suspicion of important data
being transferred. New Techniques which can be referred to
as steganography techniques are under huge exploration to
make the data hidden from the perception of the human eye.
The Importance of this area is increasing day by day. Though
Cryptography and steganography might seem similar. Yet,
there is a difference. Cryptography is the encryption of the
data by converting plain text to cipher text whereas
Steganography is the Hiding of the Info in Plain Sight. Hiding
of the data can be achieved using Embedding the data in
Multimedia like images, audio, video, etc. Another
application is Digital Watermarking. It is a method to claim
ownership in which confidential data is embedded.
Steganography can be classified as the Process of Implanting
certain data within a multimedia file like audio, image, and
even video. For instance, a smaller image can be embedded
inside another Big Multimedia. There are Certain
Classifications of Steganography which can be listed as image
steganography, Audio Steganography, and Video
Steganography. The process of detection of this covert
communication technique is called steganalysis. There are two
approaches for steganalysis based on its field of application.
The targeted approach is used when the steganography
technique used to encrypt is known and the universal approach
is used when the technique is unknown. Which then leads to
two sub-approaches. Approaches being blind and semi-blind,
the semi-blind approach uses both the cover and stego
mediums to determine decision boundaries, whereas the blind
approach only uses the cover medium. The targeted approach
analyses a medium's statistical characteristics or "features"
before and after embedding them using a specific
steganography technique Although this method produces
mostly accurate results, it is very limited to specific
embedding algorithms and medium formats. The applications
of Steganalysis include Usage in Law Enforcement, National
Security, to evaluate known and unknown steganography
techniques, to secure digital and cipher information, Usage in
Digital Forensics and to detect illegitimate usage and theft of
data. Right now, the internet is home to trillions of photos.
People use these pictures to communicate their emotions,
document their life, and pursue other hobbies. Unfortunately,
criminal organizations may effectively send messages through
normal picture transfers thanks to the introduction of image
steganography software. It is impossible to identify illegal
pictures using the human eye alone because these software
programmers aim to make the payload appear to be random
noise of the image generated by the sensor of camera and
electronics. This technology poses a genuine risk to the safety
of the public. Consequently, scholars have looked into and has
created cutting-edge picture steganalysis methods for
identifying and fending off this threat. One of the most popular
methods of covert communication is image steganography,
which involves concealing data within an image. In order to
avoid creating observable artefacts and altering the statistical
features of the image, effective image steganography
algorithms typically incorporate hidden messages into the
complex regions of the image. Fig. 1 depicts one instance of
this type: The original image is presented in Fig 1, and the
steganographic image generated by LSB-Steganography.
Which is a technique in which we hide messages within
images by replacing the image's least significant bit with the
message bits to be hidden. Secret messages can be inserted,
and the picture can be made unnoticeable by modifying only
the first most right bit of an image, but if our message is too
large, it will start modifying the second most right bit and so

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
on, and an attacker will notice the changes in the picture is
shown in Fig 2. Firstly, a bit plane of an image is a collection
of bits that correspond to a specific bit position in each of the
binary numbers that represent the signal. Fig 3 displays the 2nd
bit plane of Fig 2 and the hidden text can be seen. But to the
human sight, Fig 1 and 2 will look the same. (To make the
discussion that simpler, we'll refer to the original image and
the associated steganographic image as "cover" and "stego,"
respectively.)
Fig. 1. Cover Image
Fig. 2. Stego Image
Fig. 3. 2nd Bit Plane of Stego Image
II. RELATED WORKS
Statistical steganalysis on a universal scale needs low or
even none of the foregoing info of the steganographic
techniques for the recognition of concealed messages. It
requires a studying-based technique that concerns learning
based on Steganography images despite the algorithms and
domains. Liu et al suggested a method utilizing back
propagation neural networking system as classifiers to acquire
subband coefficients incorporating wavelet packet transform-
based universal steganalysis method to obtain Histogram
moments of multi-order absolute characteristic function [1].
Chen et al offered a technique to estimate messages hidden in
images in spatial and JPEG domains. It utilizes alpha-
trimmed-mean to distinguish images and stegno-images [2].
K. A. Al-Afandy et al suggested an approach using 1 RGB
image dataset and Peak signal to noise ratio and the time as
metrics. The advantages include less computation time. It is
robust in extracting, and embedding and works without
dependencies on steganalysis and steganography[3]. Yet it is
less secure and secret information is text. A. Arya and S. Soni
proposed a method[4] using Lena and Baboon dataset [6].
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Peak signal to noise ratio and mean-square error as the
metrics. The advantages include less computational period,
Image is the confidential message and capricious image
structure is accepted. Yet, the defense strategy is relatively
low relative to deep learning images. Similar to the method of
N. Patel and S. Meena [5]. Though the metrics for this are only
Peak signal-to-noise ratio the advantages and disadvantages
are similar. Secret information in videos is hidden using the
LSB method. Sequences of images as video frames sum up to
become a video. The basic LSB substitution method [7] and
an embedded method of LSB substitution and Huffman
encoding methods are used in videos [8]. Dissected videos are
classified into Image frames. In the image frames of the LSB,
these binary bits of secret information are hidden. Mankin et
al investigate LSB matchings as a sequence of image
deprivation to retrieve cover image estimation by wavelet
mitigation with an additional noise proportional to embedding
rate[9]. To train and test the features of the 1-D statistical gray
scale histograms of estimated and test images are utilized with
SVM as a classifier. The Fisher linear discriminant, k nearest
neighbor, multilayer perceptron, and Gaussian naïve Bayesare
were compared by Ramezani et al [10]. For extracting
features, statistics of histogram and wavelet, adjacency of the
1-D and 2-D histogram’s amplitude of local extrema and
characteristic function of the center of the mass of histogram
are utilized in the approach. To exploit the detection of the
hidden message using multivariate regression and image
quality metrics a Steganalysis methodology is offered by
Avcibas et al [11], which uses the analysis of variance
technique for the identification of appropriate quality metrics
of the image. Which, along with steganography images and
the training set, is fed into multivariate regression. The
objective of picture steganography methodologies is to make
a change that is imperceptible in order to hide a concealed
message in a cover image. The stego has the look of a typical
image, therefore suspicions regarding the data it contains are
unlikely to arise even if a third party finds it. Three general
categories can be used to group the most popular image
steganography techniques: naïve steganography [15], adaptive
steganography [18], and deep learning–based embedding.
Simple steganography techniques like naive steganography
are routinely used on the Internet for amusement. These
techniques also produce artefacts that are the easiest to
identify. For instance, by changing the amounts of pixels
devoid of taking into account the bias, the Least Significant
Bit approach [15], embeds a covert message into cover image.
Because of this, they are simple to attack just by applying
historical statistical information of cover images. Right now,
the most useful technique is the adaptive steganography
method. It increases protection by inserting hidden messages
into the cover images' more textured layers, it also employs
effective steganographic techniques, such as Syndrome Trellis
Codes, to lessen the impact of the embedded alterations.
Fridrich and Holub [17] built a Wavelet model of the costs of
each each pixel. Weights (WOW) were obtained by
examining changes in the directional high-pass filters' output
obtained by modifying single pixel. The following year, they
improved the additive distortion based on directional residuals
acquired from a Universal Wavelet Relative Distortion filter
bank Tool (S-UNIWARD) [18]. A developing area of
research is deep learning-based embedding. In terms of deep
learning based implanting techniques, there are four main
families: Firstly, Through synthesis: This technique either
takes the produced image as a stego directly or generates
images and subsequently conceals the message. Secondly,
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

creating a possibility map of alterations: In the instances the Naive Bayes classifier. The highest accuracy in the test set
described by Tang et al. and Yang et al., a modification map has been found in random forest learning. The parameter
from the cover picture is created by the generator network, values are set accordingly to decline memory consumption.
making it possible to trick the network that is generally The hike might be caused because of fully grown and
discriminant. Thirdly, by deceiving sophisticated unpruned trees. At each split, the features are randomly
Convolutional Neural Networks based steganalyzers: Tang et permuted. While fitting Random_state is fixed to acquire a
al. [16], for instance, created the ADV-EMB approach, stable deterministic behavior. Secondly, All the classifiers are
capable of modifying the cost of alterations in accordance with loaded. Each of the five classifiers was trained using 56,000
backpropagated gradients from the target networks. Although monochromatic images. Machine learning algorithms are
deep learning based implanting approaches are in the early known to be influenced by parameters. These variables have
stages of development, there are promising indicators. Higher a significant impact on the learning process's outcome.
image steganography accuracy is now feasible because to Parameter tuning is used to achieve high accuracy. The goal
recent developments in neural network and deep learning of parameter tuning is to find the best value for each parameter
algorithms. The usage of hand-crafted features is not in order to improve the model's accuracy. The random forest
necessary with CNN-based steganalysis approaches because compared in Table 2 has several parameters such as max
backpropagation automatically extracts more detailed depth, n estimators, max features, and min samples split.
characteristics from the data. Experts like, Qian et al. [18] Improved and more accurate models will result from intuitive
suggested a customized Convolutional Neural Network optimization of these parameter values.
model, titled GNCNN an effective paradigm made up of three
parts: features were extracted using convolutional blocks, A. Algorithm
classification using fully connected layers, and for high pass Input: Image and Classifier
filtering a preprocessing layers with non-random kernels. The Output: stratify image as stegnographed or clean using the
first CNN-based method that employs advanced, hand-crafted chosen classifier
features to achieve performance on par with conventional
image statistical analysis techniques. Later, they discussed a Begin
variety of ensemble techniques for utilising a set of similarly image = load_image
trained CNNs. Using a method termed maxCNN, Yang et al. vals =array_in_1D(mean_of_numbers_list(image)
showed how information can be included into a CNN for with(axis=2))
steganalysis from the selection channel. Their method gives data = from_image(Kurtosis, Skewness, Std, Range,
features learnt from smooth regions small weights while Median, Geometric_Mean, Mobility, Complexity)
giving features retrieved from complicated texture regions testing_data → Features_test_Dataset
significant weights. A better technique known as Yedroudj- x_test, y_test → testing_data[]
Net, which optimizes the neural network's structure, was x_test = x_test.append(data)
introduced by Yedroudj et al. [19]. Li et al [20] .'s parallel- scaler = scale_each_Feature(feature_range=(0, 1))
subnet CNN, dubbed ReSTNet, considerably improved the x_test = scaler→fit_transform(x_test)
detection effect by combining linear and nonlinear filters. A Evaluation → train-test-datasets
new paradigm called SRNet was proposed by Boroumand that if classifier_prediction((x_test[13999])[0] == 1)
uses several, unpooled convolutional blocks to extract Return ‘Stegnographed image’
sufficient noise residual after initializing all filters at random. else
One of the most effective methods for high detection accuracy Return ‘Clean image’
currently available is SRNet. Although these techniques End
perform noticeably better than conventional detectors, they
are still unable to train on huge images due to hardware
constraints. The accuracy of the detector will be hampered by TABLE I. CONTRAST OF STATE-OF-THE-ART STEGANOGRAPHY
TECHNIQUE
shrinking or cropping the photos before categorization since
weak stegano graphic signals are unique in this regard. An A comparison of cutting-edge steganography techniques
S. No
architecture to detect the JPEG steganalysis signal in low Technique Merit Demerit
signal-to-noise (SNR) situations was proposed by Congcong Content is encrypted
Stego Risk increases as
Sun et al [12]. By concatenating all of the previous layers with 1
Encryption
as it is embedded into
the key exchanges.
the same featuremap size, the proposed 32-layer CNN carrier.
architecture can increase the efficiency of preprocessing and It has a high capacity Digital processing
and is robust against techniques can
reuse the features, improve the flow of information, and 2 SSIS
attacks that are give away the
significantly reduce the training parameters. However, they statistical. data.
still need to improve feature propagation for steganalysis in More the volume
Only a part of the
the spatial domain. 3
Substitution
carrier is
of the stego
techniques content more the
manipulated.
III. WORK DONE risk.
Easier to implement, Can get corrupt
Firstly, the training with data of 56,000 images from the Payload capacity is and is also
4 LSB
still images with LSB steganography features dataset [13] is high and has low vulnerable for
done. Features are scaled in the interval [0:1]. Secondly, the complexity. detection.
train data have been fit classifiers and saved as the .joblib file. Embedding carrier
5 LSB++ Low distortion does not support
Classifiers like the SVM classifier, K-NN classifier, Random compression.
Forests classifier, MLP NN classifier, and Naive Bayes
classifier are trained and tested. As observed in table 1 the
least train and test accuracy comparatively can be observed in

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Original
Steganography
Stego
image Image
Trained
Classifiers
Training Classifiers
Steganalysis
Testing
Image
Cover
Stego
Fig. 4. Adapted traditional model of steganalysis framework
IV. ATTAINMENTS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE
STEGANALYSIS TECHNIQUES.
A method called RS Steganalysis which targets Various
LSB Modification Techniques, specifies a statistical study of
the pixels where the change is occurring. It is advantageous
because, for messages that are dispersed randomly throughout
the stego-image, the RS Steganalysis is more accurate. Its
demerits include RS Steganography is not more precise for
messages centered in a certain region of the image. Chi square
Attack is a kind of steganalysis technique which targets
Steganography based on the exchange of pixel, greyscale
colour, or DCT coefficient value pairs. To embed constant
value pairs and message bits, the chi square test compares each
result. It can examine the relationship between factors and find
discrepancies between real and anticipated values. Its sample
size restrictions and the difficulty of interpretation when the
independent or dependent variable has 20 or more categories
are among its drawbacks. RQP Method is a steganalysis
technique which targets True Colour shapes contained with
LSB Steganography. The approach is predicated on the idea
that adding bits to the lower-left corner (LSB) of recurring
colour pixels will enhance the frequency of near colour pairs.
It is a technique that takes advantage of the growing number
of colour pairs that are similar as a result of embedding
applications. The size of the secret message can only be
roughly estimated using the RQP approach. Once the number
of distinct colours approaches roughly 50% of the total
number of pixels, the findings start to become increasingly
inaccurate. High resolution raw scans and digital camera
photos stored in an uncompressed format typically experience
this. Additionally, it cannot be used with grayscale pictures.
The approach called palette checking targets palette shaped
steganography method. The Pallete rankings feature is an
obvious indication of consistent modifications. Due to the
possibility that adjacent indices in a palette can point to
distinct colours, substituting LSB with the encoded data
results in substantial colour singularities. Another approach
called "Image quality metrics based steganalysis" which
targets 'Quantitive index embedding techniques, such as QIM',
Measures of image quality are based on image features, one
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of which functions should be highly correlated with subjective
evaluation. It is advantageous because, based on pixel value
pairs statistical analysis, which is the end result of embedding
data in an image. Detection of steganographic Artifacts is an
approach that can be used against Various Steganographic
techniques Using certain of the image's attributes, there are
ways to tell the difference between the original and stego
images.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The Algorithm implemented returns the type of image
either clean or stego according to the chosen classifier. While
the investigations prove to be precise, The results can be mis-
stratified in cases of high-resolution and non-monochromatic
images. Yet is proven efficient in cases of LSB
Steganography. This limitation is due to the lack of training
with a wide range of images. A histogram is later plotted with
255 bins. The traditional model of the steganalysis framework
Adapted from [16] depicts how an original image or a
steganography image is induced in the trained classifiers. The
images are also tested by steganalysis techniques and diverged
into covers or stegos. The cover image is primarily used to
covert the data. The media can be of any preferred format
which undergoes lossless compression. JPEG is the least
preferred and BMP is the highly preferred format. A stego
image is acquired after hiding information in the cover image.
Fig 5. Compares the test and train accuracies of the five
classifiers. It is generated using the Matlab platform. It is
based on Table 2. Where Fig 7 and 9 display the histogram of
Fig 6 and 8. Kurtosis, Skewness, Std, Range, Geometric
Mean, Median, Complexity, and Mobility of the chosen image
were used to represent histograms.
A. Dataset Execution
The classifiers have been experimented with the bossbase
dataset [14]. Conventionally, the bossbase dataset consists of
18,000 PNG images, 9000 each, in two folders named ‘cover’
and ‘stego’ which contain images that are normal and that
have undergone steganography respectively. The classifiers
are trained with the LSB steganography for steganalysis of
still images - features dataset [13]. This dataset contains eight
characteristics analyzed from about 70,000 monochromous
colored still pictures taken from the Stanford’s database of the
genome project, The Images are Classified into two
categories: Undergone LSB steganography (1) and have not
undergone LSB steganography (0). Kurtosis, Skewness, Std,
Range, Geometric Mean, Median, Complexity, and Mobility
are the Characteristics analyzed from the plots of the still
images. The training dataset contains 56,000 sets of labelled
pictures (which have and have not undergone LSB
Steganography), 5,600 of which confirm the dataset for each
payload type. The testing dataset contains 14,000 results and
is divided in the same way as the training dataset. The data is
imported from the CSV file. They are then scaled in the
interval of [0:1]. Independent variables are normalized.
Classifiers are then implemented and saved as the “.joblib”
file. The process of testing and training had been implemented
in Kaggle. The execution of the model requires 16 gigabytes
of a graphic processing unit. Primarily it is well established
and provides free resources in kernels like NVidia K80 GPUs,
3 central processing units, and 13 gigs of random access
memory. The datasets are publicly available.
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TABLE II. COMPARISION TABLE

Comparison Table
S. No Accuracy
Accuracy
Classifier on train
on test set
set
1 SVM classifier 0.9048 0.9029

2 K-NN classifier 0.9436 0.9294

3 Random Forests classifier 0.9996 0.9317

4 MLP NN classifier 0.9244 0.9197

5 Naive Bayes classifier 0.8984 0.8510

Fig. 8. Stegnographed Image

B. Graphical Representations

Fig. 9. Histogram of the Steganographed image

CONCLUSION
Comparative investigation has been done between
classifiers for the implementation of steganalysis. While the
Fig. 5. This plot describes the Comparison between train set and test set test results of classifiers have had minuscule differences
accuracies. between them, the random forest classifier has the highest
accuracy of all. Histograms have been represented based on
features extracted from the chosen image's Kurtosis,
Skewness, Std, Range, Geometric Mean, Median,
Complexity, and Mobility. Training classifiers with a complex
cover model and a humongous dataset is the current trend to
obtain more accurate results is the current trend in
steganalysis. Yet, support vector machines do not scale
favorably when it comes to feature dimensionality and the
range of the training set. The results can be mis-stratified in
cases of high-resolution and non-monochromatic images. This
can be rectified in future works by training the classifier with
a wider range of datasets.
Fig. 6. Clean Image
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Fig. 7. Histogram of the clean image

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Implementation of Technology to Recognize
Segmented and Non-Segmented Text: A Survey
Sandhya Sharma Sheifali Gupta *Avinash Sharma
Chitkara University School of Engineering Chitkara University Institute of Dept. of CSE,MM Engg college,
and Technology, Engineering and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be
Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India Chitkara University, Punjab, India University),Mullana,Haryana, India
Sandhya.sharma@chitkarauniversity.edu.in Sheifali.gupta@chitkara.edu.in corresponding author’s email:
asharma@mmumullana.org

Lipika Gupta Shaminder Kaur

Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Chitkara University, Punjab, India Chitkara University, Punjab, India
Lipika.gupta@chitkara.edu.in Shaminder.kaur@chitkara.edu.in

Abstract— There is a need to preserve the historical
handwritten documents for the generations to come. Therefore,
handwritten text which is available in various scripts needs to
be digitized and later recognized. Various techniques are
available for the digitization of handwritten text. Digitization
of handwritten text helps to access, manipulate and store the
data for the longer time. Various Machine Learning and Deep
Learning techniques are being implemented for the recognition
of handwritten text. In this paper, a survey has been presented
for the recognition of handwritten text using various
techniques. This survey will be helpful for the researchers to
find the various techniques that can be applied for the
recognition of different handwritten scripts to obtain the
desired Accuracy.
Keywords— Text Recognition, Machine Learning, Deep
learning, Accuracy, Segmented and Non-Segmented
I. INTRODUCTION
Digitization of text is helpful in bridging the gap between
computers and humans. Handwritten text which is available
in various scripts needs to be converted into its digital form
so that it can be processed and preserved for the longer time.
Handwritten documents are available in various
organizations like in academic institutes, Government
offices, small vendors, historical places which requires
digitization of those documents. Most of the data in various
government offices is available in physical form which takes
a lot of space and even searching and indexing is also very
difficult. A lot of Ancient data which is handwritten in nature
is also available. Those documents contain the various
methods to treat medically ill patients. So, there is a need of
technology that can convert the physically available
document into soft document for their recognition. But the
recognition of handwritten text with the required accuracy is
still a challenge. Sometimes, the document which is to be
digitized and later recognized is already in the degraded
form, sometimes the documents contain the broken
handwritten characters or the characters in the words are so
closely written which makes them very difficult to recognize.
This survey contains the techniques for the recognition of
handwritten text which can be used for the recognition of
individual character or complete word. In some papers,
authors have opted for the recognition of complete word
without dividing them into individual characters. This
technique is known as Holistic approach. While in other
papers, authors have opted for character recognition by
dividing the word into individual characters. This technique
is known as Analytical approach. Survey consists of the
recognition of the handwritten text for Analytical and holistic
approaches using Machine Learning techniques and also
Deep Learning techniques. In Machine learning, the features
using which the network is trained are manually extracted
while in Deep Learning, instead of manually extracting the
features; they are automatically extracted and the model is
trained on those characteristics. Figure 1 is showing the
basic process of image recognition using Machine Learning
technique. First the input images which are to be recognized
are given to the model. Once the various features are
manually extracted then they are fed to the Machine
Learning Algorithms which will predict the output class.
Figure 2 is representing the process of image recognition
using Deep Learning technique. It can be observed that
images are given directly to the Deep Learning Algorithm
which will automatically extract as well as recognize the
image and later output will be predicted. By using the
different metrics of the confusion matrix, which are true
positive (TP), false positive (FP), true negative (TN), and
false negative (FN): Recognition Accuracy can be calculated
as given in expression (1)
Accuracy = (TP + TN)/ (TP + TN + FP + FN) (1)
Fig. 1. Image Recognition process with the help of Machine Learning
Technique
Fig. 2. Image Recognition process with the help of Deep Learning
TechniqueEase of Use
II. SURVEY ON HANDWRITTEN TEXT
Survey to recognize the various scripts is represented.
Handwritten text is recognized for various scripts like
Devanagri, Gurmukhi, English, Tamil and Bengali etc.
Survey has been categorized into two categories for
handwritten text. In one section, survey is given using Deep
Learning techniques while in the other section; survey is

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given for the recognition of handwritten text by employing
Machine Learning techniques.
A. Survey on the Recognition Accuracy obtained employing
Deep Learning Techniques
Text Recognition accuracy obtained for the various
handwritten text is shown. Pande et al[1] has achieved a
recognition accuracy of 99.13%. The author has used
Devanagri handwritten dataset of 92000 handwritten
characters. Khan et al[2] used a CNN(Convolutional Neural
Network) recognition model for the 5298 Urdu hand-written
words. For the recognition, the Urdu word is not segmented
while complete word is recognized employing Holistic
approach. Segmentation of Urdu word is a difficult task as
the Urdu characters are usually written very close. Hemanth
et al[3] has implemented CNN and RNN(Recurrent Neural
Network) models for the recognition of 115320 English
handwritten words. Here also, Holistic technique is
employed. Obtained Accuracy is 98%. Similarly Sharma et
al[4-5] has recognized Gurmukhi handwritten words
employing Holistic technique and obtained accuracy is 98%
for 22000 Gurmukhi words and 99.13% for the recognition
of 4000 Gurmukhi words. Recognition of the text written in
Arabic Script is also carried out. Altwaijry et al[6] has also
TABLE I. RECOGNITION ACCURACY OBTAINED FOR HANDWRITTEN TEXT EMPLOYING DEEP LEARNING TECHNIQUES
implemented CNN recognition network for the handwritten
Arabic characters. 97% recognition accuracy is obtained.
Similarly a CNN based model has also been implemented for
the recognition of Swedish handwritten digits. Kusetogullari
et al[7] has obtained a recognition accuracy of 97.12% for
100000 Swedish digits.. Kashif et al[8] has implemented
ResNet 18 model on Urdu & Manipuri words after their
segmentation while Inunganbi et al[9] has employed CNN
based model for Manipuri script only and obtained an higher
accuracy as compared to ResNet 18 model. They have
employed Analytical approach for the recognition. Similarly
[10-15] have also employed Analytical approach using Deep
Learning techniques for the recognition of Tamil, Bengali,
Gurmukhi, Devanagari and English Scripts. This section has
presented a survey for the recognition of text employing
Deep Learning based models. Table I is representing the
recognition accuracy obtained for different scripts based on
Deep Learning techniques. Size of the dataset used for the
purpose of recognition along with the approach of
recognition whether Analytical or Holistic is also mentioned
for each script. By employing deep learning techniques,
manual feature extraction is not required. All the features are
automatically extracted which are required to train the
model.

Ref Analytical/Holistic Recognition Accuracy

Script Size of the Dataset Model used
No/Year approach obtained
[1]/2022 Devanagari 92000 characters Analytical CNN 99.13%
[2]/2021 Urdu 5298 words Holistic CNN 95.81%
[3]/2021 English 115320 words Holistic CNN, RNN 98%
[4]/2021 Gurmukhi 22000 words Holistic CNN 98%
[5]/2021 Gurmukhi 4000 words Holistic CNN 99.13%
[6]/2021 Arabic 47,434 characters Analytical CNN 97%
[7]/2021 Swedish 100000 digits Analytical CNN 97.12%
[8]/2021 Urdu & Manipuri 312000 words Analytical ResNet 18 86%
[9]/2021 Manipuri 14700 words Analytical CNN 98.70%
[10]/2020 Tamil 246 Analytical CNN 93%
[11]/2020 Bengali 166K Analytical CNN 96.8%
[12]/2020 Gurmukhi 3500 Analytical CNN 74.66%
98%
[13]/2019 Devanagari 92000 Analytical AlexNet Inception V3
99%
280000 digits and 145600 CNN 99.74%
[14]/2020 English Analytical
letters KNN 99.07%
[15]/2018 Gurumukhi 6000 Characters Analytical CNN 99.3%

TABLE II. RECOGNITION ACCURACY OBTAINED FOR HANDWRITTEN TEXT EMPLOYING MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES

Ref Analytical/Holistic Recognition Accuracy

Script Size of the Dataset Model used
No/Year approach obtained
[16]/2019 Bangla 1800 words Holistic SVM 83.64%
[17]/2021 Pasto 11352 characters Analytical KNN 80.34%
[18]/2019 Gurmukhi 8960 characters Analytical KNN, Decision tree 96.03%
and Random forest
[19]/2018 Bangla 7500 words Holistic MLP 79%
SMO 87%
CVP-SMO 87%
[20]/2016 Gurmukhi 4280 characters Analytical HMM 97.01%
[21]/2015 Gurmukhi 2560 words Analytical MLP 82.06%
[22]/2015 Devanagari 39700 words Holistic SVM 82.81%

[23]/2014 Gurmukhi 18000 words Analytical SVM and KNN 90.08%

[24]/2011 Gurmukhi 3500 characters Analytical KNN 94.12%
[25]/2011 Gurmukhi 7000 characters Analytical SVM,KNN and PNN 95.04%
B. Survey on the Recognition Accuracy obtained Machine learning classifiers like KNN(K-Nearest Neighbor),
employing Machine Learning Techniques SVM(Support Vector Machine), Decision tree, Random
In this section, text recognition survey for various scripts forest etc. have been implemented by various authors for the
employing Machine Learning techniques is given. Various recognition of text. Bhowmik et. al[16] has used SVM based

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classifier for the recognition of Bangla handwritten text.
Author has recognized `1800 Bangla words without dividing
them into single units i.e. holistic approach is used instead of
Analytical. Huang et al[17] has worked on the recognition of
pasto characters. Size of the dataset used is 11352 pasto
characters. Obtained Accuracy is 80.34% by using KNN
classifier. It can be observed that Huang et al [18] has
obtained an accuracy of 96.03% for recognizing Gurumukhi
handwritten characters. Author has implemented various
machine learning classifiers for the recognition of
handwritten text. Sahoo et al [19] has employed ANN based
Multilayer perceptron(MLP) as well as Sequential minimal
optimization(SMO) algorithm for the recognition of Bangla
words. Highest accuracy obtained is 87%. Accuracy obtained
for different scripts using various machine learning
classifiers can be observed in Table II. Gurmukhi text is
recognized [20-21] by using Hidden Markov Model[HMM]
and Multilayer perceptron(MLP), highest accuracy of
97.01% is obtained using HMM instead of MLP. Shaw et
al[22] has implemented a Machine Learning based model
using SVM algorithm to recognize Devanagari text.
Accuracy obtained is 82.81%. Gurmukhi text using
Analytical approach implementing Machine Learning
algorithms[23-25] has been recognized while highest
obtained accuracy is 95.04%. From the table II, it can be
concluded that highest accuracy of 97.01% is obtained using
Machine Learning based HMM algorithm [26].
III. CONCLUSION
Due to the availability of huge amount of handwritten
text, there is a need to digitize the text. Various techniques
are available to convert the handwritten text into digital
form. This paper represents the Accuracy obtained on the
recognition of handwritten text employing machine learning
and deep learning techniques. Accuracy obtained for various
scripts like Gurmukhi, Devanagri, Bangla, Tamil, Manipuri,
Urdu etc. For the recognition of handwritten text, first the
handwritten text is to be converted into digital image using a
scanner. Once the digital image is obtained then some
preprocessing techniques are to be applied so that a quality
digital image can be obtained which can be fed to the model
for its recognition. From the Table I, it can be found that
highest recognition accuracy obtained is 99.74% to recognize
and classify English digits; and letters. The Author has
implemented CNN based Deep Learning model for the
recognition. From the Table II, it can be concluded that the
highest recognition accuracy obtained is 97.01% is for the
Gurmukhi Characters. For this, the Author has implemented
Hidden Markov Model for the purpose of recognition. It can
be concluded from the Table I and II that maximum
recognition accuracy is obtained by using Deep learning
based CNN model as compared to the accuracy obtained
using machine learning based model. It has also observed
that the text recognition is limited to few scripts, this can be
extended for the recognition of other scripts also that can be
utilised in various applications for the automation of various
systems.
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[11] A. Roy, “AKHCRNet: Bengali handwritten character recognition
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[13] N. Aneja and S. Aneja, “Transfer Learning using CNN for
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[14] S. Hamida, B. Cherradi, H. Ouajji, and A. Raihani, “Convolutional
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[17] J. Huang, I. U. Haq, C. Dai, S. Khan, S. Nazir, and M. Imtiaz,
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[20] J. Dasgupta, K. Bhattacharya, and B. Chanda, “A holistic approach
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Pattern Recognition, ACPR 2015, pp. 720–724, 2016, doi: [25] K. S. Siddharth, M. Jangid, R. Dhir, and R. Rani, “Handwritten
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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Attribute Based Encryption in Healthcare
Application
Suresh Kumar S Chidambaram G Dr. S. Vijayalakshmi
Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering
PSG College of Technology PSG College of Technology PSG College of Technology
Coimbatore, India Coimbatore, India Coimbatore, India
sureshmsd1605@gmail.com chidambaramg5@gmail.com svl.cse@psgtech.ac.in

Dhayanandh AT
Computer Science and Engineering
PSG College of Technology
Coimbatore, India
dhayanandhat@gmail.com

Abstract— Data volumes are increasing due to the growth
of technologies such as IoT, Cloud Computing, and mobile
internet. Data encryption is the solution, which protects
data privacy by giving specific access to encrypted data
can be better understood using Attribute-based (ABE)
encryption. When patients use web-based commercial
systems to store their personal health data, the privacy of
personal health records (PHRs) can be a major problem.
When it comes to establishing policies to control access
and protect data confidentiality, common access control
systems, such as Work-Based Access Control, have major
limitations. In this research work a novel healthcare
application has been developed based on the ABE scheme
approach. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
algorithm and Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) are used for
the encryption and decryption processes in the ABE
scheme. This allows only designated authorized personnel,
such as a patient or their respective doctors, to access
personal data recorded in medical records, with a vision to
improve the privacy and security of user details.
Keywords —Cryptography, Attribute-Based Encryption, Access
Control, Encryption, Decryption, Advanced Encryption Standard
I. INTRODUCTION
Collaborative e-healthcare is a paradigm that allows
healthcare stakeholders to share electronic health
information for efficient coordination and high-quality
patient treatment. In today's healthcare systems, the
paradigm is critical when patients are being treated by
multiple healthcare facilities at the same time [15].
Wearable and embeddable health sensors, as well as
medical records from the healthcare system, can be
utilized to gather electronic health information in
collaborative e-healthcare systems facilities and other
places, and is stored in the database. Consider a patient
who is being treated at both Hospital-A and Hospital-B at
the same time. Consider a patient who is being treated by
two hospitals, Hospital A and Hospital B, for a cardiac
issue and diabetes at the same time. As part of her
treatment plan, Hospital-A gives the patient with a
wearable health tracker to track her everyday heart rate.
The data from the health trackers is transferred to the
database, where it can be accessed by both Hospital-A and
Hospital-B. In this way, Hospital-demand Bs for frequent
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and duplicated medical examinations is reduced. Patient
data is stored for medication purposes. Scalable and fine-
grained access control can be accomplished by giving the
access privileges to the user (doctor in case of PHRs), to only
view the medical history of the patient and will have
restriction to view other details of the patient.
As fascinating as it is, there are still several issues that
need to be addressed before it can be fully accepted. The use
of third-party platforms for data storage poses security and
privacy problems, which are increasingly important in e-
healthcare systems. Standard access control strategies can be
used to solve data security and privacy problems in e-
healthcare. On the other hand, these systems only allow for
coarse-grained access controls, which are inadequate in
scaling situations.
Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE), the encryption and
decryption processes of the data is based on the set of
attributes. The two types of ABE are Key-policy based
encryption (KP-ABE) [12] and the ciphertext policy-based
encryption (CP-ABE) [13]. Since its launch, CP-ABE has
been particularly interested in cloud-based access control
systems. For better control of data access in cloud
environments, several CP-ABE methods have been
formulated. ABE establishes data access rules depending on
many aspects of stored or user data[14]. Allows patients to
share their PHRs by choosing between many users,
encoding records behind a set of symbols without
registering all users in the system. ABE creates data access
rules depending on a variety of factors such as stored data or
user. It allows patients to share their personal health records
to the respective doctors they are consulting and doctors also
share their specific field, appointment timings so that
patient can fix and consult them, etc. to the patients.
II. RELATED WORK
Holden et al., [1] performed twenty study interviews with
doctors who used electronic health records (EHRs). One of the
challenges to using an electronic health record, according to
physicians, is system response time. In this context, data
encryption demands have increased as EHRs move to a cloud-
based storage environment, and the usability issue has arisen
due to a lack of effective data management solutions for
encrypted data, including searchability.
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The ABAC approach proposed by Livinus Obiora

Zhang et al., [2] suggested a privacy-preserving
Nweke et al., in 2020 [10] proved to be an efficient
technique based on CP-ABE with improved authority
verification efficiency. They preserve the privacy of the data algorithm for providing fine-grained access for illustrated
authority verification phases by deciding whether the user is resources. To identify ABAC's best e-health strategy, a
authorized. Aside from that, he offered a CP-ABE-based survey was conducted in the literature review of the
technique for attaining maximum security by hiding the distribution of ABAC's expertise in the field of health
EHRs' entire access policy. however, take into consideration records.
the higher computing costs and decryption time spent To safely outsource computations to the cloud
because of the recently implemented matching process environment, Li J et al., [11] utilized an inefficient strategy
verification methods. in which the redundant duplicate attributes shared by all
In 2015, Vishal Jagdale et al., [3] created a paradigm and users were utilized. The dummy attribute's linked
a way to control data access to PHRs and cloud servers. By components are never modified. To accomplish scalable and
encrypting all PHR files, ABE encryption method makes it fine-grained data access control of the PHRs, the ABE
easy to control access to data in PHRs. The technique encrypts the complete patient's PHR details through attribute
focuses on a system based on multiple data owners and policy using AES 256 algorithm.
separates data users from secure domains, reducing the
complexity of critical management. During emergencies, the
system allows changes in file features and glass access. III. Attribute Based Encryption Methods
According to the findings of the detailed investigation, the Attribute-Based Encryption is a public key cryptography
model provides a solid framework for assuring the efficient where the encryption and decryption processes are based on
sharing of PHRs. It demonstrates that the ABE-based set of attributes which we specify through policy. To
approach safeguards health records better than other accomplish scalable and fine-grained data access control of
techniques. MA-ABE, an improved ABE approach, allows the PHRs, the ABE approaches encrypt the complete patient's
patients to interact with users from the public domain who PHR details through attribute policy.
have distinct roles and responsibilities. As a result, the new
system enables the dynamic policy management approach Monotonic access structure defined that if A is a set of
while also protecting PHR privacy and security. attributes satisfying an access structure T, then any A′ such
that A⊂A′ also satisfies T. For ex, consider T=A∩B, then
Joshi et al., [4] developed a semantically rich attributed- both A= {A, B} and A′={A, B,C} satisfy T. Non-monotonic
based access control system using the CP-ABE approach access structure: there exists A′ such that A⊂A′ and A′ does
(ABAC). The model evaluates the classified access options not satisfy T. For example, consider T=A∩¬C. Then in the
based on the user's traits and the fields in the EHR. The previous example, only A satisfies T.
patient is not prone to the overhead access policies There are two types of ABE:
regulation in this approach. Both the secure access and
allocation of EHRs are managed by the central system. • Key Policy Attribute Based Encryption (KP-ABE)
A privacy-aware e-health access control system with • Ciphertext Policy Attribute Based Encryption (CP-
policy masking capabilities was proposed by Z.Ying et al., ABE)
[5]. Only the attribute value is concealed in the system, but
the attribute name is transferred to the Cloud environment in
readable ciphertext. In the event of an attack, the data
security will be jeopardized because the attacker will be able
to discover and learn about the policy, resulting in security
leakage.
Miah et al., [6] developed a cloud-based e-Health system
that allows rural healthcare workers in poor nations to
collaborate on diagnosing and treating noncommunicable
diseases. In this method, less experienced health workers in
rural regions record patient health data, which is then
preserved in the cloud and available for analysis and
suggestions to experts stationed far away.
Hui et al., [7] developed a Verifiable Ciphertext Policy
based ABE (VCP-ABE) schemes in an existing central
forum with keyword searches and data access control for
authorized users to support external source encryption,
decryption, as well as confirmation of ciphertext text updates
with a cyber-physical (CPS) system with great computer- Fig 1 ABE Classification
aided function to reduce work on CS and the client side of
the user.
A. KEY POLICY ABE
In IoT -based healthcare systems, Azees et al., [8]
proposed ways for anonymous patient and doctor For health records, confidentiality of information
authentication while ensuring the secrecy of healthcare data except for authorized users and access are critical security
transferred between the various organizations. requirements. In this key policy scheme, the ciphertext is
L. Zhang et al., [9] have created a CP-ABE-based system generated from attributes set and the user key is embedded with
that ensures user access policies are reviewed before access policy. If the set of attributes in the access policy is
accessing health care data, providing stability. Their method satisfied, then the users will be able to decrypt the message.
aims to reduce the coding time before coding the ciphertext
B.
text by adding a few unnecessary features. 978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 CIPHER-TEXT
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The CP-ABE scheme is more or less like other

traditional access policy mechanisms. It also works in two
ways: senders can set an access control policy that the
recipient attribute groups should follow, and it works by
allocating the identifier groups to the secret key. In this
scheme, ciphertexts are associated with access policy and the
attributes are also associated with user’s private key. The CP-
ABE is mostly used to store sensitive data in the PHRs
system.

CP-ABE approach uses four main steps:

• Setup Phase
• Key Generation Phase
• Encryption Phase
• Decryption Phase.

Setup Phase This phase generates public key PK and a

master key MK which consists of random numbers.

Key Generation Phase (S, MK): The private key (SK) is

Fig 2 AES Workflow [18]
generated by performing OR operation on master key MK
and ASCII value of the attributes list S.
ENCRYPTION:
Encrypt Phase (PK, M, A): This phase takes public key Each round consists of four sub-processes. A single
(PK), the message (M) and result of access policy structure round process is shown below:
(A) as inputs and message is encrypted and outputs
ciphertext CT

Decrypt Phase (PK, SK, CT): This phase takes public key,
ciphertext CT, result of access policy A, and private key SK
as inputs and if the set of access policy satisfies then it
decrypts the encrypted message and returns the original
message M.

C. CP-ABE ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION

To make the encryption more secure, two algorithms

Advanced Encryption Standard and Secure Hash Algorithm is
used. AES algorithm is used because of its high encryption
speed but is insecure if key get compromised. Since SHA is a
one-way algorithm, it is used to secure the keys.

a. ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD:

Fig 3 AES Process [19]
The AES algorithm is a symmetric algorithm that takes the
plain text in 128-bit blocks as input and converts it to
ciphertext using various sized key bits like128, 192, and 256
bits. The algorithm computes the bits as bytes. So, AES
BYTE SUBSTITUTION:
algorithm handles plain text of 128 bits as 16 bytes. These 16
bytes are arranged in 4X4 matrix. The number of cycles in the
The input 16 bytes are replaced by a fixed table (S-box)
algorithm differs and based on the key length. 128-bit size
provided in the design. The result is a 4x4 matrix.
keys use 10 rounds, 192-bit size keys use 12 rounds, and 256-
SHIFTROWS:
bit size keys uses 14 rounds for the encryption process. The
Each row of the 4x4 matrix is shifted to the left. Any falling
algorithm uses 256-bit key which was generated in the Key
entries is again inserted to the right of the row in the matrix. Shift
Generation Phase of CP-ABE Process explained above.
is done as follows –
• The first row is not affected.
• The second row is left shifted by one.
• The third row is left shifted by two places.
• The fourth row is left shifted by three places.
• The result is a new 4X4 matrix consisting of 16
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identical bytes but rotated with respect to each other.
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MIX COLUMNS:
Each of the four bytes of a single column in the matrix is
converted by using a special mathematical function. This
function generates new bytes which will replace the original
bytes in the single and will repeat the same process for all the
columns. The resultant matrix is a 4x4 new matrix consists of
16 bytes. This process is not performed in the final round.
ADD ROUND KEY:
The new 4x4 matrix will now be considered as 128
bits and performs XOR operation by 128 bits round key. It
will generate ciphertext in the last cycle and else, it starts
another similar cycle by translating 128 bits as 16 bytes.
DECRYPTION:
The decryption process is the reverse process of the
encryption. Each cycle consists of four consecutive processes
– descriptive attributes, and users’ keys are associated with
• Add a round key
• Mix columns
• Shift rows
• Byte substitution
As the processes below each round go back, unlike Feistel
Cipher, encryption and decoding algorithms must be used
separately, albeit closely related.
b. SECURE HASH ALGORITHM:
For each repetition, the last block output acts as the next
block input. The whole cycle is repeated until you reach the
ultimate 512-bit block, and then consider the resultant output of
the hash digest which is 256-bit long.
IV. PROPOSED WORK
In the existing works, one cannot revoke the attribute
policy but in our proposed work, one can revoke or delete
the attribute policy structure and it performs encryption and
decryption accordingly. We have developed a online
healthcare application that will store one’s personal health
information (PHRs). We will implement an ABE scheme
where we can setup the access policies and revoke them if
necessary. The admin can fully control which details of
doctor/patient to be revealed to the respective users and
manager have the authority to change the secret key
(Decentralized network). Both centralized and decentralized
schemes are executed and compared for effectiveness on
specific cases.
In KP-ABE, ciphertexts are associated with sets of
policies (the reverse of CP-ABE). We stress that in KP-
ABE, the encryptor exerts no control over who has access to
the data that he/she encrypts, except by his/her choice of
descriptive attributes for the data. Rather, he/she must trust
that the key-issuer issues the appropriate keys to grant or
deny access to the appropriate users. In CP-ABE, the
encryptor must be able to intelligently decide who should or
should not have access to the data that she encrypts. So, CP-
ABE Algorithm is used

Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256) algorithm is part A. Model Workflow

of the SHA 2 family. It was the successor of the SHA 1,
which was slowly weakening against the malware attacks. The
256 represents the final resultant hash digest value i.e.,
regardless of the plain text size, the hash value will always as
remain 256 bits.
The whole process is divided into five different parts, as
mentioned below:

Padding Bits:

It adds extra bits to the original message, so that the length

of the plaintext is 64 bits will make a 512 multiple. During
addition, the first bit should be one, and the other bits should
be filled with zero.

Padding Length:

The final plain text is added by 64 bits to make a 512

multiple. It can count these 64 characters using modulus in
your real plain text without padding.
Initializing Buffers:

It initializes a set of eight buffers to be used in the cycle

and need to keep 64 different keys in the system, from KE [0]
to KE [63].

Compression Functions:
Fig 4.1 Workflow (Centralized)
The multiple 512 bits blocks is formed. Each block goes
through 64 rounds, the output of each block will act as the
input for the next block.
Output:
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Admin: In centralized ABE scheme, he/she controls both the

policy and secret key. In Decentralized ABE scheme, admin only
controls the generation or revocation of the policy.

Manager: In decentralized ABE scheme, the generation and the

changing of secret key is controlled by manager.

Patient: He/she can book appointments by viewing doctor’s

detail and are able to store their personal details securely.

Doctor: He/she can approve the chosen appointment slot by

viewing the condition of the patient.

Database: It stores all the patients, doctors, admin, manager

details in forms of tables.

Attribute authority (k) It has several attribute authorities. The

model includes several different jobs (ex: doctor, admin,
manager).

Secret Key (SK) It’s a combination of a random number created

by the admin in centralized ABE scheme and manager in
decentralized ABE scheme.

If and only if, the attributes in the ciphertext match the

attributes in the data user's secret key access policy, the data user
can decode the data. The user's secret key is obtained from the
admin authority (in centralized) and manager (in decentralized)
and is coupled with an access policy.

In centralized scheme, all the work like changing the secret

key and adding and revoking the policies is done by admin
authority. Patients can view the necessary doctor details through
policy and doctors also able to view patient health details. An
illustration is shown in Fig 3.

In decentralized scheme, the tasks are done parallelly

between manager and admin. Manager can change the secret key
and admin can add and revoke the attribute policies. Since, the
Fig 4.2 Workflow (Decentralized) work is done by the two authorities, it takes relatively less time
compared to centralized scheme. An illustration is shown in Fig
At first, the user needs to register. If they already have an 5.2
account, they can sign in with the correct credentials and can
access their respective dashboard. Doctors needs to sign in
and can view the patient information and can also approve the
appointment slots requested by the patients. Patients can view
the doctor’s specializations and can fix the appointment. In
centralized scheme is executed by only giving the access to
single authority (Admin). Only admin can change the secret
key and able to add the attribute policy and can revoke them.
An illustration is shown in Fig 4.2. In decentralized scheme is
executed by giving the access to more than one authority.
Here, there are two authorities: manager and admin. Manager
can change the secret key and admin can be able to add the
attribute policy and can revoke them. An illustration is shown
in Fig 4.2. The detailed explanation is given in project model.
The encryption time by the proposed algorithm is 0.73seconds
and decryption time is 0.858 seconds.

B. Project Model

Model is a simplified version of how things work, which is

used to give us a general overview and the path that we can
follow with our work.
Fig 5.1 System Architecture (Centralized)
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Fig 5.2 System Architecture (Decentralized)
C. Working of ABE Scheme
Setup: The authority(admin) will generate a public
key which consists of random numbers.
Key Generation: Secret key for specific user is
given by admin in centralized scheme and manager in
case of decentralized scheme.
Encryption: The ciphertext will be generated using
public key and access policy structure. Example set of
attributes present in the structure:
Decryption: The ciphertext will be decrypted
using secret key.
The list of attributes are separated into two sections:
in first section, it contains the authorities present in
the system and the next section contains the attributes/
information about the respective authorities.
Fig 6.1 List of attributes 978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Fig 6.2 Access Policy
If only, all the doctor (data owner), attribute and patient
(data user) is true, then the policy satisfies and can encrypt the
data which is visible to data user. If the policy does not satisfy,
then we can't encrypt/decrypt the data. An illustration is
shown in Fig 6.2.
Multiple Authority Attribute Based Encryption (MA- ABE)
The above-mentioned stages are for single attribute authority
(Eg.: k1 - Admin). There are ‘n’ attribute authorities in a Multi-
Authority ABE scheme, (Eg.: k1, k2, k3…., kn). Each attribute
authority will play a role in system (E.g.: k1 – Admin, k2 -
Manager). Multiple authority is having more than only authority
who can control the system. For ex. If we have two authorities
(admin and manager). Authorities can split and manage the tasks
faster. manager can generate/change secret key and admin can be
able to add and revoke the attribute policy. If we add few more
authorities, there exists a high security vulnerability by giving
the access control to individual authorities.
ATTRIBUTE REVOCATION
In CPABE schemes, there may be a chance of dynamically
changing the user's attributes because of expiring of attributes,
revoke of attributes or need of adding new attributes. This
mechanism is called attribute revocation. For example, In the
current covid pandemic situation in which patients flooded
hospitals which out-numbered the number of available doctors
where, details of the patients were shared with other hospital
personnel like nurses to help contain the situation in the hospital.
At times like this we could add, modify, or revoke already
existing policies with new ones that suits the needs of the current
situation. Since by using two encryption algorithms, both internal
and external attacks can be prevented of its strong encryption and
decryption on the PHRs.
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V. RESULTS OF CENTRALIZED AND
DECENTRALIZED ABE SCHEMES
In centralized scheme, only one authority manages
everything from secret key to adding the revoking the policy.
In decentralized scheme, there are two authorities: manager
and admin. Manager can change the secret key. Admin can be
able to add the attribute policy and able to revoke them.
When using decentralized ABE scheme, the job is done
parallelly, thus taking less time compared to work done by
single authority(admin) in centralized ABE scheme. If it is not
done parallelly then the single administrator centralized ABE
is effective.
In centralized ABE scheme without revocation
mechanisms, the security is high. Since the policy is the same
throughout the scheme and with single authority, the security
is high, and flexibility is low because we cannot change the
attribute policy. In centralized ABE scheme with revocation
mechanisms, the security is medium. Since the policy can be
changed according to the corresponding needs and with single
authority, flexibility is medium.
In decentralized ABE scheme without revocation
mechanisms, the security is high. Since the policy is the same
throughout the scheme and with two authorities (manager and
admin), the security is high, and flexibility is low because we
cannot change the attribute policy. In decentralized ABE
scheme with revocation mechanisms, the security is relatively
high. Since the policy can be changed according to
corresponding needs and with two authorities, the security is
high, and flexibility is high. An illustration is shown in table 7
TABLE 1 RESULTS
ABE SCHEMES SECURITY FLEXIBILITY
CENTRALIZED High Low
(WITHOUT
REVOCATION)
CENTRALIZED Medium Medium
(WITH
REVOCATION)
DECENTRALIZED Very High Low
(WITHOUT
REVOCATION)
DECENTRALIZED High High
(WITH
REVOCATION)
VI. CONCLUSION
We have successfully implemented a flexible and
revocable attribute-based encryption scheme that helps to
store patient details securely as well as made a website that
is user friendly for users to access the sensitive patient
details and to book slots for checkups for patients and
database which consists of patient details for the doctor to
view. We have used in-built libraries for AES-256
(Advanced Encryption Standard) and SHA (Secure Hash
Algorithm) algorithms for encrypting the patient details
thus providing the users with only information that is
required for a specific circumstance.
We have identified few scopes for future work in our
proposed model. We could add more authorities to the
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already existing model to make it even more effective and
several other features can be added to the existing model such
as medicine recommendation and other pharmaceutical related
features.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] Holden, Richard J. “What Stands in the Way of
Technology-Mediated Patient Safety Improvements? A
Study of Facilitators and Barriers to Physicians’ Use of
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10.1097/pts.0b013e3182388cfa.
[2] Zhang, Leyou, et al. “Improving Security and Privacy
Attribute Based Data Sharing in Cloud Computing.”
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[4] Joshi, Maithilee, et al. “Attribute Based Encryption for
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doi:10.1109/cloud.2018.00139.
[5] Ying, Zuobin, et al. “A Lightweight Policy Preserving
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[6] Khanom, Nilufa, and Shah J. Miah. “On-Cloud
Motherhood Clinic: A Healthcare Management Solution
for Rural Communities in Developing Countries.”
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Systems, 2020, pp. 60–85. Crossref,
doi:10.17705/1pais.12103.
[7] Yin, Hui, et al. “CP-ABSE: A Ciphertext-Policy
Attribute-Based Searchable Encryption Scheme.” IEEE
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doi:10.1109/access.2018.2889754.
[8] Azees, Maria, et al. “An Efficient Anonymous
Authentication and Confidentiality Preservation
Schemes for Secure Communications in Wireless Body
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2021, pp. 2119–30. Crossref, doi:10.1007/s11276-021-
02560-y.
[9] Zhang, Leyou, Gongcheng Hu, et al. “Hidden
Ciphertext Policy Attribute-Based Encryption With Fast
Decryption for Personal Health Record System.” IEEE
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[10] Nweke, Livinus Obiora, et al. “Understanding
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Analysing Healthcare Professionals’ Security
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[11] Meng, Fei, et al. “ABDKS: Attribute-Based Encryption
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[12] Zhang, Shuo, et al. “A Flexible KP-ABE 449
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Mobile User Realizing Decryption Outsourcing and

Attribute Revocation.” Wireless Personal
Communications, vol. 114, no. 4, 2020, pp. 2783–
800. Crossref, doi:10.1007/s11277-020-07503-y.
[13] Lai, Junzuo, et al. “Fully Secure Cipertext-Policy
Hiding CP-ABE.” Information Security Practice
and Experience, 2011, pp. 24–39. Crossref,
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21031-0_3.
[14] Stamatellis, Charalampos, et al. “A Privacy-
Preserving Healthcare Framework Using
Hyperledger Fabric.” Sensors, vol. 20, no. 22, 2020,
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[15] Pussewalage, Harsha S. Gardiyawasam, and
Vladimir A. Oleshchuk. “An Anonymous
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[16] Chatterjee, Runa, Rajdeep Chakraborty, and J. K.
Mondal. "Design of Lightweight Cryptographic
Model for End-to-End Encryption in IoT Domain."
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[17] Anguraj, Dinesh Kumar. "Advanced Encryption
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[18] Dixit, Uma. “Cryptography – Security in E-
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[19] Srisakthi, S., and A. P. Shanthi. "Towards the design
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Data Privatization and Security using Bit Plane

Complexity Segmentation

Suresh Kumar S Chidambaram G Dr. S. Vijayalakshmi

Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering Computer Science and Engineering
PSG College of Technology PSG College of Technology PSG College of Technology
Coimbatore, India Coimbatore, India Coimbatore, India
sureshmsd1605@gmail.com chidambaramg5@gmail.com svl.cse@psgtech.ac.in

security. Aphy, from the Greek, signifies security, or

Abstract - Advances in digital communication play
an important role in our daily lives in today's
world. In general, information security systems fall
into two categories: encryption and information
hiding. The storage and transmission of sensitive
personal data have become a partof everyday life
for professional and personal well-being.
Therefore, the issue of secure storage and
transmission of confidential information is interest
to many researchers. Steganography is a collective
method to hide sensitive data in unobtrusive digital
media such as video, audio, and images. One of the
biggest challenges in developing steganography
systems is finding the right balance between
metrices like reliability, security, and data privacy.
This project provides information about how the
Bit Plane Complexity Steganography (BPCS)
technology is applied to both grayscale and color
imaging techniques and assesses performance
parameters such as data concealment, security and
stability based on the peak signal-to-noise ratio
(PSNR) and Mean Square Error (MSE) with
various test cases to explain how it works for
different files and images.
Keywords—Bit Plane Complexity, Cryptography,
Steganography
I. INTRODUCTION
Steganography is a way of concealing confidential
information from another network company without
explicit evidence of data exchange. Steganography is
similar to encryption, but it hides the message in a
vessel image. Only the recipient knows what is
happening inside the image. In steganography,
sometimes the user does not think about the level of
encryption, and is a tried and tested method of
encryption. Although they are identified by
cryptography, they are not the same. The purpose of
Steganography is to conceal the existence of a
message, while cryptography defames the message so
that it cannot be understood. More importantly, the
purpose of steganography is to hide messages within
different pure messages in a way that does not allow
any enemy to try and show that there is a next
mysterious message out there. Steganography covers a
wide range of media coverage techniques. Among
these methods are invisible ink, microdots, computer
tags, secret channels, and comprehensive
correspondence. The message is embedded in the news
media in an invisible way so that no one can suspect
its existence.
Steganography image techniques can be grouped
into two main classes. for example, local domain
processes and common domain techniques. In local
area settings, a secretmessage is enclosed within the
image by using various image pixels. In frequency
domain techniques the image is converted to another
using a switch such as a transparent wavelet change
and then the message is covered using any standard
input techniques. This project focuses on local context
in image steganography. The image in which the
secret message is covered is called a steganographic
image.
There are different categories of strategies in the
local space,
1. LSB steganography,
2. RGB based steganography,
3. total pixel differencing steganography.
4. mapping based steganography,

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5. palette based steganography,
6. collage based on steganography,
7. spectrum steganography,
8. code-based steganography,
and others. All standard steganography procedures
have a data encryption limit. It can only hide10% (or
less) of the image’s information steps.
Eiji Kawaguchi and R. O. Eason has found a new
way to overcome the shortcomings of traditional
steganographic techniques. This technique called the
Bit Plane Complexity Segmentation (BPCS)
Steganography technique. Data encryption limit is
about half the size of the container. It is being replaced
by all "sound-like" regions on small ship image
aircraft with private data without deteriorating image
quality. As a result, the BPCS method is chosen. Bit
plane Complexity Segmentation (BPCS) technique
is one of the steganography ways thatgrouping the
set of the original information into bit- planes.
II. RELATED WORKS
Xin Liao et al. [1] proposed a new channel-
dependent payload segmentation strategy based on
channel correction gain probability. It offers better
anti-Steganographic analysis performance than the
average payload section and easy color mixing
compared to modern color image Steganographic
analysis.
Cho Do Xuan and colleagues [2] proposed an
innovative method to improve the quality of
information hiding. It offers a new approach to
computing image complexity to providedigital image
analysis in general and to hide BPCS information.
Shivani Jain and colleagues [3] examine
steganographic approaches and how encryption can
be used to support the encryption of patient data by
using encryption to protect patient data.
Zin Mar Htun et al. [4] proposed using BPCS
steganography to embed secret information in image
containers that are unaltered by the human eye. The
main standard of this strategy is to divide the binary
image into informative and noise-like areas.
Sakshi Audi et al. [5] teach the basics of
cryptography and steganography and compare the
advantages and disadvantages of different types of
steganography.
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M. Chandra Sekhar and colleagues [6]
propose a new steganographytechnique called bit-
plane complexity segmentation steganography that
offers broad bounds for data hiding. This feature can
be used for data hiding techniques because replacing
complex areas of each hatch layer with a non-uniform
double pattern is imperceptible to the human eye.
Gabriel Kamau et al. [7] propose to adapt the
BPCS implementation method using a random
selection of CGC bits in the noisy region of the vessel
image
Andysah Putera Utama Siahaan et al. [8] proposed
a system that aims to combine steganography with
cryptography. The combination of One Time Pad
and BPCS results in the perfect camouflage.
Prof Sasikumar Gurumurthy et al. [9] proposed
that bit plane complexity segmentation steganography
is a new steganography technique with greater ability
to hide information. Conversion of complex areas in
each bit plane of a image into binary patterns is
invisible to the naked eye.
Saha et al. [10] proposed a steganographic
technique based on Exploiting Modification Direction
using the array of hash weightage.
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
In the existing systems, several methods like Least
Significant Bit Insertion, Edge Adaptive Stegan-
ography, etc. are implemented. Even BPCS for the
grey scale images is implemented. BPCS method is
very stealthy and reliable, complex. and the
embedding ability is high compared to other
Steganographic methods like Edge Adaptive and Least
Significant Bit Insertion Algorithm. In our proposed
system, BPCS is implemented for both color and grey
scale images and both processes are evaluated based
on their performance using PSNR and MSE.
Based on the data hiding capacity and resistant to
attacks, BPCS is the best among the steganographic
techniques. A web application is developed to get and
protect the user’s data using Bit Plane Complexity
Steganography (BPCS) technique on both gray scale
and color image methods and evaluate their
performance parameters like data hiding capacity and
distortion method based onPeak Signal to Noise Ratio
(PSNR), and Steganographic analysis.
Data hiding techniques have long been widely used
to transmit or hide secret messages. Ensuring data
security is a major concern for the users. Businesses,
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professionals, and consumers may have sensitive data
that they want to protect from others. Steganography
isvery useful for repelling enemy attacks caused by
unauthorized access and malware attacks. Asa result,
the proposed system developed a system that hides
data in the image processing process using a bit-plane
complexity segmentation algorithm. Data hiding
capacity is measured by how much data can be
embedded in the image. It is evaluated by Mean
Square Error which shows the pixel intensity between
the original and the embedded image. By embedding
the data in an image, the data is prevented from
malware attacks and thus ensures that the data stored
is secure.
• Embed messages from secret files (text files)
into cover image files using the BPCS
embedding algorithm.
• Retrieve Steganographic image file (.png).
• Next, we must extract the secret message from
the steganographic image. There are threesteps
to extract the original secret message.
• Select the Steganographic image file (.png).
• Using BPCS technology to extract secret
messages from steganographic imagefiles and get
original text messages.

Fig. 1. Proposed System Design

The system is shown in two parts: the sending site and

the receiving site. The sender's website uses the BPCS
embedding technique to embed the original text
message in the image file without degrading the image
quality. The sender then receives a steganographic
image file that is sent to the recipient over the web
application. On the receiving end, the recipient
receivesa Steganographic image file from the sender.
Then, the secret message (secret file) is extracted from
the Steganographic image file using the BPCS
extraction method to obtain the original secret
Fig. 2. System Workflow
message. The detailed embedding algorithm is
explained in working of BPCS.

Steps to embed data are as follows:

• Choose a secret file data (any file)
• Select the steganographic vessel image file (.png)
IV. MODEL WORKFLOW
A web application is developed to collect the user’s
data that needs to be protected. Users create their
account, and their details are stored in the database.

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The user can login using valid credentials and upload

the file to be embedded within the image. The files are
then stored in the local system from where
steganographic techniques are implemented. The user
can either retrieve the data from the steganographic

image and performance analysis of the steganographic

techniques on both grayscale and color image methods
are evaluated. Hiding the target file using stegano-
graphic module and retrieving the original data by
decoding the extracted data from the embedded image.
The workflow of the web application is illustrated in
fig 2.

V. BPCS TECHNIQUE

BPCS steganography technique is implemented

on both grayscale and color images and their
performances are evaluated. The BPCS Technique is
explained as follows:

• Encode the secret data using Unicode

Transformation Format 8bits (UTF-8) algorithm.
• Transform the encoded data by the user to
equivalent form using blocks. Transform every
block into a binary 8×8-bit image.
• Decompose the standard steganographic image
in its bit planes.
• Divide each bit plane in 8×8-bit blocks and Fig 3. Steganographic Module
compute complexity for each one. Black-and-
white border length is adopted by BPCS
technique to measure the complexity of the
image. VI. WORKING OF BPCS

• If the border is long, then the image is complex,
and the image is simple, if the border is short.
• The total length of the black and white border in
the image is equal to the sum of the both the
number of black and white changes along the
rows and columns in the vessel image.
• Design a map with noisy blocks and replace them
by information block through Additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN) Channel.
• The performance parameters like data hiding
capacity and distortion method are evaluated
based on Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR),
and Steganographic analysis.
Kawaguchi and Eason first introduced the BPCS
technique as a solution to the low payload problem of
already existing traditional steganographic methods.
In this technique, the bits are first converted from pure
binary code (PBC) to Canonical Gray coding (CGC).
Embedding the secret user’s data using the CGC bits
pattern improves the imperceptibility(hiding)
performance by reducing distortions of the noise in the
original image bitmap. The images (both color and
grayscale) is then divided into multiple bit planes,
classified as "information" or "noise". Noisy bit-planes
of the vessel image are complex regions. The threshold
value which is (α is 0.45) is used to determine the bit
plane complexity of the image by measuring how
often a bit changes from 0 to 1 and from 1 to 0 in
the image’s bit plane.Often α is defined as a criterion
to judge whether the block is complex or not.

α = k/2*m*(m-1)

• k- is the total length of border in a

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particular block,
• m-is the row or column in a block,
• α ranges between 0 and 1.
user’s secret data into noisy bit plane blocks to
effectively secure it. Because this method uses both
the most significant bit (MSB) and the least significant
bit (LSB) of the vessel's noise block, it offers a much
faster embedding rate than the traditional LSB method,
which uses only the vessel's LSB.

If a given bit plane’s complexity exceeds a The BPCS embedding procedure is summarized
threshold, it will skip the corresponding embedding below.
process for that block. The complexity of the included
secret is also calculated and, if found below a
threshold, adjusted to make it complex before
• First, Input the vessel image (m * n)
including it in the vessel file. Fora 2n x 2m grayscale • Convert the vessel images from PBC to CGC
black and white image with black as the foreground
area and white as the background area, the blend • Segment each vessel image's bit plane into
would look like this: informative and noise-like regions using a
threshold value of 0.45.
• Two checkerboard schemes Wc and Bc have been • Secret data bytes are grouped into a series of
initialized. where Wc has a whitepixel (e.g. 1) in blocks.
the upper left of the image and a black pixel is Bc
(e.g. 0) in the upper left. • If a block is having less complexity value than the
threshold, it is conjugated again tocreate a more
• The image P is inputted with black pixels(B) in the complex block to embed the data.
foreground area and pixels in thebackground area
are white pixels (W).
• P* is defined as the conjugate of P that satisfies the
below following conditions:
o The shape of the foreground area should be the
same as that of P.
o The foreground area’s pattern is Bc.
o The background area’s pattern is Wc .

Fig. 4. Conjugation Binary Patterns

The following properties apply to conjugation

operations:

• P * = P ō Wc, where 0 means XOR operation.

• P* ≠ P
• If α(P) is the given image’s(P) complexity, then
α(P*) = 1-α(P).
As the Human Visual System (HVS) becomes
more and more sensitive to the patterns which is Fig. 5. BPCS Embedding Framework
represented by an image's information regions, it hides

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• Embed each secret block in a noise bit- planes
region of the image.
• Convert back the original vessel image from CGC
to PBC.
• Steganographic image is produced as the final
output
High payload capacity is the main advantage of the
BPCS technique. Since due to problem of data hiding
space, increasing a vessel's payload capacity has a
negative effect on data hiding capacity. In addition, the
vessel's robustness to image processing tasks such as
compression is important to ensure the security of the
information it contains. The BPCS cannot allow even
the small changes in the image unless the secret data is
embedded in a higher order of the bit-planes, which
further degrades the vessel's data hiding capacity and
impenetrable capacity. BPCS technique takes around
65 seconds to extract the secret data from the
embedded image if the secret data size is 5MB. If the
data size is less, extracting the secret data will be very
fast and if data size is more, it might take more time.
The BPCS technique embedding framework is shown
in Fig 5.
VII. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Bit Plane Complexity Steganography (BPCS)
technique on both gray scale and color image methods
implemented. Then, performance parameters like data
hiding capacity and distortion method based on Peak
Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Steganographic
analysis are evaluated.
A. MSE AND PSNR
The Mean Square Error (MSE) and the Peak Signal
to Noise Ratio (PSNR) are the corresponding metrics
which were used to compare the quality of the
steganographic image by comparing both vessel and
steganographic images.
MSE measures the average pixel intensity
difference between the original vessel and the
steganographic images. Lower levels of MSE
indicates a better quality image signal.
𝑵−𝟏
√(𝟏/𝑵) ∑(𝑰′𝒊 − 𝑰𝒊 )𝟐
𝒊=𝟎
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PSNR is used for comparing the value of the
required image signal against the value of a corrupting
noise which is in unit decibels. The low PSNR value
indicates the background noise will be more
perceptible. So, PSNR should be higher for getting
better image quality.
255
𝑃𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 20 log10
√(𝟏/𝑵) ∑𝑵−𝟏 ′
𝒊=𝟎 (𝑰𝒊 − 𝑰𝒊 )
𝟐
Where, 𝐼𝑖 is the value of a pixel in the original
image and 𝐼𝑖′ is the value of the same pixel after
embedding, respectively. N is the number of pixels.
255 is the maximum signal value that exists in the
original “known to be good” image.
B. STEGANOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
The Steganographic noise analysis is performed by
using the tool (29a.ch) to analyze the embedded image.
If the steganographic image is analyzed, just only the
noisy regions are visible but can't retrieve the data in
it. So, the security is high.
VIII. TESTING
A. Test Case 1
The original vessel image is color image which is
of size 2.62 MB. The data which to be embedded is a
pdf file which is of size 872 KB. After implementing
the BPCS technique, the data will be embedded in the
vessel image. The PSNR value by comparing both
vessel and Steganographic image is 61.5 dB. The
higher the PSNR value, the better will be embedding
capacity and the image quality. Even if noise analysis
is performed on the Steganographic image only the
data which is embedded in the noise regions is visible,
but the data can’t be retrieved.
Fig 6 TC1 MSE and PSNR Analysis
Fig 7 TC1 Noise Analysis of Steganographic Image
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B. Test Case 2

Here, the original vessel image is also a color

image which is of size 766 KB. The data which to be
embedded is a word file which is of size 612 KB. After
implementing the BPCS technique, the data will be
embedded in the vessel image. The PSNR value by
comparing both vessel and Steganographic image is 34
dB. Noise analysis is also performed as shown in fig.
9, and the security is high.

Fig 11 TC3 Noise Analysis of Steganographic Image

D. Test Case 4
Fig 8 TC2 MSE and PSNR Analysis
Here, the original vessel image is also a grayscale
image which is of size 223 KB. The data which to be
embedded is a image file which is of size 130 KB.
After implementing the BPCS technique, the data will
be embedded in the vessel image. The PSNR value by
comparing both vessel and Steganographic image is 53
dB. Noise analysis is also performed as shown in fig.
13 and the security is high.

Fig 9 TC2 Noise Analysis of Steganographic Image

C. Test Case 3 Fig 12 TC4 MSE and PSNR Analysis

The original vessel image is a grayscale image

which is of size 1.8 MB. The data which to be
embedded is a pdf file which is of size 1.3 MB. After
implementing the BPCS technique, the data will be
embedded in the vessel image. The PSNR value by
comparing both vessel and Steganographic image is 35
dB. Noise analysis is also performed as shown in fig.
11 and the security is high.

Fig 10 TC3 MSE and PSNR Analysis

Fig 13 TC4 Noise Analysis of Steganographic Image

E. Test Case 5 (Exception Case)

The original vessel image is a grayscale image

which is of size 2 MB. The data which to be embedded
is a pdf file which is of size 2.3 MB. Here, the BCPS

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technique can’t be implemented. The data which is to the Performance evaluation and test cases performed it
be embedded should be always less than the is inferred that the color vessel image with size of 5
steganographic vessel image. If the vessel image is MB or above has better embedding capacity.
less than the data to be embedded, then “embedding is Impenetrable capacity cannot be compromised and a
not possible” message will be displayed. good steganographic method should ensure that the
embedding procedure introduces minimal noise to the
IX. TESTING EVALUATION vessel image. The time taken for embedding and
extracting secret data can be reduced by implementing
In the first two cases, the vessel is color with a combination of two steganographic techniques.
image and in the last two test cases, the vessel image XI. REFERENCES
is grayscale. In test case 1, the MSE value is low. And
PSNR is high. So, embedding capacity should be high [1] X. Liao, Y. Yu, B. Li, Z. Li and Z. Qin, "A New Payload
and distortion measure should be low. Distortion Partition Strategy in Color Image Steganography," in
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video
measure is how the noise modifies in the image. In test Technology, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 685-696, doi:
case 2 and 3, PSNR value is medium. So, embedding 10.1109/TCSVT.2019.2896270, 2020.
capacity is medium and the distortion measure is little
[2] Cho Do Xuan, “A Proposal to Improve the Bit Plane
high. In test case 4, the PSNR value is high.
Steganography based on the Complexity Calculation
Embedding capacity is high. From all the test cases as Technique” International Journal of Advanced Computer
shown in Table 2 , the color vessel image which is of Science and Applications(IJACSA), 12(6), 2021.
higher size(5MB) performs better. The security by
[3] Jain, Shivani, Shivani Dubey, and Vikas Singhal. "Review
performing noise analysis is high. The graph is also of Steganography Techniques for securing Patient
illustrated in Fig 24 to demonstrate the MSE and Information embedded in Medical Image." International
PSNR for the different test cases. Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science
Applications and Management Studies, 2020.
TABLE 1 TESTING EVALUATION [4] Htun, Zin Mar, and Zar Ni Zin. "Image Steganography
using Bit Plane Complexity Segmentation." International
Journal of All Research Writings 2.12, 2020.
Test Vessel MSE PSNR Inference
Cases Image (dB) [5] Audhi, Sakshi, and Maruska Mascarenhas. "A
Comparative Study on Different Techniques of
Type Cryptography and Steganography." International Journal
of Information and Computing Science, 2019.
Case Color 0.04650 61.45535 Higher
1 [6] Chandra Sekhar, M, S K. Chandini, V Sai Rohith, V Jhansi
Lakshmi, & M Pavan Kumar. "Data hiding using bit plane
Case Color 25.77889 34.01857 Medium complexity segmentation steganography”, Science
2 Publishing Corporation, International Journal of
Engineering and Technology, 2022.
Case Grayscale 16.74889 35.89095 Medium [7] Gabriel Kamau, Waweru Mwangi , Wilson Cheruiyot. “A
3 Modified Bit Plane Complexity Segmentation
Steganographic Method: Increasing Payload
Case Grayscale 0.29057 53.49629 Higher Imperceptibility and Robustness”, Journal of Theoretical
4 and Applied Information Technology 2019.
[8] Siahaan, Andysah Putera, Utama. "Text Hiding in Digital
Image using BPCS Method" International Journal for
X. CONCLUSION Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field , 2017.
[9] Gurumurthy, Sasikumar & A.Valarmozhi, & Priya
Impenetrable capacity of the embedded data is the Mahaboba. "Design and Implementation of Bit plane
important aspect of any steganographic method. While complexity segmentation using steganography in
embedding the data in a digital image the cover image Internet". International Journal of Computer, Electronic
will be modulated in some way. So, the important and Electrical Engineering. 2. 21-25, 2012.
thing is to ensure that the introduced noise does not [10] Saha, S., et al. "Extended exploiting modification
perceptibly degrade the vessel image to guarantee or direction based steganography using hashed-weightage
increase the security of the embedded data. In this Array", Multimed Tools Appl, vol. 79, pp. 20973–20993,
2020.
project, BPCS embedding technique is used to
securely store the information within the CGC
(Canonical Gray Coding) bits of the vessel’s bit
planes. MSE and PSNR results demonstrated the
improvements on the quality of steganographic images
produced by the proposed BPCS technique. Based on

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Design and Security Analysis of Isoidentity based

Isobeta Cryptosystem
Nilesh Bhosale Rupesh Pohane Siddhant Meshram
Department of Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Computer Science Department at New
Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Suryodaya College of Engineering and York University,
Engineering, Technology, Room 305, 251 Mercer Street,
Nagpur, M.S., India 441110 Nagpur, M.S., India New York, NY 10012
nileshbhosale897@gmail.com rupeshpohane@gmail.com sidmeshram97@gmail.com

Akshaykumar Meshram* Malabika Adak K. T. V. Reddy

Department of Applied Mathematics,
Yeshwantrao Chavan College of
Engineering,
Nagpur, M.S., India 441110
akshaykjmeshram@gmail.com
*Corresponding Author
Department of Applied Mathematics,
Yeshwantrao Chavan College of
Engineering,
Nagpur, M.S., India 441110
malabikaadak@yahoo.co.in
Faculty of Engineering and
Technology, Datta Meghe Institute of
Medical Sciences (Deemed to be
University), Sawangi (Meghe),
Wardha, M. S., India 442004
ktvreddy.feat@dmimsu.edu.in

Abstract— Digital data protection frameworks inclusive of
cryptographic mechanisms and signature crypto mechanisms are
essential for stable data communication in open network systems.
An extensive open-key folder is not necessary for 𝓘𝓓-based crypto
mechanisms like 𝓘𝓓 -based crypto mechanisms, the 𝓘𝓓 -
basedsignature mechanisms, else 𝓘𝓓 -basedkey circulation
mechanisms are between the enhanced an opposing for create
stable and protected digital data communication for enormous-
scale open network systems recommended by Shamir. This article
suggests an isoidentity based isobeta crypto mechanism build on
the generalized isodiscrete isologarithm isoproblem and isointeger
isofactorization isoproblem that is one of the initial
implementations of Shamir's for security norms. Also, we examine
the security adverse a conjuration of certain clients in the
suggested mechanism, and demonstrate the probability of
establishing a higher secure mechanism.
Keywords— Cryptography, Isomathematics of first-kind
(𝓘𝓕𝓚) , Isobeta cryptographic mechanism, Isodiscrete
isologarithm isoproblem (𝑰𝓓𝓛𝓟) , Generalized Isodiscrete
isologarithm isoproblem (𝓖𝑰𝓓𝓛𝓟) , and Isointeger
isofactorization isoproblem (𝓘𝓘𝓕𝓟).
I. INTRODUCTION
For stable and protected data transmission, essentials to be
collective close session key among two clients. Close session
key circulation will be a significant issue as the number of
clients is expanding in the open network system. The model
for the open key circulation system (𝒪𝒦𝒞𝒮) presented by
Diffie and Hellman in 1976 [1]. In the 𝒪𝒦𝒞𝒮, every client
require to choose a close key and numerate an analogous
openkey and save in open directory. The collective closes
sessionkey will be mutual among binary clients; can be
numerate by some one client, created on his/her individual
close key and the other client’s open key. The 𝒪𝒦𝒞𝒮 runs an
aesthetic approach to simplify the key circulation issue, the
primary thinking is the validation of the open keys utilized in
the cryptographic mechanisms. The framework of an identity
is presented by Shamir [2] in 1984. In an identity mechanism,
every client requires to identify himself/herself from key
authentication isocenter (𝒦𝒜𝒞) prior to connecting the open
network system. The 𝒦𝒜𝒞 will approve and give his/her
close key if client’s identity is recognized. Thus, a client
requires individual “identity” of his/her connection client and
the openkey of the 𝒦𝒜𝒞, at one time with his/her closekey,
to interconnect with other clients. Hence no open folder
compulsory in this mechanism. After all, Shamir did not
succeed to build an identity-based cryptosystem, however
succeed just to build an identity-based signature mechanism.
Thereafter many scholar suggested several classes of ℐ𝒟 -
based cryptographic mechanism. An identity-based key
transmission mechanism is presented by Okamoto [3] in 1988
and extensive their mechanism for client recognition
presented by Ohta [4]. The above-mentioned mechanism
utilized the RSA openkey crypto mechanism having security
is built on the computational difficulty of factoring product of
two huge primes. An ℐ𝒟- based crypto mechanism build on
the discrete logarithm problem presented by Tsujii and Itoh
[5] along with discrete exponent which utilized the ElGamal
openkey crypto mechanism.
A non-interactive ℐ𝒟 -Based open-key circulation
mechanism presented by Maurer and Yacobi [6] in 1991 in
which no additional authentication by certificates as the open
keys are oneself authenticated. The amended variant of this
mechanism presented in [7]. With multi purposes like an
identification mechanism, ℐ𝒟 -Based signature mechanism,
and a conference key circulation mechanism required strong
computational efficiency as the computational difficulty of the
mechanism is heavy. Factoring and discrete logarithm based
open key crypto mechanism presented by L. Harn [8]. A
modified ℐ𝒟 -Based encryption mechanism of integer
factorization problem, which is incapable as plaintext is
converted bit-by-bit and henceforth the output of converted
plaintext turns into protracted. A mechanism that can transfer
the entire crypto mechanism build on discrete logarithm the
ℐ𝒟-based mechanism presented by Wei Bin lee and Kuan
Chieh Liao [9] in 2004. An ℐ𝒟-based crypto mechanism and
modified ℐ𝒟 -based crypto mechanism build on double
generalized discrete logarithm problem presented by C.
Meshram [10-12]. Lightweight crypto mechanisms for end-to-
end encryption process in IoT field presented by Chatterjee,
Chakraborty and Mandal [13] in 2019.
In 2020, crypto mechanisms build on quadratic-
exponentiation-randomized and partial discrete logarithm

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problem presented in [14]. Key exchange protocol build on ˆ ; ξ̂−𝓇ˆ is named as isoinverse of ξ̂ 𝓇 ; (ξ̂𝓇ˆ ,×
𝔗 ˆ ).
isoring isopolynomials coefficient presented in [15]. Lately,
Key exchange protocol and isocrypto mechanism build on B. Mathematical definition of 𝒢𝐼𝒟ℒ𝒫
Santilli’s isomathematics presented in [16-18]. Improvements Let 𝒢̂ be cyclic isogroup of order ℯ̂ such that isonumber
in the cloud safety with crypto mechanisms, deep learning 𝓈̂ ≡ ℊ̂ 𝓉̂ for isonumber 𝓉̂ ∈ [0, ℯ̂ − 1] then ℊ ̂
and block-chain presented by Hari Krishnan Andi [19] in
primitiveisoroot of the isogroup is knowing 𝒢I𝒟ℒ𝒫.
2021.
C. Mathematical definition of ℐℐℱ𝒫
In 2022, isokey interchange protocol, beta and IsoQER
cryptosystem build on isonumber presented in [20-22]. To numerate isoprime isonumbers ℕ ̂ =𝓏 ̂1 ∗ 𝓏
̂2 ∗
In light of the perception that new crypto mechanism 𝓏
̂3 ⋯ 𝓏
̂ℯ , an decomposition for positive isointeger ℕ̂ is
generally encounter security difficulties and privacy concerns knowing ℐℐℱ𝒫.
and numerous crypto frameworks build on integer
factorization & discrete logarithm have been implemented. III. INTRODUCTION OF THE ℐℐℬ𝒞
Isokey creation segment with low computational complexity Establishment for the isocenter and every customer:
for transformation procedure is main role in our crypto
mechanism such as no correction in initial Shamir mechanism. Step 1: Every customer creates a 𝓃̂ −dimensional isobinary
Thus propose crypto mechanism have identical protection as isovector for his/her ℐ𝒟 and records with the isocenter. The
the initial one and preserves entire advantages of the ℐ𝒟-based isocenter stocks it in open/public folder. We indicate
mechanism. customer 𝒿̂′ s ℐ𝒟 by ℐ𝒟𝒿̂ =
In this study, we suggested unique ℐ𝒟 -beta (𝓎̂𝒿̂1 , 𝓎̂𝒿̂2 , 𝓎̂𝒿̂3 , 𝓎̂𝒿̂4 , … … … , 𝓎̂𝒿̂𝓃̂ ), 𝓎̂𝒿̂𝒾̂ ∈ {0,1} , (1 ≤ 𝒾̂ ≤
cryptosystem called isoidentity based isobeta cryptosystem 𝓃̂). (1)
(ℐℐℬ𝒞) . The safety of suggested isobeta cryptosystem on Step 2: The isocenter creates binary isoprime isonumbers 𝒫̂
isomathematics, generalized isodiscrete isologarithm problem and 𝒬̂ , numerate ℕ ̂ = 𝒫̂ ∗ 𝒬̂ . (2)
with individual discrete exponent and isointeger Thus, the isocenter elect an irrational isonumber 𝒹̂, 1 ≤ 𝒹̂ ≤
isofactorization. Our system does not need any shared initial 𝜑(ℕ ̂ ) satisfy gcd (𝒹̂ , 𝜑(ℕ ̂ )) = 1 for iso-Euler function
communications in all data transmission and every ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ . Then isocenter circulates
𝜑(ℕ) = (𝒫 − 1)(𝒬 − 1) of ℕ
assumption excepting the complexity of the generalized ̂ ̂
(𝒹 , ℕ) as the openkey.
isodiscrete isologarithm problem. Therefore the suggested
system is a tangible model of an ℐ𝒟-based cryptosystem that Every customer can numerate the customer 𝒿̂′𝑠 extended ℐ𝒟
fulfills Shamir’s primal idea [2]. as ℰℐ𝒟𝒿̂ ;
̂
𝒹
ℰℐ𝒟𝒿̂ = (ℐ𝒟𝒿̂ ) (modℕ ̂ ) = (ξ̂𝒿̂1 , ξ̂𝒿̂2 , ξ̂𝒿̂3 , ξ̂𝒿̂4 , … … … , ξ̂𝒿̂𝓀̂ ),
II. RELEVANT MATHEMATICAL DEFINITIONS
̂ξ𝒿̂𝒾̂ ∈ {0,1}, (1 ≤ 𝒾̂ ≤ 𝓀̂) (3)
In this section, we resolve rapidly relevant mathematical
definitions utilizes to design ℐℐℬ𝒞 over isofields. Where 𝓀̂ = |ℕ ̂ | is a bits of ℕ ̂
Step 3: isocenter's conceal data: The isocenter elects an
A. Mathematical definition of ℐℱ𝒦
irrationa huge isoprime 𝒫̂ and 𝒬̂ , numerates ℕ ̂ = 𝒫̂ 𝒬̂ and
Isonumbers ξ̂ = ξ𝔗 ˆ is an element in the rings ℱ̂ = ⃗
createss 𝓃̂ −dimensional isovector 𝓍̂ over 𝒵𝜑(ℕ̂) such that ̂ ∗

ℱ̂(ξ̂, +,׈) where ξ ∈ ℱ, 𝔗 ˆ = 1/𝔍ˆ is a well behaved,

𝓍̂⃗ = (𝓍̂ 1 , 𝓍̂ 2 , 𝓍̂ 3 , … , 𝓍̂ 𝓃̂ ), (4)
invertible and Hermitean quantity external from the original
1 ≤ 𝓍̂ 𝒿̂ ≤ 𝜑(ℕ ̂ )(1 ≤ 𝒿̂ ≤ 𝓃̂) ,
field 𝔗 ˆ = 1/𝔍ˆ ∉ ℱ and ξ𝔗 ˆ is the multiplication in ℱ
ˆ with 𝓍̂ 𝓊̂ ≠ 𝓍̂ 𝓋 ̂(mod𝜑(ℕ ̂ )), 𝓊 ̂≠𝓋 ̂ (5)
equipped with the isoaddition ξ̂ + 𝓇ˆ = (ξ + 𝓇)𝔗
ˆ for 𝓃̂-dimensional binary isovector 𝓊 ̂ and 𝓋 ̂ and stock it as
traditional additive unit 0 = 0𝔗 = 0, ξ̂ + 0 = ξ̂ + 0 =
the isocenter s conceal data. To prevent the inadvertent
ξ̂, ∀ξ̂ ∈ ℱ̂ and the isomultiplication ξ̂ ׈ 𝓇ˆ = ξ̂𝔍ˆ𝓇ˆ = chance of certain customers, closedkeys take care by equation
ξ𝔗 ˆ 𝔍ˆ𝓇𝔗 ˆ = (ξ𝓇)𝔗 ˆ with 𝔗 ˆ = 1/𝔍ˆ is the correct left and right (5). The isocenter elects a super collective isosequences
novel unit (𝔗 ˆ ×
ˆ ξ̂ = ξ̂ × ˆ = ξ̂, ∀ξ̂ ∈ ℱ̂) called isounit
ˆ 𝔗 consistent to 𝓍̂ as 𝓍̂ 𝒿̂′ (1 ≤ 𝒿̂ ≤ 𝓃̂) that ∑1≤𝒿̂≤𝓃̂ 𝓍̂ 𝒿̂′ < 𝜑(ℕ ̂)
satisfy (6)
ˆ ˆ , ξ̂−𝔗ˆ = ξ−1 𝔗ˆ,
ξ̂𝔗 = ξ𝔗 ⃗
to creates the vector 𝓍̂ is to utilize the Merkle and Hellmans
ˆ ˆ
ξ̂𝔗 ׈ ξ̂−𝔗 = ξ̂0̂ = 𝔗 ˆ = 𝔍ˆ−1 ≠ 1, crypto mechanisms [10].
ˆ , ξ̂−𝓇ˆ = ξ−𝓇 𝔗
ˆ, Step 𝟒: Numerates 𝓃̂-dimensional vector 𝓍̂⃗ as
ξ̂𝓇ˆ = ξ𝓇 𝔗
𝓍̂ 𝒿̂ = 𝓍̂ 𝒿̂′ 𝓇̂ (mod𝜑(ℕ ̂ )) (1 ≤ 𝒿̂ ≤ 𝑛) (7)
ˆ = 𝔍ˆ−1 ≠ 1,
ξ̂𝓇ˆ ׈ ξ̂−𝓇ˆ = ξ̂0̂ = 𝔗
for an exclusive isointeger 𝓇̂ satisfy gcd (𝓇̂, 𝜑(ℕ)) = 1 , ̂
ℓ ℓ ̂
ℓ ℓ
ξ̂𝓇 = ξ𝓇 𝔗 ˆ , ξ̂−𝓇 = ξ−𝓇 𝔗
ˆ, where 𝓍̂⃗ = (𝓍̂1 , 𝓍̂ 2 , 𝓍̂ 3 , … , 𝓍̂ 𝑛 ). (8)
ℓ/𝓇 ˆ −ℓ/𝓇 ̂ 0̂ ˆ = 𝔍ˆ−1 ≠ 1,
ξ̂ × ξ̂ = ξ̂ = 𝔗 ̂ ))
Step 5: Elect an exclusive isointeger 𝒸̂, (1 ≤ 𝒸̂ ≤ 𝜑(ℕ
ˆ = ξ̂𝔍ˆ𝔗
ξ̂ ׈ 𝔗 ˆ = ξ̂,
satisfy 𝒹̂ 𝒸̂ ≡ 1(mod𝜑(ℕ ̂ )) (9)
ξ̂ ׈ 𝓇ˆ = ξ𝔗 ˆ 𝔍ˆ𝓇𝔗 ˆ = ξ𝓇𝔗 ˆ ,
ˆ = ξ𝓇 Step 6: Isocenter public data: Numerates 𝓃̂ -dimensional
ˆ 𝔍ˆ𝓇 −2 𝔗
ˆ = ξ/𝓇 2 𝔗
ˆ isovector ℏ ̂ by elects a random isointeger 𝛼̂ of 𝒵̂ ̂∗ as
ξ̂ ׈ 𝓇ˆ −2̂ = ξ𝔗 ℕ
̂ = (ℏ
ℏ ̂1 , ℏ ̂2 , ℏ
̂3 , … … , ℏ
̂𝑛 ), (10)
ˆ is named as isounit, 𝔍ˆ is named as isoinverse of
where 𝔗 ̂𝒿̂ = 𝛼̂ 𝓍̂ 𝒿̂ modℕ
ℏ ̂ (1 ≤ 𝒿̂ ≤ 𝑛), (11)

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̂ , 𝒹̂ , ℏ
The isocenter notifies all entity (ℕ ̂) as open data. Theorem-1: A 𝓃̂ − dimensional isovector 𝓍̂ ′ over 𝒵̂ℕ̂∗ can
Step 7: Every customer closedkey: customers 𝒿̂′s closedkey determine by (𝓃̂ + 1) customers'
𝒮̂𝒿̂ is numerate by inner isoproduct of 𝓍̂ and ℰℐ𝒟𝒿̂ as 𝒿̂, (1 ≤ 𝒿̂ ≤ 𝓃̂ + 1) which is identical to the genuine
𝒮̂𝒿̂ = 𝓍̂ ℰℐ𝒟𝒿̂ (mod𝜑(ℕ̂ )) = ∑1≤𝒾̂≤𝑛 𝓍̂ 𝒾̂ ξ̂𝒿̂𝒾̂ mod(𝜑(ℕ
̂ )) (12) isocenter's safe data.
Proof: The under-mentioned system of isolinear
IV. SCHEME INITIALIZATION FACTORS congruence's for (𝓃̂ + 1) customers'
𝒿̂, (1 ≤ 𝒿̂ ≤ 𝓃̂ + 1) conspire;
A. Isocenter conceal data:
ℰℐ𝒟1 𝓍̂1 𝒮̂1
For 𝓃̂ −dimensional isovector 𝓍̂ and isointeger 𝒸̂, the ℰℐ𝒟2 𝓍̂ 2 𝒮̂2
isocenter stock (𝓍̂ , 𝒸̂) as secrete data. ℰℐ𝒟3 𝓍̂ 3 = 𝒮̂3 (mod𝜑(ℕ ̂ )) (17)
B. Isocenter Public data: ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
For 𝓃̂ −dimensional isovector ℏ ̂ , huge isoprime isonumber [ℰℐ𝒟𝓃̂+1 ] [𝓍̂ 𝓃̂ ] [𝒮̂ ]
𝓃̂+1
̂ ̂
ℕ and arbitrary isointeger 𝒹, the isocenter stock (ℏ ̂ , 𝒹̂ ) as
̂, ℕ There exists an (𝓃̂ + 1) -dimensional isovector 𝓅̂ on the
a public data. isointeger isoring for every ℰℐ𝒟𝒿̂ is an 𝓃̂-dimensional binary
C. Customer i's secretes keys: (𝒮̂𝒿̂ ) isovector satisfy ∑1≤𝒿̂≤𝓃̂+1 𝓅̂𝒿̂ ℰℐ𝒟𝒿̂ = 0
D.Customer i's public data: ℐ𝒟𝑖 is a 𝓃̂ -dimensional We have, ∑1≤𝒿̂≤𝓃̂+1 𝓅̂𝒿̂ 𝒮̂𝒿̂ = 0(mod𝜑(ℕ ̂ )) (18)
isovector ∑1≤𝒿̂≤𝓃̂+1 𝓅̂𝒿̂ 𝒮̂𝒿̂ = ℋ ̂ 𝜑(ℕ ̂) (19)
V. PROCEDURE OF THE ISOBETA CRYPTOSYSTEM and consequently ∑1≤𝒿̂≤𝓃̂+1 𝓅̂𝒿̂ 𝒮𝒿̂ = ℋ 𝜑(ℕ) ̂ ̂ ̂ (20)
Thus (𝓃̂ + 1) customers ensure an isointeger isomultiple
To sends data 𝒟 to customer-1 then customer-2 follows ̂ ≠ 0.
of 𝜑(ℕ ̂ ), and compute the isofactorization of ℕ ̂ is ℋ
following procedure;
Therefore, the isocenter's safe data can be determine by (𝓃̂ +
A. Encryption process: 1) customers conspiracy.
̂
Customer-2, numerates 𝜁̂1 from corresponding public data ℏ Theorem-2: the isocenter's secret data 𝓍̂ determine by (𝓃̂ +
and by creates ℰℐ𝒟1 from ℐ𝒟1 ; 2) customers' 𝒿̂, (1 ≤ 𝒿̂ ≤ 𝓃̂ + 2) with exalted probability.
̂ Proof: The under-mentioned system of isolinear
𝜁̂1 = ∏ ℏ ̂ξ1𝒿̂ (modℕ
̂)
𝒿̂ congruence's for (𝓃̂ + 1) customers 𝒿̂, (1 ≤ 𝒿̂ ≤ 𝓃̂ + 1)
1≤𝒿̂≤𝑛 conspire;
ξ̂1𝒿̂ (modℕ
̂)
= ∏ (𝛼̂ 𝓍̂ 𝒿̂ ) ℰℐ𝒟1 𝓍̂1 𝒮̂1
1≤𝒿̂≤𝑛 ℰℐ𝒟2 𝓍̂ 2 𝒮̂2
̂ ̂ ℰℐ𝒟3 𝓍̂ 3 = 𝒮̂3 (mod𝜑(ℕ ̂ )) (21)
= 𝛼̂ Σ1≤𝒿̂≤𝑛 𝓍̂ 𝒿̂ ξ1𝒿̂ mod(𝜑(ℕ)) (modℕ
̂)
̂ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
= 𝛼̂ 𝒮1 (modℕ ̂)
[ℰℐ𝒟𝓃̂+1 ] [𝓍̂ 𝓃̂ ] [𝒮̂ ]
(13) 𝓃̂+1
Suppose 𝒟(1 ≤ 𝒟 ≤ ℕ ̂ − 1) be a data = ℒ̂ 𝓍̂ (mod𝜑(ℕ ̂ )) (22)
To communicated data 𝒟(1 ≤ 𝒟 ≤ ℕ ̂ − 1) , Customer-2 There exist positive isointegers 𝓅̂𝒿̂ (1 ≤ 𝒿̂ ≤ 𝓃̂ + 1) satisfy
utilized 𝜁1 and elect an arbitrary isointeger 𝒹̂ satisfy gcd
̂ ℰℐ𝒟1 𝓍̂1 𝒮̂1 𝓅̂1
(𝒹̂ , 𝜑(ℕ
̂ )) = 1 to numerate ciphertext ℰℐ𝒟2 𝓍̂ 2 𝒮̂2 𝓅̂2
̂ 𝒹̂ ℰℐ𝒟3 𝓍̂ 3 = 𝒮̂3 − 𝓅̂3 𝜑(ℕ ̂) (23)
𝒞̂ = (𝒟𝛼̂ 𝒮1 ) (modℕ
̂ ).
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
⋮
(14) [ℰℐ𝒟𝓃̂+1 ] [𝓍̂ 𝓃̂+1 ] [𝒮̂ ] [𝓅̂𝓃̂+1 ]
𝓃̂+1
B. Decryption process: for the isomatrix ℒ̂ consist of 𝓃̂ linearly independent column
Customer-1 does the following procedure to retrieve the data isovectors over the isointeger isoring.
𝒟 from the ciphertext 𝒞̂ ; Thus equation (23) implies:
𝓍̂1
Customer-1 refers the ciphertext 𝒞̂ to customer-2 through an ℰℐ𝒟1 𝓅̂1
unsecured channel. After receiving ciphertext from ℰℐ𝒟2 𝓍̂ 2 𝓅̂2
Customer-1, He/She numerate ℰℐ𝒟3 𝓍̂ 3 = − ̂)
𝓅̂3 𝜑(ℕ (24)
̂ ̂ ⋮
ξ̂2 = 𝛼̂ φ(ℕ)−𝒮1 (modℕ) = 𝛼̂ −𝒮1 (modℕ) (15) ⋮ ⋮
̂
𝒹 ̂ 𝒹̂ [ℰℐ𝒟𝓃̂+1 ] 𝓍̂ 𝓃̂ [𝓅̂𝓃̂+1 ]
(ξ̂2 ) (modℕ) = (𝛼̂ −𝒮1 ) modℕ (16) [−1]
Utilizing his/her closedkey 𝒮̂1 retrieved customer-2's the data ̂
= ℒ 𝓍̂ ′ ′
(25)
𝒟 by eqn.(15) and (16) to numerate We get 𝓍̂ ′ ≠ (mod𝜑(ℕ ̂ )) for nonsingular isomatrix ℒ̂ ′
𝒹 ̂ 𝒸̂ 𝒸̂ over the isointeger isoring along with Indefeasible probability
̂ ) = (𝛼̂ −𝒮̂1𝒹̂ 𝒟 𝒹̂ 𝛼̂ 𝒮̂1𝒹̂ ) (modℕ
((ξ̂2 ) ∗ 𝒞̂ ) (modℕ ̂) if the isomatrix ℒ̂ in eqn. (22) consist of 𝓃̂ isolinearly
̂
̂ ) = 𝒟(modℕ
= 𝒟 𝒹 𝒸̂ (modℕ ̂) independent isocolumn isovectors over the isointeger isoring.
On the contrary, we get under-mentioned eqn. of isoinear
VI. SECURITY ANALYSIS congruence's:
The safety of suggested ℐℐℬ𝒞 design on the index problem in ℒ̂ ′ 𝓍̂ ′ = 0(mod𝜑(ℕ ̂ )) (26)
the isomultiplicative isocyclic isogroup 𝒵̂ℕ̂∗ , for isounber ℕ
̂= Above outcome invalidate for nonsingular isomatrix ℒ̂ ′
(𝓍̂ ′ = (mod𝜑(ℕ ̂ ))) over 𝒵̂ℕ̂∗ . Det (ℒ̂ ′ ) is isodivisible by
𝒫̂ ∗ 𝒬̂ and 𝜑(ℕ
̂ ) isoEuler function of ℕ
̂.

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𝜑(ℕ ̂ ) for singular isomatrix ℒ̂ ′ (det ℒ̂ ′ = 0(mod𝜑(ℕ ̂ )))
̂ ∗
over 𝒵ℕ̂ with exalted probability. If isomatrix ℒ represent̂ ′′
as above by the other (𝓃̂ + 1) customers among (𝓃̂ + 2)
conspire and det (ℒ̂ ′′ ) is isodivisible by 𝜑(ℕ ̂ ) with exalted
probability satisfy 𝐺𝐶𝐷(𝑑𝑒𝑡 ℒ , 𝑑𝑒𝑡 ℒ ) = 𝒹̂ 𝜑(ℕ
̂ ′ ̂ ′′ ̂ ) for a
small positive isointeger 𝒹̂ . Thus we can numerate 𝜑(ℕ
capably and determine the isocenter's safe data is exactly the
equal as Attack (Theorem1).
To improvement of security of the crypto mechanisms, the
isocenter segmentation a 512-dimensional binary isovector
𝒜̂ into 256 segments, each two bits, satisfy
𝒜̂ = (𝒶̂1 , 𝒶̂2 , 𝒶̂3 , … … 𝒶̂511 , 𝒶̂512 )
= (seg1 , seg 2 , seg 3 , … … seg 511 , seg 512 )
Numerates ℏ ̂(𝒿̂; 𝒾̂𝓃̂) = 𝛼̂ a(𝒿̂;𝒾̂𝓃̂) (modℕ ̂)
for every seg 𝒿̂ (1 ≤ 𝒿̂ ≤ 256; 𝒾̂, 𝓃̂ ∈ {0,1}) and circulates to
all customers. Also, the isocenter numerates every customer's
closed isokey as follows;
𝒮̂𝓃̂ = ∑1≤𝒿̂≤256 𝓍̂ (𝒿̂; seg 𝓃̂𝒿̂ )(mod𝜑(ℕ ̂ )) and circulates to all
customers over an extremely protected channel. This is
precisely the identical as in the prime crypto mechanisms. In
the prime crypto mechanisms, isocenter's safe data is compute
Proposed isoidentity based isobeta crypto mechanism
The isonumber of isokeys
Isocomputational complexity
Isocommunication cost
VII. CONCLUSION
In this study, the suggested crypto mechanism fulfills
Shamir's prime theories in a rigorous sense. This variant of
crypto mechanisms absolutely delivers novel crypto
mechanisms with a more and advanced level of security
created on formulation of ℐℱ𝒦 𝒢𝐼𝒟ℒ𝒫 , and ℐℐℱ𝒫.The
offered crypto mechanisms also involves minimal
processes in encryption and decryption algorithms and
consequently makes it is much effective. The present
crypto mechanism delivers the extraordinary outcome from
the safety point of view, as we aspect the issue of
simplifying 𝒢𝐼𝒟ℒ𝒫 and ℐℐℱ𝒫 together in the
isomultiplicative isogroup of finite isofields as matched to
the other crypto mechanism. One should break 𝒢𝐼𝒟ℒ𝒫
and ℐℐℱ𝒫 together to break our crypto mechanisms as we
aspect the trouble of simplifying the classical 𝒢𝐼𝒟ℒ𝒫 in
the shared isogroups.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank anonymous reviewers for
their careful and helpful comments.
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by 512 customers conspiracy, whereas in our crypto
mechanisms it is compute by 1024 customers conspiracy.
Also, the running cost for encryption isokey creation in our
crypto mechanisms is half of the prime crypto mechanisms.
The isocenter's open data in the crypto mechanisms is about
twice than the prime crypto mechanisms. Additionally
̂) generalizations, every ℰℐ𝒟𝒿 is segmentation into 128-
segments each four bits are feasible.
Now, we explore the presentation of proposed mechanism
insofar as isonumber of isokeys, computational complexity
and communication costs. The interval run to execute
isomodular computation require per bit size of ̂𝔩 = |𝔩̂| as
below;
1. isoexponentiation= 𝒯_𝑒𝑥𝑝
2. isomultiplication= 𝒯_𝑚𝑢𝑙
3. isosquare computation= 𝒯_𝑠𝑞𝑢
4. isoinverse computation= 𝒯_𝑖𝑛𝑣
5. isohash function= 𝒯_ℎ𝑎𝑠ℎ
Secretes key =4
Public key =4
Encryption : 𝒯_𝑒𝑥𝑝 +2𝒯_𝑚𝑢𝑙 + 𝒯_ℎ𝑎𝑠ℎ
Decryption : 𝒯_𝑒𝑥𝑝+𝒯_𝑚𝑢𝑙
Encipher : 2𝓃
Deciphertion: 2𝓃
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[10] C. Meshram, “Modified ID-Based Public key Cryptosystem using
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[14] C. Meshram, M. S. Obaidat and A. Meshram, "New efficient
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[16] M. S. Dani, A. Meshram, C. Meshram, and N. M. Wazalwar., “An
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6596/1913/1/012095
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Privacy Preserving Encryption with Optimal Key

Generation Technique on Deduplication for Cloud
Computing Environment
Sanjeeva Polepaka B Gayathri
Associate Professor, Department of AIMLE, Gokaraju Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science,
Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bishop Heber College, Affiliated To Bharathidasan
Hyderabad, University, Trichy,
sanjeeva1690@grietcollege.com gaya3arun85@gmail.com
Shahnawaz Ayoub Himanshu Sharma
Shri Venkateshwara University, NH-24, Venkateshwara Associate Professor, Department of Electronics &
Nagar, Rajabpur Gajraula, Dist: Amroha, Uttar Pradesh, Communication Engineering, J B Institute of Engineering
India, and Technology, Hyderabad,
shahnawazayoub@outlook.com himanshu.zte@gmail.com
Yudhveer Singh Moudgil S Kannan
Assistant Professor, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science
University, Dehradun, and Engineering, Malla Reddy College of Engineering,
Uttarakhand, India, Hyderabad,
yudhveer127@gmail.com kannanklt.2009@gmail.com

Abstract—Cloud computing performs a significant part in sources (like software) with on-demand, omnipresent, fast, and
sharing resources and data with other devices via data system access [2]. The aids of CC comprises affordability,
outsourcing. The data collaboration services, as a potential service manageability, and scalability. Furthermore, cloud stowage has
given by the cloud service provider (CSP), is to assist the structure features on demand, leasing pluralism, economy, ease,
consistency and availability of the shared data amongst users. At reliability, versatility, and universality. CC security difficulties
the time of sharing resources, it is a complicated process for would hold up its extensive acceptance [3]. Fig. 1 illustrates the
providing secure writing and access control operations. This study structure of key generation system for CC platform.
develops a Privacy Preserving Encryption with Optimal Key
Generation Technique (PPE-OKGT) for CC environment. The
presented PPE-OKGT technique secures the data prior to storing
in the cloud sever via encryption process. For accomplishing this,
the presented PPE-OKGT technique employs data encryption
technology to secure the input data into a hidden format. Besides,
in order to improve secrecy, the presented PPE-OKGT technique
designs a chaotic search and rescue optimization (CSRO)
algorithm for optimal generation of keys. The promising
performance of the PPE-OKGT technique can be verified using a
set of experimentations. A comprehensive comparison study
reported the enhancements of the PPE-OKGT technique over
other models.

Keywords— Encryption; Cloud computing; Data security; Key

generation; Secrecy

I. INTRODUCTION
The utility of dispersed computing systems and technologies
has progressed intensely in current years. A large amount of
dispersed network techniques, infrastructures, and architectures,
like network, Pervasive, Autonomic, cloud, and so on, were
created by this rise [1]. Cloud computing (CC) is a computing
network, stereotypically connected through the Internet, which
cut a dispersed quantity of facilities obtainable to access the
operator wants. The secluded book NIST's idea of CC was an
outline to provide a shared set of configurable computing
Fig. 1. Key generation system for cloud computing
The sharing of CC services stances the trouble of
maintaining such facilities safe and protected in illogicality of
unauthorised admission or usage [4, 5]. Typically, the statistics
subcontracted to the cloud look this test. Network security is ace
of CC key security subjects, which relate to internal and external
occurrences [6]. Cryptographic methods were indispensable to

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endure safe message of data. Recently, data security was
increasingly concluded a considerable one in the cumulative
quantity of intimate imagery that is interconnected over the
Cyberspace of community or ended 3rd gathering transmission
[7]. In this view, varied systems are optional as encoding was
hypothetical is the straight and greatest fruitful development to
safeguarding private data. Data decryption and encryption
convert the best method for receiving data confidentiality and
propriety [8, 9]. Finally, there is a leading test as susceptibilities
and hazards are rising by the improvement of loans. Presently,
typical procedures were enormously raised for provided that
safety but in cruel times its principals to high cost and greater
use of computing sources [10]. Homomorphic systems were the
astonishing sorts of systems on the excellent of varied data.
Song et al. [11] projected a Cloud Secure Storage
Mechanism called CSSM. To evade data breaches at the storage
coat, CSSM united data distributed and dispersion storage for
realizing distributed, encoded, and chucked storage. Moreover,
CSSM accepted a hierarchical organization method and
compiled user keywords with secret sharing to avert
cryptanalytic resources leak. The authors in [12] generate a
Cloud related Software Defined Network (SDN), it has 100 -
mobile Nodes (IOT gadgets), open flow switch and BC related
controllers, investigator, cloud server, and Verification Server.
Originally every user can be listed with AS and gain their secret
key from AS related to the Harmony Search Optimization
(HSO). In the nodes, the packages were encoded through Elliptic
Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) procedure and
allocated to cloud server.
The authors in [13] advanced a chain-related BDNA for
enhancing security further also with impingement handling. It is
chaining-based BDNA and BDNA method to manage the issue
of impingement with keys. The limits measured are
implementation period in key creation, dependability, number of
impingements. BDNA depends on binary encoding and to
improve the safety further, excess 3 codes will be compounded
within the projected machine. The authors in [14] offer well-
organized Identity-based cryptography (IBC) structure for
secure cloud storage, called Secure Cloud Storage
System (SCSS), which chains dispersed key administration and
encryption systems and provisions for many PKGs. Throughout
forensic soundings, the legal formations use the multiple PKG
system for data access, while a clarification locking mechanism
stops a single authority to access user data owing to trust
distribution. The authors in [15] suggest an enhanced identity-
related encryption method where a secure key is made by means
of part of an individuality bit string in to evade leakage of users'
identity even if an opponent or assailant deciphers the key or
encoded data.
This study develops a Privacy Preserving Encryption with
Optimal Key Generation Technique (PPE-OKGT) for CC
environment. The presented PPE-OKGT technique secures the
data prior to storing in the cloud sever via encryption process.
For accomplishing this, the presented PPE-OKGT technique
employs data encryption technology to secure the input data into
a hidden format. Besides, in order to improve secrecy, the
presented PPE-OKGT technique designs a chaotic search and
rescue optimization (CSRO) algorithm for optimal generation of
keys. The promising performance of the PPE-OKGT technique
can be verified using a set of experimentations.
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II. PROPOSED MODEL
This study developed a PPE-OKGT technique to assure
security in the CC environment. The presented PPE-OKGT
technique secures the data prior to storing in the cloud sever via
encryption process.
A. Encryption Process
In this work, the presented PPE-OKGT technique employs
elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) based ElGamal encryption
technique to secure the input data into a hidden format. The
ECC-related ElGamal encryption with distinct variables and
steps used are as follows [16]. The preservative homomorphic
method grasps by following Eq. (1),
𝐸(𝑚1 ) + 𝐸(𝑚2 ) = 𝐸(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) (1)
Where +symbol was envisioned for the preservative
homomorphic and public key was E. On ECC it is expected that
preservative homomorphic encoding. In accordance with the
elliptic curve (EC) algebraic structure on limited areas, ECC
related ElGamal has been explained. The finite arenas remained
into two kinds like binary and prime domains 2𝑛 . Throughout
this present examination, ECs ended major domains stayed
scrutinized. The superior class of EC established in Eq. (2) used
in EC real numbers as,
𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 (2)
𝐸𝑟 (𝑎, 𝑏) mentions to the ensuing curve where modulus was
𝑟, the changed co-efficient of formulation expected that a and 𝑏.
The cost of 𝑥 varieties from 0 to 𝑟 and on the curve generally
not every point. Even with lesser bit size also the ECC
predictable a similar security level by processing overhead
decrease if capable of homomorphic and RSA methods.
B. Key Generation Process
In order to improve secrecy, the presented PPE-OKGT
technique designed the CSRO algorithm for optimal generation
of keys. The location of the lost human is the key stimulation of
the search and rescue optimization technique for optimized
problems, and the consequence of clues originate in these
positions determines the solution cost. Here, the better approach
reveals the best location with further hints [17]. Individual
search for better decisions finished the searching technique
while leaving few clues. Nevertheless, the search location for the
individual is reserved in a situation matrixes (matrix 𝑋) with the
corresponding size of memory matrixes, and the left clues are
stored in a memory matrix (matrix 𝑀), 𝑛 × 𝑑, demonstrating the
problem variable and 𝑛 defines the individual quantity in the
group.
𝑋1,1 … 𝑋1,𝑑
⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑋𝑛,𝑙 … 𝑋𝑛,𝑑
𝑋
𝐶=[ ]= (3)
𝑀 𝑀1,1 ⋯ 𝑀1,𝑑
⋮ ⋱ ⋮
[ 𝑀𝑛,𝑙 ⋯ 𝑀𝑛,𝑑 ]
In Eq. (3), considering arbitrary clues among the attained
clues, the search path is acquired as:
𝑠𝑑𝑖 = (𝑋𝑗 − 𝐶𝑘 ), 𝑘 ≠ 𝑖 (4)
In Eq. (4), 𝑘 represents a random number amongst 1 and
2𝑁, 𝑋𝑖 and 𝐶𝑘 correspondingly determines the location of 𝑖 𝑡ℎ
human and 𝑘 𝑡ℎ clue. It is noted that 𝑖 = 𝑘, 𝐶𝑖 equals 𝑋𝑖 , 𝑘 ≠
𝑖. To prevent repeated location, the variable of 𝑋𝑖 cannot be
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adapted by stirring in the direction. The SAR technique employs

binomial crossover operators for employing towards the
limitation:
𝑋𝑖𝑗 =
𝑋 −𝐶
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥𝑋𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖−𝐶𝑘𝑖𝑘𝑖 ) 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 (𝐶𝑘 ) > 𝑓(𝑋𝑖 ) 𝑖𝑓 𝑟2 < 𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑗 = 𝑗𝑟 , 𝑗 = 1, … , 𝑑
{ (5)
𝑋𝑖 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑋𝑖𝑗
𝑐 + 𝑟1 × (𝑋𝑖,𝑗 − 𝐶𝑘,𝑗 ) 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝐶𝑘 ) > 𝑓(𝑋𝑖 )
{ 𝑘,𝑗 𝑖𝑓 𝑟2 < 𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑗 = 𝑗𝑟 , 𝑗 − 1, … , 𝑑
= { 𝑋𝑖,𝑗 + 𝑟1 × (𝑋𝑖,𝑗 − 𝐶𝑘,𝑗 ) 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 (6)
𝑋𝑖 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Whereas, 𝑐𝑘,𝑗 symbolizes the location of parameter j and the
clue 𝑘. 𝑗𝑟 , 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 represents random integer in [1, 𝑑], [−1,1]
and [0,1], correspondingly. The next phase is about individuals.
Now, exploitation term is implemented based on the existing
position. This phase applies the concept of different clues
connection to the social phase. The location upgraded using the
human 𝑖 is obtained by:
𝑋𝑖′ = 𝑋𝑗 + 𝑟3 × (𝐶𝑘 − 𝐶𝑚 ) (7)
Here, 𝑟3 represents a uniform distribution value within [0,1],
𝑚 and 𝑘 describe two arbitrary values within 1 and 2 𝑁 and 𝑖 ≠
𝑘 ≠ 𝑚. This stage is termed Boundary. In those cases, the
succeeding expression is employed while the solution is
positioned outside the boundary.
(𝑋𝑖𝑗 + 𝑋𝑗max )
𝑖𝑓 𝑋𝑖𝑗′ > 𝑋𝑗max
′ 2
𝑋𝑖𝑗 = (8)
(𝑋𝑖,𝑗 + 𝑋𝑗min ) ′ min
{ 𝑖𝑓 𝑋𝑖𝑗 < 𝑋𝑗
2 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Here, 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑑, 𝑋𝑗 and 𝑋𝑗𝑚𝑎𝑥 characterize the least
and greatest threshold for the variable 𝑗, correspondingly. In
accordance with this stage, the human lost candidate is examined
according to the formerly elucidated method.
𝑋 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑋𝑖′ ) > 𝑓(𝑋𝑖 )
𝑀𝑛 = { 𝑗 (9) Fig. 2. Flowchart of CRSO technique
𝑀𝑛 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
′ ′
𝑋 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑋𝑖 ) > 𝑓(𝑋𝑖 )
𝑋𝑖 = { 𝑖 (10) For these reasons like getting hurt, time is critical in
𝑋𝑖 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
positioning lost individuals; therefore, any other delays that take
In which, 𝑛 determines an arbitrary value amongst 1 and 𝑁,
place in searching might result in death. Hence, when an
and 𝑀𝑛 outlines the position of clue number 𝑛 in the memory
individual during the quest doesn’t determine a prominent clue,
matrixes. Fig. 2 defines the flowchart of CRSO technique.
it leaves a novel one with the existing position.
𝑢𝑠𝑛𝑖 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑋𝑖′ ) < 𝑓(𝑋𝑖 )
𝑢𝑠𝑛𝑖 = { (11)
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Whereas, 𝑢𝑠𝑛 defines the unproductive search value.
Therefore, the present solution was swapped to accidental
resolution in the solution space as follows.
𝑋𝑖𝑗 = 𝑋𝑗min + 𝑟4 × (𝑋𝑗max − 𝑋𝑗min ) 𝑗 = 1,2, 𝑑 (12)
Whereas, 𝑟4 demonstrates a distribution value within [0,1].
To increase the global optimization ability, the chaotic concept
is incorporated. The chaotic map is used in this study, as given
below.
𝑥𝑖𝑘+1 = 𝑥𝑖𝑘 + 𝐶𝑛𝑎𝑝 × (𝑥𝐵𝐻 − 𝑥𝑖𝑘 ) , 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑁𝛻 (13)
where 𝑥𝑖𝑘 and 𝑥𝑖𝑘+1 denotes position at iterations 𝑘 and 𝑘 + 1
and 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑝 signifies chaotic map. In the presented method, ten
chaotic maps are utilized to define the random value included in
this work.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, the security analysis of the presented PPE-
OKGT model is studied well.

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TABLE II
TABLE I DCT ANALYSIS OF PPE-OKGT SYSTEM WITH OTHER
ECT ANALYSIS OF PPE-OKGT SYSTEM WITH OTHER APPROACHES UNDER DISTINCT FILE SIZES
APPROACHES UNDER DISTINCT FILE SIZES
Decryption - Computation Time (sec)
Encryption - Computation Time (sec)
File Size (GB) PPE-OKGT BH-WABE HABE
File Size (GB) PPE-OKGT BH-WABE HABE
1 84 118 127
1 88 119 132
2 179 228 252 2 158 221 269
3 289 339 363 3 487 603 629

Fig. 3. ECT analysis of PPE-OKGT system under distinct file Fig. 4. DCT analysis of PPE-OKGT system under distinct file
sizes sizes

Table 1 and Fig. 3 report a comparative encryption- Table 3 and Fig. 5 report a comparative user key generation
computation time (ECT) assessment of the PPE-OKGT model. time (UKGT) assessment of the PPE-OKGT model. The
The experimental outcomes represented that the PPE-OKGT experimental outcomes represented that the PPE-OKGT model
model has reached minimal ECT values under all file sizes. For has reached minimal UKGT values under all file sizes. For
instance, with file size of 1GB, the PPE-OKGT model has example, with weighted attributes count (WAC) of 10, the PPE-
attained reduced ECT of 88s while the BH-WABE and HABE OKGT model has gained reduced UKGT of 0.54s while the BH-
models have obtained increased ECT values of 119s and 132s WABE and HABE models have obtained increased UKGT
respectively. Similarly, with file size of 2GB, the PPE-OKGT values of 0.95s and 1.52s correspondingly. Similarly, with WAC
approach has reached reduced ECT of 179s while the BH- of 30, the PPE-OKGT model has attained reduced UKGT of
WABE and HABE models have obtained increased ECT values 1.55s while the BH-WABE and HABE models have obtained
of 228s and 252s correspondingly. Furthermore, with file size of increased UKGT values of 2.33s and 3.29s correspondingly.
3GB, the PPE-OKGT approach has attained reduced ECT of Moreover, with WAC of 50, the PPE-OKGT model has attained
289s while the BH-WABE and HABE methods have gained reduced UKGT of 2.05s while the BH-WABE and HABE
increased ECT values of 339s and 363s correspondingly. models have attained increased UKGT values of 3.46s and 5.02s
Table 2 and Fig. 4 report a comparative decryption- correspondingly.
computation time (DCT) assessment of the PPE-OKGT model.
The experimental outcomes represented that the PPE-OKGT TABLE III
model has reached minimal DCT values under all file sizes. For UKGT ANALYSIS OF PPE-OKGT SYSTEM WITH OTHER
example, with file size of 1GB, the PPE-OKGT model has APPROACHES UNDER WEIGHTED ATTRIBUTES COUNT
reached reduced DCT of 84s while the BH-WABE and HABE User Key Generation Time (sec)
methods have obtained increased DCT values of 118s and 127s
Weighted Attributes PPE- BH-
correspondingly. Likewise, with file size of 2GB, the PPE- HABE
Count OKGT WABE
OKGT model has attained reduced DCT of 158s while the BH-
WABE and HABE models have attained increased DCT values 10 0.54 0.95 1.52
of 221s and 269s correspondingly. In addition, with file size of 20 0.90 1.55 2.55
3GB, the PPE-OKGT model has reached reduced DCT of 487s 30 1.55 2.33 3.29
while the BH-WABE and HABE models have obtained 40 1.71 2.91 3.98
increased DCT values of 603s and 629s correspondingly. 50 2.05 3.46 5.02

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Fig. 6. SCSK analysis of PPE-OKGT system under weighted

Fig. 5. UKGT analysis of PPE-OKGT system under weighted attributes count
attributes count
Table 5 and Fig. 7 report a comparative storage cost of cipher
TABLE IV text (SCCT) assessment of the PPE-OKGT technique. The
SCSK ANALYSIS OF PPE-OKGT SYSTEM WITH OTHER experimental outcomes represented that the PPE-OKGT method
APPROACHES UNDER WEIGHTED ATTRIBUTES COUNT has reached minimal SCCT values under all file sizes. For
example, with WAC of 10, the PPE-OKGT model has attained
Storage Cost of Secret Key (KB)
reduced SCCT of 1.72s while the BH-WABE and HABE
Weighted Attributes PPE- BH- models have obtained increased SCCT values of 2.83s and 4.36s
HABE
Count OKGT WABE respectively. Similarly, with WAC of 30, the PPE-OKGT
10 1.09 2.08 2.91 method has attained reduced SCCT of 3.89s while the BH-
20 1.89 2.72 6.00 WABE and HABE models have obtained increased SCCT
30 2.40 4.38 7.94 values of 6.95s and 8.21s correspondingly. Additionally, with
40 3.43 6.08 9.48 WAC of 50, the PPE-OKGT model has attained reduced SCCT
50 4.46 7.78 12.96 of 6.99s while the BH-WABE and HABE models have gained
increased SCCT values of 10.26s and 11.99s correspondingly.
Table 4 and Fig. 6 report a comparative storage cost of secret TABLE V
key (SCSK) assessment of the PPE-OKGT model. The
experimental outcomes represented that the PPE-OKGT model SCCT ANALYSIS OF PPE-OKGT SYSTEM WITH OTHER
APPROACHES UNDER WEIGHTED ATTRIBUTES COUNT
has reached minimal SCSK values under all file sizes. For
example, with WAC of 10, the PPE-OKGT technique has Storage Cost of Cipher Text (KB)
reached reduced SCSK of 1.09s while the BH-WABE and Weighted Attributes PPE- BH-
HABE techniques have obtained increased SCSK values of HABE
Count OKGT WABE
2.08s and 2.91s correspondingly. Similarly, with WAC of 30, 10 1.72 2.83 4.36
the PPE-OKGT model has attained reduced SCSK of 2.40s
while the BH-WABE and HABE models have achieved 20 2.75 4.99 6.72
increased SCSK values of 4.38s and 7.94s respectively. 30 3.89 6.95 8.21
Furthermore, with WAC of 50, the PPE-OKGT model has 40 5.30 8.53 9.94
attained reduced SCSK of 4.46s while the BH-WABE and 50 6.99 10.26 11.99
HABE models have obtained increased SCSK values of 7.78s
and 12.96s correspondingly.

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gained increased DET values of 3.00s and 3.27s respectively.

Furthermore, with WAC of 50, the PPE-OKGT model has
attained reduced DET of 3.48s while the BH-WABE and HABE
models have obtained increased DET values of 4.92s and 5.45s
correspondingly.
IV. CONCLUSION
This study developed a PPE-OKGT technique to assure
security in the CC environment. The presented PPE-OKGT
technique secures the data prior to storing in the cloud sever via
encryption process. For accomplishing this, the presented PPE-
OKGT technique employs data encryption technique to secure
the input data into a hidden format. Besides, in order to improve
secrecy, the presented PPE-OKGT technique designed the
CSRO algorithm for optimal generation of keys. The promising
performance of the PPE-OKGT technique can be verified using
Fig. 7. SCCT analysis of PPE-OKGT system under weighted a set of experimentations. A comprehensive comparison study
attributes count reported the enhancements of the PPE-OKGT technique over
other models.
TABLE VI
REFERENCES
DET ANALYSIS OF PPE-OKGT SYSTEM WITH OTHER
APPROACHES UNDER WEIGHTED ATTRIBUTES COUNT [1] Zhang, Y., Xu, C., Cheng, N. and Shen, X., 2021. Secure password-
protected encryption key for deduplicated cloud storage systems. IEEE
Data Encryption Time (sec) Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 19(4), pp.2789-
Weighted Attributes PPE- BH- 2806.
HABE [2] Zhang, Y., Xu, C., Cheng, N. and Shen, X., 2021. Secure password-
Count OKGT WABE
protected encryption key for deduplicated cloud storage systems. IEEE
10 0.70 1.11 1.96 Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 19(4), pp.2789-
20 1.32 2.12 2.25 2806.
30 1.99 3.00 3.27 [3] Suma, V., and Wang Haoxiang. "Optimal Key Handover Management for
Enhancing Security in Mobile Network." Journal of trends in Computer
40 2.98 4.14 4.45 Science and Smart technology (TCSST), no. 04 (2020): 181-187.
50 3.48 4.92 5.45 [4] Vijayakumar, V., Priyan, M.K., Ushadevi, G., Varatharajan, R.,
Manogaran, G. and Tarare, P.V., 2019. E-health cloud security using
timing enabled proxy re-encryption. Mobile Networks and
Applications, 24(3), pp.1034-1045.
[5] Chinnasamy, P., Padmavathi, S., Swathy, R. and Rakesh, S., 2021.
Efficient data security using hybrid cryptography on cloud computing.
In Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies (pp. 537-
547). Springer, Singapore.
[6] Velmurugadass, P., Dhanasekaran, S., Anand, S.S. and Vasudevan, V.,
2021. Enhancing Blockchain security in cloud computing with IoT
environment using ECIES and cryptography hash algorithm. Materials
Today: Proceedings, 37, pp.2653-2659.
[7] Mahato, G.K. and Chakraborty, S.K., 2021. A comparative review on
homomorphic encryption for cloud security. IETE Journal of Research,
pp.1-10.
[8] Rubai, S.M., 2022. Hybrid heuristic-based key generation protocol for
intelligent privacy preservation in cloud sector. Journal of Parallel and
Distributed Computing, 163, pp.166-180.
[9] Hussam, M., 2021. New lightweight hybrid encryption algorithm for
cloud computing (LMGHA-128bit) by using new 5-D hyperchaos
system. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education
Fig. 8. DET analysis of PPE-OKGT system under weighted (TURCOMAT), 12(10), pp.2531-2540.
attributes count
[10] Samanta, D., Alahmadi, A.H., Karthikeyan, M.P., Khan, M.Z., Banerjee,
A., Dalapati, G.K. and Ramakrishna, S., 2021. Cipher block chaining
Table 6 and Fig. 8 report a comparative data encryption time support vector machine for secured decentralized cloud enabled
(DET) assessment of the PPE-OKGT model. The experimental intelligent IoT architecture. IEEE Access, 9, pp.98013-98025.
outcomes represented that the PPE-OKGT model has reached [11] Song, H., Li, J. and Li, H., 2021. A cloud secure storage mechanism based
minimal DET values under all file sizes. For example, with on data dispersion and encryption. IEEE Access, 9, pp.63745-63751.
WAC of 10, the PPE-OKGT model has attained reduced DET [12] Velmurugadass, P., Dhanasekaran, S., Anand, S.S. and Vasudevan, V.,
of 0.70s while the BH-WABE and HABE models have attained 2021. Enhancing Blockchain security in cloud computing with IoT
environment using ECIES and cryptography hash algorithm. Materials
increased DET values of 1.11s and 1.96s correspondingly. Also, Today: Proceedings, 37, pp.2653-2659.
with WAC of 30, the PPE-OKGT model has attained reduced
DET of 1.99s while the BH-WABE and HABE models have

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[13] Attri, J. and Kaur, P., 2021. Enhancing Cloud Security Using Secured
Binary-DNA Approach with Impingement Resolution and Complex Key
Generation. In Sustainable Communication Networks and
Application (pp. 159-171). Springer, Singapore.
[14] Unal, D., Al-Ali, A., Catak, F.O. and Hammoudeh, M., 2021. A secure
and efficient Internet of Things cloud encryption scheme with forensics
investigation compatibility based on identity-based encryption. Future
Generation Computer Systems, 125, pp.433-445.
[15] Gupta, R.K., Almuzaini, K.K., Pateriya, R.K., Shah, K., Shukla, P.K. and
Akwafo, R., 2022. An improved secure key generation using enhanced
identity-based encryption for cloud computing in large-scale 5G. Wireless
Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022.
[16] Chowdhary, C.L., Patel, P.V., Kathrotia, K.J., Attique, M., Perumal, K.
and Ijaz, M.F., 2020. Analytical study of hybrid techniques for image
encryption and decryption. Sensors, 20(18), p.5162.
[17] Anuradha, D., Subramani, N., Khalaf, O.I., Alotaibi, Y., Alghamdi, S. and
Rajagopal, M., 2022. Chaotic search-and-rescue-optimization-based
multi-hop data transmission protocol for underwater wireless sensor
networks. Sensors, 22(8), p.2867.

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
A Comprehensive Survey on Cloud Security
Mechanisms
Dhwani Hakani
Computer Engineering
Graduate School of Engineering and Technology, Gujarat
Technological University
Ahmedabad,India
adf_dhwani@gtu.edu.in
Abstract— Cloud computing indicates a tremendous
promise for providing on-demand solutions to customers with
increased flexibility even at a lower cost over the internet.
Cloud service companies efficiently supply their consumers
with a variety of storage options. Cloud users are permitted to
utilize cloud storage to store their data on the cloud server,
which lessens the need for local computer storage and
retrieval. Cloud computing is the set of the resources as well as
the services that are offered to users through the Internet.
There are several issues as well as challenges raised from the
adoption of the computational paradigm which includes
privacy, security, authentication and association. This paper
aims to introduce new data security ideas in cloud computing.
In this paper, we have described the specifics of cloud
computing, addressed the principal security issues and
discussed primary cloud operations that need to be secured
and also discussed the data security-based model for cloud
computing. Although advancing towards to the paradigm of
on-demand operation, dynamic resource, and transferring it all
to a cloud system, security is the main roadblock towards this
grand approach of computational capacity. Additionally,
various critical aspects such as information security practices,
firewall-based protection, and access control procedures in the
clouds also analyzed in depth. This study will benefit research
and developing network algorithms to address recognized
safety concerns, as well as businesses producing gadgets to
monitor such dangers and potential vulnerabilities.
Keywords — Cloud computing, Security threats, Data
privacy, computational capacity, Authentication, Firewall.
I. INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing (CC) is extensively used in numerous
areas of analytics, notably document sharing, real-time
applications, etc messaging. Cloud computing is a way of
providing services and it is based on the resources which are
being allocated on demand. Innovation that is provided by
the cloud is in various areas like technical as well as financial
opportunities which now have changed the look and feel of
technology and how these businesses can be operated. It
provides us the computing resources as services through the
Internet. In recent generations, significant CC developments
have developed, particularly considerable advancements.
Because of the usefulness of its operations, which might
eventually give efficiency on multiple levels, CC is
becoming ubiquitous within both business and government.
Safety of the service performance, on either hand, is indeed a
main consideration both for the virtual servers and software
solution [1]. Cloud computing protection is an essential
subcategory of information security that provides a
significant barrier to mainstream advent of cloud technology
[2]. Even though CC supplement on either an Online
connection, participants are prone to a range of attack vectors
as well as other security concerns, that can consequences in
potentially devastating consequences like as security
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Palvinder Singh Mann
Computer Engineering
Graduate School of Engineering and Technology, Gujarat
Technological University
Ahmedabad,India
asso_psmaan@gtu.edu.in
breaches, ransomware transfusions, denial-of-service (DoS)
threats, information breaches, as well as unprotected
programming interfaces. Measured service means a delivery
model in which a cloud provider monitors how much a
particular service each customer consumes within a defined
period. Numerous companies have evidently started to
migrate existing operations to the cloud in recent years. As
per LogicMonitor [3], a major Software as a service
achievement tool for corporate, the overall proportion of
industrial operations going to the internet would surge to 83
percent by 2020."A prototype for instance having,
comfortable and on demand approach to the computing as a
model (e.g. data centers, connections, flash memory,
implementations, as well as facilities) which can be arriving
on time but also published to minimal downtime or network
operator communication," as per the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST)[4]. Infrastructure-as-a-
service (IaaS), the decant, formulating transportation system
with the other strands; platform-as-a-service (PaaS), this
same mid surface, creates an environment for constructing
and sponsoring users' application forms; and software-as-a-
service (SaaS), the top part, offers a communication protocol
that appears to work as a service over the internet.
Fig. 1 Cloud Computing Model
SaaS stands for "software as a service," and then it refers
to programs which are housed on such a remote server &
provided well over the Internet, such as digital productivity
software and email clients. Rather than buying additional
technology, users can subscribe to web-based software
services to meet their business's demands for a nominal fee.
Consumers are reliant on suppliers for security. Users do not
need particular hardware or software to use SaaS, but they do
need a constant Internet connection.
The PaaS layer, which sits on top of SaaS, enables
designers to quickly build & construct Software solutions
before deploying those to the PaaS surface. It fully endorses
the software development process and is a cost-effective
alternative for programmers because it focuses attention on
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designing and executing programs rather than managing the
core infrastructure.
Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), the bottom level, IaaS,
supplies the underlying technology for something like the
levels just above. Network elements, computers, software
platforms, plus memory were included in IaaS. It enables
users to view all information without having to buy any
equipment. IaaS is also a cost-effective and speedier way to
run workloads without having to buy or manage underlying
infrastructure; nevertheless, because it relies on Internet
access, availability is a great concern [5].
This next paragraph depicts the fundamental CC
properties.
II. CLOUD COMPUTING CHARACTERISTICS
Cloud technology seems to have the essential
distinguishing features.
a) Self-service on request: Each customer could get
computing capability like data centers, application
consumption, including system time [6] through it on self-
service. Such solutions are adaptable, and customers
shouldn't need to request aid from telecom operators because
they can simply obtain the essential facilities to customers
and then do the appropriate actions independently and at any
time.
b) Accessibility to a large network Broad network access
(BNA) alludes to the different types of cloud features and
functionality that seem to be readily available across the
internet via multiplatform (e.g., computers, smartphones
[7]).These digital competences were typically housed in a
company's cloud infrastructure and run behind the same
firewall to give workers more alternatives for accessing the
cloud - based Services from numerous devices.
c) Pooling of resources: Computing information is
shared utilizing a multi-tenant paradigm in resource pooling,
supporting a large number of customers. This technology
enables consumers to change their levels of service at any
moment, without being constrained by either physical or
virtual resources.
d) Elasticity that is quick is a crucial principle of CC
wherein the functionality are proficiently supplied in just
about any amount and at any time supporting accelerated
amplification in response to consumer requests such as those
for additional cloud space; in rapid elasticity, many types of
services can be provided to users at various scales without
interruption.
e) Service that is measured Cloud systems continuously
monitor and control resources in measured service, and the
results (Eg: billing, resource utilization) which are given to
users in a transparent manner.
III. SECURITY THREATS IN CLOUD COMPUTING
Furthermore, one of the biggest difficulties with cloud
computing is data storage and security.
An inference attack is a data mining strategy that uses data
analysis to covertly learn information about a database or
any other topic without having access to it directly. The
integrity of an entire database may be jeopardized by an
inferences attacker. Additionally, this sensitive information
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will be regarded as having been disclosed if an attacker can
deduce the material's genuine meaning at a high level.
One of the most dangerous hazards is a pollution assault,
which puts data integrity at risk. When a bad individual has
access to one or more storage resources, they can
contaminate the data or a section of it to make it
unavailable.
A storm assault using the User Datagram Protocol, which
leads to two individuals simultaneously, now let us assume
A and B. An assailant would send packets to A using a
fictitious network Address which correlates to B.
Subsequently, assuming B become the genuine originator, A
will reply to B, who then reply to A, till the communication
is severed. [8]
SYN flooding attack: The above exploit takes advantage of
the Transmission Control Protocol's (TCP) connection-
oriented feature, which employs a three-way preamble to
create a relationship for transmitting information across
telecommunication sites.
The incursion and the Slowloris strategy are similar in in
which both cause diminished, busy traffic. By sending
imperfect requests without even a revocation systematic
fashion which indicates the proposed plan is finished, the
attacker consumes the all-customer’s opportunity possible
and forces the network adapter to just queue for such
revocation systematic fashion that accomplishes every
implementation, that could never be published [9].
Assault on the host by a guest once the attacker discovered a
vulnerability of virtualization layer, as well as inappropriate
host and guest setups.
IV. CLOUD DATA SECURITY MECHANISMS
The Generative Data Preservation Rule (GDPR), the e-
Privacy Act, and the impending Cyberspace Legislation all
raise the level for reliable production as well as tracking of
essential information within. The core of privacy act is the
requirement of disclosure of any current data related to an
entity as well as the right to have those records deleted upon
request.
Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA)-based schemes have an
excessive amount of processing complexity in [10]. The
batches signing effectiveness in the huge data context is
poor, as well as the Boneh-Lynn-Shacham (BLS) biometrics
technique requires the adoption of a particular hashing
algorithm.
The general purpose remedies, which combine four
technological advancements: (1) careful when dealing
package techniques of data adaptability as well as
manoeuvrability, (2) personal information responsive
assistance as well as users to access resources, (3) extensive
data safeguard policy enforcement, and (4) vibrant
information security risk assessment methodology, make it
easier to provide and use apps and systems across the
computer science path.
In [11] for the purpose of producing the best privacy-
preserving coefficients, a suggested Conditional
Autoregressive Value at Risk (CAViaR)-based Bird Swarm
Algorithm (CAViaR-based BSA) pairing of BSA and
CAViaR is used. The objective function was recently created
with privacy and utility in mind.
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Prior improving information transportation, replication, & [12]. The CTA's early version contains the identification
evaluation, presents an effective approach that categorise as service, which enables users to sign across many cloud
well as safeguard mass data. Categorizing the sample into vendors, and the conformance assessment provider, which
two subgroups, public—according to the danger intensity enables users to compare the safety credentials of various
scale of its elements helps evaluate the requirement of cloud vendors.
safeguarding big data migration.
V. CLOUD FIREWALL BASED SECURITY
In the 2018 Generative Data Preservation Rule (GDPR), of
the European Union is created to discourage the practise of Wherein customized kernels and the Debian Macos are
being used to create virtualization technology. A firewalls is
revealing personal information for just a reason which data
indeed a mechanism created to stop network threats. Data
controllers are unaware of. The essential GDPR provisions transmission is filtered by firewall, which might be piece of
pertaining to the delivery, utilisation, and upkeep of internet software. Using Proxmox VE Firewall, infrastructure may be
services and technology are summarised. secured. It enables establishing policies for virtual servers or
For the purpose of safeguarding Big Data in a cloud for certain guests inside a community. You can set up your
computing system, author suggested the Meta Cloud Data firewall rules for all the hosts inside a cluster, and also define
Storage System. That architecture assures that large data is rules for containers and virtual machines. Features like
collected effectively in a virtualized environment and also security groups, firewall macros, IP sets, and aliases help to
that stronger economic discoveries are obtained. make the task easier.
In [13] there are two different types of intrusion detection
TABLE I. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DATA SECURITY
MECHANISMS systems: network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) and
host-based intrusion detection systems (HIDS)
Author/yea Algorithm Advantage Disadvantage (NIDS).Additionally, the IDS secondary and primary data is
r used
evaluated and software application to the firewall's protection
Knode et CloudTrust More Less accuracy plan to emphasise the significance of the stringent barrier.
al., [2011] Protocol efficiency
(CTP) Through creating a machine code as well as a phase
Ghosh et Cloud Trust More speed More database, authors present a stateful firewall founded on the
al., [2011] Authority computational
customizable data package. When compared to conventional
(CTA) time
Hababeh et Integrated Balance energy High complexity firewalls, this approach will capable of extracting, analyse,
al., [2018] methodology distribution of of proposed then preserve the complete routing of data frames in the data
all nodes solution layer.
Mitrou et European Prolongs Memory
al., [2018] Union General network requirement is The [14] describes the development of a Remote Protocol
Data lifetime and more Investigation firewall (RLPM) to thwart targeted activity by
Protection improves verifying the content pattern of data packet. It uses a
Regulation throughput combination of parallel fast pattern matching (PFMM) and
(GDPR)
reinforcement learning (RL) around the same time, so it
Khattak et General Data Able to Extremely
al., [2019] Protection understand the inefficient for quickly accumulates to something like an ideal outcome. The
Regulation region surface large volume data, surroundings are quickly learned that use the RL technique,
(GDPR) current no confidentiality as well as the identity of the payload is processed
Zhu et al., RSA Enable Complexity is concurrently. RL which is based on the interaction model
[2019] shortening the more between the environment and the agent, instructs the agent
procedure of
the information
for learning the optimal action strategy through feedback
process from the environment corresponding to the agent’s action.
Ayed et al., FogProtect Able to handle Prone to
[2020] the outliers and eavesdropping
Researchers construct a concurrent firewall program
computational called CPFirewall as well as concentrate on FWaaS (Firewall
process as a Service) throughout. These firewall capabilities in
Gajmal et Conditional The design is Integrity is CPFirewall were abstracted, allowing many customers to
al., [2021] Autoregressiv flexible compromised lease fake firewalls to create its individual concurrent
e Value at risk firewalls. Some problems should be addressed for this. For
(CAViaR)-
based Bird
create a regulation abnormality collection enabling
swarm identifying rule anomalies, researchers use a regulation
algorithm technique.
A fresh M/Geo/1 empirical equation is built to give
Public-Key and Private-Key make up RSA. Public-Key performance measurement assessment of such cloud firewall.
is accessible to all users in the public cloud, while the Cloud attackers can use the approach to retrieve relevant
Private-Key is only accessible to individual that initially system metrics, including demand latency, and estimate how
possesses the information. As a result, the CSP (Cloud several assets were required to ensure quality of service
Service Provider) process to reach, and the consumer or (QoS). Many reports have got to the exploitation of QoS
buyer of the cloud performs decryption. metrics, and relatively not much equipment supports the
investigation and remark of QoS metrics of Cloud programs.
To include a central location for establishing and maintaining
the confidentiality solutions from various suppliers, RSA The connection split Xelin Internet Backbone Switch
introduced the Trust Authority (CTA) for Cloud just like a (XIPSwitch), which would be autonomous of different cloud
storage service in cloud, named Trust as a Service (TaaS) computing concepts, is just the implementation framework of

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

such a technique that we present last. The approach also as well as the cloud administrators even though the fog
could address the issue of decentralized cloud system distant service is established beyond registration process.
terminals' firewall penetration in wlans. Establish a basic strategy in [18] that each user has their
The AMRES (Academic Network of Serbia) system own key code that is used to secure the convergence keys
utilizes [15] tools in order to evenly send a significant and send it towards the internet. Unfortunately, a basic
volume of internet traffic to the centralized cloud network access control system like this produces a huge key space as
device. Since some of the techniques can only be used with the number of consumers rises and necessitates that users
Cisco hardware, additional techniques which rely on gateway guard the secret key zealously. In order to achieve this, they
capabilities to route website traffic can be used on the suggest Dekey, a novel structure wherein customers
hardware from any company or even with mainstream effectively divide the convergence information shares across
applications. various servers rather than managing any credentials on
their own.
The following table briefs out an analysis of Cloud
firewall. Here metrics energy consumption defines power Blom's key technique using altered proactive secret sharing
used, throughput defines output, latency is the delay caused is found on [19]. Regarding power systems, particularly the
between source and destination packet arrival time, and computationally intensive secrecy material update can
packet delivery ratio means the ratio of packets delivered to delegated to such a remote server, as well as the unmodified
the total number of generated packets. paired credentials following key physical renewal process
significantly reduce the resources needed.
TABLE II. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON FIREWALL METHODS Memory deduplication will differentiate by decreasing page
Author/ye Method Ene Thr Pack Latency
duplication to supply the demands for memory components;
ar rgy ough et memory fragment allotments memory Resources between
cons put Deliv every string/VMs to minimize impedance for improving
um ery execution [20].
ptio Rati
n o(PD TABLE III. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON KEY MANAGEMENT
R) METHODS
Long et al., Xelin Internet Low High Mo Low
[2013] Protocol Switch Author/y Method Energy Through Encrypt Decrypt
dera ear consump put ion time ion time
(XIPSwitch)
te tion
Ivanovic et AMRES Mod high Lo Modera Graf et Flexible high high low moderat
al., [2013] (Academic erat al., key e
w te [2012]
Network of Serbia) e manageme
network nt
Liu et al., Clusterized Hig Low high High Jang- Portable low moderate moderat low
[2014] framework of h Jaccard key e
cloud firewall et al., manageme
Wang et CPFirewall (Cloud Mod High [2012] nt
low High
al., [2015] Parallel Firewall erat Kao et uCloud, a moderate low high moderat
System). e al., user- e
Dezhabad Dynamic auto- Low Mod [2013] centric key
high High
et al., scalability firewall erate manageme
[2018] nt scheme
Toumi et Hybrid intrusion Mod Low Hig Low Li, et al., Dekey moderate high moderat high
al., [2019] detection system erat [2013] e
h
(Hy-IDS) e Zhou et Blom’s high moderate low high
Li et al., Stateful firewall Mod Mod Hig Low al., symmetric
[2020] erat erate [2015] key
h mechanis
e
Praise et Deep Packet Low High Hig Low m
al.,[2020] Inspection based Adee et Four-step low high low high
h al.,
firewall (RLPM) data
[2022] security
VI. KEY MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS IN CLOUD model
Chatterje Secure and high low moderat high
Secure as well as lightweight multi-factor authentication e et al., lightweigh e
technique for the various cross-platform devices [2022] t multi-
(SELAMAT) was proven to be vulnerable to replication, factor
signal interception, and internal assault upon fog servers in authenticat
[16]. The result is an enhanced, inexpensive, highly security ion
systems strategy for IoT connectivity focused towards scheme for
cross-
cloud. platform
In [17], a lightweight and anonymous mutual authentication IoT
(LAMAS) scheme on basis of cryptography is suggested for systems
protecting fog computing. Without a need for re-registration (SELAMA
or additional calculation, this suggested technique is T)
sufficient to facilitate verification amongst cloud customers Hamada Lightweig low low high low

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et al., ht
[2022] Anonymo
us Mutual
Authentica
tion
Scheme
(LAMAS)
VII. RESEARCH PROBLEM
Whilst using cloud technology, both customers and
providers face several security concerns and issues. Such
issues may make it harder for customers as well as suppliers
to believe one another. Additionally, when security events
increase, legitimate problems about using online grow. On
the one hand, service providers must have the capacity to
comprehend and mitigate security risks and issues
beforehand, throughout, and then after things arise. As a
result, a risk management plan was suggested from the
standpoint of the cloud service providers to handle a few
vulnerabilities. The primary objectives had to boost the
adoption of cloud computing across the board and to foster
more trust amongst customers and cloud providers.
VIII. CONCLUSION
The emerging concept of cloud computing provides on-
demand virtual machines. A corporation lose control of the
data whenever it opts for cloud computing. The main issue
is therefore maintaining protection of data including during
transit and while being kept in the cloud. Any application
relying on a developing technology should take into account
all potential dangers. The different security concerns
discussed in this paper will undoubtedly help cloud
customers make smart decisions and cloud service
provider’s deal with attacks effectively.
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[1] Khalil, I., Khreishah, A. and Azeem, M., “Cloud Computing Security:
A Survey”. Computers, 3(1), pp.1-35, 2014
[2] Gupta, B. and Badve, O., “Taxonomy of DoS and DDoS attacks and
desirable defense mechanism in a Cloud computing environment.”
Neural Computing and Applications, 28(12), pp.3655-3682, 2016
[3] Bhamare D, Samaka M, Erbad A, Jain R, Gupta L, Chan HA
“Optimal virtual network function placement in multi-cloud service
function chaining architecture”,Computer Communications, 2017
[4] Deka GC, Das PK,”Application of virtualization technology in IaaS
cloud deployment model”, Design and Use of Virtualization
Technology in Cloud Computing: IGI Global, pp 29–99, 2018.
[5] Kulkarni and Y. Hu, “Cloud security with virtualized defense and
Reputation-based Trust management”, Proceedings of 2009 Eighth
IEEE International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and
Secure Computing (security in cloud computing), pp. 621- 628,
Chengdu, China, December, 2009
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
[6] Rashid, A., & Chaturvedi, A,”Cloud computing characteristics and
services: a brief review”, International Journal of Computer
Sciences and Engineering, 7(2), 421-426, 2019.
[7] Samy, G. N., Maarop, N., Abdullah, M. S., Perumal, S., Albakri, S.
H., Shanmugam, B., & Jeremiah, P., “Digital forensic investigation
challenges based on cloud computing characteristics”, International
Journal of Engineering and Technology (UAE), 2018.
[8] B. B. Gupta And O. P. Badve, "Taxonomy Of DOS And DDOS
Attacks And Desirable Defense Mechanism In A Cloud Computing
Environment," Security And Communication Networks, Vol. 28, No.
12, 2017
[9] O. Yevsieieva And S. M. Helalat, "Analysis Of The Impact Of The
Slow Http Dos And Ddos Attacks On The Cloud Environment”,4th
International Scientific-Practical Conference Problems Of
Infocommunications. Science And Technology (Pic S&T), Kharkov,
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[10] Zhu, H., Yuan, Y., Chen, Y., Zha, Y., Xi, W., Jia, B., & Xin, Y. “A
secure and efficient data integrity verification scheme for cloud-IoT
based on short signature”. IEEE Access, 7, 90036-90044, 2019.
[11] Gajmal, Y. M., & Udayakumar, R.,”Privacy and Utility-Assisted Data
Protection Strategy for Secure Data Sharing and Retrieval in Cloud
System”, Information Security Journal: A Global Perspective, 1-15,
2021.
[12] Ghosh A, Arce I,”RSA establishes cloud trust authority to accelerate
cloud adoption”,RSA.
http://www.rsa.com/press_release.aspx?id=11320,2011.
[13] Ma, X., Fu, X., Luo, B., Du, X., & Guizani, M., “A design of firewall
based on feedback of intrusion detection system in cloud
environment”,In 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference
(GLOBECOM) (pp. 1-6). IEEE, 2019, December.
[14] Praise, J. J., Raj, R., & Benifa, J. V. ,”Development of Reinforcement
Learning and Pattern Matching (RLPM) Based Firewall for Secured
Cloud Infrastructure'', Wireless Personal Communications, 115(2),
993-1018,2020
[15] Ivanovic, I.,”Distribution of web traffic toward the centralized cloud
firewall system”, In 2013 RoEduNet International Conference 12th
Edition: Networking in Education and Research (pp. 1-4). IEEE,
2013.
[16] Chatterjee, U., Ray, S., Khan, M. K., Dasgupta, M., & Chen, C.
M.,”An ECC-based lightweight remote user authentication and key
management scheme for IoT communication in context of fog
computing” Computing, 1-37, 2022.
[17] Hamada, M., Salem, S. A., & Salem, F. M,”LAMAS: Lightweight
anonymous mutual authentication scheme for securing fog computing
environments”, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 13(6), 101752, 2022.
[18] Li, J., Chen, X., Li, M., Li, J., Lee, P. P., & Lou, W.,”Secure
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[19] Zhou, J., Cao, Z., Dong, X., Xiong, N., & Vasilakos, A. V.,”4S: A
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[20] Adithya, M., P. G. Scholar, and B. Shanthini. "Security Analysis and
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
SEHAT: Cloud-based User Sociable Health Care
Assistant System
Sk. Arshiya Sultana
Dept. of CSE
VR Siddhartha Engineering College(A)
Vijayawada, India
Shaikarshiyasultana1@gmail.com
D. Igna Sree
Dept. of CSE
VR Siddhartha Engineering College(A)
Vijayawada, India
ignasridwarapudi@gmail.com
Abstract— Nowadays, people are consulting the doctor
frequently a month for their check-ups, especially senior
citizens. Moreover, the majority of individuals have busy
schedules and won't have time to accompany the patient.
If they can, they need to take the time or leave, and for
that, they have to lose money from their salary. This is
going to happen many times in a month. So, to address
this issue, a proposal is made to build a Health Mobile
Application, that provides a list of non-Emergency
services for the respective hospital appointments and then
book an appointment. A physical assistant will come to
their doorstep and will take care of them until their whole
check-up. At last, they will drop the patient at their home,
for which very affordable charges will be applied.
Therefore, with this system one can manage their time
effectively and efficiently, who is going along with the
patient, allowing them to work on other tasks and saving
money.
Index Terms: Physical assistant, Cloud, Mobile
Application, Non-Emergency Services
I. INTRODUCTION
Most people use mobile application technology for
health-related difficulties, where they can get online medical
reports, online treatment, and online medicine providers [1].
Most health Apps are developed only from the perspective of
online treatment for people, medical suggestions in virtual
mode, and medicine home delivery, some healthcare apps
belong to a single organization that provides advance
appointment booking and gives complete details about the
organization and other health care apps provides about food
diet and fitness suggestions [1]. The number of visits to
medical offices rose to 3.2 times annually in 2018.
In the year 2020, according to a survey, 83.4% of adults,
and 94% of children had a visit to the doctor. The results in
the Google play store have shown 250 health applications and
out of them 22 apps were found to be providing online doctor
consultation services when the search tag is given as “Health
Apps in India”. These mobile apps enable people to contact
doctors by sitting at their homes, and also people get their
medicines to their doorstep. These mobile health apps are
providing services to the public in many ways.
In metropolitan cities, people are busy with their work, and
jobs. Senior citizens and physically challenged people need to
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Ch. Rupa
Dept. of CSE
VR Siddhartha Engineering College(A)
Vijayawada, India
rupamtech@gmail.com
G. Sowmya Sree
Dept. of CSE
VR Siddhartha Engineering College(A)
Vijayawada, India
ghantasala.sowmyasree@gmail.com
depend on others if they want to visit a hospital for their daily
check-ups. Those people need an assistant who can take them
to the hospital for their check-ups. There are
some families who get income on daily wages, and such
people may or may not go along with the patient. To deal with
this issue, there should be a non-Emergency mobile
application that facilitates people to enter their details and
make them able to select hospitals for their check-ups. From
then a physical assistant from the hospital will come to the
patient’s doorstep and the assistant will take care of the patient
until they visit the doctor, take medicines and return to their
home.
Based on the Statistical Global Consumer Survey, which
is conducted in 2022 in several countries of health apps. With
a share of 70%, India is by far the most popular country when
it comes to using health apps. According to research from the
journal Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes
Research, the number of mobile health applications
downloaded will increase by 65% by 2020. In addition, data
security and privacy issues with mobile healthcare apps are
the main things that are anticipated to restrain the market's
expansion. The market for mHealth was dominated by
medical applications in 2021, accounting for 97.1% of total
revenue.
Application Effective for planning years starts from
January 1, 2022, and the percentage that is to be used in
affordable calculations is 9.61%. It is accurate to evaluate
affordability using either the household income or one of the
three affordability measures. Increasing awareness among the
people to boost the segment share. However, the majority of
individuals attend a hospital for routine checkups for their
own reasons, but they are overlooked simply because they
must rely on a companion to accompany them. This can be
solved by providing a physical assistant by the respective
hospital, who can take care of them until their whole check-
up.
So, our application is providing physical assistant where
the patients can select their service and can book their
appointment. After that, they need to fill in their details so that
the hospital can have the details related to the patient. Finally,
the physical assistant will come to the patient’s doorstep and
takes along with them to consult the doctor
for their daily check-ups.
The rest of the paper was organized in the following way:
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Section 2 described the related work. The proposed mobile
application system is elaborated on in section 3. The results
and analysis are illustrated in section 4. Section 5 has a
conclusion.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
D. Liu, et al. [1] proposed a health monitoring, counseling,
information gathering, medical assistants, nutrition
management, and sports management-based mobile
application. They must put on wearable technology (such as
smart watches, smart bracelets, etc.). The qualified doctor
will next respond to your health-related queries within the
allotted period. They continuously track heart rate
fluctuations and issue alerts when abnormal circumstances
start to develop. The health management center at your health
center or hospital will be informed in real time of each
patient's physiological assessment. Consumers may monitor
their blood pressure, blood sugar, and other vital signs daily
by wearing wearable technology. This app's drawback is that
busy users with demanding schedules can't effectively utilize
it.
S. Oniani, et al. [2] developed an app for the ongoing
monitoring and management of patients' medical issues based
on Smart Mobile Medical Computing Systems. They
assessed cardiac arrhythmia using Android cellphones and
pre-recorded software called LRMA (Long-Run Moving
Average). Diagnoses, information, prevention, treatment, and
communication are all included in these applications for
healthcare. Their major objective is to develop better-suited
and adaptable medical mobile apps for Georgian residents,
which is an important field of study. It ought to be free to
download the software. The healthcare application interface
of this app is restricted to the Georgian language only.
K. M. Ben Hamed, et al. [3] proposed software tracks the
spread of the coronavirus among users when they congregate
in public areas. Since no one is certain who is infected with
the coronavirus, many individuals are afraid to leave the
house. The software initially considers the impact of wearing
a mask. In addition, users will be able to determine how likely
they are to contract the coronavirus. Many existing
technologies have been used some of them are cloud,
Bluetooth, and mobile devices. So, with this app, they can be
able to know who is affected with the covid-19 and can
maintain some distance, and take appropriate precautions
prior to it. From the user's point of view, the new design
considers how wearing masks might reduce the rate and alert
the user of the Covid-19 pandemic in their immediate
neighborhoods. Without worrying about the platform
specifics of app deployment, the new design was specified
from the standpoint of development. This app's flaw is that it
doesn't give any further information about its functions.
Z. Liang, et al. [4] created the NokoriMe smartphone
application, which was designed with students' stress from
academic expectations in mind. It is used to measure stress
levels when it is increasing over time and show them when the
stress is increasing and decreasing. This software is also used
to track the results of stress such as how it affects things like
sleep quality, etc. Using devices such as track devices. This
app is only used for students or others who are under stress.
The limitations are this application is useful for students, but
it does not provide any health assistance.
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S. S. Bhat, et al. [5] proposed the Methodology of a mobile
application that is the medical assistant for the expiry tracking
of medicines. It assists people with their medicines by storing
information about medicines, tracking the expiration date of
medicines, and alerting people. This application is very useful
to people because expiry medicines are more dangerous than
poison, people should not use expired medicines. It is saving
people's health by alerting them about the expiration of
medicines. The main drawback of this app is it does not
provide any physical assistance for people.
S. Allen, et al. [6] proposed system is an artificial
intelligence (AI), image processing program that checks
images of teeth for dental issues including tooth decay and
gingivitis. First, the user has to provide pictures of their teeth.
They have developed an algorithm that was taught by six
different dentists, and it will scan those in four seconds. It is
a quick and free dental exam. The software becomes
increasingly tailored as the user provides more data. This
app's drawback is that it only works on iOS due to its platform
need.
B. Maryem, et al. [7] developed a mobile-based
application that helps in the management of type 2 diabetic
patients, this is especially important for people who live in
rural regions since they have restricted access to medical
facilities. There are some outputs and four inputs in the
proposed app. This proposal is not applicable to type 1
diabetes. In this app, there are two important components that
are to be done remotely for the patient’s test results and
glycemic control. This app's disadvantage is that rural
residents cannot use it due to poor internet access, and low-
income individuals cannot purchase such smartphones and
tablets.
L. He, Y. He et al. [8] proposed an app for reducing the
chronic pain of old people in nursing homes. As most old
people are suffering from knee pains, back and neck pains, and
many others. In order to cure these pains, they are supposed to
use this app which records everyday pain, aching detection,
and long-term pain. Mostly the app works on the basis of how
old people are able to manage their behavior and health for
relieving pain. It would be better if the application provides a
doctor’s consultation every 15 days. So, that the old people
can ask about their doubts regarding chronic pains.
G. Samhitha, et al. [9] designed an application for a
workout tracking system based on Artificial Intelligence.
This model works by taking users’ videos, and guides based
on the video. This model is useful for every person without
limitation of age and weight. The limitation of this
application only guides workouts.
F. Alloatti, et al. [10] proposed methodology of a mobile
application is for patients by voice and multimedia interface.
This allows patients to take treatment by sitting at their homes
with the help of a clinical team and caregivers. Patients can
ask a question with the help of a speaker and the answer will
come in the format of images or video, which anyone can
understand. The limitation of this app is as it is a virtual
assistant it can be used in severe situations.
S. Souiki, et al. [11] proposed mobile application on
health for storing health records of patients with the help of
the cloud. By giving each patient their own place and giving
them access to it through their Google accounts, this program
is used to securely store medical records and patient
information. M-health is mostly used when the patient
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switches to another doctor in the middle of treatment, that
patient has to explain the problem and treatment will start
from the beginning again. So, in this scenario patient use, this
record stored in the cloud and the doctor can understand
easily the problem. The limitation of this app is not providing
any assistance to a patient with health or medically.
B. Wen et al. [12] proposed methodology on Health
Guardian Platform, which prevents disease by detecting early
with provided patient data. This methodology will implement
in mobile apps, and wearable devices. This platform uses
artificial intelligence, and the cloud to process data and
envision the disease. It foretells disease with the help of
clinical people. Using this methodology, can detect disease in
the early stage and cure it. This will save people’s health. The
limitations of this methodology are just forecasting the
disease with the help of provided data, and not providing any
health assistance to deal with the patient's disease.
R. Das, et al. [13] developed a mobile app in which they
have developed a health center ANM, ASHA workers in the
village are not sufficiently trained and the patients in the
village are not properly knowing about their disease and what
they are suffering too. Nowadays each and every person are
having a smart device that is used to communicate with each
other. So, they decided to develop an app that has a
preliminary treatment plan or is advised to visit the doctor.
The major drawback of this is if the patient is struggling with
a kidney problem that continuously gives the back pain effect,
then the app only suggests that the patient is struggling with
the back pain then the doctor only sees the patient and
suggests someone, take a back pain medicine even if they are
unaware that the patient has a renal condition.
Raj, Jennifer S, et al. [14] proposed a methodology for
handling data such as big data on the basis of the Internet of
Things. It states that the internet is the main thing that handles
data that has been generated by the health domain, business
domain, etc. But the internet has a limitation of cannot
processing more data. So, this methodology of processing
data using the Internet of Things. This proposed methodology
is helpful in health care where IOT health devices are
efficient to process data.
Mishra, et al. [15] developed the application of storing
information about patients by providing security. This web
application with UX/UI interface provides both a patient view
of their data and a doctor view to upload patient data, and the
patient can book an appointment.
V. Bhatt, et al. [16] proposed a methodology for the voice
assistant application DocPal which provides Electronic
Health Records (EHR) to patients. The patient can operate
based on their voice to see and update EHR. It is used to save
doctors and physicians time in updating patients’ records.
Limitations of DocPal are only providing a voice interface for
HER not assistance for patient health.
2.1 Related Apps
A. App Name: Sminq – Doctor Appointments
It provides online consultations with doctors. Consulting a
doctor physically makes more difference than virtually. It
doesn’t provide any physical assistance to those people who
are unable to consult doctors physically like old people, or
blind people.
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B. App Name: Health Checkup
This app facilitates the users to calculate BMI, BMR,
Body fat, etc., but sometimes they can’t get appropriate
results. By seeing the result, they will prefer to take medicines
or changes their diet which may lead to other health problems.
So, consulting a doctor physically will make everyone’s lives
healthy and happy.
III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
In the proposed system, we have developed a mobile
application that helps people especially old people and
disabled people to consult the doctor without depending on
others, i.e., through physical assistance they can consult the
doctor for their daily checkups. To implement the proposed
system, we have used the following software: Kodular,
Python- Programming language, and Firebase Cloud. The
application was developed by the following system
requirements: 11th Gen Intel(R) Core (TM) i3-1115G4 @
3.00GHz 2.19 GHz, 8GB RAM, 64-bit operating system,
x64-based processor. In this app, the system consists of three
modules as shown in Fig 1. The three modules are the Patient
module, the Doctor module, and the Cloud module.
A. Patient Module
At first, the patient registers into the app if the patient was
already a user then he/she login into their account, otherwise
again he/she will register. During login, if the patient enters
incorrect credentials, then it will prompt the patient that they
had given an invalid username/password. After successful
login, the patient is allowed to select one of the services based
on their health problem. The services are general checkups,
pregnant women’s checkups, Asthma checkups, Allergy
checkups, Tuberculosis checkups, Pneumonia checkups, etc.
If a patient wants a general check-up, he/she will choose that
service. If the patient is a pregnant woman, he/she will select
a pregnant women’s check-up. If the patient is suffering from
asthma, he/she will select an asthma check-up service. If the
patient is suffering from an allergy, he/she will select an
allergy check-up service. If the patient is suffering from
Pneumonia, he/she will select that service. If a patient wants
to check up on Tuberculosis, he/she will select tuberculosis
check-up service. Upon choosing the service the patient will
book an appointment.
If the appointment was confirmed, then he/she will fill in
and submit the patient’s details. Else the patient needs to book
because the doctor might be not available. Finally, physical
assistance will come to their home and takes the patient to the
corresponding hospital for consulting the doctor about their
health checkups. The physical assistant will take care of the
patient until their whole checkup and after that, they will drop
the patient at their home. The steps involved in the Patient
module are described in the Algorithm 1.
Algorithm 1: Patient Module
Step 1: Patient Takes registration(Pr)
Step 2: Log in to the mobile app
If ( entered Details (Patient) == details(Pr) )
go to step 3
Else go to step 4
Step 3: The patient then selects the services i.e.,
General Checkup(Gc), Pregnant Checkup(Pc),
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Asthma Checkup(Ac) If the doctor is not available, then he rejects the

Step 4: Enter valid credentials appointment. If the appointment is confirmed then the
Step 5: Then book an appointment(Ba) corresponding hospital will provide a physical assistant to the
If (Ba==Confirm) patient's home. The physical assistant will go to the patient's
Go to step 7 home and take the patient to a hospital for a check-up. After
Else go to step 6 the check-up of the patient is done, then the physical assistant
Step 6: The doctor is not available. So, try it later. will drop the patient at their home. Algorithm 2 shows the
Step 7: Enter the Patient Details(Pd) process involves in Doctor module.
Step 8: A physical Assistance will come to their home to
pick them for health checkups.
B. Doctor Module
In the doctor module, the doctor registers in the
application. If he is already a user, then he directly login into
the app. The doctor offers services to the patients like general
check-ups, pregnant women's check-ups, and asthma check-
ups. If the patient selects one service and clicks on book
appointment, then the doctor will get a notification. The
majority of doctors confirm appointments.

Fig 1. Proposed Methodology

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C. Cloud Module
Algorithm 2: Doctor Module Cloud technology can be useful to access the information of
Step 1: Doctor takes registration(Dr) the user such as login credentials so that they can log in and
Step 2: Log in to the mobile app use it from anywhere to access the information easily. A
If ( entered Details (Doctor) == details(Dr) ) number of applications are being designed and developed
go to step 3 using this application [11-12]. Therefore, this module is used
Else go to step 4 to maintain the details of the patient or doctor. Whenever the
Step 3: The Doctor then offers the services i.e., user signs up for the mobile application then the user will be
General Checkup(Gc), Pregnant Checkup(Pc), added to this cloud. Additionally, this information will be
Asthma Checkup(Ac) utilized to login into their account. The steps involved in the
cloud module are as shown in algorithm 3.
Step 4: Enter valid credentials
Step 5: The Doctor confirms the appointment(Ap) Algorithm 3: Cloud Module
If (Ap == Confirm) Step 1: When the patient or doctor registers into the app then
Go to step 7 it will be updated in the cloud.
Else go to step 6 Step 2: The cloud will keep track of how many members
Step 6: The doctor is not available. So, the appointment was have used this app.
rejected. Step 3: It will also show how many middle-aged, old-aged
Step 7: Physical Assistance will be sent to the people are using this app for consulting doctors.
corresponding patient’s home to pick them up for a Step 4: With this Cloud, we can see the analysis of the app
health checkup. i.e., through graph representation.

IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Currently, a number of advanced technology-based
applications are playing a vital role and are used by needy
persons. However, as we heard since childhood health is
wealth in such a way no one was needy person-friendly
applications existed with good efficacy. Hence, here
deployed the mobile application. The patient can log in to the
app by giving a username or email and password as shown in
Fig 2.

Fig 3. Sign-in Interface

Fig 4 shows the list of services that are provided to
patients, they can select one service according to their health
problem and can book an appointment.

Fig 2. Login Interface

If a patient is a new user, then the patient signs in to the
app as shown in Fig 3, by entering their username, email, and
password.

Fig 4. Services Interface

As shown in Fig 5, after selecting the service, the user can

book an appointment and know about the doctor to whom
he/she is going to consult.

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Fig 5. Appointment Interface
In Fig 6, the user must provide personal details like name,
age, gender, mobile number, and address. So that it can be
used to get an analysis of how many members of a certain age
are consulting doctors frequently.
Fig 6. Entering Patient Details, Interface
Fig 7 shows a graph that describes how many users are using
this application monthly. It was recorded from the month of
September 1st to October 1st. The pointer is showing the rate
of active users in that monthly period from the range of 0 to
30.
Fig 7. Monthly Active users
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Fig 8 Shows a graph that how many users signed into the
app daily. The peak value recorded was 7 daily users. It was
recorded during the month of September. If suppose 4 new
users signed into the app in a day then it will go up to 4 along
the y-axis and if no user signed in then, there will be a
deviation as shown between Sept 14 – Sept 16.
Fig 8. Signed users
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
A number of advanced technologies are playing a vital
role such as IoT-based and, Web-based applications. The
health app is to make the experience of health care more
efficient and satisfying for all stakeholders who are involved.
Before 2011, there is no source of application to consult a
doctor through online. From 2018-19 the usage of healthcare
apps is 68.7%. In 2020, people had been busy with their
packed schedules as they depend on mobile healthcare
applications. Most of the health care apps are designed for
only online consultations, but in our app, the senior citizen can
consult the doctor for their daily checkups. Daily wage
workers and any other employees may manage their parents'
health and daily check-ups with this app. They may consult a
doctor and make a non-emergency appointment using these
applications. The number of medical consultations is steadily
rising since people's health is declining and they are
concentrating primarily on taking care of themselves. They
are not going to worry about their parent’s health. They
require a doctor's appointment at this time to learn more about
their health. They might learn about their health status and
take care of themselves by utilizing this software.
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[9] G. Samhitha, D. S. Rao, C. Rupa, Y. Ekshitha and R. Jaswanthi,
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[10] F. Alloatti et al., "“Can You Help Me Measure My Blood Sugar?” Co-
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[11] S. Souiki, M. Hadjila, D. Moussaoui, S. Ferdi and S. Rais, "M-Health
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[12] B. Wen et al., "Health Guardian Platform: A technology stack to
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[13] R. Das, S. Mondal and N. Mukherjee, "MoRe-care: Mobile-assisted
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[15] Mishra, Akhilesh, Anuj Jaiswal, Lokesh Chaudhari, and Varsha
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Task Scheduling Algorithms in Fog Computing: A

Comparison and Analysis
Tarun Jagadish Onkar Apte K. Pradeep
Dept. of Computer Science Dept. of Computer Science Dept. of Computer Science
Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore of Institute of Technology Vellore Institute of Technology
Chennai, India Chennai, India Chennai, India
tarunjagadish28@gmail.com oapte971@gmail.com pradeep.k@vit.ac.in

Abstract—In terms of the contexts of devices and applications,

the application execution required in cloud and fog computing
systems is typically heterogeneous. The scaling of these needs on
various architectures is a multi-restriction optimization problem.
Despite all of our efforts, task scheduling in these systems still
faces some interesting difficulties, which makes us curious in how
jobs are routed between various physical devices, fog nodes, and
the cloud. But there has been a lot of study done on job scheduling
in cloud computing systems. However, most studies use a service
provider’s point of view or pursue higher application quality
of service (QoS) levels while addressing this issue. This study
examined the main job scheduling strategies used in cloud and
fog architecture.
Index Terms—Cloud Computing, Task Scheduling, Cloud
Scheduling, Fog Computing

I. I NTRODUCTION
The transition from antiquated to contemporary technolog-
ical computing has recently occurred in the computing world.
Computers and intelligent portable devices are heavily used
by people and enterprises to complete daily tasks [1]. The
organisation stores the vast volume of data that these gadgets
generate for further examination. The amount of data created
by sensors and applications has greatly expanded as a result
of the IoT sector’s explosive growth. These are the cloud’s
primary restrictions. Researchers other than Cisco presented a
novel prototype in 2012 that they called ”fog computing” [2].
Described as ”a massively virtualized platform that supplies
storage, data, computation, and networking service between
the typical cloud server and edge devices,” fog computing
is a more advanced type of cloud computing [3]. The pro-
cess of achieving the task of storing and altering without
the involvement of a third party using a sizable number of
wireless, autonomous, ubiquitous, and decentralised devices
to communicate with the network is known as ”fog comput-
ing.” Fog computing’s primary objectives are to decrease the
volume of data processed, analysed, and stored while also
increasing effectiveness. Fig. 1 above depicts the fundamental
fog computing model.The fundamental computing components
of a fog computing model are the edge device, fog node,
and cloud. A fog node can be any device with storage,
measurement, and networking capabilities. The cloud server
oversees fog nodes, which are in charge of translating services
between edge devices and the cloud [4]. This study presents
Fig. 1. Fog Computing Model
our comparison and analysis of the different task scheduling
algorithms implemented in the fog computing environment.
II. R ELATED W ORK
Cloud resources, network edge resources, and core network
resources can all be used by fog computing. In [4], Fatma
Talaat proposed a fresh, healthcare-relevant Effective Resource
Allocation Methodology (ERAM) for fog environments. The
IoT Layer, the Fog Layer, and the Cloud Layer are the three
levels that make up the proposed IoT-Fog system. The IoT
layer’s objective is to monitor the patient’s symptoms. The
incoming requests are thought to be handled by the fog layer,
which then routes them to the appropriate server. Data transit
to and from the fog layer is controlled by the cloud layer.By
using a real-time resource allocation and prediction system,
ERAM was able to manage resources effectively in a foggy
environment. In [5], Junaid Akram offers a system model of
SG paired with a cloud- and fog-based environment. It un-
veiled a cutting-edge strategy based on binary particle swarm
optimization with inertia weight adjustment via simulated an-
nealing. In [6] Omed Ahmed introduced a discrete, opposition-
based MFO method that makes use of crossover and mutation
operators. Then, using a hybrid discrete optimization technique
we developed dubbed DMFO-DE that executes one of the

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DMFO and DE algorithms probabilistically, we merged it
with the DE algorithm. It can choose which algorithm to
execute more by using the learning automata. The topic of
task scheduling in the Cloud-Fog computing environment for
BoT applications was the main emphasis of [7] by Binh
Minh Nguyen. Numerous situations were used to evaluate the
effectiveness of the evolutionary-based TCaS algorithm. The
three other techniques, MPSO, BLA, and RR, were outper-
formed by TCaS in both a Fog environment and a Cloud-
Fog system. The suggested method could adaptably meet the
user’s need for cost-effectiveness or high performance process-
ing. Samia Ijaz put forth an energy-makespan multi-objective
optimization (EM-MOO) scheduling method in [8] to find a
compromise between the conflicting objectives of minimising
makespan and energy consumption. Asaad Ahmed described
the multiple-entity task allocation problem (META) in [9] and
introduced a new bipartite graph with fuzzy clustering task
allocation approach called BiFTA that uses a hybrid DAG to
represent independent and dependent tasks for choosing the
most favourable computing nodes for each task. [22] looked
at various task allocation algorithms in the field of swarm
robotics. Annamalai L researched and analyzed the distributed
bee algorithm, fixed response threshold model, extreme-comm
algorithm and other novel communication methods such as
communication through light signals and leader follower
approach. In [23], Dr. Dinesh Kumar reviews various task
scheduling algorithms in ubiquitous clouds. The algorithms
he reviewed were Particle Swarm Optimization, Whale Opti-
mization, Ant Colony Optimization, Bacterial Foraging, Bat
Algorithm, Chaotic Optimization Strategy, Bee Colony Opti-
mization and Genetic Algorithm. He gathered insights into the
algorithm and concluded that algorithms that were based on
the foraging behaviour of insects, reptiles, animals and birds
showed an improved performance as compared to conventional
algorithms.
III. C HARACTERISTICS OF F OG C OMPUTING
A development of cloud computing, fog computing is useful
for IoT-connected objects and also acts as a foundation for
cloud computing [10]. The following are some of the essential
elements of fog computing:
A. Heterogeneity
In order to compute, supply storage, and give network
connectivity between the end user and the cloud server, fog
computing is highly virtualized. Usually, the structure for both
fog and cloud is comprised of network resources [10].
B. Large-scale sensor network
Storage resources for the smart grid and cloud-fog environ-
ment are maintained and monitored over [10].
C. Mobility support
To communicate with end devices using the LISP protocol,
which isolates the host from the location identity, applications
need mobility supports [10].
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D. Edge location
Fog computing is implemented at the threshold, allowing
for the integration of location awareness and support for
endpoints with sophisticated network services, such as gaming
applications [10].
E. Geographic distribution
Fog requests are widely dispersed and generated by putting
an emphasis on applications and services. For the creation of
high-quality information flow from fog to vehicles or for the
tracking of the information, fog is essential [10].
IV. D IFFICULTIES IN F OG C OMPUTING
The difficulties and challenges that are faced in fog com-
puting are:
A. Security and Reliability
The major issue with fog computing is how to enforce
security rules. The authentication at various fog node tiers
presents another security issue. Application sandbox usage
introduces a new issue: trust and privacy. The application for
Fog enables processing of user data utilising external hardware
and software [10].
B. Resource Management
It makes resource allocation decisions based on user be-
haviour and the likelihood that a resource will be used when
it is needed, which increases efficiency and fairness. A scalable
management method is necessary for the fog. to be set up on
one billion tiny devices [10].
C. Job Scheduling
To increase the system’s dependability and adaptability
in fog, work scheduling assumes a crucial role. The main
justification for assigning a task to a resource with a time
constraint is to finish the multiple tasks in the best and most
thorough order in order to achieve the most ideal solution.
The work scheduling process in fog computing refers to the
selection of the best available resource for task execution or
computer allocation [10].
V. TASK S CHEDULING A LGORITHMS
To attain the highest level of performance and resource
utilisation, a set of rules and regulations which are known
as task scheduling algorithms are used to allocate tasks to the
appropriate resources (CPU, memory, and bandwidth).
As cloud computing is in its initial stages, a scheduling
framework should be implemented in order to improve the
satisfaction of users along with the server providers [11]. The
parameters can be coupled to prepare an algorithm for resource
allocation and scheduling. The framework should consider
user input constraints such as deadlines, cost, efficiency,
makespan and so on.
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A. First Come First Serve (FCFS)
The most basic and straightforward methods for scheduling
tasks in a cloud environment involve task arrival time. The
work will be scheduled and carried out based on whatever task
entered the queue first. It is solely based on arrival time and
takes all other factors into account. The tasks will be arranged
by choosing the right jobs to do first. The data center will
give the VM that received the job or user request initially the
responsibility for execution. The virtual machine is given a
job by the data center controller, which then removes it from
the task queue [12].
B. Shortest Job First (SJF)
This scheduling method uses a strategy in which tasks with
the shortest execution times are chosen for all tasks. When a
set of all jobs is not assigned, this procedure starts running
and keeps going until the set of jobs is empty. In Shortest
Job First, occupations that take up more time or are longer in
duration may not be given priority, and tasks that take up more
time always come after small jobs. This algorithm calculates
the completion times of all jobs, then schedules the work on
the resource with the shortest completion times [12].
C. Round Robin (RR)
The round robin is a simple illustration of a load balancing
strategy. For the purpose of equally allocating scheduling time
across all planned jobs, a round robin system was developed.
In this method, all tasks are placed in a queue list and each
work is given a modest amount of time. The primary goal of
RR is to evenly distribute the workload among all resources
[12]. Round robin uses a cyclical approach. As soon as the
time allotted for the first work has passed, the scheduler will
move on to the second task [12]. This is a cyclical strategy
in which the controller is given each task at least once before
the scheduler picks up the first task once more.
Round Robin is an easy method to distribute client requests
amongst a group of servers. The RR load balancer sends the
client requests to each server one by one. After sending to
all the available servers, it goes back and starts sending client
requests from the first server again. This method is not efficient
for client requests in which the load differs significantly [13].
D. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
This population-based meta-heuristic algorithm is inspired
by the social behaviours of flocking birds and schooling
fish [12]. Each particle in the method, which consists of a
collection of particles, indicates a workable solution to the
problem in the given search space [12]. This algorithm, when
started with a set of random particles, finds the best solution
in the problem space. In PSO, we utilise iteration to determine
each particle’s position. These positions are referred to as the
particle’s personal best Pb and the global best Pg . Position
determined by particle i’s neighbour. After determining both
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global personal values, the equations to update particle veloc-
ity and position are [12].
vit+1 = ωνid
t
+ c1r1(pti − xti ) + c2r2(ptg − xti ) (1)
xt+1
i = xti + νit+1 (2)
th
Where the i particle’s position and velocity in dimension
d are denoted by xi t and vi t , respectively. The careful consid-
eration of the PSO parameter ω, c1, and c2 is necessary to
improve algorithm efficiency. Our ability to quickly compute
the best solution is aided by this.
After all the jobs have been queued in a cloud environment,
the optimization technique is then used to determine the least
waiting periods for each work. These minimal values are used
to ensure that tasks are completed in the proper order, hence
reducing waiting times overall. A task is dispatched to this
queue after the queue created algorithm has determined the
threshold and determined the task’s most optimal order. After
that, the scheduler assigns a task to an appropriate resource.
PSO’s primary objective is to assign a user request to a
relevant resource [12]. To plan a work effectively in a cloud
environment, the task scheduling process requires an optimal
algorithm that considers the task and resources. The PSO
algorithm takes into account both the resource and the job,
helping to maximise resource use and decrease task processing
times [12].
E. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)
Ant colony optimization (ACO) takes its cues from the
foraging techniques of several ant species. As seen in Fig.
2, these ants leave pheromone trails on the ground to direct
the other ants in the colony in the right direction. Ant colony
optimization approaches optimization problems in a similar
way [14].
Fig. 2. Ant Colony Optimization Model
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Algorithm 1 Ant Colony Optimization
Establish parameters and declare pheromone trails
while Termination requirement not satisfied do
Build Ant Solutions
Search Locally
Update Pheromones
end while
Build Ant Solutions: A group of m artificial ants constructs
solutions using pieces from a finite set of components [14]. A
usable part of the set N (sp ) is added to the partial solution at
each step of the construction. N (sp ) is the group of usable
elements that can be added to the partial solution without
disregarding any of the necessities in Ω.
The probability with which the ant moves from one vertex
a to vertex b is given by the equation [15]:
α β
(τx,y )(ηx,y )
pi , j = P β
(3)
α )(η
(τx,y x,y )
Here, τ x,y represents the amount of pheromones on edge
x,y and η x,y is the attractiveness of the edge x,y. α and β are
parameters that affect the amount of influence that τ and η
respectively have on the final probability of edge selection.
Search Locally: Before updating the pheromone once solu-
tions have been established, it is typical for ants to refine the
answers found through local searching [14].
Update Pheromones: The objective of the pheromone up-
date is to enhance pheromone values linked to successful or
prospective solutions and lower the ones with unsuccessful
solutions. Usually, to do this, all pheromone values are (i)
decreased by pheromone evaporation, which removes the trails
that are linked to unsuccessful solutions and (ii) the pheromone
levels associated with a particular group of constructive solu-
tions are elevated [14].
The pheromones trails are updated after all the ants have
obtained their solution and either increasing or decreasing the
pheromone values based on their success based on a rule [16]
depicted in the below equation:
m stants
X
k ACO
τxy ← (1 − ρ)τxy + ∆τxy (4)
k
ρ is known as the pheromone evaporation coefficient which
denotes the rate of pheromone evaporation. ∆τ k xy represents
the total amount of pheromones that are deposited on the
selected edge (x,y) by the kth ant and m is the number of
ants. In the case of Travelling Salesman Problem, ∆τ k xy is
given by
( infrastructures. It is developed by the CLOUDS Lab organiza-
k Q/Lk if kth uses edge xy in its tour
∆τxy = (5)
0 otherwise
In the above equation Q is a constant that represents the inten-
sity of pheromones that can affect the rate of the algorithm,
Lk is the total length of the path that the kth ant has travelled.
VI. R ESOURCE U TILIZATION AND M EMORY A LLOCATION
Resource usage is the ratio of data center resources, CPU,
memory, bandwidth, and total capacity as mentioned in [17].
Understanding resource utilization is essential for cloud
provider reputation. In the majority of data centers, the average
resource usage can be as low as 20%. The efficient use of
cloud resources is referred to as ”cloud resource utilization.”
Low resource waste, low costs, and large energy savings are
the results of optimal resource utilization. Cloud resource use
is already being aided by virtualization, load balancing meth-
ods, virtual machine consolidation, virtual machine placement,
reconfiguration algorithms, and auto scaling cloud computing
methods [18]. As long as resources are few compared to
the rising demand for computers and computing, there is a
constant need for resource utilization. Using a multi-tenant ap-
proach, resources are pooled to service numerous consumers,
with various physical and virtual resources being dynamically
assigned and reassigned in response to consumer demand [19].
VII. C OMPARISON OF TASK S CHEDULING A LGORITHMS
For our research we have selected First Come First Serve
(FCFS), Shortest Job First (SJF), Round Robin (RR), Particle
Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Ant Colony Optimization
(ACO). FCFS, SJF and RR were chosen as they are tradi-
tional scheduling algorithms and PSO and ACO are enhanced
algorithms for task scheduling in cloud-fog environment which
makes the scheduling process more efficient. In Table 1, we
have compared the aforementioned task scheduling algorithms
[20]:
TABLE I
C OMPARISON OF TASK S CHEDULING A LGORITHMS
Scheduling Scheduling Parameters Merits
Algorithm
FCFS Arrival time Reduce time complexity
SJF Task size Reduce the turnaround and ex-
ecution times.
Round Arrival time, time slice Shorten the migration process
Robin and make better use of the re-
sources
PSO Inertia, c1 and c2 con- Decrease makespan time and
boost processing speed
Cost, time and phe- Reduces costs and improves re-
nomenon updating rule source efficiency
VIII. S IMULATION AND C OMPARATIVE A NALYSIS
A. Methodology
In order to conduct our simulation testing, we used a simu-
lation tool, CloudSim. CloudSim is an open-source framework
which is used for modelling and simulating cloud computing
tion and is completely written in Java. The major classes used
in CloudSim simulation are:
• Cloudlet
• VM
• Host

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• Datacenter
• DatacenterBroker
The main components of CloudSim are depicted in Fig. 3
[21].
Fig. 3. Main Components of CloudSim
We used CloudSim with Eclipse IDE using Java program-
ming language for conducting our analysis.
In every scheduler, the following steps are followed:
• Create a new instance of the CloudSim simulation with
three parameters: the number of cloud users, the current
date and time, and the flag for event tracing.
• Create a DataCenter using the settings provided. Each
DataCenter has only received one Host and PE.
• Create a DatacenterBroker according to the task schedul-
ing algorithm.
• Create virtual Machines with the given parameters.
• Create Cloudlets with the given parameters and length.
• Submit the Virtual Machine and Cloudlet list to the
DatacenterBroker.
• Start the CloudSim simulation.
• After execution, get the Cloudlet list after execution.
• This list contains details related to the execution of
Cloudlets like Start Time and Finish Time.
• The makespan for the task scheduling algorithm is cal-
culated.
B. Frameworks and Tools Used
The programming language that we used for this research
is Java. The following Java libraries were used:
• cloudsim-3.0.3.jar: contains all the model classes required
for CloudSim
• jswarm-pso 2 08.jar: contains all the interfaces required
for simulating Particle Swarm Optimization such as par-
ticle, fitness function, etc.
• commons-math3-3.6.1.jar- contains statistical and math-
ematical components which is required while running a
CloudSim project.
C. Comparison and Analysis
We compare the makespan of each of the aforementioned
task scheduling algorithms in cloud-fog environment using
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Fig. 4. Comparative Analysis of Makespan
CloudSim in Fig. 3. From Fig. 4, we can conclude that Particle
Swarm Optimization is the best performing task scheduling al-
gorithm with respect to makespan in cloud-fog system that we
simulated using CloudSim. The ranking of the task scheduling
algorithms in decreasing order of performance from Fig. 4:
1) Particle Swarm Optimization
2) Ant Colony Optimization
3) Round Robin
4) First Come First Serve
5) Shortest Job First
Fig. 4 was generated by visualizing the makespan of each
task scheduling algorithm in five different scenarios, each
having a different number of tasks (100, 150, 200, 250,
300). From Fig. 4, we can determine that Particle Swarm
Optimization is approximately 38.3% better than Ant Colony
Optimization, 38.4% better than Round Robin, 53.5% better
than First Come First Serve and 65.4% better than Shortest
Job First task scheduling algorithm.
PSO performs the best for four out of the five testing
samples we used which varied in the number of task ranging
from 100-300 in increments of 50. On the other hand, SJF
performed the worst for three out of the five testing samples.
Out of the five task scheduling algorithms analysed, Particle
Swarm Optimization came out with the highest performance
in the cloud-fog system. On the other hand, Shortest Job First
algorithm performed the worst with 65% less performance
compared to Particle Swarm Optimization. This result can be
attributed to high overhead in SJF (Shortest Job First) where
at each step the algorithm has to search for the shortest job.
Whereas in PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization), each particle
in the swarm finds the minimum in a random direction thus
increasing chances of finding the global minimum when the
particles are aggregated. Due to high speed of finding the
minimum and performing the subsequent task, PSO (Particle
Swarm Optimization) has the best performance.
IX. C ONCLUSION
Task scheduling in a cloud environment primarily aims
to speed up resource utilisation and shorten task execution
times. In the course of this research we studied various task
scheduling algorithms pertaining to the cloud-fog architecture
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such as FCFS (First Come First Serve), SJF (Shortest Job [16] Yu, H. (2014). Optimized ant colony algorithm by local pheromone
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pared based on their scheduling parameters and merits. A brief C. (2022). A Joint Resource Allocation, Security with Efficient Task
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ICT) (pp. 38-42). IEEE.
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algorithm amongst the algorithms we analysed. There is 7(6).
[20] Pradhan, Arabinda Bisoy, Sukant Das, Amardeep. (2021). A Survey
significant scope for improving the scheduling approaches in on PSO Based Meta-Heuristic Scheduling Mechanism in Cloud Com-
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[21] Keshk, Arabi El-Sisi, Ashraf Tawfeek, Medhat. (2014). Cloud Task
parallel way in order to get a lower makespan and better Scheduling for Load Balancing based on Intelligent Strategy. Inter-
performance. national Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications. 6. 25-36.
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[1] Xu, Baomin Zhao, Chunyan Hu, Enzhao Hu, Bin. (2011). Job schedul- Robotics.” Journal of Information Technology 2, no. 02 (2020): 123-134.
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Identify Fake Data or Misinformation in Near Real-
Time using Big Data and Sentiment Analytics
1st Parth M Kansara
Research Scholar,
Department of Computer Engineering,
Gujarat Technological University
INDIA
209999913014@gtu.edu.in (parthkansara.1992@gmail.com)
Abstract—Millions of people utilise social networking sites,
which are important media outlets in everyday life, with some bad
consequences. Spammers have started sending out a lot of useless
and harmful material. The strategies for identifying spammers
that propagate bogus information are examined. A taxonomy of
misinformation spam detection systems is also provided, which
categorises the tactics into four groups depending on their ability
to detect incorrect information. The study presented here will be
useful to researchers seeking for the most recent advancements
in misleading spam detection in one location.
Keywords—Fake data, sentimental analysis, near real-time, big
data.
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Misinformation Platform
In the disinformation platform, using the Internet type
throughout has become quite simple. Users can gather vast
amounts of data and knowledge on other users because to
the growing popularity of social media platforms. Because
of the vast volumes of data available on these platforms,
fake users are drawn to them. Misinformation has swiftly
gained traction as a means of gathering real-time data about
people. Misinformation is an OSN (Online Social Network)
that lets users to submit anything they want, including news,
thoughts, and even their feelings. Several discussions on a
range of topics, such as politics, current affairs, and
important events, may be held. When someone spreads false
information, it is promptly disseminated with his or her
followers, allowing them to reach a far bigger audience. As
online social networks have matured, the need to monitor
and analyse user behaviour has expanded.
B. Understanding the Spammer Analysis
Spammers have turned transmitting a vast worthless
damaging information. Allowing for an overwhelming
amount of spam. Fraudsters can easily dupe a large number
of individuals who are unfamiliar with OSNs. It is also
necessary to resist and control individuals who use OSN
only for the purpose of advertising and so spam other
people's accounts. The detection of spam on social
networking sites has lately piqued the interest of researchers.
Spam detection is a difficult task in order to maintain social
networks secure [1]. It is vital to detect spam on OSN sites
in order to protect users from all forms of hazardous assaults
and to safeguard their security and privacy.
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
2nd Dr Kinjal U Adhvaryu
Professor
Department of Computer Engineering,
Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institute of Technology,
Gujarat Technological University
India
kinjalvk@yahoo.com
II. OBJECTIVES
• Spammers on misinformation have a variety of goals,
including distributing false rumours, comments[2].
• Destructive goals using adverts and a variety of other
methods, such as supporting several then sending fake
data at random promote. Furthermore, tarnishes OSN
platforms' reputation[3].
• As a result, it's critical to devise a strategy for detecting
spammers so that remedial action may be done to stop
their unwanted activity [4].
• In the field of misinformation spam detection, several
studies have been conducted. A literature review is also
included in the study, which admits the presence of
spammers that spread false information. Despite all of
the study that has been done, the literature still has a
gap.
• As a result, in order to bridge the gap, we look at the
state of the art in spammer detection and fake user
identification on disinformation.
• This review also includes a taxonomy of
disinformation spam detection approaches, as well as a
complete summary field. To categorise these
approaches into a taxonomy.
III. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK
The four techniques for reporting spammers:
• Fake Content
• Spam Detection Using URLs
• Spam Detection in Popular Topics
• Imitation of User Identification
In addition to offering aims, this document existing
procedures and assists users in recognising the relevance and
efficacy of the recommended methodology [5]. This article
compares the many characteristics to identify Social Media
[6].
Provide with a single source of information about spammer
detection tools.
• A comparison of potential spam-detection algorithms on
Near Real Time.
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• This section contains an overall analysis and debate, as
well as a summary of the study and some recommendations
for future research.
Misinformation's growing popularity draws an increasing
number of spammers. Spammers send spammy
misinformations to Near Real Time users in order that
damaging regular [7]. Use of machine learning approaches
to Near Real Time spam detection has been the subject of
current research [8].
Furthermore, the possibility of extending erroneous info to
customers via fake characters has increased the number of
negative consequences in the distribution of dangerous
substances [9]. The location of spammers and the detection
of bogus clients on social media of discussion informal.
Currently, conduct a study on strategies [10].
Furthermore, fake data methodologies presented, which
divides processes into four categories
Demonstrated examined characteristics, client
characteristics, , diagram characteristics, as well as fake
data. [11].
A. Drawbacks:
• Spam detection effective in searches, although spammer
detection is more connected with the failure to discover
existing spam accounts.
• If a spammer is found in nature, her account will be
suspended or her IP address will be temporarily blocked,
preventing to post. Why recognising the actual work, thus
focusing lives spam message more difficult way [12].
IV. SPAMMERS TO WELL-KNOWN SOCIAL
NETWORKING
Information quality on media is becoming increasingly
crucial, but examine rectify most erroneous information,
"fake news," on is hampered by web-scale data. All three
datasets are also publically available, having been aligned
into a common format [13], yet makes it difficult most
erroneous information, or "fake news." have been single and
now [14].
A feature analysis identifies qualities with high ratings,
which is consistent with earlier research. We conclude by
discussing the distinctions between accuracy and
believability, as well as why non-expert models outperform
journalist models in spotting fakes on social media [15]. The
results of a feature analysis, which are consistent with
previous work, identify traits highly ratings. We wrap off
with a discussion of the differences between accuracy and
credibility, as well as why non-expert models outperform
journalist models for detecting fakes on social media.
Donnay [16]Spammers have turned to well-known social
networking sites to transmit a massive volume of incorrect
and harmful information. For example, Twitter has grown to
be one of the most widely utilised websites ever, resulting in
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volume unsolicited has an impact on both real users and
resource use. Likelihood transmitting customers
dissemination dangerous material [17]. Recently, spammer
detection and false user recognition on Near Real Time has
big data and sentimental analytics became a major.
Offered methodologies several characteristics, graph
characteristics, structural characteristics, temporal
characteristics [18]. Possibility of consumers disseminating
hazardous information. Spammer detection and false user
recognition in Near Real Time has recently become a key
focus of big data and emotional analytics. Study's author
believed it would beneficial scholars breakthroughs on
single platform for Social Media. [19].
The abundance of spam, rumours, and bogus material on
Near Real Time diminishes the value of information
included in its messages (or "fake data") during quick onset
crisis occurrences. One proposed answer utilise assess a fake
data's credibility, or whether a person would find it credible
or trustworthy. In an off-line (post-hoc) situation, analysed
issue. We provide a semi-supervised ranking strategy for
assessing fake data based on their credibility in this research.
Near Real Time, a browser plugin, was installed and utilised
by 1,127 social media users during the first 24 hours [20].
People are increasingly using Online Social Networks
(OSNs) to engage and exchange information. While OSNs
have established themselves as a new medium for
information distribution, they are also quickly becoming a
playground for the propagation of disinformation [21].
As a result, an OSN (Online Social Network) platform users:
• Spammers
• Non-spammers.
Usefulness of several approaches for problem fake data.
According to the findings, using restricted qualities available
false data can produce promising results that are competitive
with existing spammer detection algorithms that depend on
more expensive user information[22]. Our study is the first
to attempt to generalise results from different datasets about
the best classifiers and feature sets for detecting social spam
[23].
Spammers upload undesired (or irrelevant) information or
disseminate falsehoods on OSN platforms with harmful
intent. We used three learning algorithms in our research:
Naive Bayes, Clustering, and Decision Trees [24].
This allows the system to be applied to a huge number of
fake data in a rapid manner, perhaps in real-time or near
real-time [25]. We investigate the applicability of methods
distinct for problem fake data [26]. Findings suggest
utilising restricted characteristics accessible fake data, may
get promising results that are competitive when compared to
existing spammer identification algorithms that rely on more
expensive user features [27], [28], [29], [30].
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We investigate the utility of numerous ways for dealing with
bogus data. According to the findings, employing low-
quality accessible fake data can provide promising results
that are comparable to existing spammer detection
algorithms that rely on more expensive user data [31]. Our
research is the first to attempt to synthesise findings from
several datasets to determine the optimal classifiers and
feature sets for identifying social spam.
Our research is the first to attempt to generalise results about
the best classifiers and feature sets for detecting social spam
across different datasets. This allows the spam detection
system to be applied to a huge number of fake datas in a
rapid manner [32].
V. FEATURE EXTRACTION
Some have looked into the topic of machine learning, while
others have looked into deep learning. Despite this, no study
subject of sentiment analysis has ever been published.
To extract false materials, [33] used, for both simulated and
real-world news, outperform linear models. Study has a
disadvantage in that it had less accuracy when greater n-
grams were used.
Shaikh [34] discussed two major types of techniques for
detecting fake/false news. The first lesson discussed was
linguistic methods, in which the content of deceiving
communications is removed and deconstructed in order to
link language designs to double-dealing.
for accuracy and F1 scores, however all of them fell short of
90%.
Sharma [38] advocate constructing a wholly fake to identify
take news using one-class classification. The case study uses
information like WhatsApp to focus environment start.
Spammers are a well-known social media tactic since they
may use their accounts for a multitude of reasons [39]. One
of these purposes is to spread rumours, which may have a
big influence on a certain firm or perhaps the entire society
[40].
The discretization technique is crucial to solve this problem
since most real-world categorization learning applications
employ continuous-valued features [41]. It's useful for
converting nominal values from non-normally distributed
numeric numbers [42], [43].
Manzoor [44] conducted a study that looked at several
linguistic properties that can distinguish between false and
real content. Experimental assessment demonstrates that the
recommended ensemble learner technique performs better
than individual learners [45]. In this investigation, the KNN
model did not perform well. The study's ramifications,
however, are limited to textual data. Other forms of data
aren't included.
Segal [46] created false that surpassed existing algorithms in
terms of accuracy. The suggested technique captures
essential features from fake news datasets before
categorising integrates different algorithms.

Ahmad [35] is the author of 41 publications on sentiment Safavian [47] developed algorithm for detecting bogus
analysis (SA). Instead of dealing with false/false/fake news. news. A multimodal approach was utilised in the study to
Furthermore, the lower the average accuracy rate is in a detect bogus news.
sensation problem, the more exploration there is. The work
that will be performed in the future is described in this Lyu [48] created technique detecting false in a research.
document. Study used a fictitious dataset collected from the general
population to figure out how the LSTM and BI-LSTM deep
Hakak [36] The study's restriction of the goals was to learning models function. The models have substantial loss
publish and evaluate the many interpretations of false news rates, with LSTM and BI-LSTM having just a 91.51 percent
and incorrectly worded gossip/rumors. Second, the study's performance rate.
selection of crucial information to signify bogus news was
inaccurate, and the machine learning models' performance Awan [49] developed deep learning-based automatic
was worse. detection algorithms, and machine learning was studied to
counteract the spread of fake news. Research presented
The work of Abdullah [37] on false data identification unique approach for categorising bogus news. The model
approached perspective. According to study's findings. successfully validated two false news datasets, resulting in
Seven different machine learning algorithms were evaluated better than techniques.
TABLE1: PERIODICITY OF EACH SUBJECT
S. No Subject Periodicity Reference
1. News from the government 1356 (Ahmed, et.al2021)[50], (Khalil, et.al)[52], (Mujahid, et.al2021)[56],
(Raza, et.al2021)[57].
2. Middle East 887 (Garcia-Zapirain, et.al2021)[58], (Aftab, et.al2021)[59]
3. News 1565 (Shearer, et.al2021)[60], (Hernon1995)[61], (Zubiaga, et.al2018)[62],
(Vishwakarma, et.al2020)[63]
4. Left News 887 (Zannettou, et.al2019)[64], (Qian, et.al2019)[65], (Qian, et.al2020)[83]
(Guerini, et.al2015)[66]
5. Economics 4765 (Kagan, et.al2014)[67], (Chen, et.al2015)[68]
6. History News 7123 (Adali,et.al2017)[70], (Liu, et.al2019)[69], (Hussein2018)[73]
7. World News 10877 (Flekova, et.al2015)[74]

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interesting results [80]. The number of urls used to find the

Periodicity user's activity, for example, is calculated by collecting the
user's past 20 false data and calculating the number of urls
used to discover the user's activity.
Government News
Middle East
The average number of mentions is calculated by looking
at the user's last 20 fake data and determining the number
News
of mentions he or she used. The average of hash tags is
Left News calculated by looking at the user's previous 20 errors [81].
Politics For example, urls average is determined by collecting the
user's previous 20 fake data and calculating the number of
Politics News
urls he/she used to discover the user's activity. Mentions
World News average is determined by taking the user's past 20 fake data
and calculating the amount of mentions he or she utilised.
Hash tags average is determined by looking at the user's
Fig.1. Every Subject's Periodicity previous 20 misinformation [82].

VI. SYSTEM ANALYSIS VII. FAKE CONTENT BASED SPAMMER

DETECTION
A. Existing System
The components influenced by the ever-increasing
Spammers are an existing social media strategy since they hazardous substance were investigated etermined to be
may utilise their accounts for a variety of purposes. distributing false information. The writers picked accounts
Spreading rumours is one of these goals, which may that were created shortly after the Boston Marathon
significant perhaps the entire. Because most real-world bombing and were later suspended by social media for
categorization learning applications use continuous-valued breaking the platform's rules and regulations in order to
features, tackling the discretization process is critical to identify the fake accounts. 3.7 million unique users
solving this challenge [76]. It's handy for transforming non- gathered a total of 7.9 million unique fake data [83]. To
normally distributed numeric quantities to nominal values. classify fraudulent material, the authors performed
temporal analysis, determining the temporal distribution of
B. System Study fake data based on the quantity of phoney datas submitted
every hour [84].
All of predicted gain measurements and explanations are
included. In addition, the computation necessitates a cost- • The amount of users who have followed the user
benefit analysis. The cost of the suggested Sentiment accounts.
Analysis. The cost and work required in preserving the
information and created reports outweigh the cost and The spread of bogus information was detected using the
effort involved in avoiding fake news on social media. As a following metrics:
result, this approach is financially viable [77].
➢ social reputation,
B. Technical Feasibility ➢ global engagement,
➢ topic engagement,
Technical feasibility research is an excellent technique to ➢ likability, and
plan for and respond to long-term issues. We utilised PHP ➢ credibility.
for the for the first gained understanding before beginning
the project [78]. Url Based Spam Detection:
C. Module Description • Training dataset
Simplifies task of breaking down a project into modules • Data linked to time
and also aids our understanding of each module's critical
role. The suggested framework's implementation is broken • Factor discretization
down into four modules. Imitation of User Identification
[79]. • Data sampling

The purpose of the quality of the findings, we make sure Antonakaki [86] Spam categorization based on machine
that the quantity of data in each class is balanced. The learning, which will be utilised in the experiment to assess
information from the Near Real Time API yielded some spam detection. The JSON format is processed to extract
features. A dataset has been created for our experiments. the user-based features that have been recognised.
We ensure that the quantity of data in each class is
balanced in order to ensure the quality of the findings. The
data from the Near Real Time API generated some

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The amount of
• Misinformation
• Hash tags
• User mentions
• URLs, on the other hand, are among the fake data-based
characteristics.
Fig.2. Fake URL spam detection
• The categorization approach is used in spam detection.
Fig.3. Fake trending topic.
VIII. FAKE USER IDENTIFICATION
The dataset included 501 fraudulent and 499 legitimate
accounts, with 16 attributes recognised from information
gathered through Near Real Time APIs. For the purpose of
classifying bogus accounts, two trials were conducted [87],
[88]. These features are based what people write in their
messages or content. Spammers use harmful URLs in their
material to convey false information and advertise their
product [89], [90].
The following content-based elements are available:
• Total quantity of bogus data
• Hashtag proportion
• URL proportion
• Mentions proportion status Report of fake data
A. Spam Identification on Popular Issues
Scheufele [91], Field-Fote [92], Taddicken [93]. The first is
spam tweet detection even without previous notice about
the individuals, while the other is linguistic research for
spam detection on a popular topic at the moment.
The five steps of the structure model are as follows:
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• The compilation of tweets related to Twitter's hot topics.
The tweets are then analysed once they have been saved in
a certain le format. [94].
• Spam labelling is carried out to search through all
accessible databases for the malicious URL.
• Extraction of features isolates the features construction
depending on the language model, which utilises language
as a tool to determine whether or not the tweets are false
[95].
• To categorise the data set, a short list of tweets that are
described by the set of attributes provided to the classifier
is used to train the model and gather expertise for spam
identification [96].
• Spam detection use a classification approach to receive
tweets as input and categorise them as spam or not.
B. Fake User Identification
The purpose of data utilised gathered by hand, user's
account, and quantity tweets are all considered in the
categorisation [97], [98], [99]. The dataset included 501
fraudulent and 499 legitimate accounts, with 16 attributes
recognised from information gathered through Twitter
APIs. For the purpose of classifying bogus accounts, two
trials were conducted. The first experiment utilises the
Nave Bayes learning algorithm on the Twitter dataset
without discretization, whereas the second experiment
employs the Nave Bayes learning method after
discretization on the Twitter dataset [100], [101], [102].
These features are based on what people write in their
messages or content. Spammers distribute stuff.
C. Performance Testing
It is carried out to evaluate the software's run-time
performance in the context of an integrated system.
Throughout the testing procedure, several tests are done out
[103], [104]. For example, during white box testing for unit
testing, the performance of individual modules is
examined.
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Fig.4. Performance Classification
IX. CONCLUSION
We reviewed approaches for detecting spammers on Near
Real Time. Furthermore, we proposed a taxonomy of social
media spam detection strategies, dividing them into four
categories: false content identification, URL-based spam
detection, spam detection in hot topics, and fake user
detection techniques. We also compared the strategies
offered based on a number of factors, including user and
content characteristics. Furthermore, the strategies were
compared in terms of the aims they were designed to
achieve and the datasets they employed. Researchers
should be able to get information about state-of-the-art
false data detection systems using the information provided
in this review.
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Effective Intrusion Detection and Classification using

Fuzzy Rule based Classifier in Cloud Environment
Dr C. Veena,*1 Dr.S.Ramalakshmi,2 Dr.V. Bhoopathy,3 Dr. Minakshi Dattatraya Bhosale,4 C. G. Magadum,5
Abirami.S.K.6
*1
Professor, Department of CSE, Kommuri Pratap Reddy Institute of Technology, Ghanpur (V), Ghatkesar,
Hyderabad, Telangana, India, cveenaprofessor@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Applications, Don Bosco College (Arts and Science),
Karaikal, Puducherry, India, lakshmigana2011@gmail.com
3
Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Malla Reddy College of Engineering, Secunderabad,
Telangana, India, v.bhoopathy@gmail.com
4
Associate Professor, Faculty of MCA, Yashoda Technical Campus, Satara, Maharashtra, India,
minakshi1168@gmail.com
5
Assistant Professor, Smt. Kasturbai Walchand College, Sangli, Maharashtra, India, magdchet2001@gmail.com
6
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Business Systems, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India, abiramiskthevan@gmail.com

Abstract—Cloud computing (CC) is the demonstration of the
technology that makes use of the substructure for computing in a
proficient fashion. This sort of computing offers great quantity of
consequences in augmenting the productivity that verifies the risk
handling management and decreases the cost. Intrusion detection
system (IDS) is widely applied for detecting malicious actions in its
host and the communication network. IDS is a procedure of
discovering activities that take place in a network and attempts to
fulfill the confidentiality, network, or security accessibility to
smear the trust procedure. This article introduces an Effective
Intrusion Detection and Classification using Fuzzy Rule based
Classifier (EIDC-FRC) model in Cloud Environment. The goal of
the presented EIDC-FRC model is to determine the occurrence of
intrusions and normal data traffic in the cloud environment. In
order to achieve this, the presented EIDC-FRC model applies FRC
for data classification process. The parameter tuning of the FRC
model is performed using enhanced bird swarm algorithm
(EBSA). The FRC is an effective model in pattern recognition that
offers effective outcomes by the use of linguistic labels in the
antecedents of the rules. The simulation analysis of the EIDC-FRC
model ensured the enhancements of the presented approach
compared to recent state of art approaches.
Keywords— Pattern recognition; Machine learning; Cloud
computing; Fuzzy logic; Intrusion; Security
I. INTRODUCTION
Cloud Computing (CC) is an arising advancement on the
planet [1]. It is an Internet-based computing modernization,
through which shared assets like stage, programming, data, and
stockpiling are provided to clients upon request [2]. CC is a
modernization through which virtualized and progressive
adaptable assets are provided to the client over the Internet. CC
clients don't claim the actual framework, consequently keeping
away from capital consumption [3]. Individuals depend on PC
organizations to get news, stock costs, email, and web based
shopping. The uprightness and accessibility of this multitude of
frameworks should be safeguarded against various dangers [4].
Novice programmers, rival partnerships, fear mongers, and,
surprisingly, unfamiliar states have the rationale and capacity to
do modern assaults against PC frameworks [5]. For that reason,
the information security field has become imperatively critical
to the monetary prosperity and well-being of society [6]. The
quick expansion and broad application of electronic statistics
handling and electronic business directed over the massive
operation of the remote and wired correspondence
organizations, Web application, Internet, and CC combined with
numerous events of global psychological warfare, raises the
necessity for providing safe and secured data framework using
intrusion location, firewalls, and avoidance frameworks,
verification, encryption, programming arrangements and other
equipment [7]. In this battle to get our put-away information and
the frameworks, IDPS can end up being a significant device,
where it will likely perform early recognition of malevolent
movement and perhaps forestall more genuine harm to the
safeguarded frameworks [8]. By utilizing IDPS, one might
distinguish an assault and inform suitable faculty right away or
keep it from succeeding, with the goal that the danger can be
contained. IDPS can likewise be an exceptionally valuable
apparatus for recording measurable proof that might be utilized
in legal procedures assuming the culprit of a lawbreaker break is
arraigned [9]. Be that as it may, IDPS execution is thwarted by
the high phony problem rate it produces. This is a significant
worry in data security because any misleading problems will
begin a serious effect on the framework, for example, the
interruption of data accessibility due to IDPS blockage in
thinking the data to be an assault endeavor [10].
This article introduces an Effective Intrusion Detection and
Classification using Fuzzy Rule based Classifier (EIDC-FRC)
model in Cloud Environment. The goal of the presented EIDC-
FRC model is to determine the occurrence of intrusions and

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
normal data traffic in the cloud environment. In order to achieve
this, the presented EIDC-FRC model applies FRC for data
classification process. The parameter tuning of the FRC model
is performed using enhanced bird swarm algorithm (EBSA). The
FRC is an effective model in pattern recognition that offers
effective outcomes by the use of linguistic labels in the
antecedents of the rules. The simulation analysis of the EIDC-
FRC model ensured the enhancements of the presented approach
compared to recent state of art approaches.
II. RELATED WORKS
In [11], a host-related intrusion detection system (H-IDS) is
modelled to protect virtual machines in the cloud atmosphere.
Due to the fact, primarily, significant features of all classes were
through LR, and then, such values were enhanced by utilizing
the regularization method. After that, several attacks were
categorized with an integration of 3 classifiers they are linear
discriminate analysis, neural network, and decision tree with the
bagging method for all classes. In [12], IDS was presented on
the basis of an innovative optimized custom Recurrent CNN
which can be modelled for ID with the ALO method. By this
method, CNNs are hybridized with LSTM. Therefore, every
assault recognized with the network layer of cloud was
efficiently classified.
Krishnaveni and Prabakaran [13] modelled the Ensemble
methods for Classification and Network ID in Cloud. Ensemble
Learning majorly aids to enhance the result of all ML
approaches and to receive robust Classifiers. By utilizing
Honeynet, Real Time Malicious Network Streams Samples have
been accumulated, which can be deployed over cloud
environment. Researchers exploit Unsupervised learning and
supervised learning techniques to classify unknown malicious
streams and recognized malicious network streams. Hajimirzaei
and Navimipour [14] devise an innovative IDS related to
integration of ABC and fuzzy clustering algorithms and MLP
network. Abnormal and Normal network traffic packets will be
recognized by the MLP, whereas the MLP training was
Fig. 1. Structure of FRC
In which 𝐴𝑘𝑖 represent the fuzzy term that defines the 𝑘-th
features in 𝑖-th fuzzy rules (𝑘 = 1, . . . , 𝐷), 𝑅 indicates the
quantity of fuzzy rules and 𝑆 = (𝑠1 , 𝑠2 , … , 𝑠𝐷 ) denotes the
binary feature vector, while 𝑠𝑘 ∧ 𝑥𝑘 denotes the existence
(𝑠𝑘 = 1) or nonexistence (𝑠𝑘 = 0) of classifier features. In a
data set {(x𝑝 ; 𝑐𝑝 ), 𝑝 = 1, 2, … , 𝑍} the class labels are shown
below:
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performed by the ABC technique by optimizing the values of
biases and linkage weights.
Wang et al. [15] intend to use DL for extracting
indispensable feature representations mechanically and realizing
high detection performance proficiently. An effectual stacked
contractive AE (SCAE) approach was modelled for
unsupervised feature extraction. Robust and better low-
dimensional features are automatically studied from raw
network traffic by using the SCAE approach, a new cloud IDS
was devised depending upon the basis of the SVM and SCAE
classifier algorithm. In [16], an innovative hybridization
technique for IDS was presented for enhancing the overall
security of cloud-oriented computing atmosphere. This
technique employs fuzzy oriented ANN for effectual clustering
of anomaly while the fuzzy oriented clustering can be
maximized through spider-monkey optimized method. This
hybrid method overcomes the selection process and iterative
classification of fuzzy clustering method by updating the fitness
value automatically.
III. THE PROPOSED MODEL
This article has devised a novel EIDC-FRC model to
recognize the appearance of intrusions and attacks in the Cloud
Environment. The goal of the presented EIDC-FRC model is to
determine the occurrence of intrusions and normal data traffic in
the cloud environment. Fuzzy classification belonging to rule
constructed models has substantial compensations according to
the performance, along with the following and enterprise
evaluations [17]. A limited compensation of fuzzy classification
is the interpretability of classifier rules. Consider that x =
(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝐷 ) ∈ R𝐷 is a 𝐷 dimension feature as well as 𝐶 =
{𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , … , 𝑐𝑚 } denotes a collection of class labels. Fig. 1 depicts
the structure of FRC.
𝑅𝑖 : 𝐼𝐹 𝑠1 ∧ 𝑥1 = 𝐴1𝑖 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝑠2 ∧ 𝑥2 = 𝐴2𝑖 𝐴𝑁𝐷 … 𝐴𝑁𝐷
𝑠𝐷 ∧ 𝑥𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷𝑖 𝑇𝐻𝐸𝑁 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑐𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑅,
𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑐𝑡 , 𝑡 = arg max β𝑗 ,
𝑗=1,2,…,𝑚
𝐷
𝛽𝑗 (𝑥𝑝 ) = ∑ ∏ µ𝐴𝑘𝑖 (𝑥𝑝𝑘 ),
𝑅𝑖 𝑘=1
𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖 =𝑐𝑗
µ𝐴𝑘𝑖 (𝑥𝑝𝑘 ) indicates the symmetrical association operation
for the 𝐴𝑘𝑖 fuzzy at point 𝑥𝑝𝑘 . The quantity of classifier rate is
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defined as a ratio amongst the quantity of properly allotted class

labels and the common amount of objects to be considered:
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑐𝑝 = arg max 𝑓𝑗 (𝑥𝑝 ; 𝜃, 𝑆)
∑𝑍𝑝=1 { 𝑗=1,2,…,𝑚
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝐸(𝜃, 𝑆) = , (1)
𝑍
In the equation, 𝑓(x𝑝 ; 𝜃, 𝑆) indicates the fuzzy classification
output using the variable 𝜃 and feature S in point x𝑝 . The
technique produces the prime rule bases for the fuzzy
classification that comprises single rule of all the classes. The
rule is complete on the basis of extreme value in the trained
instance 𝑇𝑟 = {(x𝑝 ; 𝑐𝑝 ), 𝑝 = 1,2, … , 𝑍}. In which: 𝑚 indicates
the quantity of classes; 𝐷 signifies the feature amount.
A. Parameter Tuning Fig. 2. TACC and VACC analysis of EIDC-FRC system
The parameter tuning of the FRC system was carried out
utilizing EBSA. BSA is an effectual optimization system with The TACC and VACC of the EIDC-FRC technique are
features of simple process, optimal extensibility, etc [18]. Let 𝑁 investigated on IDS performance in Fig. 2. The figure implied
virtual bird fly and forage for food. Assuming 𝑥𝑖𝑡 (𝑖 ∈ that the EIDC-FRC model has shown improved performance
[1,2, ⋯ , 𝑁]) expose the place of 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bird at 𝑡. The bird acts are with increased values of TACC and VACC. It is evident that the
described as: EIDC-FRC model has reached maximum TACC outcomes.
Foraging behavior is determined as:
𝑡+1 𝑡 𝑡
𝑥𝑖,𝑗 𝑗 = 𝑥𝑖,𝑗 + (𝑝𝑖,𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖,𝑗 ) × 𝐶 × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑(0,1) + (𝑔𝑖,𝑗
𝑡
− 𝑥𝑖,𝑗 ) × 𝑆 × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑(0,1) (2)
Vigilance action is defined as:
𝑡+1 𝑡 𝑡
𝑥𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑥𝑖,𝑗 + 𝐴1 (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖,𝑗 ) × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑(0,1) + 𝐴2 (𝑝𝑖,𝑗
𝑡
− 𝑥𝑖,𝑗 ) × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑(−1,1) (3)
Whereas, 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 are demonstrated mathematically as:
𝑝𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑖
𝐴1 = 𝑎1 × exp (− × 𝑁) (4)
𝑠𝑢𝑚𝐹𝑖𝑡 + 𝜀
𝑝𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑙 − 𝑝𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑘 𝑁 × 𝑝𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑘
𝐴2 = 𝑎2 × exp (( )× ) (5)
|𝑝𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑘 − 𝑝𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑙 | + 𝜀 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝐹𝑖𝑡 + 𝜀
𝑎1 and 𝑎2 are constants in 0 and 2. 𝜀 signifies the small
constant. Flight action is represented as:
𝑡+1
𝑥𝑖,𝑗 𝑡
= 𝑥𝑖,𝑗 𝑡
+ 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑛(0,1) × 𝑥𝑖,𝑗 (6) Fig. 3. TLS and VLS analysis of EIDC-FRC system
𝑡+1 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑥𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑥𝑖,𝑗 + (𝑥𝑘,𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖,𝑗 ) × 𝐹𝐿 × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑛(0,1) (7)
The TLS and VLS of the EIDC-FRC approach are tested on
In which 𝐹𝐿 is in 0 and 2. The chaotic process is a property IDS performance in Fig. 3. The figure inferred that the EIDC-
of sensitivity to initial condition. The chaotic signal generated FRC system has revealed better performance with least values
by deterministic approaches is quality of genus‐arbitrariness. Its of TLS and VLS. It is noticeable that the EIDC-FRC method has
curve is determined as initial value and chaos mapping resulted in reduced VLS outcomes.
parameter. Logistic mapping is employed very practically. The
logistic chaotic process was complex dynamical actions, it is
TABLE I
described as variance Eq. (8).
𝜆𝑖+1 = 𝜇 × 𝜆𝑖 × (1 − 𝜆𝑖 ) (8) COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EIDC-FRC TECHNIQUE WITH
EXISTING APPROACHES
𝜆 ∈ [0,1], 𝑖 = 0,1,2, ⋯ , 𝜇 is in 1 and 4. Based on studies, 𝜇
represents the neighboring 4, 𝜆 stands for the neighboring to Accuracy F-Measure
Methods
average distribution betwixt 0 and 1. Meanwhile, this technique (%) (%)
is completely chaotic once 𝜇 is 4. An initial population is a EIDC-FRC 99.85 99.76
crucial part of intelligence optimizing system which controls the C-HMT-BPNN 99.81 99.65
rate of convergence and last solution quality. The logistic HMT-BPNN 99.68 99.71
chaotic mapping can be employed to initialize the population IPSO-NN Model 99.45 99.74
which created complete employ of data solution space to Cuckoo Opt. Model 96.43 96.23
enhance the approach efficiency.
CS-PSO Model 89.70 89.73
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION PSO-SVM Model 96.56 96.26
In order to report the better performance of the proposed BB-IDS 89.62 89.37
EIDC-FRC model, a detailed comparative examination is made. Gaussian Process 92.18 91.84
DNN-SVM Model 98.17 97.92

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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GA-Fuzzy 97.32 97.29
Fuzzy C-Means 92.60 92.82
GB Algorithm 87.47 87.44
In order to report the better performance of the proposed
EIDC-FRC model, a detailed comparative examination is made
in Table 1 and Fig. 4. The results implied that the GB, BB-IDS,
and CS-PSO models have depicted worse results with 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of
87.47%, 89.62%, and 89.7% respectively. At the same time, the
Guassian Process and FCM models have shown slightly better
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 values of 92.18% and 92.6% respectively. In line with
this, the Cuckoo Opt., PSO-SVM, and GA-Fuzzy models have
demonstrated reasonable 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 values of 96.43%, 96.56%, and
97.32% respectively. Next, the DNN-SVM, IPSO-NN, HMT-
BPNN, and C-HMT-BPNN models have demonstrated
considerable 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 values of 98.17%, 99.45%, 99.68%, and
99.81% respectively. But the presented EIDC-FRC model has
obtained maximum performance with 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 99.85%.
implied that the GB, BB-IDS, and CS-PSO models have
portrayed worse results with 𝐹𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 of 87.44%, 89.37%, and
89.73% respectively. Simultaneously, the Gaussian Process and
FCM models have shown slightly better 𝐹𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 values of
91.84, and 92.82% correspondingly. In line with this, the
Cuckoo Opt., PSO-SVM, and GA-Fuzzy models have
demonstrated reasonable 𝐹𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 values of 96.23%, 96.26%,
and 97.29% correspondingly. Subsequently, the DNN-SVM, C-
HMT-BPNN, HMT-BPNN, and IPSO-NN techniques have
demonstrated considerable 𝐹𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 values of 97.92%, 99.65%,
99.71% and 99.65% correspondingly. But the presented EIDC-
FRC method has increased maximum performance with
𝐹𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 of 99.76%.
To demonstrate the better performance of the proposed
EIDC-FRC method, a detailed comparative inspection is made
in Table 2 and Fig. 6. The results implied that the GB Algorithm,
FCM, and GA-Fuzzy models have depicted worse results with
TRT of 66.71s, 66.48s, and 65.12s respectively. Simultaneously,
the DNN-SVM, and Gaussian Process models have shown
slightly better TRT values of 63.22, and 60.74s respectively. In
line with this, the BB-IDS, PSO-SVM, and CS-PSO models
have established reasonable TRT values of 53.83s, 51.42s, and
46.5s respectively. Next, the Cuckoo Opt., IPSO-NN, HMT-
BPNN, and C-HMT-BPNN techniques have demonstrated
considerable TRT values of 45.21s, 41.14s, 40.1s, and 41.14s
correspondingly. But the presented EIDC-FRC method has
gained maximum performance with TRT of 34.35.
TABLE II
TRT AND TST ANALYSIS OF EIDC-FRC TECHNIQUE WITH
EXISTING APPROACHES

Training Testing Time

Methods
Time (sec) (sec)
EIDC-FRC 34.35 31.35
C-HMT-BPNN 37.54 34.08
Fig. 4. 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 analysis of EIDC-FRC technique with existing HMT-BPNN 40.10 30.45
approaches IPSO-NN Model 41.14 36.18
Cuckoo Opt. Model 45.21 38.65
CS-PSO Model 46.5 32.44
PSO-SVM Model 51.42 48.05
BB-IDS 53.83 30.47
Gaussian Process 60.74 49.6
DNN-SVM Model 63.22 35.76
GA-Fuzzy 65.12 40.85
Fuzzy C-Means 66.48 51.06
GB Algorithm 66.71 62.67

Fig. 5. 𝐹𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 analysis of EIDC-FRC technique with existing

approaches

To better performance of the proposed EIDC-FRC model, a

detailed comparative examination is made in Fig. 5. The results

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Fig. 6. TRT analysis of EIDC-FRC technique with existing
approaches
For illustrating the better performance of the proposed
EIDC-FRC method, a detailed comparative examination is made
in Fig. 7. The results implied that the GB Algorithm, FCM, and
Gaussian Process models have portrayed worse results with TST
of 62.67s, 51.06s, and 49.6s correspondingly. Simultaneously,
the PSO-SVM and GA-Fuzzy models have exposed slightly
better TST values of 48.05 and 40.85s correspondingly. In line
with this, the Cuckoo Opt., IPSO-NN, and DNN-SVM
approaches have established reasonable TST values of 38.65s,
36.18s, and 35.76s respectively. Next, the C-HMT-BPNN, CS-
PSO, EIDC-FRC and BB-IDS techniques have demonstrated
considerable TST values of 34.08s, 32.44s, 31.35s, and 32.44s
correspondingly. But the presented EIDC-FRC method has
gained maximum performance with TST of 30.45s.
Fig. 7. TST analysis of EIDC-FRC technique with existing
approaches
V. CONCLUSION
This article has devised a new EIDC-FRC module to
recognize the appearance of intrusions and attacks in the Cloud
Environment. The goal of the presented EIDC-FRC model is to
determine the occurrence of intrusions and normal data traffic in
the cloud environment. In order to achieve this, the presented
EIDC-FRC model applies FRC for data classification process.
The FRC is an effective model in pattern recognition that offers
effective outcomes by the use of linguistic labels in the
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antecedents of the rules. The simulation analysis of the EIDC-
FRC model ensured the enhancements of the presented approach
compared to recent state of art approaches.
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[12] Thilagam, T. and Aruna, R., 2021. Intrusion detection for network based
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[13] Krishnaveni, S. and Prabakaran, S., 2021. Ensemble approach for network
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[14] Hajimirzaei, B. and Navimipour, N.J., 2019. Intrusion detection for cloud
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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A Comprehensive Review of Cloud based Multi-
Authority Revocable CPABE Schemes
Shobha Chawla,
Research Scholar,
Faculty of Computer Applications, MRIIRS
shobha.chawla@gmail.com
Abstract— Security concerns related to the cloud service
model cannot be efficiently addressed using conventional
cryptographic techniques. Therefore, Ciphertext Policy
Attribute Based Encryption (CPABE) became the suitable
choice for the data owners to enforce fine-grained access
control. Even though the sensitive data resides with Cloud
Service Provider (CSP), however, the data owner has complete
control to determine who can access the data. CPABE schemes
in existing work have been implemented either using single-
authority or multi-authority systems. In this work, multi-
authority pairing-based revocable CPABE schemes
methodology has been thoroughly studied. The methodology
adopted by the existing schemes to revoke malicious users has
been analytically compared using various parameters. In
addition, the approaches addressing change in users’ roles,
privileges, or attributes have also been critically reviewed.
Subsequently, the challenges and research gaps identified in
the existing schemes have been outlined. Conclusively, in this
study, the properties required in an efficient multi-authority
pairing-based revocable CPABE framework have been
presented as a possible solution to subdue the identified
research gaps.
Keywords— ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption, user
revocation, attribute-level revocation, collusion-resistance,
multi-authority
I. INTRODUCTION
The conventional management of storage computing by
businesses or industries underwent a significant paradigm
shift as a result of the service model of cloud storage. Cloud
computing boosts computing power and offers service on-
demand with the pay-as-per-usage phenomenon and is
managed by a third party. Consequently, security concerns
are the major challenge and threat for the users of the cloud.
For the past few years, CPABE has received the greatest
attention from researchers. CPABE facilitates data
confidentiality and eliminates the data owner‘s concern of
losing the sensitive data residing on the cloud. CPABE
scheme came up with the concept of one-to-many
encryptions and attained fine-grained access control. The
scheme allows only authorized users to decrypt the data
stored on the cloud. CPABE suggested that a data user must
possess certain attributes to acquire a secret key. In addition,
the scheme stated that the data owner determines the access
policy for the encrypted file. This way, the CPABE scheme
managed to achieve one-to-many encryptions. Moreover,
only the data user whose secret key satisfies the access
policy could get access to the encrypted sensitive file [1].
For instance, in University ―XYZ‖, the administrative
department restricted access to sensitive data only to the
―administrative staff‖, ―principal‖, or ―HOD‖, who are
working as employees in the session ―2022-2023‖. It means
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Neha Gupta
Professor,
Faculty of Computer Applications, MRIIRS
nehag2012@gmail.com
the access policy associated with the file allows only
―administrative staff‖, ―principal‖ or ―HOD‖ of the session
―2022-2023‖ to decrypt the file. Thus, any user who may be
holding any number of attributes must have ―2022-2023‖ as
the value of the ―session‖ attribute and must be playing the
role of either ―administrative staff‖ or ―principal‖ or ―HOD‖
to retrieve the secret key. This secret key helps the data user
to successfully decrypt the sensitive file. Given that the data
owner has the authority to determine the access policy,
CPABE gained extreme popularity amongst the researchers.
However, CPABE has multiple challenges that may lead to
data breaches.
Conventional CPABE scheme implemented a single to
manage system parameters and the key generation of users.
Although a single attribute authority entity is trustworthy,
however, if it gets compromised by the adversary, the
security of the complete system could be breached. A
single-authority system becomes impractical if the data
owner includes attributes issued from different authorities to
frame the access policy. For example, the data owner
defines the authorized set for access policy as the data user
should be (―Doctor having specialization in Neurology‖ and
―Researcher having h-Index >= 20‖). Then, the data user
needs to acquire these attributes from two different
authorities. Such implementation was not possible to
accomplish using a single-authority system. Consequently,
to address the above-specified issues many authors proposed
multi-authority systems [2], [3]. Multi-authority system in
CPABE suggested that multiple authorities may administer
multiple attributes of a user. Thus, it became harder for the
adversary to breach security. Multiple authors have
proposed several extensions of multi-authority systems in
CPABE addressing the key-escrow problems and the
drawback of the single-authority system.
The multi-authority CPABE systems are mainly of two
types namely: Centralized and Decentralized. The major
difference between both systems is who distributes the
secret key to the data user. In the centralized multi-authority
system central authority distributes the secret key [2].
Whilst in the decentralized multi-authority system attribute
authorities are responsible to distribute the secret key to the
data user [3].
This paper has critically reviewed the dynamic
revocation of users‘ access rights in the multi-authority
CPABE scheme. An efficient revocation mechanism allows
CPABE to enforce fine-grained access control. Access
rights of the user should be instantly revoked whenever the
user leaves the system or is traced as malicious. In an
organization, the roles of users change and consequently,
their access rights. Such changes should be immediately
incorporated to deny unauthorized access. Additionally,
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besides securing data confidentiality, an efficient revocable
CPABE scheme should also have a mechanism to avoid
collusion attacks caused by the revoked users or by revoked
users and the cloud service provider. By and large, the
existing state-of-the-art revocation schemes updated the
ciphertext or updated key of non-revoked users or both, to
deny access to revoked users and to provide continual
access to non-revoked users. Such approaches are
computationally inefficient. Numerous schemes also
suggested ciphertext re-encryption; however, the re-
encryption increases the size of the ciphertext.
The structure of the paper has been outlined as follows:
In the second section, existing state-of-the-art is studied. The
third section analytically compares the studied schemes
based on various parameters. The fourth section discusses the
research challenges to build an efficient revocable
framework for the multi-authority CPABE scheme. The fifth
section presents a possible solution. The paper is concluded
in the sixth section.
II. RELATED WORK
This section summarizes the study of existing work
related to the revocation issues in multi-authority CPABE
systems implemented using bilinear pairing cryptography.
Multiple approaches advocated key updates of non-revoked
users to realize user revocation and ciphertext re-encryption
to enforce attributes level revocation. In the studied
literature, the least discussion has been observed on the
possibility of CSP colluding with the revoked users. Almost
all the reviewed schemes are dynamic and maintain forward
and backward secrecy.
Yang et al. 2012 [4] addressed the attribute-level
revocation through temporal-based access control by
allowing multiple authorities to broadcast an update key for
the non-revoked users. The keys were broadcasted at each
time slot after examining the revocation list. The revocation
depended on the selection of the right time slot size;
consequently, the scheme lacked dynamicity. Furthermore,
users did not lose their access privileges but rather were
disabled for a certain time slot.
H., Goyal, and Singla proposed attribute-level
revocation by updating the attribute group key with every
change in the attributes of the user. Additionally, ciphertext
had also been re-encrypted. Such solutions increase
computation overhead if implemented in a dynamic
environment, therefore, were impractical to implement [5].
The scheme proposed by Yang et al. 2013 [6]
implemented attribute-level revocation along with
backward/forward secrecy, however, the CSP‘s potential of
colluding with the revoked users was not given enough
consideration. The proposed approach for revocation by
Yang et al. 2013 required a key update and ciphertext
update, thus, increasing computational overhead.
Attribute-level user revocation in the proposed CPABE
by R. Li et al. [7] had been achieved by ciphertext re-
encryption, however, the scheme did not address the
likelihood of collusion between revoked users and CSP.
The multi-authority CPABE scheme proposed by Xu et
al. [8] employed user revocation through re-encryption of
ciphertext and key by the proxy server. The scheme
improved the efficiency of the resource-constrained IoT
devices by shifting client-side computation to the cloud
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servers and had been proved secure against brute-force
attacks.
A collusion-resistant proxy assisted approach had been
employed by Al-Dahhan et al. [9] to address user
revocation. The presented scheme enforced access control
by updating the non-revoked user‘s key; however, the
scheme was not scalable.
The construction of a decentralized multi-authority
CPABE scheme addressing access control through revoking
users‘ access privileges had been employed by Zhong et al.
[10]. The proposed revocation mechanism addressed the
issue through expensive computations including secret key
updating of non-revoked users and re-encryption of
ciphertext with every revocation request. After re-
encryption, the data owner outsourced the updated
ciphertext to the cloud server. The possibility of cloud
servers colluding with the revoked users was not discussed
in the study.
Attribute-based access control had been implemented
through the update of the associated attribute group key,
whenever any user loses an attribute [11], [12]. Later, the
approach required an update of the non-revoked users‘ keys
and ciphertext updates to control the revoked users‘ access
privileges. Both the schemes allowed forward and backward
secrecy, however, the schemes were vulnerable to collusion
attacks caused by revoked users and CSP. On the other
hand, L. Li, Wang, and Li [13] updated the group key of a
user group and the non-revoked users‘ identity keys when a
user gets revoked. Additionally, the ciphertext update was
required to achieve attribute-level revocation. The scheme
outsourced the computational burden of encryption and
decryption to fog nodes.
Constant – size ciphertext along with the user revocation
was achieved by Xiao Zhang et al. [14] through ciphertext
update and non-revoked users‘ key update. The scheme used
a threshold access policy for access structure. The direct
approach used with every revocation increased
computational cost. On the other hand, Ciphertext re-
encryption had been implemented by Wu et al. in the
CPABE scheme designed for Named Data Network to
revoke the user‘s access rights [15].
The scheme proposed by Vaanchig et al. [16] addressed
the key-escrow problem and proposed a scheme for
revoking malicious users through non-revoked users‘ key
updates. The scheme introduced a dummy attribute and a
user central key. The dummy attribute helped to achieve key
escrow and user- revocation and the user central key helped
to prevent collusion attacks.
A multi-authority CPABE scheme for enforcing fine-
grained access control in the cloud storage environment was
proposed by Xinyue Zhang et al. [17]. The scheme
supported a large universe and CSP re-encrypted the
ciphertext to achieve user revocation. As the scheme
outsourced decryption, the CSP performed partial
decryption and thus, reduced the computational cost of the
client.
A dynamic attribute-level revocation had been proposed
by Z. Zhang [18]. Each attribute authority in this scheme
governed certain attributes and computed attribute-based
keys for the data user. During this process, if any attribute of
the user ‗u‘ gets revoked, the tag value of the corresponding
attribute of the respective user gets updated. Later, on the
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request of ciphertext by the user, the cloud server re-
encrypted the ciphertext, using the assigned tag value. The
scheme proposed by Z. Zhang modified the tag value to
control the access of the revoked user. This approach
increased the likelihood of the cloud server colluding with
the revoked user.
Dynamic and frequent changes in attributes of users had
been addressed by Tu et al. [19]. The scheme updated the
attributes group key whenever any user attribute was
revoked. Subsequently, ciphertext had been updated to
control users‘ access.
Multi-attribute CPABE scheme proposed by Sethi,
Pradhan, and Bera [20] imposed user-level access control
on revoked users by periodically updating the keys of non-
revoked users. The execution of the key update process in
the scheme was time and demand dependent. The attribute
authority that holds the revocation list runs this process
when a non-revoked data user holding certain attributes
requests for update key at time-period t. The cloud server in
the design proposed by Sethi et al. was semi-trusted server.
As the scheme was temporal-based and each ciphertext was
linked with a time period, hence the cloud server updated
the ciphertext after the lapse of every time interval to deny
access to the revoked users. Consequently, instant
revocation was not possible with this approach and periodic
ciphertext updates increased computation overhead.
III. ANALYTICAL COMPARISON
In this section, the revocation approaches of the existing
schemes studied and reviewed in the previous section have
been analytically compared. The Table I depicts the
comparison based on the following parameters:
 Type of revocation addressed – User or Attribute-
Level Revocation
 Resistant to collusion – partial or full (partial
means only collusion attack by revoked users had
been studied; whilst, full means the potentiality of
CSP colluding with the revoked users had also been
considered.)
 Pre-requisite of key update of non-revoked users or
update of the attribute group key
 Pre-requisite of ciphertext update or re-encryption.
 Fulfillment of forward and backward secrecy.
 Attainment of dynamicity.
Table I compares the contribution of existing studies
and the methodology implemented to realize revocation.
The comparison infers various research gaps identified in
the adopted methodology by the existing schemes. The
comparison shown in Table I have been displayed in
pictorial form using graphs. As discussed above Fig 1
exhibits the type of revocation contributed by the studied
literature. Fig 2 depicts the level of collusion resistance
achieved by the studied work. Fig 3 expresses the studied
literature majorly updated secret key of non-revoked users
or updated the attribute group key or updated ciphertext or
re-encrypted ciphertext to address the revocation issues. Fig
3 has also shown that most of the studied literature has
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revoked the access rights of users dynamically and
maintained forward and backward secrecy.
IV. RESEARCH CHALLENGES
The analytical study of existing work in the previous
section has observed the following challenges amongst the
various multi-authority revocable CPABE schemes:
 Instantly addressing both the user as well as
attribute-level revocation – [4] and [20] are
temporal-based, thus do not provide dynamic
revocation. [7], [8], [9], [10], [14], [15], [16], [17],
and [20] addressed only user-level revocation.
Whilst [4], [5], [6], [11], and [19] addressed only
attribute-level revocation. Both the revocations are
addressed only by [12], [13], and [18].
 Revoke users, both at the system and attribute-level
without any pre-requisite to update the key of non-
revoked users or attribute group key – Except [18]
all the studied schemes updated the key of non-
revoked users or attribute group key.
 Revoke users, both at the system and attribute-level
without any pre-requisite to update ciphertext or its
re-encryption – Except [4] and [20] all the studied
schemes updated or re-encrypted ciphertext.
 Resist collusion – Except [4], [9], and [16] all the
studied schemes are partially collusion-resistant.
Table I exhibit that the existing studies do not provide a
solution to all the above-mentioned challenges together in
one single scheme. The possibility of collusion between
revoked users and cloud service providers has been ignored
in the existing multi-authority CPABE schemes. Exploration
of these issues and further research is needed to build a
framework addressing above-mentioned all the challenges in
one single scheme.
V. PROPOSED SOLUTION
In this section, the solution for an efficient framework to
realize revocation, both at the use-level and attributes level
in a bilinear pairing-based CPABE system has been
proposed. The proposed framework shall have the following
properties:
 A dynamic solution to user revocation without
updating or affecting non-revoked users‘ secret keys
and the ciphertext.
 A dynamic solution to attribute-level revocation
without updating the attributes group‘s secret key
and the ciphertext re-encryption.
 Provide the least privileges to CSP (For example,
CSP should not be authorized to re-encrypt or update
the ciphertext to control access of revoked users) to
make it harder for CSP to collude with the revoked
users.
 Use identity and time components to protect against
collusion attacks. Incorporation of an identity
component within a secret key allows instant
traceability and refrains revoked users to collude.
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The time component causes the expiration of the key
and invalidates it after a time-period.
VI. CONCLUSION
CPABE using single authority and multi-authority
systems has been widely studied by researchers. This study
has critically reviewed the existing state-of-the-art pairing-
based revocable CPABE schemes using a multi-authority
system. The study observed that majorly the existing
schemes have incorporated an indirect approach. Thus, to
deny access to revoked users, either key of non-revoked
users was updated or the ciphertext update was
incorporated. Few schemes have employed both the above-
stated updates to revoke malicious users. Attribute-level
revocation has been addressed by updating the attribute
group key or ciphertext re-encryption. Such mechanisms
increase computational or storage costs and are impractical
to implement. The potentiality of CSP to collude with the
revoked users has received very little attention from the
researchers. Eventually, the survey has been concluded with
a possible solution. The proposed solution presented the
essential properties required in an efficient multi-authority
bilinear pairing-based revocable CPABE framework to
realize revocation, both at the use-level and attributes level.
In future work, the proposed solution can be implemented
using pairing-based cryptography. Additionally, the
experimental results can be compared with the existing
schemes to prove the practicability of the proposal.
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[4] K. Yang, Z. Liu, Z. Cao, X. Jia, D. S. Wong, and K. Ren, ―TAAC :
Temporal Attribute-based Access Control for Multi-Authority Cloud
Storage Systems‖.
[5] V. H., D. Goyal, and S. Singla, ―An Efficient and Secure Solution
for Attribute Revocation Problem Utilizing CP-ABE Scheme in
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16–21, 2015, doi: 10.5120/ijca2015906807.
[6] K. Yang, A. Member, X. Jia, K. Ren, and S. Member, ―DAC-
MACS : Effective Data Access Control for Multiauthority Cloud
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Storage Systems,‖ vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 1790–1801, 2013.
[7] R. Li et al., ―Secure , efficient and revocable multi-authority access
control system in cloud storage,‖ 2016, doi:
10.1016/j.cose.2016.02.002.
[8] X. Xu, J. Zhou, X. Wang, and Y. Zhang, ―Multi-authority proxy re-
encryption based on CPABE for cloud storage systems,‖ vol. 27, no.
1, pp. 211–223, 2016, doi: 10.1109/JSEE.
[9] R. R. Al-Dahhan, Q. Shi, G. M. Lee, and K. Kifayat, ―Revocable,
decentralized multi-Authority access control system,‖ Proc. - 11th
IEEE/ACM Int. Conf. Util. Cloud Comput. Companion, UCC
Companion 2018, pp. 220–225, 2019, doi: 10.1109/UCC-
Companion.2018.00088.
[10] H. Zhong, W. Zhu, Y. Xu, and J. Cui, ―Multi-authority attribute-
based encryption access control scheme with policy hidden for cloud
storage Multi-authority attribute-based encryption access control
scheme with policy hidden for cloud storage,‖ Soft Comput., vol. 22,
no. 1, pp. 243–251, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s00500-016-2330-8.
[11] Z. Liu, Z. L. Jiang, X. Wang, and S. M. Yiu, ―Practical attribute-
based encryption: Outsourcing decryption, attribute revocation and
policy updating,‖ J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 108, no. January, pp.
112–123, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2018.01.016.
[12] G. Ramu, B. E. Reddy, A. Jayanthi, and L. V. N. Prasad, ―Fine-
grained access control of EHRs in cloud using CP-ABE with user
revocation,‖ Health Technol. (Berl)., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 487–496,
2019, doi: 10.1007/s12553-019-00304-9.
[13] L. Li, Z. Wang, and N. A. Li, ―Efficient Attribute-Based Encryption
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Enabled IoT,‖ vol. 8, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3025140.
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attribute-based encryption scheme with constant-size ciphertexts and
user revocation,‖ no. March, pp. 1–9, 2018, doi: 10.1002/cpe.4678.
[15] Z. Wu, Y. Zhang, and E. Xu, ―Multi-Authority Revocable Access
Control Method Based on CP-ABE in NDN,‖ 2020.
[16] N. Vaanchig, H. Xiong, W. Chen, and Z. Qin, ―Achieving
Collaborative Cloud Data Storage by Scheme with Dual-
Revocation,‖ vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 95–109, 2018, doi:
10.6633/IJNS.201801.20(1).11.
[17] X. Zhang, Y. Chen, X. Yan, and H. Jia, ―Multi-authority Attribute-
Based Encryption with User Revocation and Outsourcing
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[18] Z. Zhang, ―Multi-Authority CP-ABE with Dynamical Revocation in
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[19] S. Tu, M. Waqas, F. Huang, G. Abbas, and Z. Haq, ―A revocable and
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020-03202-2.
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TABLE I. Comparison of Revocation Properties

Key Update of
Non-Revoked Forward and
Collusion- Ciphertext Update
S.No. Scheme Type of Revocation Users or Backward Dynamic
resistant or Re-encryption
Attribute Secrecy
Group Key
Attribute-Level
1 [4] Full Yes No Yes No
Revocation
Attribute-Level
2 [5] Partial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Revocation
Attribute-Level
3 [6] Partial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Revocation
4 [7] User Revocation Partial Yes Yes Yes Yes
5 [8] User Revocation Partial Yes Yes Yes Yes
6 [9] User Revocation Full Yes No Yes Yes
7 [10] User Revocation Partial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Attribute-Level
8 [11] Partial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Revocation
9 [14] User Revocation Partial Yes Yes Yes Yes
10 [15] User Revocation Partial Yes Yes Yes Yes
11 [16] User Revocation Full Yes Yes Yes Yes
12 [17] User Revocation Partial Yes Yes Yes Yes
User and Attribute-
13 [12] Partial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Level Revocation
User and Attribute-
14 [13] Partial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Level Revocation
User and Attribute-
15 [18] Partial No Yes Yes Yes
Level Revocation
Attribute-Level
16 [19] Partial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Revocation
17 [20] User Revocation Partial Yes No Yes No

Type of Revocation Type of Collusion Resistance

10 15
8
6
10 Number of
4 Number of Research
2 Research Papers
0 Papers 5
User Attribute Both
Revocation Level
Revocation 0
Partial Full
Fig 1. Type of Revocation Fig 2. Type of Collusion Resistance

Revocation Properties
Number of Research Papers
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Key Update of Non- Ciphertext Update or Re- Forward and Backward Dynamicity
Revoked Users or encryption Secrecy
Attribute Group Key

Fig 3. Revocation Properties

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Mantaray Foraging Optimization based Makespan

Enhancement in Cloud based Scheduling
Environment
1 3 5
Dr. Aswini.J Dr. P. John Augustine Dr. S. M. Chithra
Professor / AI&ML Professor, Associate Professor,
Saveetha Engineering College Department of Information Department Of Mathematics,
(Autonomous) Technology, R. M. K. College of Engineering and
Affiliated to Anna University Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Technology
aswini.jayaraman@gmail.com Kondampatti-Post, Vadasithur-Via, srilakshmivj@gmail.com
Kinathukadavu, Coimbatore
johnaugustine.p@sece.ac.in
*6
2 4
Dr. T. Parasuraman
K. Johny Elma Dr. N. Kopperundevi Assistant Professor,
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor SG-2 School of Physical Education &
Information Technology School of Computer Science and Sports Sciences,
Easwari Engineering College Engineering Hindustan Institute of Technology &
johnyelma.k@eec.srmrmp.edu.in Vellore Institute of Technology, Science,
Vellore, Tamil Nadu Chennai, Tamil Nadu
kopperundevi.n@vit.ac.in parasuramt@hindustanuniv.ac.in

Abstract—Cloud computing (CC) delivers on-demand and
powerful business environments. It can be constructed on top of
virtualized data hubs. Virtualization renders a flexible
infrastructure for cloud. However, scheduling the tasks and
managing the resources in virtualized data hubs will be difficult.
Maximizing the virtual machine utilization and minimizing the
total makespan is imperative in the cloud environment. The task
scheduling issue can be indicated as multi-objective optimization
problem, which is solved by utilizing optimization methods. This
study develops a Mantaray Foraging Optimization based
Makespan Enhancement in Cloud based Scheduling Environment
(MROME-CSE) technique. The presented MROME-CSE
technique aims to allocate the resources proficiently in the cloud
environment. In the presented MROME-CSE technique, the
behavior of manta rays is mainly involved. Furthermore, the
MROME-CSE method derived an objective function to allocate 𝒏
individual tasks to 𝒎 heterogeneous accessible resources, thereby
task conclusion period was minimalized and resource was fully
exploited. The experimental evaluation of the MROME-CSE
technique is examined briefly. The experimental outcomes stated
the superior performance of the MROME-CSE technique over
other recent models.
Keywords— Cloud computing; Makespan; Resource
scheduling; Optimization algorithm; Mantaray Foraging
Optimization (MRFO) algorithm
organization strategy by decreasing the effort and time needs the
application of a current trend termed Cloud computing (CC) [2].
CC is all over the place, in simple terms it is determined by
accessing and storing programs and data over the Internet rather
than computer’s hard-drive. Cloud is a representation of the
Internet. Each application in CC is presented as services
consistently and it is necessitated. Therefore, the services
containing servers, application networks, storage, etc., are
efficiently and effectively exploited [3]. This leads to massive
savings concerning time and cost. CC represents a well-known
shared-computing technique that vigorously transports
quantifiable on-demand services through global network. CC
provided users with diverse and limitless virtual resources that
are attained on-demand and have dissimilar billing standards
(static-oriented and subscription) [4]. Also, the CS (task
scheduling (TS)) delineated independent task mapping
procedures on a set of available resources within cloud contexts
(for workflow application) for implementation within user
specified QoS restriction (cost and makespan). Workflow
(communal application related to experimental research
including biology, astronomy, and earthquake) was shifted or
migrated toward the cloud for implementation [5]. Fig. 1
represents the overview of scheduling-based cloud environment.

I. INTRODUCTION
In the fast-rising global business environments, retaining
quick application expansion in the information technology area
has been cumbersome [1]. Accelerating the software

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Fig. 1. Scheduling based cloud environment
Mostly, the QoS parameters involving scalability, execution
time, cost, reliability, load balancing, and energy were
accomplished to extraordinarily sustaining levels through CC
[6]. In CC, users might provide many virtualized resources to
exploit; nobody can assign tasks manually. Therefore, to assign
the resource to the virtual machine (VM), the load balancing
(LB) technique becomes crucial [7]. TS optimization is a field
of study in IaaS cloud since it is an NP-hard problem.
Nonetheless, the resource heterogeneity and the autonomous
attribute within the cloud and the VM implementation require
dissimilar systems for TS in the IaaS CC to be tested and used
for minimizing the makespan time [8]. The makespan time is
directly accountable for the task implementation cost in these
environments. Here, the emphasis is TS that is a large quantity
in relation to how performance of the CC environments [9].
Once developer makes use of the cloud, they are most likely
utilizing shared resource. Certain approaches are utilized for
mapping resources for multiple users according to the
requirement. For providing users with an effective solution, the
study requires complicated scheduling algorithm [10]. While
deploying simple applications, there won’t be lot of trouble,
however as complicated applications and information are being
deployed, we needed this algorithm for managing the data
center.
This study develops a Mantaray Foraging Optimization
based Makespan Enhancement in Cloud based Scheduling
Environment (MROME-CSE) technique. The presented
MROME-CSE technique aims to allocate the resources
proficiently in the cloud environment. In the presented
MROME-CSE technique, the behavior of mantarays is mainly
involved. In addition, the MROME-CSE approach derives an
objective function to allocate 𝑛 individual tasks to 𝑚
heterogeneous accessible resources, thereby the task conclusion
time is minimalized and resource was fully exploited. The
experimental evaluation of the MROME-CSE technique is
examined briefly.
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II. RELATED WORKS
In [11] the author proposes a hybrid bi-objective
optimization by using SA and task duplication algorithm
(BOSA-TDA) that makes use of two significant heuristics
heterogeneous earliest finish time (HEFT) and duplication
approach for improving canonical SA. Kruekaew and Kimpan
[12] developed the integration of SI technique of ABC with
heuristic scheduling method, termed Heuristic Task Scheduling
with ABC (HABC). This technique is exploited for improving
VMs scheduling solutions for CC within heterogeneous and
homogeneous platforms. It was presented for balancing the
loads and minimizing makespan. The scheduling efficiency of
the CC with HABC was compared to supplement with other SI
techniques: improved PSO (IPSO) with a typical heuristic
approach, ACO with standard heuristic algorithm, and PSO with
typical heuristic approach.
Zeedan et al. [13] recommended method named Enhanced
Binary ABC related Pareto Front (EBABC-PF). The presented
technique begins with listing the task based on priority
determined using Heterogeneous Earliest Finish Time (HEFT)
approach, later receives a preliminary solution through Greedy
Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP), and lastly
schedules task to machine through EBABC. Furthermore,
numerous alterations are taken into account with BABC for
improving the local searching method through circular shift
operators and then mutation operators on the food source of the
population considering the development rates. In [14], a hybrid
heuristic-based list scheduling (HH-LiSch) technique is
introduced for resolving the reliant task scheduling
in HCC system in a bounded number of the FC-VMs. The
innovation of present study is to introduce the novel task priority
approach, find fitting VM slot time, and exploit task duplication
method.
In [15], considered the bi-objective optimization problem of
energy minimization and makespan and developed two
scheduling methodologies for independent, deadline-sensitive
tasks in a heterogeneous Cloud platform. The initial technique is
a greedy heuristic with the Linear Weighted Sum method. Next,
based on ACO and employs an integration of heuristic search
and positive feedback of data to enhance the solution. Wang et
al. [16] focus on how to search for an optimal solution to
accomplish superior cost-makespan simultaneously with the
deadline constraints. To resolve these problems, an immune
PSO technique (IMPSO) is developed that enhances the speed
and quality of optimization.
III. THE PROPOSED MODEL
In this study, we have developed a new MROME-CSE
technique for scheduling the cloud environment. The presented
MROME-CSE technique proficiently allocates the resources
with optimal computation in the cloud environment.
Zhao et al. [17] introduced the MRFO technique, which is a
parameter less optimization method that was stimulated in three
foraging approaches of swarming manta rays: 1) somersault
foraging; 2) chain foraging, and 3) cyclone foraging. In
comparison to the other metaheuristic techniques, user must
determine the population size and the iteration ending condition
while applying MRFO.
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A. Chain foraging tasks 𝑇𝑎𝑠𝑘 = {𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , … , 𝑇𝑛 } are assigned to 𝑚 processors 𝐶 =

The initial foraging approach stimulates the chain foraging {𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , … , 𝐶𝔪 }. 𝑅 = {𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , … , 𝑅𝔪 } represent the highest
behaviors of swarming MR. To obtain additional food rewards, quantity of resource group of each processor, 𝑅𝑗 denotes the
smaller MRs swim on the back of grown female, which follows highest quantity of resources of processors 𝐶𝑗 , and quantity of
the beat of female pectoral fin, and consume the plankton unused sources required for each task implementation is 𝐻 =
by other MRs it can be mathematically expressed in the {𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , … , 𝐻}. 𝑇𝑗 = ∑𝑖 𝑋𝑖𝑗 = 𝑡𝑖 /𝑣𝑗 determines sum of
following: implementation time of all the tasks allocated on processors 𝑗,
𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡 + 1) whereas 𝑡𝑖 illustrates the implementation time of 𝑖-𝑡ℎ tasks on
𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) + 𝑟 ⋅ (𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑑 (𝑡)
− 𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)) + 𝑎 ⋅ (𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑑 (𝑡)
− 𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)) 𝑖 = 1 minimal processors and 𝑣𝑗 refers to the processor speediness of
={ (1)
𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) + 𝑟 ⋅ (𝑥𝑖−1
𝑑
(𝑡) − 𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)) + 𝑎 ⋅ (𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑑
(𝑡) − 𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)) 𝑖 = 2, … , 𝑁 𝑗-𝑡ℎ processor.
𝑚
𝑎 = 2 ⋅ 𝑟 ⋅ √|log(𝑟)| (2)
Whereas 𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) indicates the place of 𝑖-𝑡ℎ individuals at 𝑡 𝑓(𝑋) = min (𝐴 ∑ 𝑡𝑗𝑑
time in 𝑑-𝑡ℎ dimensions, 𝑟 represents the arbitrary number 𝑗=1
ranges from zero to one, 𝑎 denotes the weight coefficient, and 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑑
𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) shows the plankton with higher concentration. + 𝐵 ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ 𝜔𝑖𝑗𝑝𝑞 𝑋𝑖𝑗 𝑋𝑝𝑞 ) (8)
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑝=1 𝑞=1
B. Cyclone foraging
∑𝔪𝑗=1 𝑋𝑖𝑗 = 1, 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛 (9)
The next foraging approach is derivative from the features of
∑𝑚
𝑖=1 𝐻𝑖 𝑋𝑖𝑗 ≤ 𝑅𝑗 , 𝑗 = 1,2, … , 𝑚 (10)
cyclone foraging. MR gathers together when the plankton
density is higher, and the tail ends might connect to other heads Whereas 𝐴 and 𝐵(𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1) indicate the relative
in a spiral for generating a spiraling vertex in eyes of cyclone. In consequence of whole conclusion period and communication
comparison with chain foraging, an individual follows other in cost from key function, 𝑤𝑖𝑗𝑝𝑞 indicates the 𝑖-𝑡ℎ tasks scheduling
front of them and moves to the food alongside a spiral path: on 𝑗-𝑡ℎ processor and 𝑝-𝑡ℎ task employed on 𝑞-𝑡ℎ processors.
𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡 + 1) To compute the processor time required for every task on
𝑑
𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) +𝑟⋅ 𝑑
(𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) − 𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)) + 𝛽⋅ 𝑑
(𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) − 𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)) 𝑖 =1 different VM, the implementation time matrices have been
={ (3) defined by:
𝑑 (𝑡) 𝑑 (𝑡)
𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 +𝑟⋅ (𝑥𝑖‐1 − 𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)) +𝛽⋅ 𝑑 (𝑡)
(𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)) 𝑖 = 2, … , 𝑁 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒11 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒12 ⋯ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒1𝑚
𝑇−𝑖+1
𝛽 = 2𝑒 𝑟1 𝑇 ⋅ sin (2𝜋𝑟1 ) (4) 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒21 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒22 ⋯ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒2𝔪
𝑇=[ ] (11)
Whereas 𝛽 denotes the weight coefficient, 𝑇 represents the ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
maximal iteration count, and 𝑟1 indicates a random integer 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛1 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛1 ⋯ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑚
within [0, 1]. In Eq. (11), 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑖𝑗 indicates the implementation time
To prevent early convergence, the MRFO applies Eqs. (5) required for VM 𝑣𝑗 for handling the task 𝑡𝑖 , and 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑖𝑗 =
and (6) for forcing the individual to search a new location distant 𝑀𝐼𝑖 /𝑀𝐼𝑃𝑆𝑗 . The assessed period to computer of 𝑛 task on 𝑚
from the existing optimal position by allocating a novel arbitrary sources, characterized as 𝐸, 𝐸 denotes a 𝑛 x 𝑚 matrices. 𝐸𝑖𝑗
position [18]: shows time required to 𝑇𝑖 for running from VM, 𝐸𝑖𝑗 = 𝑐𝑖𝑗 + 𝑒𝑖𝑗 .
𝑑
𝑥𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝐿𝑏 𝑑 + 𝑟 ⋅ (𝑈𝑏 𝑑 − 𝐿𝑏 𝑑 ) (5) Then, VM executes the allocated task collection hours can be
𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡 + 1)
𝑑 𝑑
expressed by 𝐸𝑗 . Since the task assigned to each VM resource
𝑥𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑡) + 𝑟 ⋅ (𝑥𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑡) − 𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)) + 𝛽 ⋅ (𝑥𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑑
(𝑡) − 𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)) 𝑖
={ (6) has been simultaneously exploited, the implementation time
𝑑 𝑑 (𝑡)
𝑥𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑡) + 𝑟 ⋅ (𝑥𝑖‐1 − 𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)) + 𝛽 ⋅ (𝑥𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑑 (𝑡) − 𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)) 𝑖 = 2, … , 𝑁 required for every task for implementation was the highest value
𝑑
Whereas 𝑥𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 denotes a arbitrary location produced from array 𝐸 indicated as 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 :
randomly in the search space, 𝐿𝑏 𝑑 and 𝑈𝑏 𝑑 represents the lower 𝐸𝑗 = ∑ 𝑒𝑖𝑗 + ∑ 𝑡𝑖𝑗 (12)
and upper bounds of 𝑑-𝑡ℎ dimension, correspondingly.
𝑖∈𝑇𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑗 𝑖∈𝑇𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑗
C. Somersault foraging Whereas, 𝑇𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑗 represents the collection of tasks employed
Once MRs determined the food, they implement a sequence on VMs. The matrix 𝑥[𝑖][𝑗] has presented according to the
of backward flips for drawing the plankton towards them. A corresponding connection among VMs and tasks, refers whether
somersault is a frequent, random, cyclical, and local movement the 𝑡𝑖 task has been assigned to 𝑣𝑗 VMs, and is defined by:
which assists MRs optimizes their food intake: 1, 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑉𝑗
𝑥[𝑖][j] = { (13)
𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡 + 1) = 𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) + 𝑆 ⋅ (𝑟2 ⋅ 𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑑
(𝑡) − 𝑟3 ⋅ 𝑥𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)) 𝑖 0, 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
The presented method assigns each task to a specific
= 1, … , 𝑁 (7)
processor for execution in the state where specific limitations
Whereas 𝑆 denotes the somersault factors that determine the
have been satisfied.
somersault range of the MRs, whereas 𝑆 = 2, and 𝑟2 and 𝑟3
represent two arbitrary integers within [0,1]. IV. RESULT ANALYSIS
The objective of MROME-CSE method was to allocate 𝑛
In this section, the scheduling performance of the MROME-
individual task to 𝑚 heterogeneous accessible sources, in such a
CSE approach is investigated briefly.
way the task conclusion time was minimalized and resource was
fully exploited. It is a varied platform, decentralized, largescale, TABLE I
and features scalability. In the disseminated mechanism, 𝑛 sub‐

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MST ANALYSIS OF MROME-CSE SYSTEM WITH OTHER

METHODS UNDER DISTINCT TASKS

Makespan Time
Number of Tasks MROME-CSE eDSOS DSOS
Normal Distribution
100 87 107 144
200 167 207 251
300 257 301 378
400 351 434 521
500 388 541 645
Left-Half Distribution
100 128 175 232
200 252 329 459
300 309 456 570
400 369 560 680
Fig. 2. MST analysis of MROME-CSE system under normal
500 479 570 727 distribution
Right-Half Distribution
100 89 119 209 Fig. 3 shows the MST assessment of the MROME-CSE
200 236 336 449 model under left-hand distribution. The results represented that
the MROME-CSE model has obtained effectual outcomes with
300 283 433 566
minimal MST values in all tasks. For example, with 100 tasks,
400 383 539 659 the MROME-CSE model has provided reduced MST of 128
500 403 489 666 while the eDSOS and DSOS models have obtained increased
MST of 175 and 232 correspondingly. In the meantime, with 200
In Table 1, the comparative study of the MROME-CSE tasks, the MROME-CSE method has provided reduced MST of
model in terms of makespan time (MST) is provided. The results 252 while the eDSOS and DSOS techniques have obtained
implied that the MROME-CSE model has reported reduced increased MST of 329 and 459 correspondingly. Eventually,
MST values under all tasks. with 300 tasks, the MROME-CSE model has provided reduced
Fig. 2 displays the MST assessment of the MROME-CSE MST of 309, while eDSOS and DSOS approaches have gained
model under normal distribution. The results represented that the increased MST of 456 and 570 correspondingly. Then, with 400
MROME-CSE model has gained effectual outcomes with tasks, the MROME-CSE model has rendered reduced MST of
minimal MST values in all tasks. For example, with 100 tasks, 369 while the eDSOS and DSOS models have gained increased
the MROME-CSE model has provided reduced MST of 87 MST of 560 and 680 correspondingly. Finally, for 500 tasks, the
while the eDSOS and DSOS models have obtained increased MROME-CSE approach has provided reduced MST of 479
MST of 107 and 144 correspondingly. In the meantime, with 200 while the eDSOS and DSOS methods have attained increased
tasks, the MROME-CSE technique has provided reduced MST MST of 570 and 727 correspondingly.
of 167 while the eDSOS and DSOS techniques have gained
increased MST of 207 and 251 correspondingly. Eventually, Fig. 4 shows the MST assessment of the MROME-CSE
with 300 tasks, the MROME-CSE method has provided reduced approach under right-hand distribution. The outcomes
MST of 257, while eDSOS and DSOS models have gained represented that the MROME-CSE method has gained effectual
increased MST of 301 and 378 correspondingly. Then, with 400 outcomes with minimal MST values in all tasks. For cases, with
tasks, the MROME-CSE method has rendered reduced MST of 100 tasks, the MROME-CSE approach has rendered reduced
351 while the eDSOS and DSOS approaches have gained MST of 89 while the eDSOS and DSOS models have obtained
increased MST of 434 and 521 correspondingly. Finally, for 500 increased MST of 119 and 209 correspondingly. Meanwhile,
tasks, the MROME-CSE technique has presented reduced MST with 200 tasks, the MROME-CSE model has provided reduced
of 388 while the eDSOS and DSOS approaches have gained MST of 236 while the eDSOS and DSOS methods have attained
increased MST of 541 and 645 correspondingly. increased MST of 336 and 449 correspondingly. Eventually,
with 300 tasks, the MROME-CSE model has provided reduced
MST of 283, while eDSOS and DSOS models have attained
increased MST of 433 and 566 respectively. Then, with 400
tasks, the MROME-CSE model provided a reduced MST of 383
while the eDSOS and DSOS methods obtained increased MST
of 539 and 659 respectively. Finally, for 500 tasks, the
MROME-CSE model has presented reduced MST of 403 while
the eDSOS and DSOS methods have gained increased MST of
489 and 666 correspondingly.

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100 4 6 18
200 17 19 31
300 28 35 50
400 41 50 62
500 52 66 80
Right-Half Distribution
100 5 7 12
200 11 16 23
300 18 27 35
400 30 37 46
500 34 44 50

Fig. 3. MST analysis of MROME-CSE system under left-hand

distribution

Fig. 5. RST analysis of MROME-CSE system under normal

distribution

Fig. 5 shows the RST assessment of the MROME-CSE

method under normal distribution. The results represented that
the MROME-CSE model has gained effectual outcomes with
Fig. 4. MST analysis of MROME-CSE system under right- least RST values under all tasks. For example, with 100 tasks,
hand distribution the MROME-CSE model has provided reduced RST of 12 while
the eDSOS and DSOS models have attained increased RST of
In Table 2, the comparative analysis of the MROME-CSE 13 and 26 correspondingly. Meanwhile, with 200 tasks, the
model in terms of response time (RST) is rendered. The results MROME-CSE model has provided reduced RST of 21 while the
implied that the MROME-CSE technique has reported reduced eDSOS and DSOS methods have attained increased RST of 29
RST values under all tasks. and 43 correspondingly. Eventually, with 300 tasks, the
MROME-CSE technique has provided reduced RST of 30,
TABLE II while eDSOS and DSOS models have achieved increased RST
RST ANALYSIS OF MROME-CSE SYSTEM WITH OTHER of 46 and 62 correspondingly. After that, with 400 tasks, the
METHODS UNDER DISTINCT TASKS MROME-CSE method provided reduced RST of 52 while the
Response Time eDSOS and DSOS methods obtained increased RST of 62 and
73 correspondingly. Finally, for 500 tasks, the MROME-CSE
Number of Tasks MROME-CSE eDSOS DSOS model has provided reduced RST of 66 while the eDSOS and
Normal Distribution DSOS models have obtained increased RST of 75 and 90
100 12 13 26 respectively.
200 21 29 43 Fig. 6 exhibits the RST assessment of the MROME-CSE
method under left-hand distribution. The outcomes represented
300 30 46 62
that the MROME-CSE model has gained effectual outcomes
400 52 62 73 with least RST values under all tasks. For example, with 100
500 66 75 90 tasks, the MROME-CSE model has provided reduced RST of 4
Left-Half Distribution while the eDSOS and DSOS techniques have gained increased
RST of 6 and 18 respectively. Meanwhile, with 200 tasks, the

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MROME-CSE methods provided reduced RST of 17 while the
eDSOS and DSOS models obtained increased RST of 19 and 31
respectively. Eventually, with 300 tasks, the MROME-CSE
model has provided reduced RST of 28, while eDSOS and
DSOS approaches have gained increased RST of 35 and 50
respectively. Afterward, with 400 tasks, the MROME-CSE
model provided reduced RST of 41 while the eDSOS and DSOS
models achieved increased RST of 50 and 62 correspondingly.
Finally, for 500 tasks, the MROME-CSE model has provided
reduced RST of 52 while the eDSOS and DSOS methods have
obtained increased RSTs of 66 and 80 correspondingly.
Fig. 6. RST analysis of MROME-CSE system under left-hand
distribution
Fig. 7 shows the RST assessment of the MROME-CSE
model under right-hand distribution. The outcomes represented
that the MROME-CSE method has reached effectual outcomes
with least RST values under all tasks. For example, with 100
tasks, the MROME-CSE method has presented reduced RST of
5 while the eDSOS and DSOS approaches have attained
increased RST of 7 and 12 correspondingly. In the meantime,
with 200 tasks, the MROME-CSE model has provided reduced
RST of 11 while the eDSOS and DSOS methods have obtained
increased RST of 16 and 23 respectively. Eventually, with 300
tasks, the MROME-CSE model provided reduced RST of 18,
while eDSOS and DSOS models obtained increased RST of 27
and 35 correspondingly. Afterward, with 400 tasks, the
MROME-CSE model provided reduced RST of 30 while the
eDSOS and DSOS models reached increased RST of 37 and 46
correspondingly. Finally, for 500 tasks, the MROME-CSE
model has provided reduced RST of 34 while the eDSOS and
DSOS methods have reached increased RSTs of 44 and 50
correspondingly.
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Fig. 7. RST analysis of MROME-CSE system under right-hand
distribution
V. CONCLUSION
In this study, we have developed a new MROME-CSE
technique for scheduling the cloud environment. The presented
MROME-CSE technique proficiently allocates the resources
with optimal computation in the cloud environment. In the
presented MROME-CSE technique, the behavior of manta rays
is mainly involved. Also, the MROME-CSE approach derived
an objective function to allocate 𝑛 individual tasks to 𝑚
heterogeneous accessible resources, thereby task conclusion
time was minimalized and resource was fully exploited. The
experimental evaluation of the MROME-CSE technique is
examined briefly. The experimental outcomes stated the
superior performance of the MROME-CSE technique over other
recent models.
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makespan aware scheduling of deadline sensitive tasks in the cloud
environment. Journal of Grid Computing, 19(2), pp.1-25.
[16] Wang, P., Lei, Y., Agbedanu, P.R. and Zhang, Z., 2020. Makespan-driven
workflow scheduling in clouds using immune-based PSO
algorithm. IEEE Access, 8, pp.29281-29290.
[17] Zhao, W., Zhang, Z. and Wang, L., 2020. Manta ray foraging
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[18] Cao, H., Sun, W., Chen, Y., Kong, F. and Feng, L., 2022. Sizing and
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[19] Karuppusamy, Dr P. "Hybrid Manta Ray Foraging Optimization for
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A Novel Deep Learning Mechanism for Workload
Balancing in Fog Computing
Maganti Venkatesh1 S Naveen Kumar Polisetty2 Srilakshmi.CH3
Associate Professor, Department of CSE, Assistant professor, Assistant Professor,
Aditya Engineering College, St.ann's college of engineering and R.M.D Engineering College,
technology, chirala, Tamil Nadu ,India
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
Andhra Pradesh, India sricsbs@gmail.com
University Kakinada naveenmtech28@gmail.com
Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India.
venkateshm@aec.edu.in P. Neelima6
Rabinarayan Satpathy5 Assistant Professor, Department of CSE
PraveenKumar. K4 Professor CSE (FET)and Director VC School of Engineering
Assistant professor, Department of IT, Office Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam
VFSTR deemed to be University,
Sri Sri University, Tirupati, AP, India
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh,
India Cuttack, Odisha, India neelima.pannem@gmail.com
kpk_it@vignan.ac.in rabinarayan.satpathy@gmail.com

Abstract— In addition to cloud computing, fog computing has
recently been developed in order to provide services as a
modern distributed paradigm. Using the fog network, storage
and computation can be extended to the edge of the system,
which besides providing local awareness and support for
mobility, can resolve the problem of delay-sensitive
applications’ service calculation. Fog networks must maintain
a proper load balance in order to avoid the problem with
certain fog nodes which are under-loaded or overloaded. As a
result of load balancing, Quality of Service (QoS)
characteristics such as consumption of resources and
bandwidth can be improved. This paper investigates a working
charge distribution list in an IoT–fog–cloud collaboration
system to reduce job latency and meet the QoS requirements of
as many late sensitive IoT applications as possible. Besides, the
problem of allocating workloads in such an IoT-based
cooperation scheme is first considered, which suggests
optimum workload allotment between nearby fog nodes and
the cloud in order to reduce work provision delays. The
stability is then examined using Lyapunov's drift and penalty
theory, which analyzes the steadiness of IoT-fog-cloud queue
scheme.
Keywords— Workload, Fog Computing, Deep Learning, Cloud
Computing
I. INTRODUCTION
The IoT (Internet of Things) permits to gather and exchange
data for delivery services with trillions of physical objects.
These services include environmental surveillance,
management of the infrastructure &house computerization
[1]. In addition, IoT can provide people and computers with
millions of objects for learning and interacting. Specifically,
sensors, tools and services are part of these objects [2]. The
IoT combine the cyber world and the objective planet;
hence, the interaction between man and the world is
changed [2].
IoT, in particular sensors, are usually confronted
with difficulties due to limited resources which often impact
service quality & client knowledge [3]. Information is now
composed, aggregated & transmitted for storage and
treatment starting IoT networks to cloud server. In reality,
Cloud Computing presents a result that is transferred to
centralized data centers for the storage and management
function [4].
Internet of Things (IoT) applications frequently
require an increasing number of sensors and a longer latency
between them and a control center. [1,2] These critical
applications typically necessitate strict Task Examination
Disruption (TED), which is the total amount of time
between the time the task enters the system and the end of
the process.
For the existing cloud computing infrastructure,
developing delay-sensitive IoT applications has created
more and more challenges. TSD contains not only the time
required for calculation, but also the time required for
queuing & network interruption. Even though cloud
computing offers a high-performance computer service [3–
5] which is cheap, easily expandable and on-demand, it uses
large amount of information transmitted from IoT devices to
distant cloud centers which consume a vast amount of
bandwidth resources and cause a considerable network
delay. The development of delay-sensitive IoT applications
has become the bottleneck of cloud computing [6,7].
Because fog nodes are widely distributed, fog
computing originates in the cloud and is a geographically
distributed paradigm, delivers networking power and
compute closer to end-users and IoT devices. [1]. In cloud-
only designs, the majority of the information that requires
preparation, investigation, and capacity is transferred to
cloud workers, which may have an adverse impact on
inertness, security, flexibility, and unwavering quality. The
cloud, on its own, faces challenges in meeting the incredibly
low latency requirements of location-aware and delay-
sensitive applications; however, the proximity of the mist
layer to IoT gadgets may dramatically reduce dormancy and
address the issues of incredibly low latency [11][12]. Mist

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processing consistently associates with and upholds the algorithm [16]. More importantly, this work considered that
cloud, making a novel age of uses and administrations. fog node middleware is computationally more compatible
than end devices but is less computational than cloud. A fog
II. RELATED WORKS computing IoT based model was proposed by Ma et al. A
genetic algorithm for dropping the nodule of failure &
In 2016, Ruilong Deng et al., [5] explored the transfer power use was proposed based on the model. In order to
between cloud and fog computing's energy usage and evaluate its performance, Yousefpour et al. proposed a
transmitting delays. Cloud & fog nodes would be used to three-stage fog system mathematical model. A threshold
distribute workload, according to the researchers' findings. method was employed to download the result to decrease
The method saved energy and reduced response [18][19]. the work time. Nan et al. also utilized the Cloud of Things
The method provided an approximation of workload (CoT) scheme, which included end policy, fog nodes & a
assignment format and divided the workload into three cloud center, to evaluate its performance.
subproblems: total fog node delays, total cloud delays, and III. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
network transmission delays. The drawback of this system,
however, is that certain nodes consume high energy,
sometimes affecting the efficiency of the network computer
loads [13].
The workload distribution using genetic algorithms
and BIP was implemented by AdilaMebrek et al. In the
work, energy consumption & service class are two
fundamental criteria for the performance of fog processing
[17]. The 3 types of energy consumption are total usage,
usage per unit area, and usage per unit time of energy in the
processing and storage of user requests. Two problems
include the sum of transmission delays for the user request
between the target unit of the data center and cloud delays in
data processing and storage. The time frame is separated
into two subproblems. In this work, the fog design was
created as a unidirectional chart that utilized diverse
inherent BIP optimization methods. The downside of the
method is that the energy consumption is unchanged and the
IoT is delayed at low and medium scales [14].
A general IoT-based applications framework and Fig. 1. General framework for IoT-fog-cloud architecture
latency minimization policies for fog-processing devices
were proposed by Ashkan Yousefpour et al. The policy was Figure 1 depicts a framework for an IoT-fog cloud
designed to reduce IoT service delay. The objective of their architecture. Each layer of the three-layer architecture has a
study was to determine the response time for a task [15]. different computational capability. IoT includes "things"
The proposed models make decisions based on light or and home consumers, fog would include nodes, and cloud
heavy processing, so that the application is accepted by the includes dispersed cloud servers, among many other
fog node as long as the policy response falls below a components. There are various processing units available to
predetermined level. A neighboring node or the cloud will the cloud server. The network's fog layer prevents
handle the request if it does not. Fog machines are called in unnecessary transmission and performs certain cloud-based
when there are a lot of requests for light treatment. The functions [7]. Due to the capabilities of each layer, it is
incapability to start investigating multiple possibilities in a essential to determine the appropriate allocation of workload
distributed is one of the method's drawbacks. Another to each layer [10]. Decision-making is depended on criterion
drawback is that it is not able to ascertain to either assign the for improving the allocation of workload. The following
application to fog or cloud platforms on the processing criterion are:
delay.
Furthermore, researchers determined on job A. Delay: IoT submissions like virtuality, real-time
discharge depending on a model of a 3-tier fog scheme. Like applications and sensors may demand below several
Li et al., the three-level mathematical model, Wu et al. milliseconds of latencies [4]. To reduce latency, it's best to
proposed a scheme, which included end devices, fog-node process information at the IoT-fog-cloud architecture layer
middleware, and a cloud centre. The template was based on which is the nearest.
the suggested energy consumption, a task offloading

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B. Bandwidth: IoT is exponentially generating information.
Data pre-processing prior sending to the network decrease
the duration of the information, thus reducing bandwidth
utilization [4].
C. Energy: At the network's edge [5,] there is a trade-off
between the energy to process the data and the energy
required to move the data to another location.
The assignment of workload is not an easy task, as
the criteria for resource assignment (as indicated above) are
very closely linked [10]. Object layer energy constraints
necessitate that the workload be transferred to the fog or
cloud layer, for instance. As a result, the latency increases
dramatically when this workload is sent to the higher layers.
Workload assignment criteria must therefore be established,
and prioritization should be given to selecting the best
assignment strategy based on these criteria.
Load Balancing
Load balancing in the Mist framework encourages the
distribution of responsibility across assets in a similar way,
planning to provide types of assistance indefinitely if
provision and multi-implementation instances fails and the
help part fails, as well as proper resource utilization.
Because server farms have a variety of hosts and exhibit
unique traffic characteristics, a suitable load balancing
system is required in mist registering to improve the display
of applications and network utilisation [20]. As a
mechanism, load balancing distributes workload among
numerous assets to prevent overburdening or under
burdening. Load balancing is performed by using either
physical equipment or software to divide the load among
multiple assets.
Load Balancing Metrics
Several metrics are required to evaluate a load balancing
mechanism and compare it to previous mechanisms in order
to determine which mechanism is superior and to recognise
the pros and cons associated with it. Some qualitative
paradigms are required for the metrics. There are numerous
qualitative metrics used in various articles.
IV. METHODOLOGY
In contrast to a semi review, a literature review [5]
eliminates prejudice and maintains a precise sequence of
operational phases to evaluate literature. Figure 2 illustrates
a comprehensive study supported by really independent and
assessed review methods for gathering, interpreting, and
documenting the outcomes of the study. The rules in [5],
have been received with three-stage study, planning,
execution, and documentation. An external assessment of
each phase completes the study. A comprehensive
classification of the examined studies is offered. According
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to the dimensions used in this investigation, the findings can
be used as the basis for a comparison of other studies.
Fig. 2. Research Method Steps
4.1 Planning the Review
It is essential to begin the planning process with an
understanding of the rationale for conducting a
comprehensive investigation and the findings that will be
presented in the revision protocol that follows:
4.1.1 To find out why the systematic review is being done in
the first place, the inspiration is recognized & the input of
efficient check is validated.
4.1.2 Making a plan for the study
The motivations are defined by the Research
Questions (RQs). Based on the replies, it can be concluded
that load balancing systems are effective.
4.2 Reviewing the Situation
The second phase begins with the selection of articles and
progresses to the extraction of data and the synthesis of
information.
4.2.1 Choose the most relevant studies
As part of the second phase of conducting research,
picking publications is followed by data extraction. The
purpose of this subsection is to demonstrate how the next
stage of the systematic search searches for and selects
articles.
Heuristic Methods
For specific optimization issues, heuristic approaches are
entirely based on "experience," with the goal of finding the
best answer through "trial-and-error" in the shortest possible
period. Heuristic techniques' solutions may not be the
greatest or most ideal, but are often far superior to an
educated estimate.
Meta-heuristic Methods
Meta-heuristic methods are concern and can be used to
solve a wide range of problems. All recent higher-level
techniques are now referred to as "meta-heuristics." In
modern meta-heuristics, diversification and intensification
are two distinct approaches. In order to create a meta-
heuristic strategy that is both persuasive and effective, it is
crucial to find a middle ground among variation and
intensity.
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V. RESULTS

Fig. 6. Evaluation metrics in fog computing load balancing

techniques
Implementation Outputs:

Fig. 3. Only-fog workload allocation

Fig.7. Packet Estimation

Fig. 4. The mean task service delay calculated with different

algorithms for each of the three IoT regions

Fig. 8. Adversary Node and Packet Status

VI. CONCLUSION
An issue related to fog-cloud workload allocation has been
addressed in this study. Fog energy usage and cloud
postponement in computation fog and cloud workloads are
traded off in an issue process model that has been proposed.
The suggested methodology for assigning workload in an
IoT-fog cloud architecture meets energy consumption and
Fig. 5. The proportion of load balancing methods in fog delay criteria, as shown by the simulation solution of
computing replicating three directing and coordinating the activities
situations, including solitary, just, and fog-cloud.

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[2] [2] A. Yousefpour et al., "All one needs to know about fog computing
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Qos-Aware Video Streaming based Admission

Control and Scheduling for Video Transcoding in
Cloud Computing
Venkateswara Reddy B Khader Basha Sk Roja D
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Dept. of CSE Dept. of CSE Dept. of CSE
Chalapathi Institute of Technology Chalapathi Institute of Technology Chalapathi Institute of Technology
Guntur, AP, India Guntur, AP, India Guntur, AP, India
bvreddymtech@gmail.com khaderbasha576@gmail.com rojad510@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Power and other computing resources can be I. INTRODUCTION

stored and processed in cloud computing environments.
Depending on the features of the clients' devices, video
streams, whether they are live or on-demand, often need
to be transcoded or converted (such as supported formats,
bandwidth, and spatial resolution, for example).
Currently, streaming service providers maintain multiple
transcoded versions of the same video to serve various
client devices because transcoding is a computationally
expensive and time-consuming process. To eliminate
jitters in accepted streams while transcoding, a task
scheduling mechanism is included. To ensure that the
consumer receives continuous video content delivery, this
technique involves cutting a tiny number of video frames
from a video segment. In this evaluation, admission
control and scheduling based on QoS -aware video streams
is the new task scheduling method for video recording that
is suggested. With the help of this framework, streaming
platform services have made efficient use of cloud
resources while following to the Quality of S ervice (QoS )
standards for video transmissions. The technologies are
advancing a scheduling technique that is QoS -aware to
effectively map video streams to cloud resources in order
to deliver high QoS . The performance of this analysis is
calculated on different aspects such as Accuracy, Qos and
Recall. In this approach the QoS -aware video streaming
based admission control and scheduling for video
transcoding in cloud computing will give the best
outcomes.
KEYWORDS: Video Transcoding, Cloud Computing,
Admission Control, Scheduling, Resource Allocation.
Over the years, there has been a significant change in
how people watch videos. Traditional TV systems are
used as well as Internet-based video streaming on PCs,
laptops, and smart phones. Digital video streaming is
increasingly popular among internet users. The
demanding requirements for video streaming services
include a high-quality communication channel and a
constant, uninterrupted data flow [1]. As a result, there
are attractive advantages to using such services in cloud
environments to enhance the Quality of Experience
(QoE) of end users. Examples of services include
multiple route video transmission, cache systems, and
video transcoding. If the end user's device is not
capable of displaying 1080p videos, the transcoder
service can be used to convert the video from 8 Mbps
(1080p) to 5 Mbps (720p) with no visible quality loss.
This allows for a bigger number of users while still
maintaining acceptable QoE.
Video streaming currently accounts for almost all
United States(US). Internet traffic, according to the
Global Internet Phenomenon report [2]. According to
Cisco Systems, Inc.1, streaming traffic will continue
expanding. The server-side processing power needed to
broadcast many videos may be considerable. As a
result, compressed formats like MPEG-4 and H.264 are
frequently used for digital video storage and
transmission in order to maximize media utilization.
Most of the time, client-side devices that play and
stream videos only support a small number of existing
video formats. videos from one compression format to
another. As desired video streaming services ought to
provide the real-time video transcoding that is both the
fastest and most efficient.

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Video transcoding necessitates the use of a large
cluster-based distributed system due to its
computationally demanding nature. IaaS clouds, such as
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), provide all of
the resources required to create a dynamically scaled
tier of transcoding servers. They presented a prediction-
based dynamic resource allocation technique to scale
video transcoding service on a particular IaaS cloud in
the prior analysis. Although, server overload cannot be
prevented by resource allocation alone. As a result, an
admission control mechanism should be added to
improve resource allocation in order to limit the
incoming load on servers and prevent overload.
Clients of video streams have certain QoS
requirements. In general, video streams must be
received immediately. A transcoding process that was
left unfinished at the time of presentation may create
this delay, or it could happen at the start of the video
stream. It must be encoded with a high bit rate in order
to produce video information of a good quality.
Although, the transmission of video content
necessitates a significant amount of network bandwidth
due to the high bit rate. In order to maintain a smooth
stream, streaming service providers frequently need to
re-encode the bitrate of their video broadcast due to the
varied network circumstances of their customers.
In this analysis, they provide a scheduling and
admission control method based on video streaming
that is QoS-aware for a layer of video transcoding
servers that is dynamically scalable. In order to make
decisions regarding admission control, this strategy
makes use of the transcoding servers queue waiting
time. They refer to the first delay in this study as the
missed presentation deadline and the second delay as
the video stream initiation delay. Previous research has
shown that most streaming users do not finish watching
videos. However, they evaluate a stream provider's
quality depending on how quickly the video starts
playing. Accordingly, to expand the fulfillment of the
clients, the video web based QoS request is considered
as well as limiting the beginning postponement without
missing the presentation deadline time.
A video stream is made up of many sequences. Multiple
Group Of Pictures (GOP) are created for each
sequence, each GOP beginning with the sequencing
transport protocol. A GOP is basically a grouping of
edges starting with an intraframe and going on with a
few P-or B-directional expectation outlines. GOP can
be divided into two groups: both open and closed GOP
Since there are no relationships between the GOPs in a
closed-GOP, each GOP can be transcoded
independently. In open-GOP, however, there is a
dependent on other GOPs. The fundamental processing
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units for video encoding and decoding are called
MacroBlocks (MB), and each frame in a GOP has
several segments made up of numerous
MacroBlocks(MB).
Video footage is initially recorded using a specific
format, frame rate, bit rate, and spatial resolution. Once
on the streaming servers, the video is then uploaded.
Typically, streaming servers must take into account
client network capacity, gadget resolution, screen
resolution, and video codec when converting the video
source. The "Video transcoding" is the common name
for each of these modifications and changes.
The remaining of the analysis is organised in the
manner listed below. The literature review is discussed
in Section II, QoS-aware video streaming based
admission control and scheduling for cloud computing
video transcoding in cloud computing Section III
discusses, Section IV discusses the findings analysis,
and Section V conclusion.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
X. Li, M. A. Salehi, and M. Bayoumi et. al. [3]
Transcoding videos on customers devices is impractical
due to restrictions in processing power and power
sources. The storage of multiple transcoded versions of
the same video for use by various client devices is one
approach to the problem of video transcoding.
Although, this method calls for a significant amount of
processing power and a lot of storage space. However,
this method necessitates massive storage resources and
powerful processors.
F. Jokhio, S. Lafond, A. Ashraf, and J. Lilius et. al. [4]
a method for allocating cloud resources that strikes a
balance between cost, efficiency, and storage is offered
by video transcoding. In this analysis, the case of video-
on-demand is taken into consideration, where each
video contains previous execution time data (e.g.,
historical transcoding time). Utilizing this historical
data, the described scheduling and resource allocation
methods schedule GOPs and ascertain the cloud's VM
count.
F. Lao, X. Zhang, and Z. Guo et. al. [5] A video stream
can be divided into different levels such as sequence
level, GOP level, frame level, segment level and
macroblock level for the transcoding process. Multiple
GOPs at the sequence level can each be separately
transcoded. At the other extreme, the transmission and
transcoding times are determined by the size of each
sequence. In contrasted to that, frames, pieces, and
macroblocks are linked geographically and temporally.
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As a result, their processing becomes complex and
slow.
S. Muppala and X. Zhou et. al. [6] Reporting the
CoSAC (Coordinated Session-Based Access Control)
approach to providing access control for multi-tier web
applications through single-session access control.
CoSAC uses Bayesian networks as a Machine Learning
technique and furthermore offers inter-level
coordination. By connecting each session admission
control with a load deferral method, it reduces the
number of sessions rejected.
make purchases that include financial transactions. At
suitable intervals, a recurrent pattern of workload is
assumed.
III. QOS-AWARE VIDEO STREAMING BASED
ADMISSION CONTROL AND SCHEDULING
FOR VIDEO TRANSCODING
Figure 1 shows the block diagram of QoS-aware video
streaming based admission control and scheduling for
video transcoding. The architecture displays the order
of events that occur when customers ask streaming
service providers for videos.

T. Deneke et. al. [7] Provides a centralized transcoding

technique that divides video streams into different sizes Video Video Video
Video
and distributes them between processors to save video Response Request Repository
Repositor
rendering and startup performance. Consequently, the y
descriptive scheduling approach can reduce the average
start delays of a number of video streams without
significantly reducing the rate of deadline incidents.

F. Jokhio, S. Lafond, T. Deneke, and J. Lilius et. al. [8] Streaming Server
Transcoding time for spatial resolution reduction is
shown to be impacted by video segmentation. The
video streams are separated into Groups of Pictures for
this study (GOP). Each transcoding task in this situation
Master Controller And Resource Allocator
has to deal with many GOPs. The transcoding section is
constructed by taking into account a number of GOPs.
Each transcoding task in this situation has to deal with
many GOPs. The video stream is typically split into
GOPs, each of which is transcoded separately, to Video Splitter Video
prevent unnecessary communication lag across multiple
Manager
cloud servers (i.e., virtual machines). But initial
research indicates that transcoding segments with a
GOP is easier to arrange.
Batch Startup Transcodin
J. Almeida, C. Francalanci, I. Cunha, D. Ardagna, and Queue Queue g VM
V. Almeida, M. Trubian et. al.
[10] a single strategy for allocating resources and
controlling access to a virtualized platform that houses VM Provision
multiple web applications, with each Virtual Machine Update ing
(VM) running a distinct web service application. As VM Pro
well as addressing customers Quality of Service (QoS) vision Elasticity
needs and reducing resource use costs, optimization
Manager (EM)
intends to boost the provider's income. By only
processing the subset of requests that maximises
profitability and dynamically modifying the percentage
of capacity allocated to each Virtual Machine (VM),
this approach limits the amount of incoming workload.
Fig. 1. T he Block Diagram of QOS-Aware Videp Streaming
Based Admission Control and Ssheducling for Video T ranscoding
Y. A. Shaaban and J. Hillston et. al. [11] the use of a
congestion control strategy is provided in a Cost-Based
Admission Control (CBAC). However, there will be an streaming server, which then determines whether the
extra fee if the user decides to submit the request again requested video is offered by the video store. It begins
within the busy time. The concept is only appropriate streaming a video once it locates one in the required
for e-commerce websites if the majority of customers format. However, it will split the requested video and

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send it for re-encoding if it discovers that it was only
saved in a different format or resolution than the one
that was requested. A copy of each transcoded video is
kept for a certain amount of time (usually several days)
in the video store to prevent the transcoding process
from being repeated too often.The resource allocator
and master controller are the primary creators of
transcoding server cluster Virtual Machines.
The targeted playback speed of the video stream and
the anticipated transcoding server speed are the main
factors that determine how resources are allocated and
distributed.
Video Splitter: They analyze each GOP as a separate
work with a separate deadline. The first frame's
presentation time determines a GOP's deadline.
Customers think about video on-demand streaming,
where the GOP has to finish its transcoding but ignores
its deadline (like Netflix and YouTube). In this
approach, close-GOP types where each GOP can be
processed independently are considered. Allocating
GOPs to the encoding server is the responsibility of the
transcoding job scheduler, also known as the
transcoding scheduler. The goal of the scheduler is to
meet the minimum start delay and minimum timeout
error rate requirements for customers for video streams.
In the scheduling queue, several GOPs from various
video streams are mixed together. Additionally, the
scheduler has no information of or doesn't make any
assumptions about the GOP's pattern of arrival. A
different queue, the startup queue, is monitored to
shorten the time it takes for video streams to start up.
Initial GOPs are delivered to the startup queue, which
has a higher priority than the batch queue, for each new
video stream. GOP-specific data is placed into each
VM's local queue before GOP transcoding is carried out
to prevent performance delays. Variability in a virtual
machine's performance can also be attributed to other
virtual machines that share a physical host with the
virtual machine in the cloud datacenter. For example,
the performance of a neighboring Virtual Machine
(VM) will differ if there is no such neighboring VM
because the VM will suffer from memory access if it
has a lot of memory accesses.
To meet customer QoS requirements and save
expenditures its spending on streaming providers, EM
regulates the transcoding performance of virtual
machines in video transcoding and QoS-aware video
streaming-based access control scheduling and resizes
virtual machine clusters accordingly. For this reason,
EM dynamics (such as) Virtual Machines are allocated
and released from cloud providers according to
customer needs by flexible resource provisioning
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strategies. The EM generates VMs and connects them
to the VM cluster when a video stream's or table
queue's QoS degradation rates increase. Similar to this,
EM's resource provisioning policies remove virtual
machines (VMs) from the VM cluster when they are
underutilized to save the streaming service provider
money.
To determine whether the assigned VMs are adequate
to satisfy the QoS requirements, EM is conducted
periodically and depending on events. The scheduler is
informed about the most recent configuration of the
VM cluster and the set of allocated virtual machines is
updated by EM. It is the responsibility of EM in the
CVSS architecture to implement cloud resource
purchase depending on client demand rate. With VMs
from the cloud provider being dynamically allocated or
deallocated, EM supports resource provisioning
capabilities for this purpose. The transcoding scheduler
is then instructed by the procedures to account for the
modifications in its task mapping decisions. While
conforming to QoS requirements for video streaming,
provisioning strategies attempt to keep costs to the
stream provider to a minimum. Scale up quickly and
scale down gradually is the guiding philosophy of EM's
resource provisioning practises.
Cloud distributor provides VMs to process the GOP
tasks. The homogeneity of the allocated VMs is
assumed for the purposes of this analysis. Future
analysis will be done in the scenario of heterogeneous
VMs. Data needed for GOPs is preloaded before
execution in each VM's local queue. Even after the
local queue is entirely full, the scheduler still assigns
GOPs to VMs. Due to the homogeneous of all allocated
VMs, the local queue sizes for all transcoding processes
are the same.
GOP processes in local queues are assumed to be
scheduled along FCFS paths and the scheduler is
notified whenever space becomes available in the VM's
local queue to allocate a VM GOP. To produce the final
(i.e. transcoded) video stream, organizing all of the
transcoded GOPs in the desired order is an important
part of video compression. The stream that has been
transcoded is returned to the video repository for client
access through the video integration.
IV. RESULT ANALYSIS
The suggested QoS-aware video streaming admission
control and scheduling for cloud computing video
transcoding is examined in this section. The suggested
model's performance is evaluated using the following
definitions for True Positive (TP), True Negative (TN),
False Negative (FN), and False Positive (FP):
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True Positive (TP): TP is the total number of correctly Table 1. Performance Analysis
classified actually positive predictive instances that are
all positive predictions. Video
streaming Video
True Negative (TN): The total number of actually Performance based on streaming
negative, correctly classified negative predictive Metrics scheduling for
instances is known as the TN. VT
QoS 99.1 76
False Positive (FP): FP is the total number of positive (%)
prediction instances that are not actually positive and
are labelled as having error. Accuracy (%) 98 82
False Negative (FN): The amount of completely
incorrectly classified, actually neutral, negative
predictive instances, or FN, is given. Recall 93 85
(%)
In a network, a collection of techniques known as
Quality of Service (QoS) is utilized to make sure that The above table shows that the Video streaming based
high-priority traffic and applications can operate on scheduling for VT gives the higher QoS, accuracy
effectively within a constrained network capacity. By and recall.
providing differentiated management and capacity
allocation to specific network traffic flows, QoS
solutions achieve this.

Accuracy: It is described as being the proportion of

correctly identified occurrences to all instances, and it
is provided as

Recall: The ability to find all relevant instances in a

dataset is revealed by recall. That is, categorization
models recognise all relevant events in a memory and
are expressed as Fig. 2. Qos Performance
Comparison Between Methods
(2)
In this comparision the above graph shows that Video
The performance analysis of the proposed QoS-aware streaming based on scheduling for VT has higher QoS.
video streaming based admission control and
scheduling for video transcoding in cloud computing
based on is shown in Table 1

Fig. 3. Accuracy Performance

Comparison Between Methods

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In this comparision the above graph shows that Video
streaming based on scheduling for VT has higher
accuracy.
Fig. 4. Recall Performance Comparison Between
Methods
In this comparision the above graph shows that Video
streaming based on scheduling for VT has higher
Recall.
V. CONCLUS ION
In this approach, including on transcoding of video
streams utilizing cloud resources, they described access
management and scheduling for video transcoding
based on streaming video QoS information The
scheduling system in the design takes into account the
QoS requirements of video streams. It based on
admission control judgments on how long each
transcoding server's queue is open. This offers a decent
balance between price and QoS. Additionally, it lowers
jitter in approved streams, rejects less streams, avoids
servers from being overloaded, and drops only a small
percentage of video frames. The purpose of this
analysis is to reduce the amount of time that video
streams start late and maximise QoS. The outcomes of
the experiments demonstrate that the provided
scheduling strategy offers high QoS. The best outcomes
have been determined by calculated performance
metrics on several areas, such as Accuracy, QoS, and
Recall.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] Sai Srinivas Vellela , Dr.R.Balamanigandan, Dr.S.Phani Praveen,
“ Strategic Survey on Security and Privacy Methods of Cloud
Computing Environment”, Journal of Next Generation T echnology,
ISSN: 2583-021X, Vol. 2, Issue 1, May 2022.
[2] R. Immich, E. Cerqueira, and M. Curado, "Efficient
highresolution video delivery over vanets," Wireless Networks, Feb
2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-018- 1687-
2
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
[3] C. V. N. Index, “Forecast and methodology, 2014-2019,” 2015.
[4] X. Li, M. A. Salehi, and M. Bayoumi, “Cloud-based video
streaming for energy- and compute-limited thin clients,” in the
Stream2015 Workshop at Indiana University, Oct, 2015.
[5] F. Jokhio, A. Ashraf, S. Lafond, and J. Lilius, “A computation and
storage trade-off strategy for cost-efficient video transcoding in the
cloud,” in Proceedings of the 39th IEEE Conference on Software
Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA), pp. 365–372, 2013.
[6] F. Lao, X. Zhang, and Z. Guo, “Parallelizing video transcoding
using map-reduce-based cloud computing,” in Proceedings of IEEE
International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 2905–2908,
2012.
[7] S. Muppala and X. Zhou, “Coordinated session-based admission
control with statistical learning for multi-tier internet applications,”
Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 20
– 29, 2011.
[8] T . Deneke, “Scalable distributed video transcoding architecture,”
Master’s thesis, Abo Akademi University, 2011.
[9] F. Jokhio, T. Deneke, S. Lafond, and J. Lilius, “Analysis of video
segmentation for spatial resolution reduction video transcoding,” in
Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Signal
Processing and Communications Systems (ISPACS), pp. 1–6, 2011.
[10] R. N. Calheiros, R. Ranjan, A. Beloglazov, C. A. De Rose, and
R. Buyya, “Cloudsim: a toolkit for modeling and simulation of cloud
computing environments and evaluation of resource provisioning
algorithms,” Software: Practice and Experience, vol. 41, pp. 23 –50,
2011.
[11] J. Almeida, V. Almeida, D. Ardagna, I. Cunha, C. Francalanci,
and M. T rubian, “Joint admission control and resource allocation in
virtualized servers,” J. Parallel Distrib. Comput., vol. 70, no. 4, pp.
344–362, Apr. 2010.
[12] Y. A. Shaaban and J. Hillston, “Cost-based admission control for
internet commerce QoS enhancement,” Electronic Commerce
Research and Applications, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 142 – 159, 2009.
[13] M. A. Mesa, A. Ramirez, A. Azevedo, C. Meenderinck, B.
Juurlink, and M. Valero, “Scalability of macroblock-level parallelism
for h. 264 decoding,” in Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International
Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS), pp. 236–
243, 2009.
[14] Y. Sambe, S. Watanabe, Y. Dong, T . Nakamura, and N.
Wakamiya, “High-speed distributed video transcoding for multiple
rates and formats,” IEICE Transaction on Information and Systems,
vol. 88, no. 8, pp. 1923–1931, 2005.
[15]Sai Srinivas Vellela, Dr. A. Murali Krishna, “On Board Artificial
Intelligence With Service Aggregation for Edge Computing in
Industrial Applications” Journal of Critical Reviews ISSN- 2394-
5125 Vol 7, Issue 07, 2020
[16]Madhuri, A., Jyothi, V. E., Praveen, S. P., Sindhura, S., Srinivas,
V. S., & Kumar, D. L. S. (2022). A New Multi-Level Semi-
Supervised Learning Approach for Network Intrusion Detection
System Based on the ‘GOA’. Journal of Interconnection Networks,
2143047.
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Soft Computing based Machine Learning Techniques
for Optical Communication Networks
P.Malini
Assistant Professor
Vivekananda College of Technology for Women
Triuchengode, India.
pm22112021@g mail.co m
S.Preethi
Assistant Professor
Kongu Engineering College
Erode, India.
preethi.s.ece@gmail.com
U.Sasikala
Assistant Professor
J.K.K.Munirajah College of Technology
Coimbatore, India.
sasi302009@gmail.co m
Abstract: Massive amounts of extremely far-off data
are now being sourced from the telecommunications networks.
Additionally, this information may be acquired via network
business traces, network logs, warnings, signal quality indicators,
drug addicts' behavioral data, and other sources. Advanced tools
are required to collect useful data.. Machine learning is one of
these fantastic technologies (ML), which is considered as one of
the most promising tactical answers for analyzing network data
and automation. The recent increase in network difficulty
contributes to the abandoning of ML techniques in the context of
optical communication networks. In this study high-level
overview of networking and ML to optic dispatches are
analyzed. This article, outlines the problem, review the relevant
literature, and provide experimenters and analysts interested in
this field an introduction to machine learning. By providing new
possible exploration guidelines to encourage more advancement
in this field, we infer the research. Even if recently reasonable
investigation documents have appeared, machine learning's
application to optical networks is still in its infancy.
Keywords: BER, OSNR, Neural Networks, Optical
Communications and Networking, Data Analytics, Machine
Learning, and Network Monitoring.
I. INT RODUCT ION
The branch of data science known as machine
learning (ML) [1,2,3] provides machines with appropriate
data enables them to learn how to solve a specific issue on
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Dr.A.Vasantharaj
Associate Professor
Excel Engineering College
Namakkal, India.
vasanth.eec@excelcolleges.com
S.Karpakam
Assistant Professor
Sri Eshwar College of Engineering
coimbatore, India.
karpakaparamasivam@gmail.co m
S.Irfan basha
UG Scholar
K.Ramakrishnan College of Engineering
irfanbg007@gmail.com
their own. ML makes it possible for machines to perform jobs
that have historically been handled by people. [4,5,6] With the
expectation that more design-related procedures would soon
be automated and that machine control of the communication
network will become the norm, the notion of automating such
professions has attracted a lot of interest in the networking
community. Applications of machine learning in many
networking settings.
Machine learning for optical networking is one of the
networking [7, 8, 9] applications on which this study focuses.
Due to its high capacity, cheap cost, and a multitude of other
enticing features, optical networks constitute the main physical
infrastructure of all large-provider networks worldwide.
In reality, cross-layer situations, where data analysis
at the physical subcaste, such as covering Bit Error Rate
(BER), [10, 11, 12] can prompt modifications at the network
subcaste, including routing, diapason, and assignments of
modulation formats, are very beneficial, ML operations are
particularly helpful. [13, 14, 15] From a networking
standpoint, several changes in the knowledge aero plane and
later the control aero plane show the escalating complexity of
the underlying transmission systems. [16,17,18] In response to
the increased need for flexibility in allocating optic network
resources on the knowledge aeroplanes, a new optical network
structure known as the Elastic Optical Network (EON)
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conception(12)-(15) has arisen. In contrast to traditional
fixed-grid WDM networks, EON enables flexible (nearly
continuous) bandwidth allotment.
These techniques makes it possible to draw conclusions
about important qualities that cannot be quickly or directly
measured from data’s collected from various types of
observers (e.g., signal quality, business samples, etc.). Many
are conceivable and could be covered in the following
sections. Some of the anticipated optic sphere operations
include fault quantization, intrusion discovery, physical
inflow security, impairment-apprehensive routing, low-
periphery design, and business -apprehensive capacity
reconfigurations. Control rudiments like SDN regulators,
network lyricists, and optical performance observers work at
network location.
II. A SUMMARY OF METHODS OF OPTIQUE
NETWORKS FOR MACHINES TO LEARN
(A) Supervised learning:
This phase provides a high-level overview of a number of
the most effective machine learning techniques. Due to the
plethora of literature on the subject, a thorough examination
of every ML approach would fall outside the purview of this
section, and compendiums are similar to the abecedarian
book format. The most significant ML methods employed in
the studies listed in the remaining parts of this study are
briefly reviewed in this phase. We next present some
fundamental context for the anthology to help readers
comprehend the balancing components of this check paper.
We categories the algorithms into three main groups, as
shown in the diagram. in Fig. 1. These orders—supervised
literacy, unsupervised literacy, and underlying literacy—are
discussed in the following sections. Semi-supervised literacy,
a cross between supervised and unsupervised literacy, is
additionally bandied.
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Figure 1: Supervised Learning: a dataset of pathways,
wavelengths, modulation, and BER is used to prepare the
algorithm. After that, the BER is extrapolated to fit fresh
inputs.
1) Parametric models:
The feature during this case can be a combination of a
tough and fast reasonably parametric foundation functio ns.
These fashions estimate a relentless set of variables the
utilization of coaching data. Following the gaining
knowledge of stage, the coaching records are also discarded
due to the actual fact the prediction corresponds to new data.
Only the realized parameters w are accustomed compute
inputs. In terms of analytical and numerical complexity,
parametric designs with a linear combination of constant
nonlinear foundation functions do the best.
A NN gains knowledge by reducing its propensity to
make errors when valuing the set of parameters w given a
training set. Several error characteristics are used, depending
on the level of difficulty and the output units' activation
feature. The overall rectangular errors are often employed in
regression models, whereas the go entropy error feature is
used for classification.
2) Nonparametric models:
The large choice of parameters in nonparametric
strategies is determined through the education set. These
strategies shop a subset or the entire coaching records at the
identical time and appoint them at some point of production.
Basis features in SVMs are headquartered on coaching
samples, with the coaching method choosing a subset of the
elemental functions. The cardinality of the coaching dataset is
often a good deal smaller than the wide selection of chosen
groundwork features and education samples that must be
stored.
SVMs assemble a linear choice boundary that's as a
protracted way far from the coaching samples as possible.
Only the help vectors that are closest to the separators are
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saved. A nonlinear optimization trouble with a convex goal (C)methods of semi-supervised learning
feature must be solved to make your mind up the parameters
of SVMs, that environment friendly algorithms exist.SVMs
have the good thing about being during a position to embed
statistics into a greater dimensional house during which
records factors will be linearly distributed.

(B)Unsupervised learning:

Among the most successful unsupervised functions

learning methodologies are market research, social
community analysis, and gene clustering. In unsupervised
learning, the coaching dataset is used. It only consists of a
collection of x policies, or a mapping of environmental states
into actions to be taken while instantly relating to the
environment. With only evaluative input as the reward, the
RL prototype enables merchants to appear by experimenting
with various moves and altering their behaviour. The long -
term effectiveness of the agent should be maximized. As a Figure 3:During the pattern phase of the self-training process,
result, the agent takes into account both the immediate an unlabeled factor is compared against labelled facts before
rewards and the long-term costs of its decisions. The two key being added back to the set of labelled statistics.
components of RL are trial-and-error and dawdle reward.
(D)Reinforcement Learning (RL)

Reinforcement Learning (RL), which is used to handle

applications like automation, finance (investment decisions),
and stock management, aims to swiftly associate with the
environment by using a policy, or a mapping between
environmental states and motions that need to be made. By
testing with a single form of movement and adjusting their
behaviour using just evaluative input, or the incentive, the RL
prototype enables sellers to do research. The performance of
the agent must be maximised throughout time. As a result, the
agent weighs both the short-term advantages of its choices and
their long-term drawbacks. The two essential elements of RL
are dawdled reward and trial-and-error learning.
Figure 2: The algorithm discovers strange patterns in the data,
such as wavelengths, routes, BER, and modulation.

Semi-supervised gaining knowledge of approach are a

combination of the preceding two brought above, which
they're accustomed remedy issues within which the majority
of the education samples are unlabeled, with solely some
exceptions. There are labeled statistics factors available. The
apparent gain is that a wealth of unlabeled records factors is
with ease there in many domains are available. Semi-
supervised about to know is used for the identical purpose. Figure 4:Reinforcement Learning cycle
Applications like supervised gaining knowledge of are
specifically beneficial. When labeled records factors are (E) Model selection, overfitting, and underfitting
scarce or prohibitively costly acquiring and
utilisingthereunlabeled records can assist performance. In this part, we go over a typical ML algorithm issue and
possible solutions. Even if we are authorities on supervised

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mastering techniques, the discussion is still important. Being
too big or too little has a flip side, which is model selection.
When the model is simply too complicated for the sho rt
dataset, overfitting happens (for example, a excessive
quadratic order within the instance of regression with
quadratic foundation features or a big kind of concealed
neurons within the case of a neural network). In this case, the
model will match the educational data too closely, including
noisy samples and outliers, but it will also result in poor
generalization, or incorrect predictions for brand-new data
points. On the other hand, choosing models that are no longer
sophisticated enough to capture important informative
features results in underfitting (for example, once we use a
linear mannequin to healthy polynomial data).
Figure 5: Differences between improper and excessive
fitting
III.DESCRIPTION OF THE PURPOSE OF OPTIQUE
NETWORKS AND SYSTEMS FOR MACHINE
LEARNING
The use of ML and data analytics approaches can be
advantageous in a variety of circumstances. These instances
are divided into two categories in this document: 1) cases that
are cashed in, and 2) cases that are utilized by the community
layer. The remainder of this section summarizes the major
functions of ML in optical networks, as graphically depicted
in Fig. 6, and explains why ML is always advantageous.
Sections IV and V offer a thorough assessment of recent
research for usage scenarios including the physiological layer
and community layer, respectively.
The use of data analytics and machine learning techniques can
be advantageous in a variety of circumstances. These use
cases are separated into use instances for the physical layer
and then the social layer in this study. The last few sentences
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of this section provide a high-level overview of the primary
applications of ML in optical networks, which are shown in
Figure 6 and emphasize the potential benefits of ML. A
comprehensive assessment of the preliminary results may
potentially be the next step. The network and physical layers
are both covered by Divisions IV and V.
Relevant computer mastering techniques: ML regression
algorithms are often skilled to exactly expect post-amplifier
energy tour in response to the addition/deletion o f positive
wavelengths to/from the machine thanks to the availability of
previous records obtained via monitoring community status.
Recognizing formats for modulation (MFR).
Modern optical transmitters and receivers offer a
great deal of flexibility with regard to the used bandwidth,
provider frequency, and modulation scheme, making it
possible to adapt the evaluation to the popular BER and
optical attain in an easily extensible networking context. It is
not always feasible to find out this option in increase at the
reception side as long as any coherent optical modulation
arrangement is applied on the transmission side. This could
also affect right sign demodulation, which could affect how
signs are processed and detected.
Figure 6: Optical network assisted by ML Framework
Relevant laptop studying strategies encompass the
utilization of supervised ML, which allows quickly direction
decision and carrier provisioning through concurrently taking
under consideration a quantity of parameters, inclusive of the
incoming carrier request as nicely because the contemporary
community country information. This eliminates the want for
sophisticated community price evaluations .
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IV. DEEP STUDY OF MACHINE LEARNING IN
DOMAIN OF PHYSICAL LAYER
The QoT estimate comprises calculating transmission
excellent metrics as OSNR, BER, Q-factor, CD, or PMD
using measurements obtained directly from the subject using
optical overall performance monitor devices mounted at the
receiver side and/or on the basis of mild direction
characteristics. In order to detect flaws and malfunctions, QoT
estimate is frequently used in two scenarios: monitoring the
transmission quality of already-deployed light routes, and
forecasting the transmission quality of new light paths using
data from already deployed ones.
The whole size and most hyperlink size of the candidate mild
path, the range of hyperlinks travelled, the extent of tourists to
be transferred, and therefore the modulation structure to be
used for transmission are amongst the weather the classifier
accepts as input. The classifier determines the particular
combos of routes and modulation codes that are most
altogether likelihood to satisfy the BER requirements.
Different ML algorithms and regulations are often utilized
hoping on the utilization instances and functions of interest, as
we will see from the quality dialogue during this section. As a
result, as proven in Fig. 10, For the next-generation optical
networks, one may also imagine a transparent control plane
with a number of ML algorithms and rules. The estimated
control plane in Fig. 10 will be in contrast to the network's
"brain," which constantly converses with the "network body"
(i.e., a variety of components like transponders, amplifiers,
links, etc.), reacts to "stimuli" (i.e., statistics produced by the
network), and consists of out unique "actions" (i.e., course
computation, digital topology (re)configurations, accompany
the flow classification, etc
V.DISCUSSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
A.ML methodologies
Ways to instruct information processing systems. We
keep in mind that the vast majority of current research using
ML in optical networks relies on offline data, supervised
learning methods, during which the ML algorithms are
assumed to be familiar with historical records prior to being
used to accumulate large datasets under destructive
operational conditions. Networks are typically presided and
assisted by conventional sketch techniques that reduce the
likelihood of F. (at the speed of community underutilization
resources).
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B. Timescales
The sheer idea that unique functions can also have very
specific durations during which monitored information
manifests visible and advantageous sample variations has
received little attention up to this point (e.g., growing old
would reason issue conduct to differ slowly over time,
whereas visitors varies shortly and at a spread of timescales,
like burst, daily, weekly, and yearly).
Community failure recovery is another exciting and
developing area for ML applications combined with SDN
manipulation. Modern optical community management
systems are frequently set up as rule-based specialized
systems, which is to say that they cover typical failure
situations with a set of professional regulations (IF
conditions> THEN actions >). Such rules are specialized and
predictable, often in the range of a few tens, and thus cannot
account for all possible failure scenarios.
C. Data availability
Commercialization and standardized practices Even
though it is just getting started, ML's us e of optical networking
has already caught the attention of vendors of optical tools and
community operators, and it is anticipated that this interest
will take an unexpected turn soon. We also see some things
that need to be done for low-margin optical community
planning, visitors prediction, anomaly detection, Error-aware
rerouting, QoT estimate escalation for margin discount, and
additionally, standardization organizations have been looking
at the application of ML to resolve networking challenges.
VI.CONCLUSION
In this study, to achieve a variety of applications, robust
DL algorithms were introduced in optical communication. In
order to execute channel estimation, mode demodulation,
optical signal analysis, impairment diagnosis, OPM, DSP, and
spectral analysis, CNN was utilized to investigate information
from image data, including LP mode, OAM mode, eye,
constellation, and ADTP, AAH, and spectrum diagrams. To
perform signal pre-distortion and post-compensation, network
traffic forecasting, and defect warning analysis, RNN was
applied to handle sequential data, including digital signal
waveform, network traffic data, and equipment condition
characteristics. To reconsider traditional
modeling approaches and enhances end-to-end learning
performance, a data-driven channel modeling scheme was
proposed. To guarantee that the training data were adequate
and diverse, GAN was used to supplement picture data and
sequential data. In order to achieve self-configuration and
adaptive allocation of optical networks, DRL was finally
implemented. In future, it is anticipated that DL will continue
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to make improvements in optical communication by enabling 19. J. Shanmugasundaram, G. Raichal, G. Dency Flora, P. Rajasekaran, and
V. Jeevanantham, “Classification of epileptic seizure using rotation
more intelligent and adaptive techniques. forest ensemble method with 1D-LBP feature extraction,” Materials
T oday: Proceedings, 2021.
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Spot Fire: An Intelligent Forest Fire Detection

System Design With Machine Learning
K. Revathi
Associate Professor, Department of
Computer Science and Engineering,
Panimalar Engineering College,
Chennai, India
neyadharshini@gmail.com
T. Tamilselvi R.Arunkumar
Associate Professor, Department of Assistant Professor, Department of
Computer Science and Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering,
Panimalar Engineering College, Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology,
Chennai, India Chennai, India
tamilselvime@gmail.com arunkumar.r@ritchennai.edu.in
T. Divya
Assistant Professor, Department of
Computer Science and Engineering,
Panimalar Engineering College,
Chennai, India
jothidivya97@gmail.com

Abstract— Wildfires do irreparable damage to forest
ecosystems and increase global warming by releasing carbon
dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. As
individuals breathe in excessive levels of pollution, the
accompanying smoke and haze can travel great distances and
cause public health emergencies. Uncontrolled wildfires
destroy property and natural tourist attractions, contaminate
water supplies, and cripple economies every year, resulting in
billions of dollars in economic harm. The predominant aim of
this work is to preserve the environment and prevent forest
fire through monitoring the ambient conditions, mapping fire
prone zones. In order to do so, a sensory unit which is capable
of performing regular assessment of location is discussed.
Further appropriate machine learning model to ascertain the
wildfire condition as early is investigated with great interest.
Keywords—Forest fire, Linear regression, Machine learning,
Principal component analysis, Wireless sensor networks
I. INTRODUCTION
Globally, circumstances are now more prone to fire due
to climate change, forest degradation, and fragmentation.
Fires, whether started by humans or by lightning, are more
likely to spread over wider regions and burn at higher
temperatures in hotter and drier conditions. Forests that have
been damaged by logging, illness, and deforestation are also
more prone to fire.
The statistical report on wildfire over the year 2021
published on January 13, 2022, states that India observed a
count of 345,989 wildfires in the duration of November 2020
to June 2021 [1]. This would be the highest reading so far for
this time period in the nation. According to data presented in
the Rajya Sabha on December 16, 2021 by the minister of
state for the union environment named Ashwini Kumar
Choubey, minimum of 258,480 wildfires were recorded in
2018–19, making them the second-highest thus far. Madhya
Pradesh saw an increase in forest fires of 87.6% from 2017
to 2021, whereas Maharashtra saw an increase of 13.4%.
Forest fire risk can be decreased via prescribed burning,
better infrastructure upkeep, awareness-raising and fire
prevention education, and regulatory interventions like fire
bans. Forest resilience to fire is increased through preventing
deforestation and forest degradation.
The preliminary objective of the proposed system is to
bring real time applications on forest fire detection and
control activities that easily accessible to respective officials
and by common public. This makes every individual being
accountable for their actions towards the environment. In
order to build the application, an effective sensing unit is
developed which monitors the environmental condition of
the location and alert in case of fire. This is an example of
reactive mode of the application which serves upon
occurrence of the fire. In order to predict the futuristic trends
of fire pattern, machine learning algorithms are applied to
enable the application to act proactively.
The beneficiaries of the application are classified into
three groups:
i) Government and Forest Officials
ii) Fire Fighters who used to work on controlling the
spread of forest fire and
iii) Common Public
In recent days, all are looking for mobile based
applications for its effective usage. On their mobile devices,
the respective officials as subscribers get email and SMS
alerts. Additionally, the authorized user of the interactive
mapping on web portal design, one can pick and see fires
that happened during a certain time period using a time
slider, or they can overlay the data with other data, including
land-cover data, to determine the extent of the forest fire's
devastation.
II. RELATED WORK
Zouiten Mohammed et al. [2] conducted a deep
investigation on suitability of machine learning algorithms in
detecting wildfires. Researchers can use this algorithm to
forecast forest fires and locate risk zones. By giving alerts
and presenting on maps based on geographical treatments for
better effectiveness and scenario analysis, a system utilizing
machine learning algorithm on geo-data would be able to
signify the relevant parties and representatives in real time.
Rony Teguh [3] presented an application to use community
reporting via smartphones in order to identify the risk and
spread of fire in peat lands as early as feasible.
Smys et al. [4] investigated long range technology in
detecting forest fire risky area through deployment of
wireless sensor network to assess environmental changes and
demonstrated its efficacy using simulator tool. Ali Khan et
al. [5] conducted a deep survey to reveal the significance of
machine learning in the process of assessing forest fire in

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advance. They proposed a transfer learning solution over
VGG19 to achieve improved prediction accuracy as 95%.
The proposed model was evaluated against the machine
learning approaches like linear regression, k-nearest
neighbor, random forest, naïve bayes and SVM.
Raghad K. Mohammed [6] applied deep neural network
in order to predict forest fire patterns. Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) is widely exploited in the majority of
human endeavours in the current world. The authors
recommend using deep learning technology with transfer
learning to extract aspects of wildfire, smoke pattern of fire
and smoke quality. From the dataset, which consists a
number of 1,102 photos for each fire and smoke class, they
employed an Inception-ResNet-v2 network that has already
been trained on the ImageNet dataset. The performance
metrics like classification accuracy, specificity, precision,
recall and F1-Score were all 99.09%, 100%, 98.08%,
99.09%, and 98.30%, respectively.
Seyd Teymoor Seydi et al. [7] introduced a deep learning
framework for detecting active fires from the burning
biomass, called Fire-Net, based on Landsat-8 images. For a
more accurate portrayal, the authors specifically combine the
optical (Red, Green, and Blue) hues with thermal modalities
from the photos. Additionally, the network makes use of the
residual based convolution network, allowing for the
extraction of more detailed features from the sparse datasets.
Experimental results demonstrate robust detection of small
active flames and overall accuracy of 97.35 percent. For this
study, images from forests in Amazon Rainforest, Australia,
Central Africa, Chernobyl (Ukraine), North America, and
where forest fires are frequently reported, were used.
Anupam Mittal et al. [8] in their article narrated the
impact on machine learning algorithms in detecting forest
fire. They summarized the wireless sensor network for forest
fire detection also evaluated various machine learning
algorithms like ANN, decision trees and support vector
machine (SVM). The SVM exhibited better performance in
predicting forest fire. Pragati et al. [9] developed an IoT
based sensory circuit to read environmental state and
continuously assessed the same with the help of machine
learning algorithm in detecting fire. To reduce false
prediction, decision tree is employed in this work. Sonal Sigh
[10] developed a way for incorporating machine learning
algorithm over color detection techniques to find wildfires
and notify authorities of their location. In addition to this,
knowledge of wildfire incidence and risks associated with it
is practiced. Soundarya Goski et al. [11] conveyed that due
to forest fires, carbon dioxide emissions are at an all-time
high. By increasing tree planting and making climate change
a global priority, we may decrease wildfires. The
accomplishment of this task will benefit from a dependable
fire control system. Also executed an artificial intelligence
based framework to extract information on forest fire and act
accordingly.
Wonjae Lee et al. [12] developed an unmanned vehicle to
control forest fire through detecting the wildfire of interest
with satellite images. Low temporal and spatial resolution of
satellite pictures prevents its utility for early wildfire
identification. Unmanned aerial vehicles can deliver high
definition photos for wildfire identification at a reasonable
cost. Deep convolutional neural networks were used to create
a wildfire detection system that makes use of unmanned
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aerial vehicles. For a variety of aerial photos, the method
attained good accuracy.
Peter Peinl et al. [13] detailed a Web application that the
Fulda University of Applied Sciences created and put into
use for the ASPires project. The programme increases the
capabilities offered to Crisis Management Centers (CMC).
The CMC staff has access to real readings from sensors
placed in test locations, such as national parks, as well as
images captured by cameras positioned on Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles (UAVs) or stationary observation towers in the
vicinity of a real or simulated wildfire. Data are sent to the
Aspires cloud and quickly delivered via an open interface to
the Web application.
The following list provides the top most mobile
applications built in evaluating forest fire with ambient
conditions over the smart phone.
• Fire Map
• Wildfire Map
• AFIS Wildfire Map
• Alert Cops
• First Aid
• Foc Control: Forest Fire Prevention
• Fireguard Wildfire Tracker – Google Play Store
• FireFringe – Google Play Store
Each works for the specific purpose like locating fire in
map, alerting respective personnel’s for corrective actions.
Here the proposed application will provide all the significant
operations (education, monitoring, mapping, and alerting) as
single application.
III. PROPOSED MODEL FOR WILDFIRE DETECTION
Researchers of interest in this domain strongly believed
that the continuous assessment of atmospheric changes helps
in diagnosing forest fire risk zones. In aligned with the
proposed system is to develop an effective model for regular
monitoring of the environmental condition and predicting the
fire in advance with the help of a handy design of sensory
circuit which is cost effective and low energy model. It is
planned to be implemented through various phases listed and
explained below.
A. Sensing Hardware Design
The Sensing Unit (SU) is constructed as a nearly
spherical form to withstand outside forces and with
characteristics to guard against damage from the hard
circumstances present in tropical forests. The SU is used to
measure the following parameters: CO level, light intensity,
temperature and humidity [14]. The SU is organized as three
layers. The lithium-ion battery is intended to be placed in the
uppermost layer, while the connection board,
microcontroller, and voltage regulator are intended to be
placed in the middle layer. The sensors mounted at bottom
layer as looking downward, also viable to observe the
aforementioned environmental variables. Thus SU is
designed in a way to track atmospheric values in
coordination with a micro-controller, transceiver module,
and power components. Batteries are utilized as the primary
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power source and solar panels are used as the backup power
source to deliver power to the sensor node as in Figure 1.
(a) (b)
Fig. 1 Design of sensing unit presenting a) Spherical Outlook and b)
Inertial Components of it (Source: Dampage et al.)
To guard against the damaging impacts of weather
elements including rain, strong gusts, and foreign items like
leaves, all of the sensors are permanently mounted looking
downward. A hole from the outside of the SU is intended to
Fig. 2. Process flow of the proposed model
B. Deploying pre-processing
This phase is responsible for preparing the data for
analytics by eliminating the noisiness with appropriate
techniques listed below:
• Filtering
The process attempts to clean and remove noisy
structures out of it by ignoring missing values from the
tabular dataset.
• Representation
The formulated dataset for classification is prepared
via feature extraction. For effective feature extraction, a
variation of principal component analysis (PCA) named
hierarchical clustering PCA (HCPCA) is planned to be
deployed and its generic algorithmic steps are captured in
Table I as below. The variation displayed by dataset
components is shown by covariance, which is a square
matrix. Covariance is calculated between two variables and
is used to assess how the two variables fluctuate together.
TABLE I. FEATURE EXTRACTION USING HCPCA
1: Obtain the input in the form of m*n matrix
2: Determine the covariance matrix
3: Derive the Eigen matrix and eigenvalues of the covariance matrix
4: Obtain a feature vector by selecting principal components
5: Formulate clusters of new dataset
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take the transceiver's antenna outdoors. The rear side of the
SU is attached to the mounting brackets and supporters for
the node on the tree trunk.
In the proposed model, to compute forest fire index
(FRI), the land elevation, its cover, surface temperature, and
slope are accounted as the natural parameters, whereas the
proximity to settlements and roads are treated as the
anthropogenic factors. The FRI is expressed as shown in
Equation (1) as follows:
FRI   Wi  Ci (1)
Where Ci stands for various classes within each variable
and Wi is the relative weight of the variable. The process
flow of machine learning model for the proposed model is
illustrated in Figure 2 and elaborated in the following section
B & C. The section B discusses the preprocessing and C
focuses classification algorithm.
6: Apply K-Means Clustering as follows:
6.1: Obtain the cluster centers as ―C‖
6.2: Compute the Euclidean Distance
6.3: Choose the pixels whose Euclidean distance is minimum
between the cluster and pixel.
6.4: Recalculate the new cluster center once the segregation is
completed for all the pixels using the following formula:
(2)
where vi is the new cluster center, xi is the Euclidean distance of pre
cluster center ci.
6.5: Reprise the steps from 6.2 to 6.4 until a certain condition is met
or simply for few number of iterations.
C. Algorithm for Forest Fire Detection
In this model, a novel classification technique is
proposed by improving the random forest algorithm with
linear in order to anticipate desired condition properly. The
proposed classifier is hybridization of random forest with
linear regression model. In random forests, accounting each
significant attributes, various decision trees is build. Based
on its error rate computed through out of bag (OOB) method,
the trees with less error rate are chosen for prediction. OOB
attempts to create bootstrap dataset from original. The
bootstrap dataset is composed by replacing samples in
original dataset i.e. adding some duplicates. However the
size of bootstrap dataset must be of original. The OOB
dataset is the resultant of difference between original
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bootstrap dataset which is given in Equation (3). Further to D. Dataset Description

improve the classification accuracy, linear regression is To predict forest fire, the dataset named ―forestfires.csv‖
annotated in order to optimize the classification results which from kaggle is utilized in this work [15]. By using this one
are demonstrated in Equations (4) & (5). The Table II given
can calculate the burned area which is a resultant of forest
below contains the suggested algorithm's basic structure.
fire. It consists of thirteen (13) attributes covering
TABLE II. ALGORITHM TO DETECT FOREST FIRE
metrological data of land area, fuel and fire behavior
indices. The sample of dataset is provided in Table III.
1: Partition the dataset employing decision tree
There are three fuel moisture groupings, or codes, in the
1.1: For each significant features ∀a selected via Fire Weather Index (FWI) System. These are actually stands
HCPCA do for content of fuel moisture but are typically represented as
1.2: For each value x do unit less codes as a % of dry weight. The FWI system
1.3: Compose decision tree to yield output decision requires weather observational data to be captured from a
regular incident location and duration. In order to translate
trees namely DT1,DT2,…DTn
to moisture contents, they are really transformed each day as
2: Compute error rate through OOB part of the everyday or hourly computations.
ˆ
D DD (3) Under the cover of a forest canopy, fuel moisture of
forest litter fuels is represented by the Fine Fuel Moisture
Where D is the original dataset, D̂ is the bootstrap
dataset and D is the OOB dataset.
Code (FFMC). For shaded litter fuels, it is meant to
3:Optimize the decision tree by filtering attributes having approximate moisture conditions with a 16-hour time lag.
high scope (i.e., less error rate) with the linear The Duff Moisture Code (DMC), which has a scale of 0 to
regression model through formulas given in: 101, indicates the fuel moisture of organic matter that has
n decomposed beneath the litter. According to the system's
 g (n)  DT  n x
0
1 1  n2 x2    nn xn (4)
inventors, it mimics fuel moisture with a 15-day (or 360-
n hour) time interval. It is open to interpretation and unit less.
 g (0)  gain   wi xi (5)
n
0
The Drought Code (DC), resembling the Keetch-Byrum
0
Drought Index, characterizes deep soil drying and may offer
Where DT is the decision tree, ni is the feature vector,
insight into live fuel moisture stress. It provides an
xi is the training samples and wi is computed weight
approximation of the fuel moisture state with a time interval
reflecting the significant feature.
of 1272 hours, or 53 days. It has a maximum value of 1000
and has no units.
TABLE III. SAMPLE READINGS FROM DATASET

X Y month day FFMC DMC DC ISI temp RH wind rain area

7 5 Mar Fri 86.2 26.2 94.3 5.1 8.2 51 6.7 0.0 212.88
7 4 Oct Tue 90.6 35.4 669.1 6.7 18.0 33 0.9 0.0 278.53
7 4 Oct Sat 90.6 43.7 686.9 6.7 14.6 33 1.3 0.0 0.0
8 6 Mar Fri 91.7 33.3 77.5 9.0 8.3 97 4.0 0.2 746.28
8 6 Mar Sun 89.3 51.3 102.2 9.6 11.4 99 1.8 0.0 1090.84

The spread rate of fire is capture through Initial Spread

Index (ISI), which is one of the behavioural component of
wildfire. To estimate a spread potential, it incorporates
surface wind speed and fine deal fuel moisture. For
predicting fire behaviour, ISI is a crucial input.

E. Evaluation Results
To pinpoint the complete efficiency, the proposed
classifier is exercised on the above mentioned dataset. The
cross validation strategy used is 80:20. The proposed
machine learning model is implemented using R Fig. 3. Prediction of damage per month
programming. From the attributes, one can measure the And from the above graphic damages can be predicted
damages caused by the wildfire, attributed into five over months with the help of R programming in about 10 ms
classification labels namely low, moderate, high, very high and the following things are deduced:
and no damage and it is captured in Figure 3.
 August saw a majority of small (less than 1 hectare)
fires

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 In just 3 months—august, July, and September—the
extremely substantial damages (>100 hectares)
occurred.
The root mean squared error, or RMSE, is the statistic
used most frequently to assess the performance of linear
regression models and the mathematical formula to compute
the same is given in Equation (6).
n In order to improve the proactive measure regarding the
(y i  yˆ i ) 2
RMSE  i 1
(6)
n application for its realization over the beneficiaries.
Where yi is the predicted result, ŷ i is the actual result and
n is the total responses. The main goal is to evaluate how
inaccurate/wrong the model's predictions are in relation to
the actual values that were observed. A high RMSE is
therefore ―bad‖ whereas a low RMSE is ―excellent‖. The
residual in the formula is the distinction between the
observed and anticipated values. The average of all squared
residuals is known as the mean squared error (MSE). The
metric is then returned to the response variable scale by the
RMSE simply taking its square root. The graphic associated
with error rate is given in Figure 4.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 4. Efficiency plot presenting a) Observed vs. Predicted and b)
Residuals vs. Predicted
The results clearly states that the proposed model
evaluated to have low error rate which lies in the range of
0.4-0.5 at most.
IV. CONCLUSION
The work detailed a smart design of a sensing unit. The
calculation of the forest risk index (FRI) is used to ascertain
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the region of fire. The dataset chosen is prepared for
classification after completing the necessary pre-processing
tasks such as cleaning, noise removal and feature extraction.
Then deep learning algorithm which is combination of linear
regression and random forest is exercised over the data in
order to predict fire patterns in advance. It gives the accuracy
as 98.76%. The error rate estimated by the model is found to
be >0.5, which is accounted as ―good‖ model.
fire region, the geographical dataset will be the best choice.
Further deep learning model can be implemented as a mobile
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author 1 is derived the concept, prepared the article
by implementing. The author 2 supervised and revised the
article upon her suggestions. The author 3 and 4 helped in
implementation and edition.
REFERENCES
[1] Kiran Pandey, ―Forest Survey Report 2021: Forest fire counts up 2.7
times‖, https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/forest-survey-
report-2021-forest-fire-counts-up-2-7-times-81123, Last accessed on
14th January 2022.
[2] Zouiten Mohammed, Chaaouan Hanae and Setti Larbi, ―Comparative
study on machine learning algorithms for early fire forest detection
system using geodata‖, International Journal of Electrical and
Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol.10, no.5, pp. 5507-5513, 2020.
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PDF Malware Detection System based on Machine

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Learning Algorithm
Pruthvi Priya P M Dr. Hemavathi P
Computer Science and Engineering, Assistant Professor, Computer Science
(M.Tech Student) and Engineering,
Bangalore Institute of Technology Bangalore Institute Technology
Bangalore, India Bangalore, India
pruthvipriya.pm@gmail.com hemavathip@bit-bangalore.edu.in

Abstract—In this digital system, the data is transferred
through online in the several form. Safety measures are
employed in critical places like healthcare, banks, etc.
Nowadays the application of machine learning for solving
problems has increased. Adversarial examples are the
term used to describe such variations. Early research
mostly concentrated on machine learning models for
image process after moved to other applications, such as
those for malware detection. Finding adversarial
examples for ML-based PDF malware detectors is the
part of work. Machine learning has apparently delivered
extraordinary and, in some cases, human-competitive
performance in classification tasks. Hackers can attack
and extract the data easily. This proposed work has
considered generative adversarial networks (GANs) to build
variant PDF malware without any problem that may be
identified as benign by using several existing classifiers while
preserving the original harmful behavior to address the
challenge. Features extraction method, which includes special
features derived from malicious PDF files, to quickly produce
an evasive variant PDF. The PDF GAN is used for the malware
detection in PDF files.
Keywords— malware analysis, Portable Document Format
(PDF), Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)
I. INTRODUCTION
A number of safety-critical industries, such as healthcare,
transportation, and aerospace, may currently utilize cyber
physical systems (CPS) as a combination of the rapid
development of computer, networking, and sensor
technologies. Machine learning approaches have become
more widely used in recent years to address control and
decision-making issues in a range of cyber-physical systems.
A cyber-physical system may classify items in a typical
application and then carry out operations depending on the
determined classification. It appears that machine learning has
produced exceptional results for categorization tasks,
sometimes even matching human ability. Attackers can
quickly overcome these learning-based systems by
purposefully generating hostile situations or making small
modifications to the input data that result in incorrect
categorization during testing.
Our world is a PDF world. We are aware that utilizing
PDFs allows you to do your most important tasks. We
developed the Portable Document Format, generally called as
a PDF, to present and interchange documents uniformly
independent of software, hardware, or operating system. The
PDF is now maintained by the International Standards
organization as an open platform (ISO). In PDF documents,
you may find business logic, links, buttons, form fields, audio,
and video. The free Acrobat Reader tool makes it simple to
view PDF files on Windows or Mac OS, and they may be
electronically signed. Many detection techniques, including
learning-based, keyword-based, tree-based, and code-based
ones, have been developed to overcome the challenges posed
by PDF malware assaults. The primary method used by
malware authors to distribute malicious PDF documents is
JavaScript. JavaScript can be used to take advantage of
vulnerabilities in PDF readers and web browsers.
A method known as generative adversarial networks is an
intriguing new advancement in machine learning (GANs).
GANs, or generative models, create new data instances that
resemble your training data. GANs, for instance, are capable
of producing visuals that resemble photos of human features
although when such pictures don't actually belong to any other
living being. It has been demonstrated that even a small
amount of noise added to the initial input may easily fool the
majority of frequently used neural networks into classifying
objects incorrectly. Surprisingly, the model has greater
confidence in the incorrect forecast than it does in the true one
after introducing noise. This opponent occurs because most
machine learning methods only train from a tiny quantity of
data, a significant drawback that leaves them open to
overfitting. The translation between the source and the load is
also almost linear. Because the boundaries separating the
different classes are really constructed of linearity, even a
small alteration in a feature's position might result in incorrect
data categorization.
The three components of generative adversarial
networks (GANs) are as follows:
• Generative: To understand how data is produced using a
probabilistic model, or generative model.
• Adversarial: A model is trained in an adversarial
environment.
• Networks: For training purposes, deep neural networks
are used as artificial intelligence (AI) systems.
In GANs, both a generator and a discriminator are
present. The Generator creates samples of data in an effort
to trick the Discriminator (such as an image, audio, etc.).
The Discriminator, on either hand, aims to distinguish
between authentic and fake samples. Since both the
Generators and the Discriminator are genetic algorithms,
they interact with one another throughout the training stage.
Each time the operations are performed, the Generator and
Discriminator get better at what they're doing.

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II. RELATED WORK
Using a visualisation tool created by Soon Heng Tan
Mavric and Chai Kiat Yeo [1], the infection in PDF may be
viewed. Shellcode can be executed at any time once it has
been saved in the computer's memory. Bytes in a file are
translated into pixels of various colours that resemble a two-
dimensional heat map in the suggested online binary
visualisation application. A human analyst can discern
between the existence of Js and – security in a PDF document
by mapping several colour schemes. Using data mining
techniques, Samir G. Sayed and Mohamed Shawkey [2]
demonstrated a novel strategy for identifying phoney PDF
files. The feature selection stage is used to choose the right
number of characteristics to extract from Pdf document in
order to obtain a high detection performance and a reduced
false alarm with the least amount of computing cost.
To determine whether vulnerabilities are exploited in the
pdf malware, Xin Zhou et al. [3] merged bioinformatics,
genetics, and the exploitable malware gene for pdf. Malware
detection and classification are done using the PDF
exploitable malware gene [4]. According to [5], Yun Feng and
others, a method has been devised to automatically extract and
detect any potentially compromised personal data from a PDF
document.
To help with comprehension of the variations in how these
two forms of JavaScript distribute keywords, Antoine Lemay
and Sylvain P. Leblanc [6] looked at the JavaScript code of
malicious and benign PDF files retrieved from VirusTotal
Intelligence. Through image processing, Andrew Corum et al.
[7] have suggested learning-based methods for detecting PDF
infections. The PDF files are transformed utilizing image
visualization techniques into grayscale images. Then, utilizing
the photos, a variety of visual traits of both dangerous as well
as non-malicious Pdf documents are retrieved. Finally,
classification models for fresh PDF files are developed using
learning techniques.
Sushmetha, N. et al. [8] proposed a novice method that
focuses on sanitising PDF files rather than identifying and
removing dangerous PDFs. Based on a collection of malware
samples called Contagio Dump, sanitizes all potentially
harmful PDF samples without any false positives or negatives
being found. N. Nissim and co-authors [9] have studied
vulnerabilities and malware delivery techniques with a similar
scope. Sec-Lib assists large digital libraries in spotting phone
PDF documents. A machine learning-based layer is used to
detect newly discovered malware, while a deterministic layer
is used to identify known malware.
H.-M. Sun et al. [10] proposed a methodology based on
the detection of malicious Open XML documents. This
framework's architecture is focused on the ideas of
automation, adaptability, and customization. A brand-new
descriptive structure for the chosen documents. [11] Then, as
a unified system, we presented a two-tiered concept for
identifying bogus documents.
S. C. Vitel et al. [12] explored and provided a method that
seeks to maximize detection rate while minimizing the amount
of false positives. In this cutting-edge area of research,
Hossain and Ayub [13] employed cutting-edge approaches to
experimentally determine the best parameter selections for
such highly flexible algorithms.
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A new deep learning-based malicious PDF file detector
called MMPD may now be installed on mobile robots [14].
The system's hardware resources are being used judiciously in
the interim, and performance has not significantly changed as
a whole. Utilizing the fvGAN, Yuanzhang Li et al.[15] created
adverse relevant features in the subspace that were later turned
into instances of adversarial malware.
They [Velayati and Fard] [16] presented a novel MVL
technique that makes use of a number of feature sets and
supplementary data to identify files. M. Mimura [17] proposed
a novel approach for detecting macro malware in a dataset
with an asymmetric distribution. The models employed
include Doc2vec and Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI).
Tajuddin Manhar Mohammed et al. [18] created a
straightforward yet effective holistic technique based on
signal and statistical analysis of malware binaries to recognize
PDF malware [19].
We looked into potential malware detection classifiers and
SR Gopaldinne et al. studied the file structure and operation
of PDF files [20][21]. Yuntao Wang [22] provided an
explanation of how PDF files function. They devised a method
to recognize malicious JavaScript-based documents. We were
able to identify more targets than with just the prior static
detection method thanks to the addition of de-obfuscation to
the static analysis.
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Overview
In the existing models uses a binary display of PDFs to
detect malware. The existing technique trains robust
classifiers for PDF malware that have robustness qualities that
can be verified. And illustrate a malware classifier's worst-
case behavior. Verified robustness properties are satisfied by
the training classifiers.
Limitations of the existing system are: It is challenging to
distinguish dangerous data from original data that looks
similar. The PDF file's complex file structure makes it easier
for the harmful information to escape detection. Increase the
unlimited attackers' evasion cost. The current evasion tactics
take a long time to collect each sample.
With the help of the GAN approach, the model can detect
malware by learning from a collection of train data and
producing data that has the same features.
1) Structure of PDF file
A PDF document structure consists of four components,
as illustrated in Figure 1: the head, the content, cross-reference
table and footer. A PDF file consists of seven-bit ASCII
characters throughout, with the probable exception of some
spots that could include binary data. The file's header contains
the format version, such as % PDF-1.7. The body portion of
the document contains the document's objects and data.
The eight various types of items that a PDF can support. A
dictionary object has value pairs, as related to a names object,
which only has unique values. The given numbers used to
identify things show whether they are the primary objects that
make up dictionaries or the indirect objects. The mapping data
for arbitrary and direct access is maintained in a cross-
reference table, so an item can be located without needing to
search the file. Remember that while rendering a PDF, readers
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begin showing the information from the footer at the bottom
of a file.
PDF file contains the contents which is no in display
format. A PDF file must first be transformed into an image
(view) format before its contents can be displayed. To help
users discover a certain object more quickly, the trailer
provides the offset number needed for the PDF reader to
recognize the cross-reference table. Consider an example i.e.,
trailer << /Size 7 /Root 3 0 R >> startref 2006 %EOF. In this,
the offset is 2006 bytes, ‘/Size’ indicates the number of items
in cross-reference table. The cross reference table contains all
the objects which is in the file.
Fig. 1. PDF structure
The cross-reference flows object, an offsets to the cross-
reference table's starting (starting with the xref keyword), and
the % EOF end-of-file marker are all found in the footer of a
PDF file.
In the absence of a cross-reference stream, the footer is
followed by the trailer term and a dictionary that contains the
information that would typically be in the dictionaries of the
cross-reference flow object:
• References to the catalogue, also referred to as the tree
structure's root object (/Root).
• The cross-reference table's size (/Size) indirect object
count.
• Additional optional details
2) Types of malware in PDF file
PDF malware consists of three types of attacks, JavaScript
attack, ActionScript attack and File-embedding attack. Each
of the three forms of PDF attack is explained.
(1) JavaScript script that can be injected in one or more
objects is used in JavaScript-based attacks to exploit a
vulnerability. JavaScript is a source-compiled, interpreted
language. This implies that the attacker must always provide
the attack's source code. Attackers use intricate obfuscation of
the data to make it as tough to read as they can to offset this
disadvantage.
(2) ActionScript-based attacks leverage PDF files'
capacity to read Flash content. To accomplish this,
ActionScript code, including such storage damage or
corrupted file code, is generally incorporated in ShockWave
Flash.
(3) The ability of Adobe Reader to read and scan PDF file
which includes the information of other file types, such as
pictures (such as bitmap or tiff) and fonts, makes file-
embedding assaults profitable (e.g., ttf). When viewing a PDF
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file, contained material may cause memory spraying, allowing
malicious payloads to be executed. The PDF is a complex file
format, it is easy to embed any kind of file in a PDF document,
and attacker can include the malware code to PDF file.
Malware in PDF file can steal the data that present in the file.
B. PDF-GAN
Two neural networks compete with one another in a
machine learning (ML) model known as a generative model
(GAN) to produce predictions that are more accurate. GANs
often work independently and gain knowledge via playing
cooperative zero-sum games.
The discriminator and generator are the two genetic
algorithms that comprise a GAN. The discriminator is de-
convolutional neural network, whereas the generator is
convolutional neural network. The generator's goal is to
provide results that consumers could mistake for real data.
Finding out if the outputs it obtains were created purposefully
is the discriminator's goal.
Training a GAN has two parts:
• Part 1: When the Generators are not in use, the
discriminator is still being trained. The network only
experiences forward propagation during this period;
there isn't any back propagation. The Discriminator is
placed to the test to determine if it can accurately
recognize them as real after being trained on real data
for n epochs. At this point, the Generator also trains the
Discriminator with fictitious data to see how well it can
identify them as such.
• Part 2: The Generator is being instructed, but the
Discriminator isn't. We may use the expectations to
training the Generator and advance from the
Discriminator's previous state once the Discriminator
has been taught using the Generator's faked data.
After a few iterations of the aforementioned process, the
bogus data is manually checked to see if it still seems
authentic. If the training seems appropriate, it is over; if not,
it is allowed to continue for an a few epochs.
C. Proposed system
For training the GAN model the dataset consists of
samples of 15000 files data. Which consists of the details of
PDF files such as object, end object, trailer, xref, pages,
JavaScript, OpenAction, embedded files and etc.
By classification of malware would preclude PDF would
have a negative effect on PDF performance by preventing
GAN from accurately recognizing the structural distinctions
from benign and malicious PDFs. GAN's The tree
representation may be used to generate a feature set. Every
link between a base and a node is treated as a feature, together
with its value. By converting features into dictionaries, the
feature abstraction is carried out (i.e., keys and values). Any
value of a text type was finally converted into the numerical
value 1, and any value submitted as a set of values is converted
into the array's average.
The architecture of proposed PDF GAN model is shown
in the Fig. 2. A generator, discriminator, adversarial classifier,
and surrogate classifier compose the model. The generator and
discriminator receives the input data. The generator generates
the data which is similar to original input data. The generated
data is given as input to the classifier and discriminator. The
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discriminator compare the input data and generated data. The
discriminator calculates a standard error on whether the
manufactured data are comparable to the structure of the
original input data after generator produces a PDF that closely
resembles the raw data.
The surrogate classifier converts the produced data into a
prediction score, and the results are then utilized to train a
classifier. Through the use of machine learning, the
classification collects additional learning and hardens against
unidentified characteristics. To produce a modified form of
the standard PDF with predicted outcomes that are the reverse
of the original PDF, the generator learn using original PDF.
PDF file. The admin can login and view the details. The user
has to select PDF file for malware detection in file. The Fig.3
shows the home page for malware detection. Fig. 4 shows the
user upload pdf file page. Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 are the results of
malware detection in pdf file.
The PDF GAN model is trained with dataset and it takes
the training time approximately 3 to 5 minutes. Finishes
training surrogate PDF classifier in: 0:00:18. The evaluation/
performance metrics of surrogate classifier are Accuracy:
0.9360 - Precision: 0.9376 - Recall: 0.9474 - F1Score: 0.9425.

Fig. 2. PDF GAN model Fig. 3. Home page

The discriminator and the classifiers each get the

generator output, which starts with the input x and produces
x'. Given an input of x, the surrogate classifier generates a
prediction score, whereas the discriminator generates the
probability that x = x'. While the generator's learning goal is
to lower the classifier's prediction score, the discriminator's
learned target to assess whether a produced PDF is in the
original form x. The classifier uses the generated data from
generator and prediction score from surrogate classifier. The
generator has to generate the data which is similar to input
data. The classifier compares the prediction score which is
used as labels and generated data and calculate the score
between them, until the score is low this process is repeated.
The PDF-GAN model is trained and the classification of Fig. 4. User upload PDF file page
malware is determined.
The GAN architecture is considered in the form of neural
networks similar to concept of visual representation learning.
100 epochs and 10% of the training dataset are used. Each
layer has a kernel size of 3 with a stride of 1 for the whole
network. The generator contains four levels, with the top layer
having 64 filters, the second layer having 32 filters, a third
layer having 16 filters, and the fourth layer having 8 filters.
Every layer uses batch normalization, with the exception of
the final layer, which uses ReLU for the activation function.
The first layer of a discriminator and classifier has n input size
filters, the second layer has n * 2, the third layer has n * 4, the
fourth layer has n * 8, and the fifth layer has n input feature
size filters. Tanh is employed as the objective function for
each layer when a sigmoid function is used, with the exception Fig. 5. User results for non malware file
of last layer. One layer network is utilised for surrogate
classifier.
IV. RESULTS
The proposed system offers a web-based visual user
interface. The Django framework, CSS, HTML, and Java
server are used to create the web pages. The administrator and
user interfaces are created. The user interface provides login
page for credentials, and after buttons for select and upload

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Fig. 6. User results for malware file
V. CONCLUSION
In the proposed system, an approach to identifying
malware in PDF files has been developed using machine
learning techniques. Following a strong feature selection step,
the algorithm is created using a generative adversarial network
methods. By using generative adversarial network method the
malware in PDF is classified. The classification step makes
use of the best characteristics picked during the feature
selection stage to determine whether or not the provided PDF
file is harmful. In future, the implementation is applied to
other format files such as documents, ppts, and others.
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[18] T. M. Mohammed, L. Nataraj, S. Chikkagoudar, S. Chandrasekaran
doi: and B. S. Manjunath, "HAPSSA: Holistic Approach to PDF malware
detection using Signal and Statistical Analysis," MILCOM 2021 - 2021
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709-714, doi: 10.1109/MILCOM52596.2021.9653097.
[19] Chao Liu, Chenzhe Lou, Min Yu, S.M. Yiu, K.P. Chow, Gang Li,
Jianguo Jiang, Weiqing Huang, A novel adversarial example detection
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[20] S. R. Gopaldinne, H. Kaur, P. Kaur, G. Kaur and Madhuri, "Overview
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[22] Y. Wang, "The De-Obfuscation Method in the Static Detection of
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
A Deep Learning Approach to Analyze Diabetic
Retinopathy Lesions using Scant Data

Devendra Singh* Dinesh C. Dobhal Saurabh Pargaien

Department of Computer Science and
Engineering
Graphic Era Hill University
Bhimtal Campus, India
devendrasuno@gmail.com
Department of Computer Application, Department of Electronics and
Graphic Era University, Dehradun Communication Engineering
Uttarakhad, India Graphic Era Hill University, India
dineshdobhal@gmail.com saurabhpargaien@gmail.com

Amrita Verma Pargaien Janmejay Pant Himanshu Pant

College of Pharmacy
Graphic Era Hill University
Bhimtal, India
0309amrita@gmail.com
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering
Graphic Era Hill University
Bhimtal Campus, India
geujay2010@gmail.com
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering
Graphic Era Hill University
Bhimtal Campus, India
himpant7@gmail.com

Abstract—One of the most dangerous effects of diabetes is
diabetic retinopathy, which, if ignored, results in lifelong
blindness. Early detection, which is crucial for successful
treatment outcomes, is one of the key obstacles. Unfortunately,
it takes a skilled human to accurately evaluate fundus images
to determine the exact diabetic retinopathy stage. Millions of
people can benefit from the detecting step's simplification. The
identification of diabetic retinopathy is one area where
convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been successfully
utilized. Early detection may prevent the possibility of
permanent and complete blindness. Therefore, an efficient
screening system is needed. We proposed a system that can
classify various stages of diabetic retinopathy to facilitate the
screening process.
Keywords— Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), Confusion metrics,
Machine learning (ML), Deep Convolutional Networks, Transfer
Learning, Visual Geometry Group 16(VGG16), Visual Geometry
Group 19(VGG19).
I. INTRODUCTION
Diabetes-related retinal degeneration, or diabetic
retinopathy, is also referred to as diabetic eye disease. When
diabetes has been present for 20 years or longer, it can
impact up to 80% of diabetics. Despite these alarming
numbers, research suggests that at least 90% of these new
instances might be avoided with good care and diligent
monitoring of the eyes. The likelihood of developing
diabetic retinopathy increases with the duration of a person's
diabetes. According to the International Diabetes Federation,
552 million people will have diabetes worldwide by 2030,
up from an estimated 366 million in 2011.
Numerous features must be weighted and their locations
determined to classify DR. Clinicians must spend a lot of
time on this. Once taught, computers can classify data
considerably more quickly, allowing them to assist
physicians in real-time classification. There has been an
ongoing study in computer imaging on the effectiveness of
automated grading for DR, and the results are positive.
Support vector machines and k-NN classifiers, among other
automated methods, have drawn a lot of interest in the
detection of DR features [1]. Most of these categorization
methods divide data into two categories, DR and no DR.
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a subtype of deep
learning, have a long history of use in image processing and
interpretation, especially in the field of medical imaging.
Network architectures created specifically for managing
picture data were often established with practical
applications and outperformed other methods for difficult
tasks like handwritten character recognition in the 1970s [2-
3]. However, until many developments, including the
creation of dropout and rectified linear units, as well as the
concomitant increase in computing power via graphics
processor units, neural networks weren't practicable for
more difficult image identification applications (GPUs) [4].
Large CNNs are already being used to an astounding degree
to solve extremely challenging picture identification jobs
involving numerous object classes. The annual ImageNet
and COCO competitions are only two examples of the many
cutting-edge image classification projects that use CNNs
nowadays [5-6].
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
The test picture dataset is categorized using the training data
and labeled classes as the basis for supervised classification.
A training dataset with labeled classes is used to identify the
categorized classes after extracting the features from the
pictures. The retrieved parameters for classification listed
the severity of the disorders associated with diabetic
retinopathy.
Blood vessels in fundus images are automatically segmented
by M. Melinscak et al. [7]. Blood vascular segmentation is
accomplished using a deep max-pooling convolutional
neural network. For optimal precision, a 10-layer
architecture was used, however, small image patches were
used in the process. For shrinking and reshaping the fundus
images, preprocessing is included. It featured two extra fully
connected layers and two further fully convolutional and 4-
max pooling layers for vascular segmentation. Additionally,
the accuracy of this approach was around 0.94. Artificial
neural networks combined with preprocessing techniques
were first used by Gardner et al [8]. as a screening tool for

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
diabeticDVD
retinopathy.
Part Number:From the sub-images,
CFP22CB5-DVD: this technique
ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
extracted characteristics. Backpropagation neural networks
played a significant role in it. A collection of diabetes
features is included in the fundus photos, which are
compared to the fundus images used for ophthalmologist
screening. 93.1%, 91.7%, and 73.8%, respectively, of
exudates, arteries, and hemorrhages were detected.
For automatic detection and categorization, a unique two-
step hierarchical classification method was presented [9].
Algorithms like GMM, SVM, KNN, and AdaBoost are used
to separate lesions from non-lesions. Their list of the top 30
qualities includes things like the variance of the red and
Green channels, the object's ISAT, the main and minor axis
length, etc. The DREAM system attained 100% sensitivity.
Additionally, it was found that the range of each image's
average computation time for DR severity was 59.54 to 3.46
seconds. The overall feature reduction has an impact on the
average computation time.
The abnormalities discovered in the fundus photographs by
Jayakumar Lachure et al. [10] include retinal micro-
aneurysms, hemorrhages, exudates, and cotton wool patches.
using digital fundus images to find red and bright lesions.
Preprocessing includes finding microaneurysms using
morphological operations, and features are recovered for
classification, including GLCM and structural features.
Using 100% and 90% sensitivity, this SVM classifier was Fig. 1. Proposed machine learning pipeline
tuned.
3.1 Augmentation
In the color variability and contrast retinal pictures, Giraddi
et al. [11] detected exudates. Early detection classifiers for The fundus photos are gathered from several datasets and
SVM and KNN have undergone comparative examination. taken using various cameras, each with a different field of
For a smaller number of false positives, they extracted vision, clarity, blurriness, contrast, and image size.
texture features from GLCM. The SVM classifier and KNN Adjustments are performed to brightness, contrast, and
classifier eventually had true positive rates of roughly 83.4 image flipping in data augmentation. The open-access
and 92 percent, respectively. As a consequence, KNN beats Indian Diabetic Retinopathy Image Dataset (IDRID) is the
SVM for both texture and color features. first database of the Indian population [16]. We have
selected a subset of IDRID images which includes 282
The crucial concept of randomly dropping units and their images in four categories including 81 images for
connections during training is presented by Srivastava et al. microaneurysms (MA), 40 images for soft exudates (SE), 81
[12]. His work dramatically lowers overfitting and images for hard exudates (EX), and 80 images for
outperforms previous regularization methods. further hemorrhages (HE) as shown in table 1.
enhances neural network performance in areas such as
speech recognition, document categorization, and vision. Table 1 Dataset Description

The main goal is to segment the vessels, exudates, and other Severity Level Training Testing Total
methods [13] [14] [15] to identify the microaneurysm while
maximizing the accuracy rate. Additionally, adding Microaneurysms (MA) 54 27 81
additional preparation steps like a deblurring technique Soft Exudates (SE) 26 14 40
before detection, segmenting blood vessels, rotating cross
Hard Exudates (EX) 54 27 81
sections, mathematically simulating boosting light intensity,
Hemorrhages (HE) 53 27 80
and morphological restoration adds to the complexity.
3.2 Pre-processing
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The spatial data of the fundus photos was worked for the
deep convolutional neural network. Instead of working
directly with color images, grayscale representations are
frequently employed for extracting descriptors because
doing so simplifies the process and requires less
computational power. We have used the OpenCV python
library to convert color images to grayscale. Resizing the
photos is one of the main preparation stages. VGG16 and
VGG 19 pre-trained Deep Neural Networks use a default
input image size of 224x224 so we have to provide the
image to its default size for training.

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
3.3 VGG16
Fig. 2. VGG16 architecture
2014's ILSVR(Imagenet) competition was won using the
convolution neural net (CNN) architecture VGG16. One of
the best vision model architectures to date, according to
many. The most distinctive feature of VGG16 is that, rather
than concentrating on having many hyper-parameters, they
focused on using 3x3 filter stride-1 convolution layers and
consistently employed 2x2 filter stride-2 padding and max
pool layers. Convolution and max pool layers are arranged
in this manner continuously throughout the entire
architecture. Two fully connected layers (FC) are the result,
and a softmax is used as the output after that. The number
16 in VGG16 stands for the 16 layers with weights. This
network has over 138 million parameters, making it a
sizable network.
3.4 VGG19
Fig. 3. VGG19 architecture [20]
This architecture primarily contains 3 types of layers: a
convolution layer to extract the feature from the image by
using a variety of filters, a max-pooling layer to reduce the
size of the image and to extract the feature from the feature
map produced by these filters present in the convolution
layer, a flatten layer to convert batches of feature maps into
1D tensors, and finally three fully-connected layers, where
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the first two has a dense unit of 4096-layer
fins (one for each
class). The soft-max layer is the last one. In all networks, the
fully connected layers have the same configuration. The
final classification layer forecasts the likelihood of each
class using softmax activation.
3.5 Inception v3
Inception-v3 is a convolutional neural network with 48
layers. A pre-trained version of the network that has been
trained on more than a million photographs is present in the
ImageNet database. [17]. Other deep learning methods have
been employed to recognize diabetic retinopathy [18] [19].
By changing the Inception designs from past versions,
Inception v3's main objective is to use less computational
power. Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer
Vision, a 2015 essay, made this suggestion. Inception
Networks (GoogleNet/Inception v1) have been
demonstrated to be more computationally effective than
VGGNet in terms of the number of parameters the network
generates and the effectiveness of the needed labor (memory
and other resources). When modifying an Inception
Network, care must be taken to avoid losing the
computational advantages. It becomes challenging to adapt
an Inception network for different use cases because the new
network's effectiveness is unclear. In an Inception v3 model,
several network optimization strategies have been proposed
to relax the restrictions and make model adaption simpler.
The methods include regularization, dimension reduction,
factorized convolutions, and parallelized calculations.
IV. RESULTS
Table 2: VGG-16 Confusion matrix using different
techniques
2 (a) Logistic Regression Classifier Confusion matrix
2 (b) Random Forest Classifier Confusion matrix
545
 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

2 (f) AdaBoost Classifier Confusion matrix

2 (c) Neural Network Classifier Confusion matrix

2 (d) SVM Classifier Confusion matrix

Table 3: Accuracy of the Test dataset

Table 2 (a-f) represents VGG-16 Confusion matrix using

2 (e) Gradient Boosting Classifier Confusion matrix
different techniques and the results obtained from these
classifiers are summarized in table 3 that shows that if
VGG-16 is used as a feature extractor then logistic
regression achieved highest classification accuracy i.e. 90.4
as compared to other classifiers.

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Table DVD
4: Part
VGG-19 Confusion matrix
Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: using different
ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
techniques

4 (a) Logistic Regression Classifier Confusion matrix 4 (d) SVM Classifier Confusion matrix

4 (b) Random Forest Classifier Confusion matrix 4 (e) Gradient Boosting Classifier Confusion matrix

4 (c) Neural Network Classifier Confusion matrix

4 (f) AdaBoost Classifier Confusion matrix

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
6 (c) Neural Network Classifier Confusion matrix

Table 5: Accuracy of the Test dataset

6 (d) SVM Classifier Confusion matrix

Table 4 (a-f) represents VGG-19 Confusion matrix using

different techniques and the results obtained from these
classifiers are summarized in table 5 that shows that if
VGG-19 is used as a feature extractor then logistic
regression achieved the highest classification accuracy i.e.
89.4 as compared to other classifiers.
Table 6: Inception v3 Confusion matrix using different
techniques
6 (a) Logistic Regression Classifier Confusion matrix

6 (e) Gradient Boosting Classifier Confusion matrix

6 (b) Random Forest Classifier Confusion matrix

6 (f) AdaBoost Classifier Confusion matrix

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
Table
DVD Part 7: Accuracy
Number: of the Test
CFP22CB5-DVD: dataset
ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5 learning,” in 2015 IEEE International Advance Computing
Conference (IACC), 2015, pp. 617–622.
[11] S.Giraddi, J Pujari, S.Seeri, “Identifying Abnormalities in the Retinal
Images using SVM Classifiers”, International Journal of Computer
Applications(0975-8887), Volume 111 – No.6,(2015)
[12] N. Srivastava, G. Hinton, A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, and R.
Salakhutdinov, “Dropout: A simple way to prevent neural networks
from overfitting,” J. Mach. Learn. Res., vol. 15, no. 56, pp. 1929–
1958, 2014.
[13] E. M. Shahin, T. E. Taha, W. Al-Nuaimy, S. El Rabaie, O. F. Zahran,
and F. E. A. El-Samie, “Automated detection of diabetic retinopathy
in blurred digital fundus images,” in 2012 8th International Computer
Engineering Conference (ICENCO), 2012, pp. 20–25.
[14] X. Chen, W. Bu, X. Wu, B. Dai, and Y. Teng, “A novel method for
automatic Hard Exudates detection in color retinal images,” in 2012
International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics,
2012, vol. 3, pp. 1175–1181.
[15] V. Zeljkovic, M. Bojic, C. Tameze, and V. Valev, “Classification
Table 6 (a-f) represents Inception v3 Confusion matrix using algorithm of retina images of diabetic patients based on exudates
detection,” in 2012 International Conference on High Performance
different techniques and the results obtained from these Computing & Simulation (HPCS), 2012, pp. 167–173.
classifiers are summarized in table 7 that shows that if [16] P. Porwal et al., “Indian diabetic retinopathy image dataset (IDRiD):
Inception v3 is used as a feature extractor then the Neural A database for diabetic retinopathy screening research,” Data (Basel),
network achieved the highest classification accuracy i.e., vol. 3, no. 3, p. 25, 2018.
[17] “ImageNet,” Image-net.org. [Online]. Available: https://www.image-
89.7 as compared to other classifiers. net.org/. [Accessed: 08-Oct-2022].
[18] A. Sajan, K. Anamika, and M. S. M. Kurian, “Diabetic Retinopathy
Detection using Deep Learning,” Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol.
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE (Ahmedabad), vol. 10, no. 4, 2022.
This research work has used three pre-trained models [19] M. Z. Atwany, A. H. Sahyoun, and M. Yaqub, “Deep learning
VGG16, VGG19, and Inception v3 to perform feature techniques for diabetic retinopathy classification: A survey,” IEEE
Access, vol. 10, pp. 28642–28655, 2022.
extraction. Then, Logistic Regression, Random Forest, [20] Constantin, Ibtissam, Joseph Constantin, and André Bigand. "On the
Neural Network, SVM, Gradient Boosting, and AdaBoost use of deep active semi-supervised learning for fast rendering in
classifiers are applied in the process of DR image global illumination." Journal of Imaging 6, no. 9 (2020): 91.
classification. VGG16 pre-trained model with Logistic
Regression classifier gives an accuracy of 90.4% which is
the highest accuracy as compared to other classifiers. So, we
selected the VGG16 pre-trained model as a feature extractor
with logistic regression as a classifier. Every time a new
image is fed to our proposed model, it will be classified with
an accuracy of 90.4%. To generalize our model, we will
increase the number of photos in the future.
REFERENCES
[1] M. R. K. Mookiah, U. R. Acharya, C. K. Chua, C. M. Lim, E. Y. K.
Ng, and A. Laude, “Computer-aided diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy:
a review,” Comput. Biol. Med., vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 2136–2155, 2013.
[2] K. Fukushima, “Neocognitron: a self organizing neural network
model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in
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[3] Y. Lecun et al., “Handwritten digit recognition with a back-
propagation network,” in Advances in Neural Information Processing
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Kaufmann, 1990.
[4] V. Nair and G. E. Hinton, “Rectified linear units improve restricted
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https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~fritz/absps/reluICML.pdf. [Accessed: 08-
Oct-2022].
[5] S. Ioffe and C. Szegedy, “Batch Normalization: Accelerating deep
network training by reducing internal covariate shift,” arXiv [cs.LG],
2015.
[6] K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, and J. Sun, “Deep residual learning for
image recognition,” arXiv [cs.CV], 2015.
[7] M. Melinscak, P. Prentasic, and S. Loncaric, “Retinal vessel
segmentation using deep neural networks,” in Proceedings of the 10th
International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and
Applications, 2015.
[8] G. G. Gardner, D. Keating, T. H. Williamson, and A. T. Elliott,
“Automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy using an artificial neural
network: a screening tool,” Br. J. Ophthalmol., vol. 80, no. 11, pp.
940–944, 1996.
[9] S. Roychowdhury, D. D. Koozekanani, and K. K. Parhi, “DREAM:
diabetic retinopathy analysis using machine learning,” IEEE J.
Biomed. Health Inform., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1717–1728, 2014.
[10] J. Lachure, A. V. Deorankar, S. Lachure, S. Gupta, and R. Jadhav,
“Diabetic Retinopathy using morphological operations and machine

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Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Pigment Epithelial Detachment Classification using

Shape and Curvature Features

T. M. Sheeba Dr. S. Albert Antony Raj Dr. M. Anand

Research Scholar,
Department of Computer
Applications,
College of Science and Humanities,
SRM Institute of Science and
Technology,
Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
E-mail: sheebamailbox@gmail.com
Associate Professor and Head, Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Department of Networking and
Applications, Communications,
College of Science and Humanities, College of Engineering and
SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Technology, SRM Institute of Science and
Kattankulathur, Chennai, India Technology,
E-mail: hod.dca.ktr@srmist.edu.in Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
E-mail: manandinbox@gmail.com

Abstract—In data mining and machine learning, feature

selection is a crucial research area. The objective of feature
selection is to solve the high dimensionality issue. In order to
acquire the highest performance subset of the unique features
without any change, it entails choosing the pertinent
characteristics and eliminating the unrelated, identical, and
noisy ones. This work compares the feature selection processes
used by K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Linear Discriminant
Analysis (LDA), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector
Machine (SVM) and among other procedures. Random Forest
outperforms the other three methods in terms of performance,
precision, and computational efficiency.

Keywords— Feature Extraction, Feature Selection, Machine

Learning, Pigment Epithelial Detachment

I. INTRODUCTION
In machine learning, feature selection can result in good
learning outperformans, improved learning precision,
improved model interpretability and reduced computing
expense. The feature selection process is the main highlighting Fig. 1. Feature selection techniques
of this work, which offers a comprehensive and organised
outline of feature selection kinds, approaches, and techniques B. Wrapper Method
from both the data and algorithm viewpoints. The Wrapper methodology treats choosing feature sets as
To effectively reduce data, feature selection techniques a search issue in which several combinations are created,
can be employed in data pre-processing. This is helpful in assessed, and contrasted with one another. To assess a set of
locate precise data models. Many searching methods have features and provide model performance scores, a predictive
been suggested in the literature. Feature selection is mostly model is utilised. The classifier determines how well the
used for grouping, regression and classification problems. Wrapper technique performs. Based on the classification
findings, the best subset of features is chosen.
The machine learning processes are built upon the
beginning parts of current machine learning pipelines: feature
selection and feature extraction. The Fig. 1 shows various
feature selection techniques.
A. Filter Method
This approach filters features based on the dataset's
general properties , such as correlation with the dependent
variable. There is no predictive model used while using the
filter approach. When there are a lot of characteristics, this
strategy is usually quicker and more effective. prevents
overfitting, but occasionally may not choose the optimal
features.
Fig. 2. Filter method

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Fig. 3. Wrapper method
C. Embedded Method
The feature selection method is incorporated into the learning
algorithm in embedded techniques. The decision tree
algorithm is the most used embedded approach. Decision tree
algorithms divide the sample set into smaller subgroups and
choose a feature in each iterative phase of the tree growth
process.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The authors of this research [1], [2], [3] make use of
software that can identify the input image that matches it the
closest. Textural characteristics are used for this identification.
The best of these traits were chosen for classification after
being evaluated on each leaf separately. There is no separate
classifier employed here, however this kind of feature
selection will yield better results. The favourable outcome
rates are noted at the end. With the aid of the shape feature,
the writers of this paper [4], [5], [6] determine which test
image matches it the most. The shape's attributes include
things like aspect ratio, area, and perimeter. Later, SVM
classifier was employed for classification purposes. The
paper's authors [7] concentrate on the images' form
characteristics. Both dimensional and a-dimensional elements
are included in the form features. And they employed the
KNN classifier for classification. And it was discovered that
the classifier accuracy would be higher if only the best set of
features were taken into account.
The authors of this study [8], [9] investigated software
development with training data, pre-processing, picture
segment, and feature extraction. The facial feature points are
located in this paper [10] by computing and examining the
curvatures of pre-processed 3-D face profiles.
Fig. 4. Embedded method
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The authors of this study [11] intend to develop software
that de-noises the collected photos. Following feature
extraction from the GLCM matrix, these features were pre-
processed before being classified using the BP MLP classifier.
Local Binary Patterns were used as the texture feature by the
authors of this article [12]. They conducted their research and
used probabilistic neural networks (PNNs) for categorization.
They are processed using fuzzy binary pattern and fuzzy
colour histograms to extract the texture and colour attributes.
Additionally, Probabilistic Neural Networks are employed for
classification. This paper uses a genetic algorithm, number
[13]. The authors [14] developed the colour, form, and a
number of textural parameters, which are assessed from them.
Decision tree, KNN, and SVM are the classifiers in use. The
Tangential Direction based technique is thought to be utilised
for segmentation by the authors of this study [15]. Then colour
channels and histograms are produced. For classification
purposes, KNN classifier is utilised. This research [16] divides
the surface of the 3D model into fine, flat, and steep sections
depending on its curvature.
The authors of this study [17] present various image
processing methods for identifying the type of sickness. It is
possible to restrict the limit the knowledge of pesticide used
base on their quality and quantity. [18], [19] Every edge
point's curvature is calculated in computer science because
corners are defined as edge points with the highest absolute
curvature values. The original image's edges are first extracted
using the Canny edge detector, and then each edge point's
curvature is calculated using a nearby statistical approach.
III. METHODOLOGY
The training photos were used to extract the form features.
The photos with clever edge detection were used to extract the
form features, and the GLCM matrix was used to recover the
remaining data. Now, the features of the test picture are
calculated when a test image from test data is entered to
Matlab. A specific label was assigned to each type of image.
A message box identifying the name of the image will be
displayed based on these labels generated by the classifiers.
Identification is done using classifiers like KNN, LDA,
Random Forest, and SVM. Multiple hyper planes will be used
by the SVM for categorization. The Euclidean distance and
the closest neighbours will also be determined by KNN.
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 = (1)
The accuracy is also assessed from the confusion matrix
utilising the True Positive, True Negative, False Positive, and
False Negative values. The accuracy value is calculated by
adding the True Positive and True Negative values to the total
number of data points. Then a comparison is done between
them based on the accuracy levels that these classifiers
produce.
A. Image Acquisition
It is referred to as the act of obtaining an image from a
hardware based source, to process in image processing. It is
the major step in the workflow series because the process
cannot start without an image input. The captured image is
entirely unprocessed. In this paper we used the images, which
were acquired from an eye hospital. The fig. 6 shows sample
images.
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Energy:
The energy of the grey image will be determined by adding
the squared elements of the GLCM matrix. Any image's
energy value will always fall between 0 and 1. A constant
picture will result in an energy value of 1. Another word that
replaces energy is uniformity.

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = ,
(P )2 (4)
Homogeneity:
There will be a specific link between the diagonal and
other GLCM elements. The concept of homogeneity denotes
this connection. The homogeneity value will never be more
than or equal to 1.

Entropy:
It denotes unpredictability and it is an example of a
statistical measure that can describe the texture of a picture.

𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 = ,
−ln(P )P (6)
Fig. 5. Proposed system
Mean:
When we look at an image, the mean tells us how intense
B. Feature Extraction each pixel is.
The feature extraction is the major step in image
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = ∑ , mP (7)
processing to apply it in machine learning. The shape features
are extracted from images using canny edge detection and Standard deviation:
other features are retrieved from the GLCM matrix produced
from the grey scale picture. These characteristics include It is a measurement that shows how an image's mean or
energy, contrast, eccentricity, major axis length, minor axis average has changed.
length, homogeneity, correlation, and energy. The best group
of features are taken into consideration rather than these entire SD = ∑ , P (m − μ) (8)
features in order to provide a good result.

C. Classifiers
SVM
A machine learning algorithm called the support vector
machine employs hyper planes to distinguish between each
class. The hyper planes are located precisely using the support
vectors.
LDA
Fig. 6. Image samples
Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA): This technique finds
Contrast: a new feature space to assignment the data into while still
The contrast determine the intensity variance between each using a linear classification model [20]. The study has
pixel and each of its neighbours over the entire image. If we employed the default Scikit-learn working model with the svd
take a look at a stable image, its contrast value will be 0. This solver and 0.0001 tolerance rate.
disparity is also sometimes referred to as variance. KNN
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑡 = ∑ , 𝑃 (𝑚 − 𝑛) (2) The k-nearest neighbor algorithm, or KNN, bases its
operation on the closest neighbours. Since the training data set
also has labels, ‘supervised KNN’ is taken into consideration.
Correlation: As a result, when the test image is applied, the label will be
determined base on the image's neighbours.
It is a measurement that determines how each pixel in a
complete image is connected to its neighbours. The Random Forest
correlation lies in the range of -1 to 1.
Random Forest is one of the supervised machine learning
( )( ) approach. Random forest is used for machine learning
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (3) problems involving both classification and regression. This
,
approach is based on the ‘ensemble learning’ concept.

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IV. FEATURE EXTRACTION
A. Shape Feature:
Shape features are crucial because they offer a different
way to describe an object than by defining it in terms of its
most crucial properties and they minimise the quantity of
information that must be saved. The algorithm consists of
crest point categorization, crest lines tracing, and a curvature
approximation technique.
B. Curvature Feature:
Curvature is any of a number of closely related geometric
notions in mathematics. The curvature, as the name implies, is
the deviation of a curve or a surface from a straight line or a
plane.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The Fig. 7 illustrates how the photographs have been
appropriately resized to meet the requirements without losing
any information. These pictures are employed in additional
Processing.
Classifiers like KNN, SVM, LDA, and RF will identify the
labels for the sample images in accordance with the learned
labels, and in response, a message box will be presented
indicating the image and the result is shown in Tables 1 and 2.
When the features were pooled and tested, the Random
Forest model outperformed the other three classifiers. Based
on a review of the literature, we discovered that past research
did not evaluate the RF model for the classification of PED
diseases. So, in addition to KNN, LDA, and SVM models, RF
was incorporated as one of the classifiers. In three separate
scenarios, the effectiveness of these classifier models was
assessed using the Shape and Curvature features. The results
of our RF model were as follows: for binary classification, we
were able to attain accuracy rates for shape and curvature
feature combinations of 84.67% and 82.78%, respectively.
Multi-class categorization also revealed 82.57% and 83.68%.
In all binary and multi-class classifications, RF performed
better for shape features than any other examined
classification model, and combining features improved
classification accuracy. According on our observations, this
classifier's major benefits are dimensionality reduction and
quicker execution. One of the most complex classification
techniques was the RF classifier. The fig. 10 shows the binary
class classification and fig. 11 shows the multi class
classification.

TABLE I. BINARY CLASS CLASSIFICATION

Accuracy Classifier models

Features
rate KNN LDA SVM RF
Fig. 7. Original Image Shape Accuracy 76.26 83.58 83.58 84.67
Fig. 8 displays the photos that have been grayscaled. The Curvature Accuracy 75.35 74.34 80.45 82.78
first conversion of the collected images to grey allows for the
calculation of the grey level co-occurrence matrix.

Fig. 8. Grayscale Image

The binary pictures are then created using the grayscale

photos. Binary graphics typically have two colours and are
typically black and white. These pictures have clever edge
detection. Fig. 9 displays the shape features that were taken
Fig. 10. Binary class classification
from these pictures.

TABLE II. MULTI CLASS CLASSIFICATION

Accuracy Classifier models

Features
rate KNN LDA SVM RF
Shape Accuracy 73.26 81.58 80.48 82.57
Curvature Accuracy 74.65 78.84 82.55 83.68

Fig. 9. Binary Image

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[11] B. T. Gunjan, Arpitam Chatterjee, “Study on the potential of combined

Fig. 11. Multi Class Classification
VI. CONCLUSION
The accuracy of classification may change depending on
the amount, quality, and feature combinations of the images.
In this work, we used four classification models to compare
two fundamental features. Using shape and curvature feature-
based classification, we found that RF performed improved in
binary as well as multiclass cases. To improve classification
accuracy, classification model can be tested in the future with
varying image quality, quantity, and characteristics. Low
classification accuracy is a result of the large feature
dimension. Therefore, it is important to select feature
combinations that offer the best performance using a
multilayer or hybrid classifier will help to increase
classification accuracy in a similar manner. The features were
extracted from the preprocessed retinal images and
categorised use KNN, LDA, SVM and RF classifiers
according to how the algorithm operates. The accuracy for RF
was obtained as the best feature selection model when
simulated with MATLAB R2019a.
glcm features towards medicinal plant classification,”CIEC 2016.
[12] I. K. Yeni Herdiyeni, “Fusion of local binary patterns feature for
tropical medicinal plants identification,”ICACSIS 2013. [8] A. G. S. S.
P. Kelina Sahaya Rajesh, C. Kumaravelu, “Studies on identification of
medicinal plant variety based on nir spectroscopy using plant leaves,”
2013.
[13] R. A. Mohd Shamrie Sainin, “Feature selection for malaysian
medicinal plant leaf shape identification and classification,”ICCST
2014.
[14] L. R. Madhuri Bandara, “Texture dominant approach for identifying
ayurveda herbal species using flowers,” MERCon 2019.
[15] A. G. S. N. Krithika, “An individual grape leaf disease identification
using leaf skeletons and knn classification,”ICIIECS 2017.
[16] Kuansheng Zou, Zhaojun Zhang, Jianhua Zhang, “A 3D Model Feature
Extraction Method Using Curvature-based Shape Distribution”, 2015
12th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge
Discovery (FSKD).
[17] Nidhis, A.D.; Pardhu, C.N.V.; Reddy, K.C.; Deepa, K., “Cluster based
paddy leaf disease detection, classification and diagnosis in crop health
monitoring unit ,”Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and
Biomechanics 2019.
[18] Amrutha M Raghukumar, Gayathri Narayanan, “Comparison Of
Machine Learning Algorithms For Detection Of Medicinal Plants”,
978-1-7281-4889-2/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE.
[19] Ming Li , Jia-ZhuQ Wang , Ling-Ling Li , Cui-Hua Li, “Curvature
Statistic Comer Detection”, 978-1-4244-4543-1/09/$25.00 ©2009
IEEE.
[20] H. Mandelkow, J. A. de Zwart, and J. H. Duyn, “Linear discriminant
analysis achieves high classification accuracy for the bold fmri
response to naturalistic movie stimuli,” Frontiers in human
neuroscience, vol. 10, p. 128, 2016.

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[2] https://towardsdatascience.com/feature-selection-using-random-
forest-26d7b747597f
[3] R. V. A. G. T. Sathwik, R. Yasaswini, “Classification of selected
medicinal plant leaves using texture analysis,”4th ICCCNT - IEEE -
31661 ,Tiruchengode, India, July 4 -6, 2013.
[4] M. N. D Venkataraman, “Computer vision based feature extraction of
leaves for identification of medicinal values of plants,”ICCIC 2016.
[5] Vijayakumar, Dr T. "Selective Image Enhancement and Restoration for
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identification of medicinal plants,”ICCSP April 3-5, 2014.
[9] M. Anand and Dr. C. Jayakumari, “Study of retina image segmentation
algorithms from optical coherence tomography(OCT) images”, Jour of
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134, 2017.
[10] Lei Yunqi, Li Qingmin, Song Xiaobing, Shi Zhenxiang, Chen Dongjie,
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Features”, 978-1-4244-5273-6/09/$26.00 ©2009 IEEE.

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Deep Learning Network for Object Detection Under

the Poor Lighting Condition
Chethan L S1 , S. Uma Maheswari2 , Seeram Srinivasa Rao 3 , Naveen Mukkapati4 , C. S. Sundar Ganesh 5 , Ashok Kumar6
1
Computer Science and Engineering, PESITM, SHIMOGA, Shivamogga, Karnataka 577204, India,
chethan.ls@pestrust.edu.in
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai - 600089, Tamil
Nadu, India,umamaheswari.s@eec.srmrmp.edu.in
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering,KoneruLakshmaiah Education Foundation,Vaddeswaram 522302,Andhra
Pradesh, India,ssrao@kluniversity.in
4
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,RVR & JC College of Engineering,Guntur - 522019, Andhra
Pradesh, India,naveenkumar105@gmail.com
5
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Karpagam College of Engineering, Myleripalayam, Coimbatore
641032, Tamil Nadu, sundarganesh.cs@kce.ac.in
6
Department of Computer Science,BanasthaliVidyapith, Banasthali-304022,Rajasthan, India,kuashok@banasthali.in

Abstract— Object detection is a part of image processing I. INT RODUCT ION

that holds great importance in this modern world. To
locate things in images or videos, a computer vision
Image processing is a part of computer vision that
approach called object detection is utilized. To identify
holds a lot of importance in various applications. Generally,
items in both still photos and moving films, numerous
image processing means the analysis of patterns and aspects
algorithms and models have been created. One of the
of an image. Nowadays, object detection has become a key
main issues with such object detection algorithms is that
process of image processing. Generally, an image may
they struggle to accurately identify things in images with
consist of anything like a vehicle, an animal, or a human
poor lighting. This study tries to develop the best deep
being, and even a blurred shot. Object detection is a process
learning algorithm that can be used to predict items
where models developed using a certain algorithm predict
from photos with very little or no lighting to address this
the presence of a particular object or all the objects present
issue. For this,from GitHub, a dataset of images of
in the image. Various algorithms and models were
various objects, such as tables, cats, and dogs, has been
developed to detect objects from both images and videos.
compiled. After categorization, the collected dataset is
There are various types of object detection like face
examined using two factors. The images are then
prediction, object prediction, moving object prediction , etc.
preprocessed utilizing picture format conversion and
Many machine learning and deep learning models were
histogram equalization. Two different deep learning
found to be extremely effective in the prediction process.
models were produced by two different algorithms. The
However, these object prediction techniques also consist of
YOLO algorithm and the speedier RCNN algorithm are
their disadvantages. One of the major drawbacks of such
the two algorithms. The models are then trained and
object detection algorithms is that they cannot predict
evaluated using the preprocessed dataset. The
objects with very high accuracy when the images are not in
performance of the models during training and
the best lighting. To resolve this issue, this study aims the
validation is assessed using a metric called the AP score.
finding the best deep learning algorithm that can be used to
The YOLO algorithm has the better AP score overall,
predict objects from the images with very low or no
according to the analysis of the AP score. The YOLO is
lighting. For this purpose, two deep learning models were
once again determined to be superior when the findings
constructed and compared. The construction and
are displayed in a bar graph for easier understanding.
comparison of the two models are explained clearly in the
The YOLO algorithm's prediction results are also
upcoming chapters.
examined, and it is discovered that even under
conditions of extremely poor lighting, the algorithm can II. LIT ERAT URE SURVEY
correctly predict the presence of one or more objects.
Image processing is used in various fields like
Keywords— Image processing, object detection, deep medicine and defense. A study [1] by a team of researchers
learning models, data collection, AP score from China used image processing in the development of a
framework which is capable of classifying the magnetic
resonance images of the human spine. This framework can
be used as a preliminary test for various spine diseases. This
model is developed based on the algorithm named 3D graph
convolutional segmentation network. Experiments pro ved

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that this model can provide great accuracy in the prediction
of spinal injuries and diseases. Another study [2] by
researchers in China used image processing in the analysis
of positron-emission tomography (PET) scan images. The
usage of non-linear descriptors increased the accuracy and
the efficiency of the model. In the end, the model provided
an accuracy value of 98%.
Object Detection is a part of image processing that
is used in various applications. A study [3] uses object
detection in the detection of a vanishing point of a moving
object. This model was developed to help the analysis which
is done in the railway sector. This model is developed using
the convolutional neural network algorithm. The researchers
found that the usage of auxiliary data can visibly increase
the accuracy of the model. Another study[4] by a group of
researchers from the USA uses object detection in 3D
images. This analysis was done on panoramic LIDAR
images and is used to predict pedestrians. This model uses
various technologies like gamma-ray analysis, analysis of
radiological data, etc. This model proved to predict the
presence with great accuracy.
object even in poor lighting. The models are then put to
the test to determine which approach can be utilized to
identify objects in photographs with poor lighting and
brightness.
IV. DAT A COLLECT ION AND PREPROCESSING
This chapter discusses the data collected and the
preprocessing techniques used on the data.
A. Data collection
The images used in this study are collected from a
single database [9]. This dataset consists of various images
of everyday objects like tables, people, dogs, etc. These
photographs have low or weak lighting making it tougher
for the image processing algorithms to detect objects. The
sample format of the data is shown in figure 1.

The faster RCNN algorithm is already used in

various applications of object detection. A study [5] from
the researchers of Indonesia used this algorithm in the
modeling of night-time human occupancy. This study uses
various color spaces like RGB, CIEXYZ, CIELAB, etc. The
usage of various color spaces increased the accuracy of the
object prediction. Though the model is found to work well,
the accuracy level of the model is just 54% making it a weak Figure 1. Sample dataset
model. Another study[6] uses faster RCNN in the analysis
of CT images of lungs to predict tuberculosis. This study The class column in the table represents the type of
also uses another algorithm named U-net and found that the object. All the available objects are given a number and the
faster RCNN is better than the U-net algorithm in class is based on that number. In this study, the numbers of
tuberculosis detection. the objects are as follows. Table (1), People (2), Motorbike
(3), Dog (4), Cup(5), Chair(6), Bicycle(7), Boat(8),
The YOLO algorithm is found to be one of the Bottle(9), Bus(10), Car(11), Cat(12). The light column also
strongest algorithms in predicting the presence of objects. A consists of various values. They are the Low(1),
study [7] from a group of researchers from China used this Ambient(2), Object(3), Single(4), Weak(5), Strong(6),
algorithm in the development of a model which is capable of Screen(7), Window(8), Shadow(9), and Twilight(10). The
detecting smoking in public places. The researchers used the indoor or outdoor column consists of two values indoor and
YOLOv5 algorithm. The model can provide an accuracy of outdoor. The sample images from the dataset are shown in
95% by the end of the research. Another research [8] uses figure 2.
YOLO in the prediction of abnormal behavior in the crowd.
Just like the other research that uses YOLO, this study also
proved to have greater accuracy and precision in predicting
abnormalities in a crowd.

III. M AT ERIALS AND M ET HODS

A dataset of pictures of numerous objects,

including bikes and other bicycles, is gathered from
GitHub. Then, a few approaches are used to preprocess
this dataset. The preprocessed dataset is then divided into
testing, training, and validation portions. Two separate Figure 2. Sample images
deep algorithms will be used to create two deep learning
models. The faster RCNN and the YOLO algorithm were From figure 2, it can be seen that the images are
the two algorithms selected for this study. The taken in low or dull lighting. As mentioned before, the
preprocessed dataset is then used to train and evaluate the dataset consists of various images of various objects. The
models, allowing them to recognize the existence of an distribution of the images in the dataset is shown in figure 3.

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Figure 3. Distribution of object classes

Though different objects have different
percentages, all the percentages are more or less the same.
The object that is present the most is the dog and it has a
percentage of 11 and the least percentage is 7 which is the
amount of five different objects. Just like the object
percentage, the distribution of the images based on the
lighting also plays a major role in this study. Thus, the
images were categorized based on the lighting. The results
of this analysis are shown in figure 4.

Figure 4. Distribution of images based on lighting

From figure 4, it can be seen that the images with
low ambiance have a large part in the dataset and the images
C. Histogram Equalization
with shadows have a very small part.

A method for changing image intensities to

B. Image Format Conversion improve contrast is histogram equalization. This is achieved
by successfully extending the intensity range of the image
The images in the dataset are of the format RGB and spreading out the most common intensity levels [11].
which can be tough for the deep learning models to analyze. When the useful data of the image is represented by close
Thus, the images are converted into YUV format for easier contrast values, this strategy typically raises the total
and more effective analysis[10].This conversion is done to contrast of numerous photos.
directly manipulate the brightness of the image. A colour
image pipeline frequently uses the YUV colour model. As
opposed to a "direct" RGB representation, it allows for a
smaller bandwidth for the chrominance components when
encoding a colour image or video.

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D. Data split up
The entire dataset has to be split into three parts –
training, validation, and testing. The training and the
validation together have 5890 images and the 1473 images
are used for testing.
Two distinct algorithms were used to create two deep
learning models. The two algorithms are the YOLO
algorithm and the faster RCNN algorithm. The preprocessed
dataset is then used to train and evaluate the models.The
performance of the models during training and validation is
analyzed based on a parameter called the AP score. The AP
score of both algorithms is shown in table 1.

V. CONST RUCT ION OF DEEP LEARNING M ODEL Table 1. AP score of both algorithm

Model AP AP50 AP75

A. Faster RCNN
Faster 28.7 51.4 26.2
Faster RCNN is the updated form of fast RCNN RCNN
which was developed in the year 2015. The sets of regions YOLO 30.8 60.7 28.6
are created using a region proposal method by faster R-
CNN. Faster R-CNN, also known as the region proposal
network, has an additional CNN for obtaining the regional Table 1 shows that at all three stages, the YOLO algorithm
proposal[12]. Since there is no need to continuously feed the outperforms the faster RCNN method in terms of AP score.
convolutional neural network 2000 region proposals, "Fast The outcomes are displayed as a bar graph for easier
R-CNN" is faster than R-CNN. Instead, a feature map is comprehension. In picture 5, this graph is displayed.
produced from the convolution operation, which is only
performed once per image. Because it has three completely
interconnected layers, it is more efficient[13].

B. YOLO

You Only Look Once, sometimes known as

YOLO, is one of the most widely used real-time object
identification systems. The term YOLO itself is self-
explanatory in that the algorithm only needs one scan to
provide great results. The usage of this algorithm reduces
the multiple-step process in the previous algorithms . Yolo
makes the final predictions with just one forward pass
across the network[14]. The main benefit of adopting
YOLO is its outstanding speed; it can process 45 frames per
second. This is one of the best object detection algorithms
and has demonstrated performance that is comparable to R-
CNN algorithms [15].
Figure 5. Performance of both algorithm
VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The YOLO method is more accurate than the faster RCNN
algorithm at detecting objects from photos with low or bad
A dataset consisting of images of various objects lighting, much like the tabular results and the bar graph
such as tables, cats, dogs , etc. is collected from GitHub. The indicate. Figure 6 displays the YOLO algorithm's expected
collected dataset is then classified and analyzed based on output.
two parameters. The parameters are the type of object and
the lighting of the image. The images are then preprocessed
using image format conversion and histogram equalization.

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Figure 6. Prediction of the YOLO algorithm
From figure 6, it can be seen that the YOLO
algorithm can accurately predict the presence of objects
even in low lighting. It should also be noted that the
algorithm can predict two different objects from a single
image. This figure acts as proof of the statement that the
YOLO algorithm is good in predicting the object from the
images with low lighting.
VII. CONCLUSION
A dataset of pictures of diverse items, including
tables, cats, and dogs, is gathered from GitHub. Followin g
classification, two factors are used to examine the acquired
dataset. The photos are then preprocessed using histogram
equalization and image format conversion. Two distinct
algorithms were used to create two deep learning models.
The two algorithms are the YOLO algorithm and the
quicker RCNN algorithm. The preprocessed dataset is then
used to train and evaluate the models. Based on a measure
known as the AP score, the performance of the models
during training and validation is evaluated. After the
analysis of the AP score, it is found that the YOLO
algorithm has the better AP score in all aspects. For clearer
understanding, the results are also plotted into a bar graph
and again the YOLO is found to be better. The prediction
results of the YOLO algorithm are also analyzed and, in the
end, it is found that the algorithm can accurately predict the
presence of one or more objects even with very poor
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lighting. This deep learning model can be integrated with
the surveillance cameras and it’ll be easier for it to predict
some unknown or unusual presence without any human
interaction. This model can be upgraded and used in various
applications like security systems, image analysis in
industries, etc.
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ML based Parkinson’s Disease Identification using

Gait Parameters
Lokaiah Pullagura 1 , Nilofer Kittad 2 , G. Diwakar3 , V.Sathiya4 , Ashok Kumar5 , Mrutyunjaya S Yalawar6

1
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Jain University, Ramanagara 562 112, Karnataka, India,
lokaiah75@gmail.com
2
Department of Computer Engineering, Cummins College of Engineering for women, Pune 411052,
Maharashtra, India, kittadnilofer@gmail.com
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra
Pradesh 522302, India, diwakar4236@kluniversity.in
4
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
600123, India, deviviji2000@yahoo.co.in
5
Department of Computer Science, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India,
kuashok@banasthali.in
6
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, CMR Engineering College, Hyderabad 501401,
Telangana, India, muttusy@gmail.com

Abstract— Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by chronic
central nervous system deterioration. Tremor, stiffness,
difficulty in movement and difficulty of walking are the most
prominent symptoms in the initial stages. There is presently no
treatment for PD. Doctors often describe a variety of motor
symptoms to establish a diagnosis of PD. Traditional techniques
of diagnosis, on the other hand, may be susceptible to
inaccuracy since they rely on subjective assessment of
movements that human eyes might find difficult to recognize.
However, early non-motor indications of Parkinson's disease
can be subtle and caused by a wide range of health conditions
other than Parkinson's disease. As a result, early detection of
Parkinson's disease is difficult because these symptoms are
frequently ignored. In addition, there are no completely
trustworthy diagnostic techniques available. To overcome the
problem, - Machine Learning (ML) approaches to gait data is
proposed in this study. The process of solution contains five
sections: 1) Genuine gait data is collected from standard
websites, 2) The collected data is processed to clean it, which
contains smoothing and outliers removal techniques, 3) The
processed data is further given to the feature extraction
technique to get important attributes, 4) The extracted features
are applied on the ML models namely Naïve Bayes (NB), K-
Nearest Neighbour (KNN) and Decision Tree (DT), 5) Finally,
the model is validated using metrics to identify best ML model.
Keywords— Parkinson, Statistics, Smoothing, Outlier,
Machine Learning Model, Accuracy.
I. INT RODUCT ION
The clinical evaluation of a Parkinson's disease
(PD) patient is the gold standard for both diagnosis and
tracking of disease progression.The lack of objective and
quantifiable biomarkers for diagnosis and symptom
monitoring results in significant direct and indirect
healthcare expenses. Using the currently recognized criteria,
the diagnostic error rate [1] is close to 20%. Furthermore,
because PD symptoms fluctuate throughout the disease's
course, medication must be regularly changed. The
worldwide PD burden has almost doubled in the previous 25
years [2], largely due to increased life expectancy and longer
illness duration. Roughly 10 million people across the world
have PD. To make a clinical diagnosis of PD, both motor and
non-motor symptoms must be pres ent. The clinical diagnosis
of PD has lower accuracy of 74% if handled by non -
specialists and 80% if handled by specialists; this is
especially problematic in the earlier phase of the disease.
Non-motor symptoms have recently been included in the
medical diagnostic criteria for PD proposed by the
Movement Disorder Society. More diagnostic resources are
needed, nevertheless, to ensure accuracy. Predicting fatality,
sickness, injuries, and neurodegenerative illnesses makes gait
efficiency a universal health metric[3]. Gait impairments are
common in PD and might appear early or develop over time.
They may aid in the early detection of symptoms.
Furthermore, there is evidence that they are present in the
prodromal phase and may be able to identify disease risk in
addition to the potential for unique PD phenotypes. Overall,
this could pave the door for more customized therapies and
scientific research. Mean gait characteristics include step
length, step velocity, step width, step duration, swing time,
and stance time, whereas dynamic gait characteristics include
variability and asymmetry in these variables [4]. Based on
factor analysis, researchers established a complete
conceptual gait model that organized these spatiotemporal
gaits features into five domains (pace, rhythm, variability,
asymmetry, and postural control) in PD.

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Data from [5] healthy subjects' gait analysis was
used to divide the gait cycle into four parts. Output from
sixteen forces and three inertial measurement sensors on
every leg was used to compile the gait dataset. They
evaluated three classifiers utilizing these characteristics and
compared their results.Finally, by collecting important
attributes from many sensors and utilizing an MLP classifier,
a high level of accuracy may be maintained when
recognizing gait cycle phases. It has been proposed that
phase classification can be used to detect periodic stages of
the gait cycle in both healthy and PD patients.This paper's
[6] goal is to review the state of the art in ML and
DL methods for classifying PD. The most effective
categorization of PD was identified with the use of DL and
ML techniques. A variety of categorization strategies find
fruitful deployment in their respective contexts.The precision
with which a ML classifier can divide data into categories.
Among DLtechniques, the deep neural network has the
highest accuracy (99.49%). According to the findings of
numerous studies, AI looks to be evolving into a powerful
learning tool with considerable potential applications for data
scientists and neurologists.
severe type of freezing and, as a res ult, falling was proven in
this study.
II. M ET HODS AND TECHNIQUES
Physionet is mined for gait data. Information on
both healthy individuals and people with PD was included in
the dataset. Therefore, we must process the collected data to
make it suitable for subsequent processing. To clean up the
raw data, methods like smoothing and outlier detection are
employed. This aids in achieving high categorization
precision. The statistical techniques used in feature
extraction isolate relevant characteristics in the final product.
Classification models are then used, following feature
extraction. ML models such as DT, KNN, and NB are
implemented. After that, we use constructive metrics to
assess the ML models. This will aid in determining which
model is superior for separating PD patients from healthy
individuals. Everything that goes into the process

In article [7], a linear classifier-based technique for

recognizing changes in gait phases across time was
described. The method is a generalization of rule- and
threshold-based event detection methods. Linear classifiers,
which are parametric models, require suitable values to
correctly categorize the gait phases. We show a modified
Support Vector Machine (SVM) and proceed to optimize
with a hybrid meta-heuristic technique combining a Genetic
Algorithm and a Simulated Annealing Algorithm to calculate
these less-than-ideal sets of values. The proposed solution
outperformed the threshold-based system while requiring the
user to be conversant with the specific qualities of the inertial
signal being processed.To classify gait problems due to two
major diseases, stroke and PD, from ground contact force
(GCF) data, an algorithmic approach is provided in the paper
[8]. The gait of a subject is jointly trained into 3 categories
(stroke, PD, and healthy) using the cutting-edge
ML technique of multi-task feature learning (MTFL). Use
information gathered from a study including human
participants, specifically five people with PD, three people
with stroke impairments, and three healthy people, to assess
the efficiency of the suggested approach. The ev aluation
demonstrates that the suggested method can successfully
differentiate between stroke and PD from normal gait. As a
bonus, the methodology aids in selecting crucial gait aspects,
which is useful for learning the distinguishing factors
between normal and abnormal gaits and developing
individualized therapies.The journal [9] describes a gait
study of 41 PD persons, both with and without FoG, while
they did a normal walk, a motor dual task, and a cognitive
test. Despite detailed statistical analysis of clinical,
demographic, geographical, and temporal data, no
statistically significant difference existed between PD
patients with and without FoG. As a result, we ran the spatial Fig. 1. PD identification steps
and temporal properties of the gait through a ML analysis
based on tree-based approaches. Because of the high levels III. COLLECT ION AND PROCESS OF DAT A
of precision and reliability, the results were encouraging. The
efficacy of utilizing ML to identify individuals with a mild This chapter discusses the collection of data and its
form of FoG who are at high risk of developing a more processing techniques.

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A. Data Collection a result, a smoothing technique must be used to remove the
inherent noise in the data. We used goodness -of-fit statistics
This study made use of an open-access gait dataset
to apply a single moving average to the data for both legs to
from Physionet [10]. This gait dataset was collected by three
determine the true meaning of the data. In both the
distinct groups of researchers at Israel's Tel-Aviv Sourasaky
Parkinson's disease and healthy data sets, small variances in
Medical Centre's Laboratory for Gait & Neurodynamics . The
the data are canceled out and useful information is recovered
gait dataset's three gait patterns are influenced by walking
using the moving average method [14]. It is a technique for
ona treadmill, on levelground, and with Rhythmic Auditory
analyzing data points by calculating their average (M). This
Simulation (RAS). Utilizing correlation-based
operation is repeated once again, and the next average of M
spatiotemporal components of gait data, this research will
numbers is computed.
enhance the early identification of PD. The count of 73
healthy volunteers and 93 PD patients provided data
An outlier is a data point that deviates significantly
regarding their gait. To evaluate the stride-to-stride
from a normal distribution's mean. To measure the
characteristics of PD subjects, the walking sequence was
divergence from the mean, a predetermined cutoff value,
acquired under three various situations.The ages, genders,
determined by a fixed factor of the standard deviation, is
and races of the willing volunteers who gave their gait data
utilized. To provide a relevant conclusion, our experimental
for the study are shown in Table 1. The distribution of
inquiry employs an outlier identification method on both sets
healthy and PD data used in this research is given in figure 2.
of data from the subjects.

IV. FEAT URE EXT RACT ION

Table 1.Demographics of Physionet data To begin with gait recognition, feature extraction is
necessary. By estimating the fluctuating amplitudes of
Group Subjects Male Female sixteen sensors, we conduct a statistical study of the gait
Dataset sequence of both healthy and PD subjects.When comparing
Ga (Yogev Healthy 18 10 8 the two groups' means, medians, and standard deviations
et al. 2005) shown in Figure 3, we see that the PD patient's sensor
PD 29 20 9 readings at 2 feet exhibit more variation in mean value than
[11] Patient those of the healthy patients. Because of the greater
Ju Healthy 26 12 14 variations in mean value, we use the median of the VGRF
(Hausdorff sensor data as a robust biomarker for PD
PD 29 16 13
et al. 2007) categorization.Figure 3 shows the feature extraction of data
Patient
[12] results using statistical methods.
Si (Toledo Healthy 29 18 11
et al.
PD 35 22 13
2005b) [13]
Patient

Fig. 3. Feature extraction result

Fig. 2. Demographics of Physionet data
B. Data Process
The gait of PD patients and healthy participants is
measured experimentally over time using vertical force
sensor readings. Random fluctuations affect the obtained
time series signal. Two examples of preparatory processing
used to gait data are area smoothing and outlier detection. As
V. CLASSIFICAT ION
This chapter deals with the classification model
employed in this research for PD detection.
A. NB
The NB Classifier [15] is among the most effective
and straightforward classification methods. Depending on
Bayesian Networks, whichisa pictorial representation of a
collection of random variables and their dependent
relationships, this method is used.Bayesian Networks contain
several effective inferences and learning mechanisms. The

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only requirement is that the dataset's characteristics be
autonomous. Some relationships between the features in the
dataset have resulted via species evolution, albeit these
dependencies do not appear to be very substantial. For
classification, the NBtechnique is utilized since it assumes
that the properties of the input dataset are unrelated. This
method begins by assigning a probability value to every
occurrence in the database. Following the provision of the
input data, the probability score of each patient's pattern is
calculated. Consequently, we categorize the patterns
according to the probability allotted to them. The Nave
Bayes classifier is a straightforward probabilistic method that
uses Bayes' theorem and a tight independence constraint to
make predictions.
The probability of input data with label is:
( )
( )
The categorization of a sequence in a particular
input data is determined by the class label with the highest
conditional probability.
B. KNN
One of the most basic ML algorithms is the K
closest neighbor (KNN) approach. This algorithm determines
where samples belong in the broadest possible category of k
nearest neighbors based on how they are distributed among
their neighbors. It's safe to assume that K is a somewhat low
positive integer. When k equals 1, the sample is simply
assigned to the group consisting of its immediate neighbors.
Numbers less than 10 can be used as K values to separate
related groups rather than combine them. The ideal K-values
are 3, 5, and 7. Since it is quick, nonparametric, and easy to
implement, the k-nearest neighbor method can be used in a
wide variety of contexts. The KNN approach works well for
classification, but it takes a long time and requires trial and
error to determine the best k value. If you have some data,
you can use it to pick the optimum value for k [16]. Ask
increases, the impact of noise on the classification weakens,
but the line separating the classes becomes less distinct.
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C. DT
Classifier generating systems are heavily used in
data mining. While there are other categorization methods in
ML, this study focuses on the DT technique. Decision trees
are well-known to be a powerful tool used in a variety of
fields, including ML, image processing, and pattern
identification [17]. Each DT compares a numerical feature
against a threshold value, and the model advances one step at
a time. Constructing conceptual concepts is significantly
easier than finding numerical weights for neural network
connections between nodes. Cluster analysis is where DT
excels. DT is also a popular categorization approach in data
mining. Nodes and branches make up each tree. Each node in
the graph represents a set of features for a particular
classification job, and the values that these nodes might take
are determined by the related subsets. Because of its intuitive
analysis and accuracy across multiple data sources, decision
[1] trees have been widely used in a variety of scenarios.
VI. RESULT S AND DISCUSSION
The ML model is trained and tested using the
metrics. The result of each model is plotted in figure 4. The
below figure contains the information onthe confusion
matrix. The main elements in the matrix are TP, TN, FP, and
FN. The True Positive is the abbreviation of TP and it is used
to represent the number of PD data identified correctly, and
True Negative is the abbreviation of TN and it is used to
represent the number of healthy subject data identified
correctly, Similarly the False Positive and False Negative are
the abbreviations of FP and FN. And it is the count of
incorrect prediction of PD and healthy data by the ML
model. The three ML model’s confusion matrices are given.
The TP is denoted by blue color, TN is denoted by cement,
FP is represented by green, and FN is implied by red. The TP
and TN count is maximum and FP and FN counts are
minimum.
Fig. 4. Confusion matrix of ML model at the testing phase
The metrics like accuracy are first evaluated for ML
models like NB, KNN, and DT. The values achieved are
96.38%, 95.78%, and 93.37%. The highest specificity was
attained by NB as a value of 95.58% and the lowest value of
90.14% by DT. Next to specificity, sensitivity is taken, the
greater value is 96.93% which is the result of the NB model
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and the lower value of 95.78% is the result of DT. Then the
maximum 96.93% and minimum 92.85% value of Positive
Predictive Value (PPV) were produced by NB and DT.
Similarly, the maximum 95.65% and minimum 94.11%
value for Negative Predictive Value (NPV) was generated by
KNN and DT model. Then, precision is taken and the values
of 96.93%, 95.87%, and 92.85% are the outcome of NB,
KNN, and DT. Finally, F1-score metrics are analyzed and
NB gives 96.93%, KNN produces 96.37%, and DT’s 94.3%.
All the above-mentioned details are given in table 2 and
figure 5 is the graphical representation of the details. The
metrics and their value are taken on the x and y-axis of the
graph in figure 5. The bar plot is used to visualize the data.
The NB model’s values are represented in green color and
KNN’s by blue color, finally orange is sued for DT.

Table 2. Performance metrics of PD identification using ML model

Model Formula NB KNN DT

Accuracy 96.3855 95.7831 93.3735

Specificity 95.5882 94.2857 90.1408

Sensitivity 96.9388 96.875 95.7895

PPV 96.9388 95.8763 92.8571

NPV 95.5882 95.6522 94.1176

PRECISION 96.9388 95.8763 92.8571

F1-SCORE 96.9388 96.3731 94.3005

Fig. 5. Performance analysis of PD identification using ML model

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VII. CONCLUSION
The inability to carry out daily tasks is one of the
many effects of PD, a progressive neurodegenerative disease
of the brain. Various therapeutic signs, including motor and
non-motor symptoms, are used by neurologists in confirming
a PD diagnosis. Ratings of this nature heavily rely on the
knowledge and practice of the medical professionals
involved, as well as being subjective and ineffective.
Considering the importance of gait in determining a person's
mobility, it makes sense that it would be a useful biomarker
for identifying subjects as healthy or impaired by PD. This
work aims to aid neurologists in their everyday PD diagn osis
by developing an automatic PD diagnosis assessment system
based on an analysis of the gait patterns of healthy and PD
participants using three different ML algorithms. This is
accomplished by compiling authentic gait data. Smoothing
and outlier removal methods are used to clean the gathered
data. Important characteristics are extracted from the
processed data using a method called feature extraction.
After applying the retrieved features to the three ML models,
At last, metrics are used to determine which ML model is the
most successful. By every metric, the NB mode is superior to
the other two models. When comparing NB and DT, the
former has a higher accuracy of 96.3855% and the latter has
a lesser accuracy of 93.3735%.
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A Brief Analysis on Machine Learning Classifiers
for Intrusion Detection to Enhance Network Security
Spandana Mande1 Nandhakumar
School of Computer Science Ramachandran2
and Engineering, VIT-AP School of Computer Science
University, Amaravati, and Engineering, VIT-AP
spandana.mande@gmail.co University, Amaravati,
m nandhakumarr03@gmail.co
m om
Abstract
Network-based applications present new threats and
necessitate new security measures, which necessitate greater
attention to speed and accuracy. The rapid expansion of
malicious activity with the attacks poses substantial dangers
to network security despite the numerous new security
technologies that have been developed. Intrusion Detection
Systems (IDS) are extensively relied upon by network
managers to catch these kinds of network intrusions in the
act. Detecting intrusions using machine learning is one of the
most common ways, in which models are learned from data
to distinguish between regular and anomalous traffic. Despite
the prevalence of machine learning methodologies, there
hasn't been much research into machine learning algorithms
for intrusion detection. When it comes to protecting sensitive
information and systems, the Network Intrusion Detection
System (NIDS) is a must-have model. If a NIDS detects more
threats than false alarms, it is considered to be a good tool for
security. Intrusion detection systems that are able to adapt to
the ever-changing nature of network threats are built using
machine learning techniques. It's still unclear how effective
and appropriate these machine learning approaches are for
detecting advanced hostile attempts. In terms of accuracy,
precision, recall, and training time cost, this study analyses
the most common machine learning classifier approaches for
intrusion detection. Developers can use this comparison to
help them select the best NIDS development method.
KDD99, CSE-CIC-IDS2018 and UNSW-NB15 datasets are
used in the evaluation of the adopted basic machine learning
classifiers. Classifiers like Decision Tree (DT), Random
Forest, Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression and K-
Nearest Neighbour (KNN) are tested in the experiments. The
classifiers working, limitations are briefly discussed in this
manuscript.
Keywords: Machine Learning, Intrusion Detection, Network
Security, Classifiers, Network Intrusion, Data Loss.
1. INTRODUCTION
Because of the rapid growth of the Internet, network security
is becoming an increasingly important topic. In the subject of
network security, the detection of anomalous behaviour is a
major concern [1]. Analysis of network data and detection of
anomalous network behaviours are performed by IDSs.
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Chanumolu Kiran Ch Naga Priyanka4
Kumar3 School of Computer Science
School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT-AP
and Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati,
University, Amaravati, priyanka.chadalavada89@g
mounikakiran.138@gmail.c mail.com
Signature-based and anomaly-based detection systems are the
most common types of IDSs [2]. Anomaly behaviour
character libraries and network data are used to develop
signature-based intrusion detection systems, such as Snort
intrusion detection systems. Despite their excellent detection
rates, these IDS are difficult to spot when an attack is
launched against a different network segment [3]. In order to
detect intrusions, anomaly-based intrusion detection systems
build models based on typical network behaviour and detect
anomalies that diverge from that behaviour are considered.
For unknown anomalous behaviour, such IDSs have a high
recognition efficiency but a low overall detection rate and a
high false alarm percentage [4].
Monitoring network traffic with an IDS allows for the
identification of malicious activity. Intruders that bypass
security measures can be found and stopped in their tracks
with this tool. Its major role is to monitor the network for any
indications of intrusion and report them to the administrator
[5]. The two primary types are anomaly detection and abuse
detection. Preparation for signatures of known assaults forms
the basis for abuse detection. While the FAR is low, the
accuracy is low as well [6]. In theory, regular database
updates could fix this issue, but in practise, doing so would
be impracticable and expensive. Therefore, techniques for
identifying abnormal behaviour have developed. Profiling
user behaviour is the focus of anomaly detection [7]. An
anomaly is defined in this technique as a divergence from a
predefined model of user activity.
Fig 1: Intrusion Detection System
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There is a wide range of attacks on the network's content
because of the large volume of data; new invasions are
occurring on a daily basis. Detecting intrusions is a necessary
first step in preventing network data from being breached or
misused [8]. Numerous solutions have been devised in order
to protect the network from numerous invasions and
malicious actions. There are several ways to safeguard a
network from dynamic intrusions, but network intrusion
detection is one of the most promising solutions [9]. To
distinguish between intrusive and typical network activity,
the Intrusion Detection System classifies data into multiple
categories. Several ML approaches have been developed to
achieve effective and intelligent intrusion detection models.
Only a handful of studies have looked at machine learning
algorithms for detecting intrusions [10]. Over-fitting the
model for a certain dataset can lead to inaccurate results
being provided by Machine Learning (ML) classifiers. Thus,
the findings are not easily generalizable and difficult to
duplicate [11].
In this paper, we focus on providing a thorough analysis of
several machine learning techniques for intrusion detection
[12]. It is our goal to analyse popular machine learning
approaches in order to better understand how they perform in
real-world intrusion detection scenarios. Features, hyper
parameter tuning sensitivity, and overall effect are all out of
balance. It is important to consider all three of these aspects
when employing ML techniques for intrusion detection.
Features are selected in such a way that a complex classifier
is avoided [13], which may over-fit the data [14]. A high
hyper parameter sensitivity suggests that it may be difficult to
tune the detection system appropriately for other datasets, and
methods that manage the class imbalance problem better are
more practical in practise for intrusion detection [15].
IDS is designed to be constantly monitoring and analysing
network traffic and events so that the organization's security
can be safeguarded and computers in the network may be
discovered [16]. In order to keep the system safe from
unwanted access, an IDS gathers data about the network
environment, filters out unnecessary data, and then makes a
determination about whether or not the behaviour is normal
[17]. Despite the fact that a study of cloud-based network
intrusion detection [18] analysis can be obtained online,
machine learning-based intrusion detection research for
multimedia platforms is scarce [19].
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Intrusion detection research is the focus of this section, which
aims to provide an overview. Many researchers have worked
on machine learning classifiers, and the following are only a
few of their accomplishments: In order to detect mobile
malware Private, Otter et al. [2] used ML classifiers such as
RF, J-48, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Naïve Bayes (NB)
and K Nearest Neighbour (KNN). The evaluation was
conducted with the aid of Weka Tool. ML classifiers were
tested for accuracy using a variety of performance metrics,
including the True Positive Rate (TPR) and False Positive
Rate (FPR), precision, recall, and the f-measure. RF
Classifier was able to achieve an accuracy of 99.99 percent
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when working with the MalGenome dataset. The author has
proposed employing specific characteristics to improve the
outcomes in the future. Network Intrusion Detection System
(NIDS) was built by Khan et al. [4] using multiple machine
learning classifiers. Tests on the various classifiers'
performance were conducted using the NSL-KDD dataset.
The Random Forest (RF) classifier surpasses all the others in
this study. An accuracy rate of 97% is achieved as a result of
this method. Although multiclass classifiers are needed, there
is still a need in the market.
Even though numerous taxonomies for IDSs have been
proposed, none has gained widespread acceptance. At now,
the two most popular models for detection are signature-
based and anomaly-based models. A signature-based method,
also known as abuse detection, can be used to spot an
intrusion. While signature-based intrusion detection systems
can spot most or all previously observed attacks [5], they fall
short when it comes to spotting novel or modified attacks.
Another method that works well for finding intrusions is
anomaly detection. Many studies have focused on the
application of anomaly detection to the fields of intrusion
detection and computer security. Anomaly-based IDS
systems model typical system or network traffic behaviour,
and any divergence from this pattern that exceeds a threshold
is flagged as suspicious. IDSs that rely on anomalies to detect
threats produce more false positives than signature-based
IDSs. Anomaly-based IDSs face serious challenges when it
comes to defining normal behaviour and figuring out how to
represent it computationally in a system or network context
[6].
Statistics-based anomaly-based IDS monitor regular network
activity, such as bandwidth usage, protocol configurations
[7], and ports and devices connected to the network, and alert
the administrator or end user when abnormal traffic is
discovered. Time series and multivariate models are also
subdivided into single and multivariate models, respectively.
Univariate models, for example, use independent Gaussian
random variables to describe each variable's permissible
range [8]. The correlation between two or more variables is
taken into account in the multivariate model.
An intrusion detection model combining SVM and Extreme
Learning Machine (ELM) was presented by Nugroho et al.
[11]. KDD 99 was used for the analysis. Using this proposed
model, the accuracy was 93 percent and the training time was
significantly reduced. Only known assaults benefit from this
method, and novel attacks necessitate the use of more
accurate classifiers. Sharma et al. [12] described an Artificial
Neural Network-based trained system for detecting DDoS
attacks. With older datasets, the ANN achieved 92 percent
accuracy; with updated datasets, the ANN achieved 94
percent accuracy; Based on the dataset, the ANN model's
accuracy can be improved. As a result, there is a pressing
need for an accurate and comprehensive dataset.
An IDS adaptive design based on Extreme Learning
Machines was discussed by Meneghello et al. [14]. The
evaluation used the NSL-KDD dataset. A satisfactory
percentage of detection and false positives were discovered
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for innovative and well-known assaults. Suragala et al. [17]
proposed an intrusion detection PSO-FLN classifier. To
ensure the accuracy of the findings, they were cross-validated
against the KDD99 benchmark dataset. In terms of accuracy,
PSO-FLN outperforms ELM and FLN classifiers. There are a
few classes that don't work with this method, such as R2L.
According to the review of the literature, the majority of
studies have relied on older datasets for validation. A lack of
fresh threats and an imbalance in network audit data are the
main drawbacks of these datasets. ML classifiers may be
trained incorrectly if they are trained on data that is not
evenly distributed. It is possible to detect new assaults using
the newly created dataset. When compared to other
classifiers, the RF classifier produces superior results. Multi-
classification still needs more attention, despite the fact that
binary classification has received a lot of attention.
3. MACHINE LEARNING CLASSIFIERS FOR
INTRUSION DETECTION
Supervised and unsupervised learning are the two most
common methods of machine learning. Labelled data is
essential for supervised learning. Even though data labelling
by hand is time consuming and expensive in supervised
learning, it is the most used method in IDS. Unsupervised
learning approaches, on the other hand, tend to perform
worse at detection than supervised learning methods. Figure 2
depicts the most prevalent machine learning techniques used
in IDSs. NSK-KDD dataset is considered for analysis. NSL-
KDD is an alternative data set proposed to address
shortcomings in the original KDD'99 dataset. Due to the
scarcity of publicly available data sets for network-based
IDSs, we believe the updated KDD data set can serve as a
useful benchmark for comparing the performance of various
IDSs. However, the data set still has some of the issues raised
by McHugh and may not be an accurate representation of
actual networks.
Fig: 2 Various Machine Learning Methods
An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is designed to replicate
the way the human brain functions. Many hidden and output
layers are found in the architecture of neural networks. The
units in neighbouring strata are completely interconnected.
Since an ANN may potentially approximate any function
with a large number of units, it has a high capacity for fitting,
especially for nonlinear functions. Training ANNs takes a
long time because of their intricate model structure. In
addition, backpropagation, the algorithm used to train ANN
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models, cannot be applied to train deep networks. Thus,
ANNs are classified as shallow models, as opposed to the
deep models.
3.1 Support Vector Machine
In Support Vector Machine (SVM), the goal is to locate a
hyperplane with a maximum margin of separation in the n-
dimensional feature space. Because the separation hyperplane
is only influenced by a limited number of support vectors,
SVMs can produce satisfying results even with short training
sets. SVMs, on the other hand, are susceptible to noise in the
vicinity of the hyperplane. It is possible to use SVMs to
tackle linear problems. Kernel functions are commonly
utilised when dealing with nonlinear data. It is possible to
split the original nonlinear data using a kernel function,
which transforms the original space into a different space.
SVMs and other machine learning algorithms are full with
kernel trickery.
3.2 K-Nearest Neighbour
The manifold theory is at the heart of K-Nearest Neighbour
(KNN). It is more likely that a sample will belong to a class if
most of its neighbours do as well. This means that the
classification result is only influenced by the top-k nearest
neighbours. The KNN model's performance is highly
influenced by the parameter k. Overfitting is more likely
when k is small, because the model becomes more complex
ask gets smaller. To the contrary, the more complex the
model is, and thus the worse its fitting ability. First, all of the
training data is stored in this lazy learning method. This data
is used during categorization to look for correlations between
the incoming data and the existing data. Data is sorted into
categories based on how similar they are to previously
collected data. Euclidean distance is used to calculate it.
Using K-nearest neighbours, the test data is assigned to a
class. Accuracy may improve if K is raised higher. However,
it is more commonly used for classifying data rather than
regression.
3.3 Naïve Bayes
Naïve Bayes is based on the notion of attribute independence
and conditional probability. Conditional probabilities for
different classes are calculated for each sample by the Naive
Bayes classifier. It is determined that the sample falls into
class MOP (maximum probability). For both two-class and
multi-class classification issues, this algorithm can be
employed. Probabilities of every characteristic relating to a
class are employed for prediction. Furthermore, it assumes
that each feature's chance of belonging to a specific class
value is unaffected by the probability of other features.
Probability is referred to as conditional probabilities, when
the feature's value is already known. Each class's probability
of an instance can be calculated, and then the best class value
can be chosen. The formula for calculating the conditional
probability is
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𝑛
cluster. Distance is used as a similarity criterion in the K-
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥|𝑌 = 𝑐𝑘) = ∏ 𝑃(𝑋 (𝑖) = 𝑥 (𝑖) |𝑌 = 𝑐𝑘) means algorithm. If the distance between two data elements
𝑖=1 is low enough, they are more likely than not to be clustered
together in the same location. When dealing with nonconvex
The Nave Bayes method reaches its optimal result when the
data, the K-means algorithm performs poorly. The
attribute independent hypothesis is met. Nave Bayes does not
initialization condition and parameter K are also important to
function well on attribute-related information with Logistic
the K-means algorithm. It is therefore necessary to conduct a
Regression because it cannot satisfy that hypothesis in reality.
large number of experiments before determining an
A logarithm linear model, such as the LR, uses a parametric
appropriate parameter value.
logistic distribution to calculate the probability of various
classes, as 3.7 Logistic Regression
𝑤𝑘 ∗𝑥
𝑒 Predictive models produced utilising this method have the
𝑃(𝑌 = 𝑘|𝑥) =
1 + ∑𝑘−1
𝑘 𝑠 𝑤𝑘 ∗𝑥 potential to positively impact on network analysis. In order to
improve decision-making, you can utilise these models to
In this case, k is equal to 1, 2,.., K The sample x is placed in better comprehend relationships and make predictions about
the class with the highest probability. The construction of an what will happen next. Manufacturers' analytics teams can
LR model is straightforward, and the training of such a model employ logistic regression analysis as component of a
is quick. LR, on the other hand, is unable to handle nonlinear statistics software suite to uncover a correlation between
data, which limits its use. It can be used to sort data into machine part failures and how long parts are kept in stock,
binary or many classes. Fitting data to a Logistic function for instance.The sigmoid function, which is used in the
predicts an event's probability of occurrence. Zero and one logistic function, is a cost function.
are possible values for this function's output. Class 1 and
class 0 are separated by the median value of 0.5. Class 1 1
𝐹(𝑥) =
output is defined as greater than or equal to 0.5, while class 0 1 + 𝑒 −(𝑥)
output is defined as less than or equal to 0.5.
4. RESULTS
3.4 Decision Tree
Classifiers were evaluated in their default options and
The decision tree (DT) algorithm organises information by without any processing of the dataset in the first part of the
applying a set of predefined rules. The model's tree-like form experiment. We employed Stratified Cross-Validation of 10-
makes it accessible to everybody. The decision tree technique folds to train the classifiers on the NSL-KDD training dataset
allows for automated feature exclusion. In the course of and then applied the trained models to the testing dataset.
education, students construct and prune their own mental NSL-KDD also offered the testing datasets for comparison. A
trees. A decision tree model is constructed by an algorithm pre-processing step used to pick out only the most relevant
that iteratively selects the most relevant features, which are features from the NSL-KDD dataset was performed in the
then used to expand the branches off the root node. The second stage. NSL-KDD recommended 41 features, 14 of
decision tree is a basic method of classification. The random which we selected using the InfoGainAttributeEval method
forest and excessive gradient boosting (XGBoost) are two combined with Ranker's ranking system.
examples of sophisticated algorithms that are made up of
multiple decision trees. It is widely used because of how well Sensitivity and specificity measurements are commonly used
it predicts and organises data. In DT, a branch represents a to evaluate the performance of an ML model. Specificity is
sometimes known as the true negative rate (TNR), whereas
test on an attribute, and a leaf node interprets the result of the
sensitivity is referred to as the true positive rate (TPR). The
test by displaying a class label. For classification tasks, DT
false positive rate of the classifiers on the considered dataset
uses few computational resources and works well with both
categorical and continuous inputs. Training this tree topology is shown in Figure 3.
is computationally intensive in multi-classification scenarios.
3.5 Random Forest
In 2001, Breiman came up with the idea of random forest.
This method is based on the proximity search and can be used
both for regression and classification. The classifier is based
on a decision tree. It is possible to use random samples to
form decision trees, and then predictions are made from each
tree and the best answer is determined by voting. Image
categorization, feature selection, and recommendation
engines are just some of the uses of random forests.
3.6 K-Means
K-means is a common clustering approach, where K is the set
of nodes and the means is the average of the attributes in each

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Table 3: Parameters Evaluation on UNSW-NB15 Dataset

Fig 3: False Positive Rate of ML Classifiers

The recall levels of the considered classifiers that are applied
on the dataset is represented in Figure 4.
This paper analysis the precision, recall and accuracy levels
of machine learning classifiers on the considered
KDD99,CSE-CIC-IDS2018 and UNSW-NB15 datasets are
shown in Table 1,2 and 3. The parameters evaluated are
(𝑇𝑃 + 𝑇𝑁)
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 =
(𝑇𝑃 + 𝑇𝑁 + 𝐹𝑃 + 𝐹𝑁)
𝑇𝑃
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
(𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑃)
𝑇𝑃
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
(𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑁)

(2 ∗ 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙)
𝐹 − 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
(𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙)
Table 1: Parameters Evaluation on KDD99 Dataset

Fig 4: Recall Levels of ML Classifiers

The comparison of the performance levels of the considered
classifiers are represented in Figure 4.

Table 2: Parameters Evaluation on CSE-CIC-IDS2018

Dataset

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REFERENCES
Fig 5: Comparison of Performance Levels
The training and testing levels of the ML classifiers are
represented in Figure 6. The NB classifier observes less
training and testing time levels.
Fig 6: Training and Testing Levels
5. CONCLUSION
Internet-based risks are multiplying at an exponential rate as
technology improves. As a result, experts have come up with
a slew of ways to combat these risks. Various machine
learning classifiers for intrusion detection have been trained
on older datasets in the literature, limiting the accuracy of
their detection. As a result, the most recent dataset must be
used to train machine learning classifiers. Based on a given
taxonomy, a number of ML classifiers have been tested for
their ability to detect intrusions. The results of these tests
have been used to evaluate the effectiveness of these
classifiers. The NSL-KDD data set is used to evaluate these
classifiers. TPR and FPR have been used to compare the
classifiers in order to determine which one is the most
accurate and precise. Machine learning technologies are
being used to detect assaults in IDS and to create a successful
IDS in this work. Researchers are concerned about the
security of data in computer-based systems. Based on the
limitations of existing classifiers, there is a strong necessity
to design an efficient and effective classifier for accurate
intrusion detection.
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A Brief Review on Melanoma Diagnosis Models
using Machine Learning Techniques
Deepthi Rapeti1
Research scholar
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
SVUCE,
Sri Venkateswara University, Andhra Pradesh,
India
deepthirapeti1@gmail.com
Abstract
Melanoma is the most prevalent kind of cancer of the skin.
Abnormal cell growth of the skin is to blame, and this
condition is more common in sunny locations. Common
forms of skin cancer include basal cell carcinoma, squamous
cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Although melanoma is the
least common form of skin cancer, it is responsible for the
majority of cases of this malignancy's fatal outcomes (73%).
However, if detected early enough, this tumour can be
treated with a relatively straightforward operation.
Dermoscopy images of skin malignancies were analyzed
using a Machine Learning (ML) system for around 3000
consecutive high-quality photos from 2018 to 2022. The
most lethal sort skin cancer is malignant melanoma. Many
studies have looked at various methods of detecting and
diagnosing spontaneous melanoma, and those who are
detected early are more likely to survive. A lack of data has
made it difficult to create models based on available data.
This paper presents a brief survey on numerous machine
learning algorithms and training methods with unbalanced
basis weights to investigate a melanoma detection problem.
This research helps to provide sufficient information and
limitations of numerous machine learning models to new
researchers to design effective melanoma detection models
for accurate detection rate.
Keywords: Melanoma Detection, Skin Cancer, Machine
Learning Models, Dermoscopy Images, Cell Carcinoma.
1. INTRODUCTION
Skin cancer has a high mortality rate and is regularly
identified around the world because of the serious harm it
does to human health. Malignant melanoma, with its high
rate of recurrence and spread, is one of the most difficult
forms to treat. One in ten may get skin cancer at some point
in their lives, and it is believed that 1,260 people in india are
found in patients with melanomas every day, according to
World Health Organization [1]. Over the past two decades,
the overall incidence of Melanoma climbed by 80% and the
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Dr D Vivekananda Reddy2
Assistant Professor
Dept of Computer Science and Engineering, SVUCE,
Sri Venkateswara University,
Tirupati,
Andhra Pradesh,
India.
svuvivek@gmail.com
incidence rate is increased by 140% for both the 2000-2015
and 2016-2022 time periods for nonmelanoma skin cancer
(NMSC). Furthermore, NMSC affects more than 1.5 million
indians each year [2]. The only way a doctor can be
absolutely sure that a suspicious patch of skin (called a
lesion) is not cancer is to take a biopsy of the lesion. For
diagnostic purposes, a doctor may perform a procedure
called a biopsy, in which he or she removes a small piece of
tissue.
The most common cause of skin cancer, including all types
of melanoma, is exposure to natural or artificial ultraviolet
light [3]. Dermatologists can detect skin cancer by looking
for changes in the size, shape, or colour of moles or other
skin lesions, as well as any new growths or sores on the
skin. According to the morphological symptoms listed
above, a long-term period of training is required for
professional skin cancer recognition [4]. Because
dermatologists have varying levels of training, some of the
first signs may be overlooked by the clinical examiner. A
large asymmetrical melanoma is shown in Figure 1.
Fig 1: Asymmetrical Melanoma
Skin cancer is often detected with the dermatoscope, an
advanced microscope that can change the image capture
process' light, distance, resolution, angle and other
parameters. Detailed microscopic views of the epidermis
and outer dermis are provided by dermoscopic imaging [5].
Skin lesions can be more readily and accurately analysed by
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dermoscopy, which provides high resolution, uniformity, found in an already existing mole, the mole's texture may
and consistency. Since dermoscopic images contain so many change as well. It's possible that different skin lesions will
datasets, investigation on skin lesion evaluation has focused have a different sensation [11]. Although the lesions on the
mostly on dermoscopic images in the past. Skin-imaging skin of people with melanoma are typically painless,
devices such as dermoscopes, on the other side, are detecting them will help to avoid for future problems. The
prohibitively complex and expensive extensive training and ABCDE melanoma is shown in Figure 2.
expertise in order to be properly utilize [6].
On the other hand, non-dermoscopic photos can be acquired
with low-cost mobile phones that are commonly accessible
in both developed and developing countries. Non-
dermoscopic image processing CAD systems are more
widely applicable and available, these systems must be able
to withstand considerable picture fluctuations that occur
without dermoscopy [7]. The system's ability to recognise
lesion boundaries despite noise, hair, and other poor contrast
or non-existent impediments is based on new segmentation
algorithms. Skin lesions are identified using these
techniques when the lesion is segmented from the rest of the
skin. In addition to its asymmetrical growth pattern,
irregular border patterns, and a wide range of pigmentation, Fig 2: A is for Asymmetry
melanoma tumours show evidence of evolution in the form
of the ABCDE symbol. Photos taken from unknown ranges
and angles create asymmetrical images, wavy borders, and
color irregularities [8].
Melanoma is a type of cancer that develops when pigment-
producing cells in the skin become malignant. If it starts in
the body's pigmented tissues, melanoma can travel to other
parts like the eye or gut as well as to the skin [9]. Melanoma,
which accounts for less than one percent of all skin
malignancies, is responsible for the majority of skin cancer
mortality. Females under the age of 30 account for the bulk
of those diagnosed with this cancer, which has a very high
incidence. Melanoma's incidence has risen significantly
during the past 30 years. Melanoma cases have increased
Fig 3: B is for Border
significantly over the past few decades, and this is mainly
ascribed to an increase in UV exposure [10].
The ABCDE rule
Unbalance: On one part of the mole, the shape is off. There
are noticeable imperfections in the image edges.
Color. All shades of black, brown, and tan are available.
Several colors may be seen in the image: white, grey, red,
and blue.
The diameter: On the whole, it has a diameter of at least 6
millimetres (mm). An inch and a quarter is the approximate
diameter of this object. Smaller tumours are more common
in the early stages of the disease.
Fig 4: C is for Color
Adapting to the changing world around us.
Previously unaffected by mole growth, previously normal
skin is now sprouting new moles, or existing moles are
spreading to previously unaffected skin. When melanoma is

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be useful in primary care, how far they had progressed in

terms of development is analyzed, what evidence there was,
and whether or not there were any evidence gaps [16].
Classification problems can be studied using this method
because of its versatility and the metric that assigns each
item a specific group based on its similarity to other data
points. Classification and regression trees is a classifier that
is increasingly being employed in biomedical applications.
This research presents a brief review on numerous ML
models for melanoma detection for providing better
diagnosis.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Fig 5: D is for Diameter or Dark Skin cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer, and
it is one of the most deadly disease. Automated diagnosis of
metastatic melanoma and other pigmented skin conditions
has been much improved using image analysis, compared to
unaided eye assessment. The pathologist receives
information about the patient's age, gender, tumour location,
and size from the clinical module. The ResNet-50 network,
repurposed for predicting the likelihood of melanoma
categorization, is used in the deep learning arm to transfer
knowledge. To estimate the overall likelihood of developing
melanoma, the categorization scores from both processing
arms are combined using logistic regression. The analyzed
models and limitations are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Considered Models and Limitations
Fig 6: E is for Evolving
Name of
ABCD rule uses a total dermoscopic score, where A
the year Methodology Limitations
represents asymmetry, B represents border abnormalities, C
author
represents colour variations, and D represents diameter.
For the classification
Individual weight is allocated for every particular feature The filtering
of Melanoma and
based on their importance. In general, researchers focus on model applied
Seborrheic
computer-aided diagnostic systems for automatically performance is
Keratosis, the author
classifying and identifying cancer. Graphics in the form of better.
proposed a multi-
geometric, colour and combination aspects have been used However, the
view filtering
for this purpose. complexity of
transfer learning
the model
Although it is still difficult to diagnose the early stages of strategy, as proved
causes
melanoma using distinguishing signs, it is possible [12]. J. Bian by comprehensive
2021 overload that
Using handmade characteristics for melanoma identification et al. [1] skin lesion
degrades the
requires an expert's knowledge of skin cancer type, colour, classification trials,
performance.
shape, and texture. Skin cancer CAD solutions with deep is superior to other
The complexity
learning-based automation are becoming increasingly approaches, and the
levels can be
popular as a means of resolving this problem [13]. These analysis of the
reduced to
deep learning-based solutions, however, still have a primary elements
improve the
requirement because of the limited labelled data available. confirms this
performance
finding.
ML technologies that potentially aid in early diagnosis of levels.
skin cancer were analyzed in this Systematic Review. The author proposed The
Primary and community care [14], where skin cancer a new technique segmentation
incidence is lower than in specialty clinics, is the subject of B. A.
called Predict- model does not
this review. Because most worrisome skin lesions are first Albert et 2020
Evaluate-Correct K- considers the
assessed in this scenario, ML may be most useful in this al. [2]
fold (PECK) that edge regions of
context [15]. To determine whether ML technologies could teaches ensembles the object. The

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the ability to learn features Traditional image

successfully even detection processing and deep
with sparse data. model learning are
The PECK method considered combined in this
The
was unable to more number research through the
dermoscopy
produce a deep of features that integration of
images
ensemble from 153 increases the characteristics from
considered
non-dermoscopic time each method. The
need to
lesion images, complexity author believed that
undergo image
despite previous levels that can J. R. the two methods,
denoising so
attempts and current be reduced. Hagerty 2019 each with its own
that the
state-of-the-art et al. [5] unique set of flaws,
accuracy will
approaches being work better together.
be enhanced.
tested and trained on One clinical
The model
them. information module
should predict
The author and three
even with low
developed a transfer biologically inspired
quality images.
learning-based The proposed image processing
system that uses an model RoI modules are used in
intelligent Region of based learning traditional image
Interest (ROI) to feature set does processing arms.
distinguish between not correlate at
melanoma and a strong level.
nevus malignancy. The k-mean The texture heterogeneity of the samples is determined via
To get the ROIs out approach takes asymmetric analysis. An EM-trained fusion-based HMM
R. classifier is presented in this research. A new texture feature
of the pictures, the less value that
Ashraf et 2020 has been created using local difference patterns (LDPs) and
author used an impacts the
al. [3] statistical histogram elements of the microscopic picture.
improved k-mean accuracy
approach. Since only levels. The Improved networks with skip pathways between encoder
photos containing training and decoder sub-networks bring the semantic level of
melanoma cells are samples can be encoder feature maps closer to that of decoder feature maps,
utilised to train the increased to which is the goal of this research. This method uses a multi-
algorithm, this ROI- increase the stage, multi-scale approach to pixel-by-pixel classification
based technique accuracy of melanoma lesions using a Softmax classifier. An
helps identify levels. innovative method, named Lesion-classifier, has been
distinguishing traits. created to categorise skin lesions into the two categories of
malignant and nonmalignant. Two public standard skin
The author provides lesion datasets, the International Symposium on Biomedical
a comprehensive Imaging (ISBI)2017 and Hospital Pedro Hispano, show that
The the solution surpasses current state-of-the-art methodologies.
evaluation of the
classification The analyzed models and limitations are shown in Table 2.
most recent research
model does not
on the use of CNN Table 2: Considered Models and Limitations
consider low
to classify
correlated
melanoma. The Name of
values that year Methodology Limitations
author only looked the author
A. impact the
at melanoma based The author proposed The
Naeem 2020 accuracy
on its binary an automated method dermoscopic
et al. [4] levels. The
classification. It for detecting early image based
features
focuses on CNN melanoma based on detection is
extracted will
classifiers and the repeated efficient.
be inaccurate Z. Yu et al.
accuracy of these 2022 dermoscopic images. However, the
that reduces the [6]
classifiers when The author designed edge based
system
tested using a three-step process segmentation
performance.
unpublished to accomplish this. and
datasets. As a first step, the morphological
author aligned operations helps

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multiple in image The expectation

dermoscopic pictures enhancement maximization
of skin lesions using for accurate model applied
Using a combination
approximated detection of the for pre
of decision-level
Euclidean disease. processing is
fusion and a Hidden
transformations, and better; however,
Markov Model
then apply image multiple pre
(HMM) with
difference processing
parameters optimized
computations to techniques can
using Expectation
determine the lesion be applied for
R. Maximization (EM)
growth region. better
Rastghalam 2021 and asymmetric
The author described The performance to
et al. [9] analysis, the author
a melanoma segmentation remove
developed a
segmentation and model unwanted
melanoma detection
identification considered can values, null
system. The texture
strategy to solve be integrated values. The
heterogeneity of the
these issues and with edge HMM model
samples is
provide significant detection model can be
determined via
S. Albahli accuracy gains over for accurate enhanced to
2020 asymmetric analysis.
et al. [7] current approaches. feature reduce the time
A morphological extraction that complexity
procedure is used to considers best levels.
remove artefacts correlated For the detection and
such as hairs, gel features for localization of The encoder
bubbles, and clinical effective melanoma lesions and decoder
marks from the performance autonomously, the models can be
dermoscopic images. levels. author suggested a integrated with
In dermatology, deep deep learning-based the LSTM
neural networks are method. Improved model for better
used to distinguish A. A. networks with skip accuracy levels
between images of Adegun et 2020 pathways between for location
melanoma and those al. [10] encoder and decoder detection. The
that are clear of the sub-networks bring weights can be
disease. Melanoma the semantic level of allocated to the
detection technology The deep encoder feature maps features for
has been emphasized learning model closer to that of better
in two crucial ways applied decoder feature considering the
in this research. considers maps, which is the feature set.
Classifier accuracy complex goal of this research.
can be impacted by operations for
simply a few changes melanoma
L. D. Biasi The tendency of melanoma to metastasize has made it a
2022 to the dataset's detection that
et al. [8] particularly dangerous cancer. According to statistics, the
attributes, therefore increases the
the author began by computational most common and deadly form of skin cancer is melanoma.
looking at that. The complexity People recognised and treated early in the course of the
focus here was on the levels that need disease tend to be more successful, according to a new study
issue of transfer to be reduced published in the Journal of Clinical Pathology. In situations
learning. Following for better of melanoma, a precise clinical diagnosis and prognosis may
the results of this performance. be difficult to achieve due to clinicians' subjectivity.
early research, the Examining the form, colour, and texture of any skin lesions
author concluded that is crucial for early detection and prevention of malignant
continuous training- melanomas. These traits include uneven borders, notched
test iterations are edges, and colour variation. Deep learning has previously
important to been shown to outperform human specialists in a variety of
construct robust computer vision tests.
prediction models.

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Advantages in Traditional Model
1. The traditional models can predict the tumor in less
time if small datasets are considered.
2. The traditional models data loss rate is in
satisfactory level.
3. The computational complexity levels of existing
models is low.
4. The true positive rate of the traditional models in
skin cancer detection is high.
Disadvantages of Traditional Models
1. The traditional models are slow in processing large
datasets that increases the delay in the system
performance.
2. The traditional models can consider high quality
images. Noisy image inputs results in less accuracy
rate.
3. The training samples considered are less that prone
to false positive rates.
4. The grade detection of skin cancer using traditional
models is a complex task.
5. The features considered in traditional models to
perform training is high that can be reduced further
for better optimization.
3. MACHINE LEARING CLASSIFIERS
Classifiers are algorithms used in machine learning to
automatically classify or categorise data into one or more
classes. Classes can be described in a number of ways,
including by using the targets, labels, and categories.
Algorithms based on machine learning can help automate
processes that were formerly performed by hand. They have
the potential to significantly improve the productivity of
enterprises while saving significant amounts of time and
money. Five distinct classification strategies in machine
learning are discussed.
3.1 Decision Tree
To create models with a tree-like structure, supervised
machine learning practitioners can employ a classification
technique called a decision tree. From the tree trunk to the
branches and finally to the leaves, data is classified into
increasingly granular categories. It permits precise, organic
classification by employing the if-then rule of mathematics
to generate sub-categories that fit into larger categories.
Since a decision tree's main function is to draw ever-finer
differences, it must constantly learn new classification rules.
These rules are learned by the system by applying if-then
reasoning to the data used for training. The programme
keeps classifying until it hits a predetermined threshold.
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3.2 Naive Bayes Classifier
In order to determine whether or not an input belongs to a
certain category, Naive Bayes classifiers rely on probability.
Some classifiers use the Naive Bayes algorithm, which is
based on a probability theorem. Using this type of classifier,
users may find out how likely it is that a given input belongs
to one of several predefined classes.
For cases with more than one possible categorization, the
algorithm considers the likelihood that a given data point
belongs to each category. The most likely classification to
contain the input text is then output after the probabilities of
each classification have been compared. Typically, this type
of algorithm is used by businesses to categorize textual
components like email subject lines, client feedback, and
article abstracts.
3.3 K-Nearest Neighbors
K-nearest-neighbors is an easy technique that keeps all
previous samples and sorts new ones by some similarity
measure. From its inception in the early 1970s, KNN has
been used as a non-parametric method for estimating data
and recognising patterns. Because it does not attempt to
construct a generic internal model but instead stores only
instances of the training data, it can be considered a sort of
lazy learning. Each point's k-nearest neighbours cast a vote
to decide its classification.
Using a distance measure to find the K nearest neighbours,
each example is assigned to the category with the most
members. If K is equal to 1, the case is simply placed in the
category that contains its nearest neighbour.
3.4 Support Vector Machines
For straightforward classification and regression tasks,
experts often turn to support vector machines (SVMs). To
do this, they look for lines, called hyperplanes, within a data
distribution that serve to divide it into two distinct groups. In
cases when multiple hyperplanes may effectively partition
the data, the algorithm would choose the best one. When
using a SVM to classify data, the optimal hyperplane is the
optimal dividing line across classes.
If an SVM cannot locate a good hyperplane to divide the
data into two dimensions, it can nevertheless function in
higher dimensions. Because of this, they are excellent tools
for extracting classes from heterogeneous data sets. SVMs
are great machine learning tools because their accuracy
improves as more complicated data is used as input.
3.5 Artificial Neural Networks
The term artificial neural network (ANN) refers to a
computational framework comprised of several separate
algorithms. The way they function is similar to that of
human brains, and it involves a network of artificial neurons
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that can send and receive electrical impulses. Thus, artificial
neural networks are now equipped to tackle multi-layered
issues of unprecedented complexity. It can be difficult to
train and fine-tune ANNs due to their complexity, and
enormous volumes of training data are generally required.
However, a well-trained ANN can accomplish what would
be impossible for a set of algorithms to do alone.
Artificial neural networks come in a wide variety, some of
which are:
1. Feedforward neural network
2. Feedback neural network
3. Recurrent neural network
4. Classification-prediction network
5. Radial basis function network
6. Dynamic neural network
7. Modular neural network
4. PROPOSED METHODOLOGIES
Malignant melanomas most commonly grow in the lower
limbs, face, neck, and trunk, but many of these tumours
begin as preexisting moles. The colour and texture of the
lesion's border and surface are important in defining the
clinical diagnosis of the lesion. As a result, the first step in
identifying whether or not the suspicious growth is
cancerous is to have it thoroughly checked in brilliant light
by a specialist. It is critical for the doctor to know when the
patient first noticed the development or realised it had grown
larger. The emergence of the dermatoscope, a new
magnification device used by some clinicians, has made it
easier to examine bothersome moles. This research presents
a brief survey on existing models and their limitations and to
overcome those limitations, developing a new model is
strongly required. The following objectives are suggested to
overcome the limitations of the existing models that includes
creating an Enhanced Morphological Operative Model
employing dermoscopy pictures for edge identification and
image quality improvement. To create a Multi Level Feature
Extraction and Selection model that takes into account
valuable features with high correlation for accurate model
training and then implement an efficient clustering model
for grouping similar types of values into a single group for
each feature set and then to create a constructive classifier
for training the model with the feature vector set and then
predicting the type of skin cancer using a test image and
finally to compare the suggested model's performance to that
of traditional models, and to demonstrate that the proposed
model's performance is superior.
5. CONCLUSION
Existing skin lesion diagnostic tools lack scalability, and
many supervised learning experiments overlook the negative
impact of source samples on their findings. Melanomas and
nevi are difficult to categorize because of their various
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characteristics. The numerous machine learning algorithms
for skin cancer detection and classification have been
analyzed in this systematic review research. There are no
risks involved with any of these methods but there are
various limitations that need to be overcome. Preprocessing
and picture segmentation, followed by feature extraction and
classification, are necessary steps in skin cancer detection.
There are pros and downsides to each algorithm. There is
currently no way to answer a patient's question about
whether or not a certain skin cancer symptom is present on
any portion of their body. The concept of self-organization
in machine learning has just arisen. This research presents a
brief survey on numerous machine learning models for
detection of melanoma. The suggestions to overcome the
limitations are also provided to design an effective model for
melanoma classification and detection In the future, its study
could improves the precision of image processing systems,
notably for medical imaging, nevertheless, In order to
control these variables, dermatoscopes can be used, although
they are more complex and need more expertise than other
methods. The suggested approaches used images of the
region of interest, which helped to focus on the most
important aspects of the data for better accuracy rates.
Future Scope of Research
In healthcare, AI can be used for a variety of tasks, including
diagnosis and treatment. In order to train the machine
learning approach, AI systems need constant input of new
data that is clean. Better results from AI applications will be
achieved if clinicians and patients can work together to give
images on an ongoing basis. The data fed into AI systems
should be handled with care to protect individuals'
anonymity and privacy. More information on
dermatologists' attitudes about and comfort with using ML
to diagnose skin malignancies is needed, and this can only
be gained from larger-scale studies. The noise removal
techniques can be further enhanced to get a denoised image
for accurate prediction levels. The features considered in
existing models can be reduced further to reduce the time
complexity levels.
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10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3132958.
[17]. L. Song, J. Lin, Z. J. Wang and H. Wang, "An End-
to-End Multi-Task Deep Learning Framework for
Skin Lesion Analysis," in IEEE Journal of
Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 24, no. 10,
pp. 2912-2921, Oct. 2020, doi:
10.1109/JBHI.2020.2973614.
[18]. S. Sabbaghi Mahmouei, M. Aldeen, W. V. Stoecker
and R. Garnavi, "Biologically Inspired QuadTree
Color Detection in Dermoscopy Images of
Melanoma," in IEEE Journal of Biomedical and
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March 2019, doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2018.2841428.
[19]. Vijayakumar, Dr T. "SELECTIVE IMAGE
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SKIN CANCER IDENTIFICATION." Journal of
Innovative Image Processing 1, no. 1 (2019): 1-10.
[20]. Pandian, A. Pasumpon. "Identification and
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Equilibrium Optimizer with Deep Learning Model for

Autism Spectral Disorder Classification
A.Praveena
Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering,
Jansons Institute of Technology,
Karumathampatti, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India,
drpraveenacse@gmail.com
Dr.T.S. Karthik
Professor, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering,
Aditya College of Engineering and
Technology, Surampalem, Andhrapradesh, India,
writetotsk@gmail.com
Vijayakrishna Rapaka E
Student, Data Science,
Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai, Tamilnadu, India,
vijayakrishnarapaka@gmail.com
Abstract—Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developing
disorder if the symptoms develop obvious in the initial years of age
but it could be present in some age groups. ASD is mental health
problem that affects communicational, social, and non-verbal
performances. It could not be cured entirely but is decreased when
identified initially. The primary analysis was hampered by the
difference and severity of ASD symptoms and containing
symptoms usually realized in other mental health problems as
well. With the application of machine learning (ML) for the
predictive and recognition of several diseases with optimum
accuracy, a ray of hope to initial recognition of ASD dependent
upon many physiological and physical parameters is projected.
This article designs an Equilibrium Optimizer with Deep Learning
Model for Autism Spectral Disorder Classification (EODL-ASDC)
technique. The presented EODL-ASDC technique mainly focuses
on the identification and classification of ASD. To attain this, the
presented EODL-ASDC technique exploits the deep belief
network (DBN) system to perform the classification procedure. In
addition, the EO algorithm is employed for the optimal
hyperparameter tuning of the DBN approach. To demonstrate the
enhanced ASD classification result of the EODL-ASDC approach,
an extensive range of experimental evaluates was executed. The
experimental results demonstrate the improvements of the EODL-
ASDC technique over other approaches.
N.Senthamilarasi
Assistant Professor,
Department of Information Technology,
Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai,
Tamilnadu, India,
senthamil.cse2009@gmail.com
Abirami.S.K,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science and Business
Systems, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India,
abiramiskthevan@gmail.com
Mrs Shyamali Das
Assistant professor, Department of Computer
Science,
CMR group of institutions (SOSS), Bangalore,
Karnataka, India,
mail.shyamali@gmail.com
from the autism spectrum disorder is usually not able to do social
communication with other persons [1, 2]. In this, an individual's
life was generally pretentious for his or her whole lifetime. It is
stimulating to know that both ecological and hereditary factors
may turn out to be the causing factors for this disease [3]. The
indications of this problem may be ongoing at the age of 3 years
and may last for a lifetime. It is impossible to whole treat the
patient's sorrow from this disease; though, its belongings are
abridged for approximately time if the indications are initially
noticed. By presumptuous that humanoid genes are accountable
for it, the careful causes of ASD have not been documented by
the expert yet [4].

Keywords— Autism spectral disorder; Healthcare; Machine

learning; Metaheuristics; Disease diagnosis

I. INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1. Overview of smart healthcare diagnosis
Autism Spectrum disorder is a condition that is relevant to
human brain development. An individual who has agonized

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The human genes touch the expansion by swaying the
atmosphere. There is approximately risk factor which effects
ASD like as low birth weight, a sibling with ASD and
consuming old parents, etc. Early discovery and treatment are
greatest significant stages that should be taken to diminish the
signs of autism spectrum disorder issues and to recover the
excellence of life of ASD suffering people [5]. Though, there is
no process of medical test for discovery of autism. Fig. 1
represents the overview of smart healthcare analysis.
A noteworthy share of paediatric people suffers from ASD
[6]. In many cases, it can generally be recognized in its opening
stages, however, the main blockage lies in the personal and dull
nature of prevailing judgement measures [7, 8]. Consequently,
there will be a waiting period of at least 13 months in the
preliminary doubt to the real analysis. The analysis takings
several hours, and the unceasingly rising request for action is
more than the top volume of the nation’s paediatric clinics [9].
Though, due to the gaps among preliminary concerns and
analysis, a lot of valuable time was lost as this illness leftovers
unnoticed. Machine Learning (ML) approaches not only aid to
measure the danger for ASD accurately, nonetheless were even
indispensable to rationalizing the whole analysis procedure and
aid people access the demanded treatments faster [10].
This article designs an Equilibrium Optimizer with Deep
Learning Model for Autism Spectral Disorder Classification
(EODL-ASDC) technique. The presented EODL-ASDC
technique mainly focuses on the identification and classification
of ASD. To attain this, the presented EODL-ASDC technique
exploits the deep belief network (DBN) approach to act the
classification procedure. In addition, the EO algorithm is
employed for the optimal hyperparameter tuning of the DBN
system. For demonstrating the improved ASD classification
outcomes of the EODL-ASDC system, an extensive range of
experimental analyses is performed.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Tawhid et al. [11] formulates an effectual autism diagnostic
structure that could automatically find autism related to time–
frequency spectrogram image in EEG signals. Initially, the raw
EEG data was pre-processed through numerous methods like
normalization, re-referencing, and filtering. Then, the pre-
processed EEG signals can be transformed into 2D images
through a short-time FT. After that, textural features were
derived, and significant features were chosen through PCA, and
fed to SVM technique for classification. Negin et al. [12] devise
a non-intrusive vision-based technique related to human action
detection for facilitating the diagnosis of autism spectrum
disorder (ASD). Several local descriptors, which will be
generally utilized in the BoVW technique, have been tested with
SVM, MLP, and Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB) techniques to
recognize ASD associated behaviors.
In [13], a new multimodal picture book recommendation
structure that integrates textual data and image data for
computing the similarity among the picture records and the
discussion topics was modelled and assessed through a testing
database. In [14], the authors offer the structure of an intellectual
mirror for recognizing 5 fundamental emotions they are angry,
sad, neutral, happy, and scared. This mirror will use CNNs for
analysing the images that can be seized by a photographic
camera and compare them with ones that the patient must
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execute, thus supporting the rehabilitations achieved by health
specialists in progenies with ASD.
Mekbib et al. [15] offer a VR gaming scheme that uses
stressor games to notice diverse emotional reactivity patterns,
psychological sensor signals, in-game presentation and answers,
and energetically changes the game scene rendering to the
present expressive state. This is an outline of a lasting training,
anywhere the eventual box was to progress a VR scheme by
actual response for assisting early diagnosis and screening of
ASD. Chen et al. [16] study use VR technology, joint by
wearable multi-model detection technology, with EEG, eye
tracking, and heart rate variability (HRV). Physical signs and
game presentation data have been composed while operators
exercising, and participating in many appraisal scales such as
ADOS, SRS, and CBCL. Arithmetical analysis of such data is
made to categorize those finished ML techniques for
formulating a VR assistance mechanism that is employed for
evaluating the social behavior, analysis, harshness, and
treatment of ASD.
III. THE PROPOSED MODEL
In this article, a new EODL-SDC system was developed
ASD classification process. The presented EODL-SDC
technique operates in two major phases. In the initial phase, the
presented EODL-SDC technique applied the DBN model for
ASD classification process. Next, in the second phase, the
EODL-SDC technique utilized the EO algorithm as a
hyperparameter optimizer.
A. ASD Classification using DBN
Primarily, the presented EODL-SDC technique applied the
DBN model for ASD classification process. A DBN is a variant
of DNN that encompasses stacked RBM and 𝑠 BPNN which
applies a supervised learning methodology for enhancing the
network variable and an unsupervised greedy learning
mechanism to adjust the weight connected RBM [17]. The RBM
encompasses 𝐻𝑘 = (ℎ1 , ℎ2 , ⋯ , ℎ𝑚 ) hidden layer and 𝑉𝑘 =
(𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , ⋯ , 𝑣𝑛 )visible layer. The hidden layer 𝐻1 and the visible
layer 𝑉1 forms 𝑅𝐵𝑀1 , the hidden layer 𝐻2 form 𝑅𝐵𝑀2 , and the
hidden layer 𝐻1 as the visible layer of 𝑅𝐵𝑀2 and so on. The
weight among the interconnected neuron, 𝐴𝑘 = {𝑎𝑖 } = 𝑅𝑛 and
𝐵𝑘 = {𝑏𝑗 } = 𝑅𝑚 indicates the visible and hidden biases of 𝑘-𝑡ℎ
RBM and, 𝑊𝑘 = {𝑤𝑖,𝑗 } ∈ 𝑅𝑛×𝑚 denotes the connection weight
amongst the visible and hidden layers of 𝑘-𝑡ℎ RBM. Thus, three
parameters are required to determine the RBM. For DBN with
voltage charging, the energy function of interior RBM is defined
as follows:
𝐸(𝑉𝑘 , 𝐻𝑘 |𝜃𝑘 ) = −𝐴𝑇𝑘 𝑉𝑘 − 𝐵𝑘𝑇 𝐻𝑘 − 𝑉𝑘𝑇 𝑊𝑘 𝐻𝑘 (1)
Now, 𝑉𝑘 and 𝐻𝑘 denotes the binary state of all the units in 𝑘-
𝑡ℎ visible and hidden units. The lowest energy function
demonstrates the ideal state of the networks, i.e., the lowest
prediction error for EV charging voltage. The joint likelihood
distribution of the RBM is attained by regularizing and
exponentializing the energy function as follows:
exp(−𝐸(𝑉𝑘 , 𝐻𝑘 |𝜃𝑘 ))
𝑃(𝑉𝑘 , 𝐻𝑘 |𝜃𝑘 ) = (2)
𝑍(𝜃𝑘 )
𝑍(𝜃𝑘 ) = ∑ exp (−𝐸(𝑉𝑘 ′ 𝐻𝑘 |𝜃𝑘 )) (3)
𝑣𝑘 ,𝐻𝑘
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Now, 𝑍(𝜃𝑘 ) denotes the partition function which describes chased the equilibrium state. During exploitation and
the sum of every probable state energy function of the set of 𝑉𝑘 exploration stages, the 5 equilibrium candidate supports 𝐸𝑂. The
and 𝐻𝑘 node in the charging voltage DBN, as it is employed as first four candidates seeks particle exploration, while 5th
the objective function of optimization technique. According to candidate with average values seeks change in exploitation and
the structure feature of RBM, the probability that 𝑗-𝑡ℎ unit ℎ𝑗 of that candidate poses a vector termed the equilibrium pool.
hidden layer 𝐻𝑘 and the 𝑖-𝑡ℎ unit 𝑣𝑖 of visible layer 𝑉𝑘 are 𝐶⃗eq,pool = {𝐶⃗𝑒𝑞(1) , 𝐶⃗𝑒𝑞(2) , 𝐶⃗𝑒𝑞(3) , 𝐶⃗𝑒𝑞(4) , 𝐶⃗𝑒𝑞(𝑎𝑣𝑒) } (7)
activated in the following: The updating of concentration allows EO to balance
𝑚
exploration and exploitation equally
𝑃(𝑣𝑖 = 1|𝐻𝑘 ) = 𝜎 (𝑎𝑖 + ∑ ℎ𝑗 𝑤𝑖𝑗 ) (4) ⃗⃗
𝐹⃗ = 𝑒 −𝜆(𝑡−𝑡0) (8)
𝑖=1
𝑛 Now, 𝜆⃗ shows a random number supposed to differ amongst
𝑃(ℎ𝑗 = 1|𝑉𝑘 ) = 𝜎 (𝑏𝑗 + ∑ 𝑣𝑗 𝑤𝑖𝑗 ) (5) [0, 1], allowing turnover rate fluctuation for the specific time,
and 𝑡 is reduced as the iteration count rises based on the
𝑖=1
−𝑥
Whereas 𝜎(𝑥) = 1/(1 + 𝑒 ) denotes the sigmoid following expression.
𝐼𝑡 𝐼𝑡
activation function. (𝑎 )
𝑡 = (1 − ) 2 Max− 𝑖𝑡 (9)
The DBN training technique to charge voltage encompasses Max− 𝑖𝑡
two stages of pretraining and finetuning. In the finetuning, 𝐼𝑡 and Max− 𝑖𝑡 represents the current and maximal iteration
BPNN takes the estimated charging voltage as the output and the count, and 𝑎2 signifies a constant to control the ability for
predicted charging voltage as an input as well as adjusts and exploitation. Additional parameter 𝑎1 , is exploited to improve
optimizes the network variable from top to bottom in supervised exploitation and exploration [19].
learning. In the pre-training process, 𝑅𝐵𝑀1 receive dataset on 1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
the EV voltage, mandatory current, current, and charging 𝑡⃗ = 𝑙𝑛 (‐ 𝑎1 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 (𝑟⃗ − 𝑂. 5) [1 − 𝑒 −𝜆⃗⃗𝑡 ]) + 𝑡 (10)
⃗
𝜆
temperature, and train RBM in the bottom‐up series with layer- The generation rate can be represented as 𝐺 that improves
wise greedy learning approach for accomplishing the extraction exploitation.
of highest‐level feature of the input dataset and the upgrade of ⃗
𝐺⃗ = 𝐺⃗0 𝑒 −𝑙(𝑡−𝑡0) (11)
the weight connected training network. Fig. 2 demonstrates the ⃗
framework of DBN technique. From the expression, 𝑙 represents an arbitrary number within
[0, 1] is shown below.
𝐺⃗0 = 𝐺𝐶⃗𝑃(𝐶⃗eq − 𝜆⃗𝐶⃗) (12)
0.5𝑟 1 , 𝑟2 ≥ 𝐺𝑃
𝐺𝐶⃗𝑃 = { (13)
0, 𝑟2 < 𝐺𝑃
Now, the arbitrary value can be denoted by 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 and
differs between zero and one. The vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐺𝐶 𝑃 denoted the
parameter which controls the generation rate is employed to the
update time.
𝐺⃗
𝐶⃗ = 𝐶⃗ + (𝐶⃗ − 𝐶⃗𝑒𝑞 ). 𝐹⃗ + (1 − 𝐹⃗ ) (14)
𝜆⃗𝑉
The value of 𝑉 is corresponding to one.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
The proposed model is simulated using Python tool. The
experimental validation of the EODL-ASDC model is tested
under 70% of TR data and 30% of TS data. The confusion matrix
Fig. 2. Architecture of DBN produced by the EODL-ASDC model on 70% of TR database is
given in Fig. 3. The figure reported that the EODL-ASDC model
B. Parameter Tuning using EO Algorithm has recognized 46.43% of samples into Yes class and 48.57% of
Next, the EODL-SDC technique utilized the EO algorithm samples into No class.
as a hyperparameter optimizer. The conception of single‐
objective EO was developed in 2020 [18]. Generally, it applies
a mass balance equation, the EO was based on dynamic mass
balance. The equation of mass balance search for the system
equilibrium state. Initially, EO applies a particle group, whereby
each particle describes the concentration vector which includes
the problem solution and it is given below:
𝑌𝑗𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑙𝑏 + 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑗 (𝑢𝑏 − 𝑙𝑏) , 𝑗 = 0,1,2,3, … , 𝑛 (6)
Here, 𝑌𝑗𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 indicates the concentration vector of 𝑗𝑡ℎ
particles, 𝑢𝑏, and 𝑙𝑏 show upper and lower limits of each
parameter, 𝑛 denotes the particle count, 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑗 indicates an
arbitrary number lies in zero and one. The EO methodology

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Fig. 3. Confusion matrix of EODL-ASDC system under 70% Fig. 4. Confusion matrix of EODL-ASDC system under 70%
of TR database of TR database
TABLE I The confusion matrix produced by the EODL-ASDC
RESULT ANALYSIS OF EODL-ASDC SYSTEM UNDER 70% OF TR approach on 30% of TS database is provided in Fig. 3. The figure
DATABASE stated that the EODL-ASDC technique has recognized 453% of
Training Phase (70%) samples into Yes class and 53.33% of samples into No class.
Table 2 provides a brief classification outcome of the EODL-
F-
Class Accuracy Precision Recall MCC ASDC system on 30% of TS database. The presented EODL-
Score
ASDC approach has identified samples into ‘Yes’ class with
Yes 95.00 100.00 90.28 94.89 90.47 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 98.33%, 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑛 of 100%, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 of 96.43%, 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 of
No 95.00 90.67 100.00 95.10 90.47 98.18%, and MCC of 96.70%. Followed by, the presented
Average 95.00 95.33 95.14 95.00 90.47 EODL-ASDC method has identified samples into ‘No’ class
with 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 98.33%, 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑛 of 96.97%, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 of 100%, 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
of 98.46%, and MCC of 96.70%.
Table 1 offers a brief classification outcome of the EODL-
ASDC model on 70% of TR database. The presented EODL- TABLE II
ASDC model has identified samples into ‘Yes’ class with 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 RESULT ANALYSIS OF EODL-ASDC SYSTEM UNDER 70% OF TR
of 95%, 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑛 of 100%, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 of 90.28%, 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 of 94.89%, and DATABASE
MCC of 90.47%. On the other hand, the projected EODL-ASDC
Testing Phase (30%)
approach has identified samples into ‘No’ class with 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of
F-
95%, 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑛 of 90.67%, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 of 100%, 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 of 95.10%, and Class Accuracy Precision Recall
Score
MCC
MCC of 90.47%.
Yes 98.33 100.00 96.43 98.18 96.70
No 98.33 96.97 100.00 98.46 96.70
Average 98.33 98.48 98.21 98.32 96.70

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An obvious precision-recall investigation of the EODL-

ASDC algorithm under test database is represented in Fig. 7. The
figure outperformed that the EODL-ASDC system has resulted
to improved values of precision-recall values in every class.
A detailed ROC analysis of the EODL-ASDC system under
test database is defined in Fig. 8. The outcomes referred that the
EODL-ASDC algorithm has exhibited its capability in
classifying several classes.

Fig. 5. 𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑐 and 𝑉𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑐 analysis of EODL-ASDC system

The training accuracy (𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑐 ) and validation accuracy

(𝑉𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑐 ) achieved by the EODL-ASDC system under test
database is shown in Fig. 5. The simulation result pointed out
the EODL-ASDC approach has accomplished higher values of
𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑐 and 𝑉𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑐 . In certain, the 𝑉𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑐 appeared that better than
𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑐 .
The training loss (𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 ) and validation loss (𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 )
realized by the EODL-ASDC method under test database are
revealed in Fig. 6. The simulation result stated that the EODL-
ASDC system has attained lesser values of 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 and 𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 .
Specifically, the 𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 is lesser than 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 .
Fig. 8. ROC curve analysis of EODL-ASDC system
The comparison results of the EODL-ASDC model with
recent models are given in Table 3 and Fig. 9. The results
implied the enhanced outcomes of the EODL-ASDC model. For
instance, based on 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 , the EODL-ASDC model has shown
higher 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 98.33% whereas the KNN, DT, LDA, NB, and
SVM models have reported lower 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 94.52%, 96.55%,
96.72%, 95.05%, and 94.35% respectively.
TABLE III
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EODL-ASDC SYSTEM WITH
EXISTING APPROACHES

Methods Accuracy Precision Recall F-Score

EODL-ASDC 98.33 98.48 98.21 98.32
KNN Model 94.52 95.87 96.24 95.21
Fig. 6. 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 and 𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 analysis of EODL-ASDC system DT Model 96.55 95.95 95.89 96.83
LDA Model 96.72 95.21 96.51 96.86
NB Model 95.05 95.57 94.53 96.31
SVM Model 94.35 95.22 96.81 95.99

Moreover, according to 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑛 , the EODL-ASDC approach

has shown superior 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑛 of 98.48% whereas the KNN, DT,
LDA, NB, and SVM techniques have reported lower 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑛 of
95.87%, 95.95%, 95.21%, 95.57%, and 95.22%
correspondingly. Finally, based on 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 , the EODL-ASDC
approach has revealed greater 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 of 98.21% whereas the
KNN, DT, LDA, NB, and SVM models have reported lesser
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 of 96.24%, 95.89%, 96.51%, 94.53%, and 96.81%
Fig. 7. Precision recall analysis of EODL-ASDC system correspondingly.

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[9] Thabtah, F., 2019. Machine learning in autistic spectrum disorder

Fig. 9. Comparative analysis of EODL-ASDC system with
existing approaches
V. CONCLUSION
In this article, a new EODL-SDC system was introduced
ASD classification process. The presented EODL-SDC
technique operates in two major phases. In the initial phase, the
presented EODL-SDC technique applied the DBN model for
ASD classification process. Next, in the second phase, the
EODL-SDC technique utilized the EO algorithm as a
hyperparameter optimizer. To demonstrate the enhanced ASD
classification outcome of the EODL-ASDC method, an
extensive range of experimental investigates was executed. The
experimental results demonstrate the improvements of the
EODL-ASDC technique over other approaches. Thus, the
presented EODL-ASDC technique can be employed for accurate
and timely ASD classification process.
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[1] Wadhera, T. and Kakkar, D., 2020. Big data-based system: A supportive
tool in autism spectrum disorder analysis. In Interdisciplinary approaches
to altering neurodevelopmental disorders (pp. 303-319). IGI Global.
[2] Ferrari, E., 2022. Artificial Intelligence for Autism Spectrum Disorders.
In Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (pp. 1579-1593). Cham: Springer
International Publishing.
[3] El Arbaoui, F.E.Z., El Hari, K. and Saidi, R., 2021, November. A Survey
on the Application of the Internet of Things in the Diagnosis of Autism
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[4] Karunakaran, P., and Yasir Babiker Hamdan. "Early Prediction of Autism
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[5] Vivekanandam, B. "Automated Multimodal Fusion Technique for the
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[6] Song, D.Y., Kim, S.Y., Bong, G., Kim, J.M. and Yoo, H.J., 2019. The use
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[7] Colizzi, M., Sironi, E., Antonini, F., Ciceri, M.L., Bovo, C. and Zoccante,
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[13] Yang, X., Shyu, M.L., Yu, H.Q., Sun, S.M., Yin, N.S. and Chen, W.,
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[14] Pavez, R., Diaz, J., Arango-Lopez, J., Ahumada, D., Mendez-Sandoval,
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[15] Mekbib, E., Huang, Y., Mei, C. and Li, Y.J., 2021, October. Designing a
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[17] Wang, Y., Pan, Z., Yuan, X., Yang, C. and Gui, W., 2020. A novel deep
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[19] Houssein, E.H., Dirar, M., Abualigah, L. and Mohamed, W.M., 2022. An
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Automated Intracranial Haemorrhage Detection and
Classification using Rider Optimization with Deep
Learning Model
Dr.T.S. Karthik
Professor,
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering,
Aditya College of Engineering and
Technology, Surampalem, Andhrapradesh, India,
writetotsk@gmail.com
N K Anushkannan
Associate Professor & Head,
Department of ECE, Kathir College of
Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India,
anushkannan@kathir.ac.in
Vijayakrishna Rapaka E
Student, Data Science, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India,
vijayakrishnarapaka@gmail.com
Abstract—Intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) refers to a
pathological disorder that requires quick decision-making and
diagnosis. Computed tomography (CT) can be accurate and
dependable diagnosis method for identifying haemorrhages.
Automated recognition of ICH through CT scans with a computer-
aided diagnosis (CAD) method will be useful to classify and detect
the distinct grades of ICH. Due to the latest development of deep
learning (DL) techniques in image processing applications,
numerous medical imaging methods use it. Thus, this article
develops an automated ICH detection and classification using
Rider Optimization with Deep Learning (ICHDC-RODL) model.
The presented ICHDC-RODL technique mainly determines the
presence of ICH using DL concepts. In the presented ICHDC-
RODL technique, the features are generated by the use of Xtended
Central Symmetric Local Binary Pattern (XCS-LBP) model.
Moreover, the bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM)
method is employed for ICH diagnosis. At last, the rider
optimization algorithm (ROA) is exploited for the hyperparameter
tuning procedure of the BiLSTM method. To demonstrate the
enhanced outcomes of the ICHDC-RODL technique, a series of
simulations were performed and the results are examined under
various aspects. The simulation outcomes indicate the
enhancements of the ICHDC-RODL technique over recent
approaches.
Keywords— Intracranial haemorrhage diagnosis; Deep
learning; Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Healthcare
sector
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Dr. Naziya Hussain
Associate Professor,
School of Computers, IPS Academy, Indore,
Madhya Pradesh, India,
naziyahussain@gmail.com
Rajasekhar Pinnamaneni
Department of Biotechnology,
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation,
Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India,
pinnamaneniraj@yahoo.com
Shyamali das
Assistant professor,
Department of CSE, CMR group of institutions
(SOSS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India,
mail.shyamali@gmail.com
I. INTRODUCTION
Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a significant and serious
disease that has provided the basis for heart stroke and disease
[1]. Mostly, ICH severely affects overweight people, and rate of
death progressively improved within a short amount of time.
Furthermore, it takes place in different intracranial blocks that
are caused by various outside influences [2, 3]. For the treatment
of ICH, a neuro-imaging model is accessible to examine the
amount of hemorrhage and position and its imminent cerebral
damages that assist inpatient treatments. But it is affected the
exterior in the brain parenchyma (extra-axial) [4]. Medical
admittance of ICH was drastically boosted due to abnormal
blood pressure management, growing population, and expensive
lifestyle [5]. Moreover, later diagnoses of ICH cause severe
health impacts which lead to mass mortality within a minimum
duration, Computed tomography (CT) is the common
methodology used for the diagnosis of ICH [6]. Thus, an
automated notification method using the DL-AI methodology
was developed for the diagnosis of ICH.
In recent times, different DL based AI techniques were
effectively introduced for medical imaging interpretation tasks
with accurateness corresponding to medical specialists namely
grading of diabetic retinopathy, diagnoses of skin tumor, and
breast tumor recognition [7, 8]. This AI technique could possibly
function as a second reader to guarantee appropriate diagnosis
of higher impact subtle results, and also could be performed as
a triage tool for facilitating appropriate diagnoses of acute
events. [9] There exist previously some studies on the expansion
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
of DCNN model for the automated classification or detection of
ICH [10].
This article develops an automated ICH detection and
classification using Rider Optimization with Deep Learning
(ICHDC-RODL) method. The presented ICHDC-RODL
technique mainly determines the presence of ICH using DL
concepts. In the presented ICHDC-RODL technique, the
features are generated by the use of Xtended Central Symmetric
Local Binary Pattern (XCS-LBP) model. Moreover, the
bidirectional long short term memory (BiLSTM) method is
employed for ICH diagnosis. At last, the rider optimization
algorithm (ROA) is exploited for the hyperparameter tuning
procedure of the BiLSTM method. To demonstrate the enhanced
outcomes of the ICHDC-RODL method, a series of simulations
will be performed and the fallouts were scrutinized in numerous
features.
II. RELATED WORKS
Anupama et al. [11] advance DL–related ICH diagnosis
utilizing GrabCut-oriented segmentation including synergic
deep learning (SDL), termed GC-SDL method. The modelled
technique uses Gabor filter for noise removal so that the
duplicate excellence is elevated. Moreover, GrabCut-related
segmentation method was enforced to recognize the
contaminated portions efficiently in the image. For performing
the feature extracting procedure, SDL technique was used and to
end, softmax layer was utilized as a technique. Rahman et al.
[12] offer a DL technique named CNN on neuroimaging with
TL methods for supporting the analysis of intra hemorrhage on
CT scans. The author employed six pre-trained CNN techniques
(VGG16, EfficientNet_B6, ResNet50, DenseNet_121,
InceptionResNet_V2, InceptionV3,) and even provide a
conventional CNN method of 11-layer structure for detecting
binary organization of intracranial brain loss on CT scans.
Kumar [13] scrutinizes the intracranial hemorrhage
detection issue and advances a DL technique and TL approaches
for diminishing the time mandated for recognizing hemorrhages.
For classifying ICH sub types, the author formulated a CNN
Fig. 1. Block diagram of ICHDC-RODL system
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related to the TL method. Alfaer et al. [14] modelled an
automated ICH analysis through fuse -related DL with SI
(AICH-FDLSI) technique. The AICH-FDLSI technique
functions in 4 major stages like classification, preprocessing,
feature extraction, and image segmentation. Moreover, the
fusion-related feature extracting technique utilizing the
EfficientNet and CapsNet has been enforced for deriving a
valuable attribute set. Furthermore, DHO technique was
employed for the parameter optimized of the DenseNet and
CapsNet methods. Lastly, an FSVM was enforced as a classifier
approach for recognizing the diverse classes of ICH.
In [15], the DL techniques, hybrid methods CNN with
LSTM and CNN with GRU were modelled for Brain
Hemorrhage categorization. The main aim of this work was to
employ the concept influence of DL on a set of less images since
in most critical cases wide datasets are non-accessible on the
spot. The image growth and unbalancing the data approaches
were implemented with CNN technique for designing a unique
structure called Brain Hemorrhage Classification related to NN
(BHCNet). Hilal et al. [16] grant a brainy ICH diagnosis
utilizing biosignals (IICHD-BS) in IoT setting. Besides, IICHD-
BS method pays optimal area growing based division method
for detection the diseased intelligence areas in the CT images.
Also, EfficientNet related feature removal and functional link
NN (FLNN) related arrangement method are castoff for noticing
and categorizing the presence of ICH.
III. THE PROPOSED MODEL
In this article, a new ICHDC-RODL method was devised for
the ICH detection and classification process. The presented
ICHDC-RODL technique mainly determines the presence of
ICH using DL concepts. In the presented ICHDC-RODL
technique, the features are generated by the use of the XCS-LBP
model. Moreover, the ROA with BiLSTM model is employed
for ICH diagnosis. Fig. 1 represents the block diagram of
ICHDC-RODL system.
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
A. Feature Extraction Model
In the presented ICHDC-RODL technique, the features are
generated by the use of the XCS-LBP model. The idea over CS‐
LBP was comparable to the gray pairs of picture elements in
centred symmetric directions as an substitute of associating the
main pixels to its neighbours [17]. An XCS‐LBP is parallel to
CS‐LBP however it deliberates the main pixels. This will
overwhelm the subtle sound in an image. The XCS‐LBP is
described below:
𝑃
( )−1
2 ℎ 𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑦′
𝑋𝐶𝑆 − 𝐿𝐵𝑃𝑃,𝑅 (𝑐) = ∑ 𝑠 (g1 (𝑖𝑡 𝑐) + 𝑔2 (i, 𝑐)). 2𝑖 (1)
𝑖=0
where,
𝑔1 (𝑖𝑡 𝑐) = (𝑔𝑖 − 𝑔𝑖+(𝑃) ) + g 𝑐
2 Finally, the ROA is exploited for the hyperparameter tuning
𝑔2 (𝑖𝑡 𝑐) = (𝑔𝑖 − 𝑔𝑐 )(𝑔𝑖+(𝑃) − 𝑔𝑐 )
2
XCS‐LBP citations whole image data and is healthier to
noise than LBP and CS‐ LBP. It can measure contiguity of the
sprinkling pixels in the medium GLCM to its oblique. It's series
deceits amongst 0 to 1.
B. ICH Classification Model
To classify the ICH accurately, the BiLSTM model is
employed for ICH diagnosis. The LSTM is a class of RNN
established initially to overcome the deficiency of gradient
vanishing problem of RNN when managing long term sequence
[18]. The LSTM model includes typical LSTM and FFNN units.
In general, LSTM unit functions: assume 𝑥𝑡 characterize the
prevailing input at time 𝑡, output of input gates was shown
below,
𝑖𝑡 = 𝜎(𝑊𝑖𝑥 𝑥𝑡 + 𝑊𝑖ℎ ℎ𝑡−1 + 𝑏𝑖 ), (2)
Now, 𝑊𝑖𝑥 and 𝑊𝑖ℎ denotes the weight matrix, ℎ𝑡−1
represents the preceding hidden unit, and 𝑏𝑖 characterize the bias
vectors. The function 𝜎(𝑥) ∈ (0,1) represents a sigmoid
functions employed for gating.
Fig. 2. Architecture of BiLSTM
Similarly, the output of forget gate 𝑓𝑡 is estimated as follows:
𝑓𝑡 = 𝜎(𝑊𝑓𝑥 𝑥𝑡 + 𝑊𝑓ℎ ℎ𝑡−1 + 𝑏𝑓 ). (3)
To end with, the output of output gate 0𝑡 and cell states 𝑐𝑡 are
shown below:
𝑐𝑡 = 𝑖𝑡 ⊙ tanh (𝑊𝑐𝑥 𝑥𝑡 + 𝑊𝑐ℎ ℎ𝑡−1 + 𝑏𝑐 ) + 𝑐𝑡−1 , (4)
o𝑡 = 𝜎(𝑊0𝑥 𝑥𝑡 + 𝑊0ℎ ℎ𝑡−1 + 𝑏0 ), (5)
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
ℎ𝑡 = o𝑡 ⊙ tanh (𝑐𝑡 ), (6)
Now, ⊙ shows the Hadamard product. A BiLSTM
encompasses two corresponding LSTM layers: backward and
forward directions. Meanwhile, the input was treated 2 times,
Bi-LSTM extracts data quantity from input. Fig. 2 defines the
framework of BiLSTM system. Thus, enhance context dataset
to make best prediction than LSTM. Therefore, BiLSTM
presented faster convergence and accuracy than LSTM. The Bi-
LSTM encompasses past and forthcoming contexts. The LSTM
output can be incorporated by the following expression:
𝑦𝑡 = 𝑊ℎ⃗𝑦 ℎ⃗ 𝑡 + 𝑊 ⃖⃗ ℎ
⃖⃗
(7)
⃗ ⃖⃗
From the expression, ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑡 denotes the output of the
forward and backward LSTMs.
C. ROA based Hyperparameter Tuning
procedure of the BiLSTM model. D Binu [19] established the
ROA algorithm is a portion of the optimization technique class
that received motivation from the rider riding the race. Now, the
major types of riders include Or (Over‐taker), Fr (Follower), Br
(Bypass), and Ar (Attacker). The concept utilized in POA has
been demonstrated below:
Initialization: ROA occurs for every four groups 𝐹𝑟, 𝐵𝑟, 𝐴𝑟,
and 𝑂𝑟 is demonstrated by 𝐺𝑖 and the scientific methodology
utilized in group initialization is demonstrated below, whereby
the rider count 𝑅𝑖 is same as 𝐺𝑖, the dimension count of 𝑢-𝑡ℎ
riders and the location or coordinate at a certain example of time
are demonstrated with the help of symbols 𝐸 𝑡 and 𝑄𝑖 (u,v)
correspondingly. The overall amount of riders is evaluated by
the sum of riders. Furthermore, together with the initial group,
variables namely accelerator, brake, and steering are also
initialized. The equation utilized for Sa (Steering‐Angle) in the
rider vehicles is denoted as follows.
𝐸 𝜏 = {𝐸 𝜏 (𝑢, 𝜈); 1 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 𝑅𝑖; 1 ≤ 𝜈 ≤ 𝑄𝑖 (8)
𝑅𝑖 = 𝐵𝑦𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 + 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟
+ 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑟 (9)
𝜏
𝑆𝑎 = {𝑆𝑎𝑢,𝑣 }; 1 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 𝑅𝑖; 1 ≤ 𝑣
≤ 𝑄𝑖 (10)
Success rate evaluation: The 𝑆𝑟 based on the distance within
the target and the rider locations are evaluated. The target and
rider locations are correspondingly represented as 𝑇𝑜 𝑆𝑎 and 𝐸 𝑢 .
According to the 𝑆𝑟, the leading rider can be chosen. The
maximum accuracy rate can be accomplished using the rider
whereby the distance amid the location is lower.
1
𝑆𝑟 = 𝑢 (11)
‖𝐸 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑆𝑎 ‖
Upgrading the Rider location: The leading rider can be
evaluated with the help of the location updating procedure is
reliant on the rider's location in all the sets [20].
𝑖. Bypass‐upgrading the Rider location:
The Bypass‐Rider is the first class set of riders that have
accomplished the objective location without following other
riders. The formulation exploited for the computation for the
location of the bypass of the riders, whereas 𝛿 and 𝛽 denote
random value that ranges within [0, 1]. Besides, 𝜆 and 𝜒 indicate
arbitrary value that ranges within 𝑅𝑖 to 1.
𝑡+1 (𝑢,
𝐸𝐵𝑟 𝜈) = 𝛽[𝐸 𝜏 (𝑥, 𝜈) × 𝛿(𝜈) + 𝐸 𝑡 (𝜆, 𝜈) × [1 − 𝛿(𝑣)]] (12)
ii. Updating procedure for Follower‐Rider:
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

The Follower‐Rider trail tracks followed by 𝐵𝑟 for arriving

at the objective faster and it is evaluated as following. The Index‐
leading of Rider, Selector‐Coordinate, and the position of
Leading‐Rider are given by 𝑏 and E. The other terms such as
𝜏
𝑆𝑎𝑢,𝑏 , manifesting the steering angle during hand‐off.
𝑡+1 (𝑢, 𝑡
𝐸𝐹𝑟 𝑏) = 𝐸 𝑇𝑜 (𝑇𝑜, 𝑏) + [cos(𝑆𝑎𝑢,𝑏 ) × 𝐸 𝑇𝑜 (𝑇𝑜, 𝑏) × 𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑡 ] (13)
iii. Update process for the Attacker‐Riders:
The Attacker‐Rider attempt to control the location of the
Leading‐Rider by covering the parallel path as leading‐rider.
The position can be upgraded, wherein the position of the
distance should be covered with 𝑢-𝑡ℎ with respect to 𝑏
coordinates, and leading‐rider places are denoted by 𝐸 𝑇𝑜 (, 𝑣)
and 𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑡 . The success rate for all the riders was estimated when
the position is upgraded, however, to evaluate the effective
optimal solution, it is essential to upgraded the rider argument.
𝜏+1 (𝑢,
𝐸𝐴𝑟 𝑣) = 𝐸 𝑇𝑜 (𝑇𝑜, 𝑣) + [ cos (𝑆𝑎𝑢,𝑣
𝑡+1 ) × 𝐸 𝑇𝑜 (𝑇𝑜, 𝜈)] + 𝑑𝑖 𝑡 (14)
𝑢
Fig. 3. 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 and 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 analysis of ICHDC-RODL system
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION with distinct epochs
This section investigates the performance of the ICHDC-
RODL method under varying epochs. Table 1 reports a brief Fig. 4 offers a 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 and 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 assessment of the ICHDC-
result analysis of the ICHDC-RODL method under distinct RODL model. On 100 epochs, the ICHDC-RODL model has
epoch counts. grasped 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 and 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 of 95.14% and 97.95% respectively.
Likewise, on 300 epochs, the ICHDC-RODL model has reached
TABLE I
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 and 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 of 97.21% and 98.29% correspondingly. Also,
RESULT ANALYSIS OF ICHDC-RODL SYSTEM WITH DISTINCT on 500 epochs, the ICHDC-RODL model has grasped 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦
EPOCHS AND MEASURES
and 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 of 98.34% and 98.56% correspondingly.
No. of F-
Sensitivity Specificity Accuracy
Epochs Score
Epoch-100 97.12 97.78 95.14 97.95
Epoch-200 95.77 96.79 98.10 95.14
Epoch-300 97.90 98.25 97.21 98.29
Epoch-400 95.65 97.33 96.78 96.00
Epoch-500 98.51 98.56 98.34 98.56

Fig. 3 offers a 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 and 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 assessment of the ICHDC-

RODL model. On 100 epochs, the ICHDC-RODL model has
reached 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 and 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 of 97.12% and 97.78% respectively.
Also, on 300 epochs, the ICHDC-RODL system has got 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦
and 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 of 97.90% and 98.25% correspondingly. Also, on 500
epochs, the ICHDC-RODL model has gotten 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 and 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦
of 98.51% and 98.56% correspondingly.
Fig. 4. 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 and 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 analysis of ICHDC-RODL system
with distinct epochs

The 𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑐 and 𝑉𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑐 gained by the ICHDC-RODL method

under test database is exemplified in Fig. 5. The simulation
conclusion exhibited the ICHDC-RODL system has attained
maximal values of 𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑐 and 𝑉𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑐 . Specifically, the 𝑉𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑐 is
greater than 𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑐 .
The 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 and 𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 attained by the ICHDC-RODL
approach under test database are recognized in Fig. 6. The
simulation fallouts implied the ICHDC-RODL method has
exemplified least values of 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 and 𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 . Seemingly, the
𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 is lesser than 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 .

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Fig. 5. Analysis of ICHDC-RODL system

Fig. 7. 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 analysis of ICHDC-RODL system with other

existing approaches

Fig. 8 displays a comparative 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 review of the ICHDC-

RODL system with existing methodologies. The fallouts
signified the U-Net method has grasped least 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 of 89.32%.
After, the WED-DCNN and CNN approaches have reported
slightly enhanced 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 of 91.82% and 94.06%
correspondingly. Although the SVM and ResNexT techniques
have revealed reasonable 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 of 94.50% and 94.86%, the
ICHDC-RODL model has achieved maximum 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 of
98.56%.
Fig. 6. 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 and 𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 analysis of ICHDC-RODL system

To depict the betterment of the ICHDC-RODL model, a

comparative review is made in Table 2.
TABLE II
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ICHDC-RODL SYSTEM WITH
OTHER EXISTING TECHNIQUES

Methods Sensitivity Specificity Accuracy F-Score

ICHDC-
98.51 98.56 98.34 98.56
RODL
SVM 89.57 94.50 90.46 95.78
CNN 90.47 94.06 93.91 95.23
WED-DCNN 95.79 91.82 94.11 95.92
ResNexT 90.31 94.86 92.53 92.81
U-Net 94.76 89.32 91.65 90.61 Fig. 8. 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 analysis of ICHDC-RODL system with other
existing approaches
Fig. 7 exhibits a comparative 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 review of the ICHDC-
RODL method with existing techniques. The outcomes signified Fig. 9 displays the detailed 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 examination of the
the SVM method has reached least 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 of 89.57%. Then, the ICHDC-RODL technique with existing techniques. The fallouts
CNN and ResNexT models have reported slightly enhanced indicated the U-Net method has achieved least 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 of 90.47% and 90.31% respectively. Although the U-Net 91.65%. Then, the CNN and ResNexT models have reported
and WED-DCNN models have shown reasonable 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 of slightly enhanced 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 93.91% and 92.53% respectively.
94.76% and 95.79%, the ICHDC-RODL model has attained Although the SVM and WED-DCNN models have shown
maximum 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 of 98.51%. reasonable 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 90.46% and 94.11%, the ICHDC-RODL
model has reached maximum 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 98.34%.
Fig. 10 displays a comparative 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 review of the ICHDC-
RODL technique with existing approaches. The fallouts
signified that the U-Net method has reached least 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 of

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90.61%. Then, the CNN and ResNexT approaches have reported
slightly enhanced 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 of 95.23% and 92.81%
correspondingly. Although the SVM and WED-DCNN
techniques have shown reasonable 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 of 95.78% and
95.92%, the ICHDC-RODL model has reached maximum 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
of 98.56%. Thus, the presented ICHDC-RODL model can be
employed for effectual classification process.
Fig. 9. 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 analysis of ICHDC-RODL system with other
existing approaches
Fig. 10. 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 analysis of ICHDC-RODL system with other
existing approaches
V. CONCLUSION
In this article, a new ICHDC-RODL system was projected
for the ICH detection and classification process. The presented
ICHDC-RODL technique mainly determines the presence of
ICH using DL concepts. In the presented ICHDC-RODL
technique, the features are generated by the use of the XCS-LBP
model. Moreover, the BiLSTM model is employed for ICH
diagnosis. At last, the ROA is exploited for the hyperparameter
tuning procedure of the BiLSTM method. To establish the
boosted outcomes of the ICHDC-RODL system, a series of
simulations were performed and the outcomes are studied in
several aspects. The simulation results indicate the
enhancements of the ICHDC-RODL method over recent
techniques.
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Heart Disease Prediction and Classification using
Machine Learning and Transfer Learning Model
R Sivaprasad Dr. M.Hema Dr Bharati N
Department of Assistant Professor Ganar
Electrical and Department of ECE Department of
Electronics JNTU-GV College Anesthesia.
Engineering of Engineering, Associate
Associate Professor India professor.
Sri Sairam hema.asrith@gmail ESIC medical
Engineering .com College
College India
India drbharativm74@g
sivaprasad.eee@sai mail.com
ram.edu.in
Abstract— Heart disease is a dangerous condition that can
lead to a fatal condition due to cardiac arrest. Recent studies
have revealed various facts for analyzing cardiac data by sensing,
monitoring, and learning data in IoT to predict early diagnosis
and treatment. Through machine learning based feature analysis,
accurate disease detection has been implemented. However, the
dominant methods do not accurately predict the result since the
incorrect features contain non-related support values to select the
features to perform training validation and produce prediction
inaccuracy. To overcome this limitation, a Machine Learning and
Transfer Learning Model (TLM) is proposed to perform heart
disease prediction. Initially, pre-processing has been carried
out to reduce dimension, and the scaling factor was also used to
calculate the margin rate. To increasing the prediction accuracy
Disease Prone Impact Rate (DPIR) intends to find the support
values. To select the labeled features, Relative Feature Margin
S election (RFMS ) is used to select and train the model by
Multilayer perception neural network (MLPNN). This classifier
selects the margin weights to predict the heart disease risk level
based on the class. This predicts higher impact of cardiac
deficiency rate by attaining the relevant features based deep
feature data learning model, which produce higher precision rate
to increase the prediction accuracy than other methods.
Keywords— heart disease prediction, feature selection and
classification, machine learning and transfer learning, neural
network.
I. INT RODUCT ION
The growth of information technology has been adapted for
several problems. The medical industries use the growth of IT
in several ways. The health care data has been maintained in
different locations of any organizational units and it has been
accessed through modern Internet. Through the Heart data
collected information [1], data analysis is the important part in
the disease prediction and recommendation has been performed
by several units which use the data present in different data
servers located geographically in different locations. However,
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Sunil D M Dr. Vaishali Mochammad
Department of ECE Mehta Fahlevi
Assistant Professor Professor Department of
REVA university Department of Management,
India Computer Science BINUS Online
sunil.dm@reva.edu and Engineering Learning,
.in Panipat Institute of Bina Nusantara
Engineering and University,
Technology, Indonesia
India mochammad.fahlev
wadhwavaishali@g i@binus.ac.id
mail.com
the IT solutions makes it possible to access the data from
different locations to produce the intelligence [2]. The
dimension of data also gets changed to another form named big
data, which represent the huge in size but also in schema [3].
The organizations maintain big data in various network
locations, which can be accessed to produce intelligence
towards decision making or anything. To provide access to the
big data there are number of protocols has been discussed
earlier by various researchers
The heart plays an important role in life. Diagnosis and
prediction of heart related diseases should be very accurate [4],
complete and accurate because even the slightest mistake can
lead to fatigue and human death. There are many deaths related
to heart and the number is increasing day by day. To solve this
problem, a prognosis system for disease awareness is needed.
Machine learning is a field of artificial intelligence (AI) that
provides first-class support in predicting all types of events
trained from natural phenomena [5]. In this paper, we calculate
the accuracy of machine learning methods for predicting heart
disease. This algorithm uses the UCI repository database for
training and testing k-near neighbors, end tree, linear
regression, support vector machine (SVM) [6]. Anaconda
(jupytor) notebook is the perfect tool for executing Python
programming. This tool has a variety of libraries and title files
that make your work more accurate and precise.
Hygiene is an integral part of human life. Because of the
large amount of mental health data available in the healthcare
industry, machine learning models are used to make effective
decisions in predicting heart disease [7]. By us ing machine
learning techniques, you can reliably classify healthy and
unhealthy individuals. In this study, a framework is developed
for understanding the principles of predicting a patient's risk
profile using clinical data parameters [8].
The proposed model was developed using the machine
learning and transfer learning statistic model. Excess fit and fit
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related issues are resolved. This model shows excellent results
in both experimental and training data [9]. ANN were used to
analyze the performance of models that accurately predict the
presence or absence of heart disease.
II. RELAT ED WORK
The heart disease prediction using Sequential Backward
Selection Detection of Heart Disease (HD) models using
Machine Learning (ML) will be very useful in the early stages
[10]. If it is detected at an early stage of the disease [11], HD
models will be useful for treatment and recovery. HD symbolic
machine learning technique has been developed to help
doctors.
In [12] presented a reinforcement learning technique
towards routing in WSN which finds the path to the destination
and selects a route according to hop count, energy and distance.
[13] Presented a CHD detection approach over machine
learning which uses ensembles towards disease prediction [14].
Similarly, a hybrid approach is presented to predict cardiac
diseases with machine learning. The method combines several
techniques towards disease prediction [15].
The effective heart disease prediction using hybrid model
Heart disease is one of the most important causes of death in
the world today. Cardiovascular disease is a major challenge in
the field of prediction and analysis of clinical data [16]. The
Novel Feature Reduction using machine learning and data
mining algorithms help in risk prediction. Error rate
mechanism of feature selection algorithm and analysis methods
for recommending new feature will reduce the rating process
which combines subgroups [17]. A metric profound influence
on the choice of different feature selection algorithm that
evaluates algorithms vary in the middle.
The Monitoring and Heart Disease Prediction System
Using Deep Learning Modified Neural Network (DL-MNN)
[16] with the increasing popularity of smart wearable gadgets
offers internet (population) has been shown to present a
number of solutions Internet of Things. Unfortunately, the
chance of survival is lower for people suffering from sudd en
cardiac attacks.
The use of intelligent Machine learning system based
random forest algorithm helps in improving heart disease
diagnosis. The main cause of Heart Failure (HF) is due to
narrowing or narrowing of the coronary arteries [17]. The
coronary artery distributes blood to the heat. The stacking and
Non-invasive detection of coronary artery disease, Coronary
Heart Disease (CHD), layering model and invasive technique
for diagnosis are accurate [18]. However, the invasive
procedure is not suitable for detecting coronary artery disease
during an annual physical investigation [19]. Predict
cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients to explain the
prognosis of patients with hypertension, and is considered to be
critical to the development of cardiovascular disease
prevention.
III. 3. PROPOSED SYST EM
This research importance is to heart disease prediction
based on machine and transfer learning and health care support
systems to predict the cardiac disease for early diagnose
treatment. There exists several techniques in supporting such
analytics and decisive support systems; still they suffer to
achieve higher performance in disease prediction and
generating the analysis. Towards supporting the health care
solutions various decision models are presented earlier but to
produce higher support to the decision-making process, it is
necessary to utilize huge amount of data in terms of big data.
For a hospital unit, maintaining such huge data becomes a
tedious but still the big data can be accessed towards analyzing
the bio signals obtained from human body towards detection
and prediction of various diseas es.
RF Conjugant feature Multil
Inpu MS
scale factor (CFSF) ayer
t - percep
logs ML
tion
PN neural
N Disease prone netwo
rk
impact rate (DPIR)
\
\
Relative feature
Data
logs margin selection
(RFMS)
Optimized prediction
Patient
Monitoring class
Figure 1 Proposed architecture diagram RFMS- MLPNN
The heart disease factors are labeled as features in dataset
to process the data. The transfer leaning base on artificial
neural network is optimized with multilayer perception be used
to analyze the data. When they collect data from medical
dataset which contains heart disease features of the patients’
tested values which is directly observed. The preprocessing
was carried to verify the presence of all the features, filling,
removing, indexing was carried out. This research is about the
development of heart disease prediction towards accessing big
data and how they can be analyzed towards health care.
3.1 Conjugant feature scale factor (CFSF)
This stage choose the feature limits from the preprocessed
dataset. These creates marginal scaling values between higher
and lower class based on defect ranges from medical domain.
Based on the margins the features get demilitarized to group
the importance of feature labels. This selects the relatively high
margins based on average mean rate estimation to attain the
clusters as upper and lower boundary values. This reduces
feature dimension to conjugate the disease weightage values to
predict.

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Algorithm steps
Begin
Step 1: Import the weightage features
Step 2: For each instance
If i==1 then
To calculate average mean rate target position
Compute the ‘s’ points feature scaling margins is
referred to a margins high and low values. Denotes the
upper bounds, denotes lower bound.
End if
To calculate the average confidence values
target position medical margins
= ), n=1,2…,
End for
Step 3: For each i of l choose the
Update the defect margins to indexing
End for
Step 4: Return risk margins of the heart disease scaling
factor.
Stop
The above algorithm selects the conjugant scaling factors,
to reduce dimension of non-related feature margins, this
support for choosing relational features actively for disease
affection state. This much support for importance disease
defect level.
3.2 Disease prone impact rate (DPIR)
This stage the features get decisional into disease affection
rate. The prone to find the risk level relatively taken from
cardiac principle. This selects the prone attain levels cardiac
deficiency rate weight is centralized to make comparison and
decision to attain the weight, such as finding the exact
characteristics of a particular transformation ( ) or
developing an evaluative observing importance dense level
from ‘N’ levels.
Subject prone factors, they a, b are relative margins with ‘y’
variants at constant levels.
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For this type of support value consensus values is ,
The selective prone subjectival;y attin
Dpf
and
Feature selection and extraction usually select arbitrarily
rate belongs to the dependencies of disease factor. Knowledge
of the search algorithm uses the learning process to guarantee
the extraction of features that reduce the dimensions of the data
and improve the classification results.
3.3 Relative feature margin selection (RFMS)
from
This feature is selected based on the relevant subset
feature by measuring the critical seasonal dimension according
to relative Subset radial function (RSRF) without significantly
reducing the accuracy of successful predictions using intensive
agro successive margins (IASM). This ability to capture
metabolic forecast data from the seasonal repository of cold
chain products for crops with the collection database
recognizes that it is suitable for crop cultivation in a particular
area.
Algorithm:
Step1: Initialize the process Mx-f successive feature impact
rate.
Step 2: Computing all margins from Mx-f;
Step 3 For All Mx-fclass margins Mc; i=0, i++
Step 4 Select the consecutive class Labels from
Mx-f;
Set max support Lm {s,p, d, ltr, humidity,
rainfall, temperature }
End For
If Lm  Mx-f (class)
Select feature to relative margin (Rm)
End If
Step 5 Construct relative Subset radial function (Srf Mx-
f (RM))
For each Process the Low margin Successive mean rate
(Lms)
Create subset for each class Lms<= Mx-f (Rm)
Attain Lmin class (Lmin-c) and (Lmax-c)
Create the subset class L(Max-Min)
Split the partition Pi(L) cluster centroid (C)
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End loop of (j). End

Step 6: Construct intensive agro successive margins (Pi(L))
Select the MX feature support weight W-max(s)
Return W-max(s)
The above algorithm selects the importance of the
feature to reduce the dimens ion by hybridizing the optimization
techniques. The selected features be further trained into neural
network. Based on the threshold margins the class get trained
with soft-max activation function and processed in deep
learning neural network.
The aspect values of the data sets are continuous and
the reciprocal information requires additional calculation for
the reciprocal data, so instead of reciprocal information we use
two similarities for the similarity measure and two weight
margin for comparing the feature. Not all layers are linear.
Activation function figures the internal result of th e input
vector and the heaviness of that unit constructs subset cluster
based on pattern mapping. Only the synaptic weights must be
scholarly found to classify the result which produces high
performance.

3.4 Multilayer perception neural network (MLPNN) IV. 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This classifier identifies the risk of heart disease based on The proposed approach is implemented under python
the selected features trained into neural network. They testing framework using various parameters and performance is
construct transfer leering based neural network using multi- evaluated. This method measures efficiency in the prognosis of
kernel perceptron neural network with soft max decision a disease based on various features and their values. The testing
logical activation function. This sets the condition for each and training were carried through confusion matrix. The results
feature pattern disease influence rate depending on successive of the evaluation are analyzed in conjunction with the
patterns. performance of other approaches. The results will be displayed
in this section.
Step 1: Construct a set feature T to contain the T able 1 values and parameter processed
selected features. Initially T0 = ∅ (n features).
Parameter Value
Step 2: Initialize neural network with number of
neurons and features. Language, Tool Used Python,
Estimate feature support level
Dataset used CVD-cardiac dataset
Step 3: Analyze the disease as first selected feature
T1=max M threshold margin Number of patients 2000
Step 4: for i=2,.., m: Choose feature that maximizes
M Number of features 30/3000
/records
Add features to T then
Compute the number of feature occurrence attribute
pattern Pi. Table 1 shows the details used to evaluate the performance
generated in different ways. Accordingly, the method measures
//transfer terms, k times subset at feed forward performance by various limits. The consequences got are given
layers selection in detail in this section.
Step5: Compute combination of possible feature T able 2: Analysis on Mean precision and recall rate
patterns
Mean precision and recall rate in %
K- Specific features values.
Number of 500 1000 2000
Step6: for each pattern Pi from subset cluster nodes/Methods
factorScf
RF 65 70 77
Estimate the compound relation Crl = ø(Pi Scf))/m. SVM 70 74 83
Ø- Number of repeated pi contained in scf. HDPM 74 80 86
Train the Relation pattern (Rpn) = Crl/total count.
RFMS- 83 85 93
IfMaxTh support >Rpn then. MLPNN
Add Pi to extracted feature Crl.
SsAverage mean The performance of the routes generated by the
various methods was measured and shown in Table 2. Here, the
Return class by Patternpi(Rpn)Risk by class proposed RFMS- MLPNN algorithm produces higher routing
End if efficiency than other approaches.

End For.

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Classification accuracy

RFMS- MLPNN

Methods
HDPM
200 records
SVM
100 records
RF 50 records
70 80 90 100
Accuracy

Figure 2: Mean precision and recall rate

Figure 3: Classification accuracy

Figure 3 shows the clustering performance generated

The routing performance introduced by different by different methods. The proposed RFMS- MLPNN approach
approaches at the nodes of different numbers in the network is has developed high clustering accuracy under a number of
measured and shown in Figure 2. The proposed RFMS- different diseases.
MLPNN approach has a higher routing efficiency than other T able 4: Analysis on Disease Prediction
methods at all levels.
T able 3: Classification accuracy
Disease Prediction Accuracy
Classification accuracy in %
Number of 500 1000 2000 Number of 50 100 200
Records Records
/methods /methods

RF 75 80 86 RF 64 70 76

SVM 81 85 90
HDPM 84 88 92 SVM 65 72 75

RFMS- 87 91 96
MLPNN HDPM 66 75 80

RFMS- 70 78 82
Table 3 shows the accuracy of clustering large data MLPNN
for disease prognosis. Here, the proposed RFMS- MLPNN
approach provides greater clustering accuracy than other
methods. The prognostic performance of the disease and its accuracy
are measured considering different disease classes. The results
obtained are shown in Table 4.4. The proposed RFMS-
MLPNN approach resulted in higher disease prognosis
accuracy than other methods.

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False Ratio
50 records
50 100 records
45

False Ratio %
40 200 records
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
50 records

Figure 4: Analysis on disease prediction accuracy

The accuracy of the prognosis generated by the Figure 5: Analysis on False Classification Ratio+
various methods was measured and is shown in Figure 4. The
proposed Hybrid approach resulted in a higher disease The accuracy of disease prognosis made by different
prognosis than other approaches in each class. methods is measured and shown in Figure 5. The proposed
RFMS- MLPNN approach resulted in a higher disease
T able 5: Analysis on False Ratio
prognosis than other approaches in each class.
False Classification Ratio
V. CONCLUSION
Number of 500 1000 2000
Records To perform heart disease diagnosis, intelligent large data
analysis models reduce the dimension of data analysis. A smart
/methods
IoT sensor for heart patient data analysis in healthcare is based
RF 30 25 20 on hyper-spectral deep neural network. Efficient heart disease
prognosis helps to improve the effectiveness of data analysis
and prediction using ambiguous rules. It provides predictive
results to users, giving them the ability to generate predictive
SVM 34 27 22
attack rates for early detection methods. Feature evaluation-
based prediction is also very sophisticated based on the
Multilayer perception neural classification in the functional
HDPM 30 23 18 achieves high classification and predication rate. The proposed
RFMS- MLPNN produce higher performance by evaluating the
RFMS- 28 20 16 cardiac features than other methods. This recommends the risk
MLPNN level based on classes by predicting the feature class and
recommend risk-based disease diagnosis.

The percentage of misclassifications introduced in different REFERENCES

ways is measured and shown in Table 5. Here, the proposed
RFMS- MLPNN approach has lower error rates than other
methods.
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Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) based

Marine Species Identification
Nanthini N Arul Siva Kumaran K Ashiq A
Assistant Professor, Electronics and Electronics and
Electronics and Communication Communication
Communication Engineering Engineering
Engineering Sri Krishna College of Engineering Sri Krishna College of
Sri Krishna College of and Technology Coimbatore, India Engineering and Technology
Engineering and Technology 20euec018@skcet.ac.in Coimbatore, India
Coimbatore, India 20euec020@skcet.ac.in
nandhini36268@yahoo.co.in

Aakash V S Bhuvaneshwaran M J
Electronics and Electronics and
Communication Communication
Engineering Engineering
Sri Krishna College of Sri Krishna College of
Engineering and Technology Engineering and Technology
Coimbatore, India Coimbatore, India
20euec001@skcet.ac.in 20euec030@skcet.ac.in

knowledge of aquaculture is very less among the people

Abstract--There are more than 5600 species of fish in the world.
Studies show that crowds can be larger and many people are less
knowledgeable about the characteristics of marine life. This
project is to raise public awareness and generate knowledge
about Aquaculture. In fisheries education, it is important to
minimize human error in the process of fish observation and
analysis, where an automatic system recognition is required.
Image processing is also known as the process of taking image as
an input, analyzing it and generating a category or probability
of a particular class of output type. Fish image recognition
research is an important area, especially in marine biology and
aquaculture. Recently, the identification of different classes of
animals based on computer vision and deep learning has been
widely used by analysts. There is one of the ultimate powerful
forms of deep learning architecture for conceptual classification
based on visual features. It is reported that there are many kinds
of clean water fish in world level. Most of the existing work has
been developed for the identification of fewer fish species and
used for specific user groups. This detection system is used to
identify and classify images of fish species found in clean water
as well as in sea water.
Keywords—Marine Species CNN, SVM, Machine Learning,
Python, Deep Learning imaging, Image classification
I. INTRODUCTION
In the modern world many of the people are busy and
not interested to learn about the marine species, so the
and our project will help them to guide about the fish species
and their characteristics [1]. Our project will also be able to
find the rare species which is to be prevented from the
extinct. This research study has developed a mobile
application to assist in the process of marine species
identification [2]. This app can be used by uploading an
image form the gallery or taking a picture directly from the
camera.
The App identifies the fish, displays its name along with its
characteristics. Many steps have been made to recognize
visual images, but this is an unresolved issue due to
segmentation errors, distortion and occlusion. Instead of
working in a huge number of areas, the concept of CNN is
making the image into smaller pixels and then analyzing it
[3]. This algorithm uses selective search to extract boxes
from an image. These boxes are sometimes referred to as
regions. The main step in this algorithm is to create a fish
identification record using selective search [4]. The next step
is to fine-tune the dataset's classification model. It searches
only the selected areas. The next step is to use a fine-tuned
model to make predictions for each proposal. The final step
is to return the final fish detection result [5].
This paper gives a detailed review about the fish
detection and its characteristics, the app created for this project
can be used by any people without prior knowledge since the
app is user friendly. The app is created using the Flutter the front

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end is created using the dart programming language and the
back end is created using the Java Script [6]. The future
advancements in the project are that it can be used to find the
rarity in the fish species such as Devils Hole, Pulp fish, Red
hand fish, Small tool fish, Adriatic sturgeon fish, European sea
sturgeon, Gilt darter Sakhalin Sturgeon are some of the rare fish
species these fish species can be prevent from extinct by this
project since we can detect it and can safeguard it from
extinction [7].
The Harmful fish species can also be detected which
includes Puffers, Stone fishes, Lion Fishes, Cat fish, Shark,
Piranha, Moray eel, Electric eel, Candiru Fish, Barracudas,
Great white Sharks, Alligator Gar ,Red lion fish, Scorpion fish,
Common Carp, squid fish, Goliath tiger fish Muskie fish,
Atlantic Manta fish Blue spotted ribbon tail ray fish, Spotted
trunk fish, Northern Snakehead fish [8].We can protect
ourselves from those species by this project since we can detect
those species and we can stay away from it [9]. The project is
briefly explained by the below topics.
II. NEED FOR THE PROJECT
The proposed system is used to identify the fish species and
also its characteristics are identified using deep learning.
Identification of fishes helps in the export of processed edible
fishes as the buyers are very conscious about the correct fish
identification along with their scientific and popular names
[10]. The designed algorithm is based on Convolution Neural
Network (CNN) approach. This approach effectively classifies
the fish species and runs in less time complexity. The front end
or the user interface is an app created using flutter and Dart
programming [11]. Tensor flow is the tool used for
implementing the CNN and to input large number of datasets
and n-dimensional data.
III. RELATED WORK
Many researchers presented different methodologies
to identify fish species using images captured by classifying
them using their shape, venation, colour and texture qualities
based on the research paper's analysis [12]. The amount of
precision varies depending on the procedure. Despite the fact
that the reference papers provided several classification
methods with a less amount of accuracy and no proposal for
real-time detection. In our suggested innovation, we solve the
accuracy and real-time detection problems while also providing
an application [13][14].
IV.LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING WORK
In the previous development of the project there is no
platform, like a website or an mobile phone application, we
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have developed an android application using flutter platform
which is small and portable ,such that the users can able to see
their results.
IV.PROPOSED WORK
The proposed system is trained with 20,000+ images
all together using CNN. When an image is uploaded by the user,
the image data is traversed through particular sequence of
trained data sets with the “divide and conquer” based algorithm
[15].This machine learning based approach is useful in handling
large number of datasets with reduced time and space
complexity [16]. This project can be run using the app created
using the google colab, this can also be used by developing a
website and this can be used to create an app. The extensions of
the project in future are this can be used to find the harmful
species , this can be used to find the rare species, the medicinal
benefits such as omega 3 (Nutrient which is taken from the fish),
vitamin D, Vitamin B2. The developed app is flexible to use and
it is available offline. So, it is not likely to get any network
issues. New datasets can be added to the cloud using google
colab and the app can be updated accordingly.
Two extensions are included in the proposed solution.
One is picture recognition, while the other is a mobile
application. Convolutional neural networks are used to identify
the correct fish species based on their fish imagery. The CNN
performs convolution in each layer. The fish and random photos
are included in the pre-trained classification dataset. If the
species is accurately detected by comparing the given image
with our trained model, the output is true, indicating that the
given species was effectively discovered [17], as well as the
characteristics and its benefits to the users. The result is revealed
in this second extension. It comprises the fish image, an android
mobile application created with the flutter framework and code
written in the dart programming language. On that app, a trained
CNN classification model was installed, which was made up of
photos of different fish species. The user can give an image in
both capture and upload format by installing our application on
their mobile phones. The CNN [18] will classify the image as a
tested image and compare it to our trained image based on the
image uploaded. The results will be displayed with
characteristics, benefits, and more links for the specified
elucidation based on the comparative result.
V. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
1.1. ALGORITHM
1.1.1. CONVOLUATIONAL NEURAL NETWORK
[CNN]
Convolution Neural Network is a type of Artificial
Neural Network and it is used for image processing and Data
analyzing applications. It is mainly used for pattern detection. It
gets the input by convolution and it forms many layers which is
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called as convolutional layer or Hidden layers it also transforms

the input from one layer to another layer [27]. It can detect
pattern with more precise manner. Each layer has its own
specifications for example, the edge filter can detect the edges.
The filter works efficiently in the deeper layers it can even
detect the sophisticated objects in the deeper layer.
The filter is also called as kernel and it also called as
Feature detector. The diagram shown below is the overall
diagram of the working of CNN.

1.2 SELECTION OF THE ALGORITHM Fig :2 Working of convolution Neural Network

We use Convolutional Neural Network because
it has dimensionality reduction and feature parameter In Convolutional Neural Network Pooling layers
sharing which makes that system independent of human are used to reduce the dimensions of the feature maps.
supervision. Thus, it reduces the number of parameters to learn
and the amount of computation performed in the
network. The pooling layer summarizes the features
present in a region of the feature map generated by a
convolution layer
1.4. STEPS INVOLVED
⮚ Collect data (in this case image is data).
⮚ Choose an Algorithm.
⮚ Execute the model
Fig 1: Image training of CNN network ⮚ Choose a Validation Method.
⮚ Examine the model until better results achieved
It can be clearly seen that the dimensions of each layer ⮚ Develop an application to showcase the result
is decrease when proceeding it divides the part in the each layer
and analyses the data then it performs convolution and produces
Table 1: Classification of Dataset
the output, where the filters can also be used to give the correct
results.
S.N No. of Images
Species Name
o Trained
1.3 WORKING OF CNN
1 Black Sea Sprat 2000
The working of CNN is due to the convolution in each
2 Gilt Head Bream 2000
layer which is then transformed to another layer and each layer 3 Hourse Mackerel 2000
has Feature detector. Figure 2 gives Different layers of CNN. 4 Red Mullet 2000
Each Kernel performs its own function. 5 Red Sea Bream 2000
6 Sea Bass 2000
1. Input Level: This is the first layer of the CNN the input is 7 Shrimp 2000
provided in this layer and the input image is divided into pixels 8 Striped Red Mullet 2000
and the each pixel is analyzed. 9 Trout 2000
TOTAL 18000
2. Hidden layers: The hidden layers work mainly of the
principle of the convolution and matrix multiplication. Here the
image is mainly analyzed and it is transferred to another layer,
Table 1 Classification of data
also it has the filter to find or analyze the image.
Here, we have collection of 9 species which is
commonly used by the peoples and the species are the edible
3. Output layer: The output of the hidden layer is sent to
for cooking ,and we have collected about 2000 images of each
logistic and some mathematical functions and the output of each species, so the users can able to easily identify the result.
class is converted as Probability value for each class.

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1.5 SAMPLE IMAGE :
Figure :3 Image data sample
Here we have a sample dataset of the species Red
Mullet, and the trained dataset images are about the size of
200KB-400KB, by keeping less size image we can train the
large amount the samples, and the training speed will also be
reduced.
1.6. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The programming language used in our project is
Python, an object-oriented programming language. Python is
a high-end general-purpose programming language most
commonly used to build deep learning algorithms and data
science. Python is a programming language that helps to create
a variety of applications. Developers believe it is suitable for
building models using Python and libraries such as NumPy,
Pandas and Matplotlib. It is possible to use frameworks such
as Tensor Flow and Keras for this App Development.
1.7 CLASSIFICATION OF DATASET
The dataset used for the fish image classification
consists of fish images of ten different marine species and it’s
listed in
Table 1.
1.8 LIBRARIES USED
The Python library can be found in the site- packages
folder within the Python.
1.8.1 PYTHON
Python is a programming language created by Guido
Van Rossum from CWI which stands for Centrum Wiskunde &
Informatica which is a National Research Institute for
Mathematics and Computer Science in Netherlands. It is an
object-oriented programming language. It is a general-purpose
programming language which can be used for both scientific
and non-scientific programming. It is a platform independent
programming language. The programs written in Python can be
easily readable and understandable.
1.8.2 TENSOR FLOW
TensorFlow is an important library used in machine
learning. TensorFlow was declared as open source in 2015.
Tensor is a variable that can handle n-dimensional data.
TensorFlow can be used in all of the programming languages
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such as C++, python, java and as well as JavaScript. This kind
of flexibility makes the TensorFlow can be used in wide range
of applications.
1.8.3 NUMPY
In Python programming, NumPy is a library that has a
large collection of mathematical modules that can process the
functions of linear algebra, Fourier transform, arithmetic,
matrices etc. Using this library we can deal with multi
dimensional arrays and analyze statistical data. NumPy library
was first released in 2006 by developing its predecessor
Numeric. The modules in the library is written using Python and
C. Furthermore, NumPy library is the foundation of the
Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning applications where
more and more Matrix mathematical operations are required.
1.8.4 KERAS
Keras plays a major-level role in machine learning and
Application Programming Interface (API) and it was developed
by google. It was written in python and it also handles multiple
backend neural network calculations.
1.8.5 PANDAS
Pandas is an open-source package, mainly used for
data analysis and machine learning functions. It is a two-
dimensional data structure with rows and columns, it provides
a flexible way to merge and reshape data. It builds on top of
another package called NumPy, which provides help for
multidimensional arrays and easily handles missing data.
Pandas has series and data frames, where series is for shallow
data structures and data frames are for complex data structures.
Pandas can be implemented in three ways which include the
Series, Data Frame and Panel.
1.8.6 GRADIO
Gradio is an open-source python library that permits
you to rapidly make simple to utilize, adjustable UI parts for
your ML model, any API, or any subjective capacity in only a
couple of lines of code.
1.9 Methods to Create a GRADIO GUI for your Model
⮚ Create a GRADIO application file for your model upload the
model.
⮚ Define the predictive functionality using the model.
⮚ Launch the GRADIO interface with predictive functionality
and appropriate UI elements.
1.10 DART PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
DART is an object-oriented programming language
which has a syntax similar to structural C language. It was first
developed and launched by Google Inc. in 2011. It is a general-
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purpose, high-level language used to develop flexible client

specific applications. It is mainly used to develop android or 2.2 APP INTERFACE
IOS applications and web development. DART language has an
extensive built-in tools like DART virtual machine and just in
time compiler. DART language is fast and comfortable with the
Flutter framework to build mobile applications. In this project,
DART programming language is used to develop the front end
of the app.

1.11 FLUTTER
Flutter is a Google-developed framework for
generating attractive, natively built, multi-platform applications
from a single codebase. It's a toolset that's both free and
portable. It may be used to create apps for IOS, macOS,
Windows, Android, and the web. To construct our medicinal
plant recognition application utilizing Deep learning, we used
the Android cross platform of Flutter and the code was
developed in DART.

2.1 FLOW DIAGRAM AND WORKING: Figure 5. App Overview

In Deep learning, Convolutional Neural Network is a

Figure :4 Flow Diagram
The main technology used to implement this project is deep
learning. Deep learning is process of training and developing a
machine learning algorithm that organizes information
automatically based on the given samples [images] provided
and the flow of the process is given in Figure 3. The provided
image in sense is a large dataset of images. The dataset which
is used to train our deep learning algorithm is driven from the
website known as Kaggle. Kaggle is a website which is used to
store large number of useful datasets that can be referenced
later. With this website and with the help of some subsidiaries
we have collected about 18000+ samples to train our algorithm.
These images are first stored in google colab in its cloud drive
and deep learning is implemented using Convolutional Neural
Network (CNN).
type of artificial neural network which processes an input pixel
by pixel and changes the back-end memory accordingly. After
training, the input image can be uploaded which then gets
matched with the information in memory. Once after the
algorithm is trained, it can take input as an image and looks for
similarities with the sample images. To input an image, we have
developed an application in Flutter using Dart programming
language. This is a reliable and flexible method to create an app.
This app serves a user interface and is used to communicate with
the algorithm. With the help of this app as mentioned in Figure
4, we can upload images that we have. Once the image is
uploaded, the app feeds this image as an input to the algorithm
that works in back end. This algorithm looks for matches in the
memory and returns the matched information of the fish and
match percentage. This data is then used to classify the fish
species and determine the probability of match to that species.
By the help of extra piece of code, the characteristics of the
determined fish species is displayed and further referenced to
some important links.
VI RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The graph for the Project includes the accuracy and the
loss of the executed project. The graph for the project is
explained below. The result of the project is that the project is
more accurate and highly precise this can be proved by the
following graphs.
3.1. OVERALL ACCURACY
Our trained data provides the accuracy of 93-95%. The

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graph (Figure 5) for the accuracy increases exponentially with
increase in epochs so it is a growing exponential graph here
which means that itis the project’s result is very accurate.
Figure 6. Overall Accuracy
We have achieved about 93 % of accuracy and the
losses are very minimal, comparing to other algorithms the
convolutional neural network shows good accuracy.
3.2 LOSS OF THE DATASET
The loss of the project is very minimal in level, and the
loss is about 5-6 %. even this loss can also be decreased by
increasing the epochs if the number of the epochs increases the
accuracy of the result will also be increased (Figure 6).
Figure 7. Loss of Dataset
Figure 8. Training and Validation of Data
We have trained about 15 epochs and it shows the validation
accuracy of about 93.67 %.
VII CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
By comparing the input of Fish sample to the trained
dataset samples, the image detection was done using the ML
approach and it has high accuracy in detecting the species.
This will allow users to learn more about the characteristics of
the fish by looking at a picture of their fish. It also includes
information about the species. As a part of the output, more
reference links for the web resources are also provided,
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making it easier for users to identify the species and its
characteristics. The software is straightforward, easy to use,
and takes minimal time. The app does not require access to
the internet to function. As a result, the user can use this
software when offline.
The app could be improved in the future by providing a greater
number of images as input. The software will provide more
information about the species than is currently available. Any
other developer or researcher can develop this app by
changing the front end of the app and by providing better
information regarding the species. By providing a greater
number of images as a data set and it is possible to examine,
whether the fish is edible or a poisonous one.
REFERENCES
[1] Y. Yong, L. Quek, E. Lim, and A. Ngo, "A case report of puffer fish
poisoning in Singapore," Case reports in medicine, vol. 2013, 2013.
[2] J. K. Sims and D. C. Ostman, "Puffer fish poisoning: emergency diagnosis
and management of mild human tetrodotoxication," Annals of emergency
medicine, vol. 15, pp. 1094-1098, 1986.
[3] L. Chen, Z. Li, and Z. Zhao, "Forensic medical identification of death due
to poisoning of tetrodotoxin in puffer fish," Fa yixue za zhi, vol. 15, pp. 131-
2, 189, 1999.
[4] W. J. Matthews, Patterns in freshwater fish ecology: Springer Science
&Business Media, 2012.
[5] W. A. Wurts, "Why can some fish live in freshwater, some in salt water,
and some in both," World Aquaculture, vol. 29, p. 65, 1998.
[6] D. A. Konovalov, A. Saleh, M. Bradley, M. Sankupellay, S. Marini, and
M. Sheaves, "Underwater fish detection with weak multi-domain
supervision," 2019 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks
(IJCNN), 2019, pp. 1-8.
[7] K. M. Knausgård, A. Wiklund, T. K. Sørdalen, K. Halvorsen, A. R.
Kleiven, L. Jiao, et al., "Temperate Fish Detection and Classification: a Deep
Learning based Approach," arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.07518, 2020.
[8] N. E. M. Khalifa, M. H. N. Taha, and A. E. Hassanien, "Aquarium family
fish species identification system using deep neural networks," International
Conference on Advanced Intelligent Systems and Informatics, 2018, pp. 347-
356.
[9] X. Bai, X. Yang, and L. J. Latecki, "Detection and recognition of contour
parts based on shape similarity," Pattern Recognition, vol. 41, pp. 2189-2199,
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[10] J.-S. Kim and K.-S. Hong, "Color–texture segmentation using
unsupervised graph cuts," Pattern Recognition, vol. 42, pp. 735-750, 2009.
[11] A. Joly, H. Goeau, H. Glotin, C. Spampinato, P. Bonnet, W.-P. Vel- ¨
linga, R. Planque, A. Rauber, R. Fisher, and H. Muller, “Lifeclef ¨ 2014:
Multimedia life species identification challenges,” in Information Access
Evaluation. Multilinguality, Multimodality, and Interaction, ser. Lecture
Notes in Computer Science, E. Kanoulas, M. Lupu, P. Clough, M. Sanderson,
M. Hall, A. Hanbury, and E. Toms, Eds., vol. 8685. Cham: Springer
International Publishing, 2014, pp. 229–249.
[12] B. J. Boom, J. He, S. Palazzo, P. X. Huang, C. Beyan, H.-M. Chou, F.-
P. Lin, C. Spampinato, and R. B. Fisher, “A research tool for long-term and
continuous analysis of fish assemblage in coral-reefs using underwater
camera footage,” Ecological Informatics, vol. 23, pp. 83 – 97, 2014, special
Issue on Multimedia in Ecology and Environment.
[15] S. Marini, E. Fanelli, V. Sbragaglia, E. Azzurro, J. Del Rio Fernandez,
and J. Aguzzi, “Tracking fish abundance by underwater image recognition,”
Scientific Reports, vol. 8, p. 13748, 2018.
[16] L. Corgnati, S. Marini, L. Mazzei, E. Ottaviani, S. Aliani, A. Conversi,
and A. Griffa, “Looking inside the ocean: Toward an autonomous imaging
system for monitoring gelatinous zooplankton,” Sensors, vol. 16, 2016.
[17]Kottursamy, Kottilingam. "Multi-scale CNN Approach for Accurate
Detection of Underwater Static Fish Image." Journal of Artificial Intelligence
3, no. 03 (2021): 230-242.
[18] Kumar, A. Dinesh. "Underwater Gripper using Distributed Network and
Adaptive Control." Journal of Electrical Engineering and Automation 2, no.
1 (2020): 43-49.
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Review of Machine Learning Algorithms for
Autism Spectrum Disorder Prediction
V. Kavitha*
Research Scholar, Department of Computational Intelligence,
School of computing
SRM Institute of Science and Technology
Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
kavija2010@gmail.com, kv9866@srmist.edu.in
0000-0003-0131-0759
*Corresponding Author
Abstract - Autism is a disorder of the brain caused by language
and severe social difficulties in people. It is the most common of
the many pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), which begin
in childhood and continue throughout life, affecting almost all
aspects of life. Autistic people (cognitive and linguistic) and
social skills are delayed compared to their classmates, but their
motor skills are higher than usual. The nature of ASD varies from
person to person and is a condition for the development of the
brain or nervous system. In the first 12 months, most children with
autism seem to develop normally. Symptoms of autism appear
between eighteen and thirty-six months. Up to 3 years, 40% of
cases were detected. The aim of the study was to detect ASD at
an early stage to improve brain development and increase the
awareness of parents and caregivers about ASD. Machine
learning methods are now used to predict the spectrum of autism.
This study provides a comprehensive assessment of documents
that use machine learning to predict ASD, as well as data analysis
and classification algorithms. This work aims to classify and
study the different methods of Machine Learning, as well as to
explain the nature of ASD and to evaluate performance and
demonstrate research potential using different criteria. This
publication serves as a roadmap for imminent researchers who
want to work on the topic of ASD prediction using machine
learning.
Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Machine Learning,
Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, Artificial Neural
Network
1. INTRODUCTION
Early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder is
challenging because people without ASD exhibit
comparable behaviors to those with ASD, which is why
cognitive tests are appropriate for diagnosing ASD.
According to the World Health Organization, autism can
cause social, communication, and behavioral difficulties.
The AIIMS in New Delhi reports that, in India one in 100
children under the age of 10 has autism, and about one in
eight has at least one neurological disorder.
There are many ways in which autism affects people.
There are some people with autism who can live
independently, others face significant challenges that
require lifelong support and care. People with autism face
stigma, discrimination and human rights abuses.
Based on research from the National Institute of Mental
and Mental Health (NIMHANS), Autism rates are reported
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Dr. R. Siva*
Assistant Professor, Department of Computational Intelligence,
School of computing
SRM Institute of Science and Technology
Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
sivar@srmist.edu.in
0000-0002-2006-8753
by the new CDC (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention). In 1993, six cases of ASD were diagnosed in
160 patients (3.8 percent). In 1997, six cases of ASD were
diagnosed in 143 patients (4.2 percent). ASD was
diagnosed in 2002 in 94 of 309 patients (30.4 percent).
Since 2015, the number of people with autism in India has
increased by 10-17 % per year. Autism rates are based on
research from the National Institute of Mental Health and
Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) reported by the new CDC
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The occurrence
of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been identified, as
shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Identified Occurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder
The Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological
disorder that is accompanied by a variety of symptoms.
There are some issues with social media and
communication such as
• Improper play with toys
• Unable to connect with others
• Inactive or inactive
• Wrong laughing and crying
• Sensitive to sound or poor
• Changes in habits are difficult to deal with
• Cannot express their emotions through gestures.
• Strange attachments to objects
• Poor speech or lack of speech
• Want to live alone
• Do not feel dangerous
Limited interests and repetitive activities are often a
problem for people with ASD. The following list includes
specific cases of different types of behavior [12].
• Repeat specific actions, such as repeating the
same words or phrases over and over again
• The person gets upset when a habits change
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• Interested in specific aspects of the topic, such
as numbers and facts
• In some cases, such as light and sound, you may
feel less sensitive than the other person
Children 12 to 36 months of age are screened for
autism spectrum disorders. There are a variety of tools
commonly used for autism screening, including:
• Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers
• Ages and Stages Questionnaire
• Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers and
Young Children
• The Childhood Autism Rating Scale
It affects the way people interact with each other, as
well as their behavior and learning. When the child is very
young, clinical signs appear. It is a chronic, incurable
disease [1]. There have been different types of autism
discussed until recently by scientists.
1. Asperger's syndrome
2. Symptoms of Rett
3. Childhood Disintegrative Depression (CHD)
4. Kanner’s Syndrome
5. Pervasive Developmental Disorders - Not
otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)
1.1. Asperger's syndrome
Technically, Asperger's syndrome is no longer a stand-
alone diagnosis. The DSM-5 investigative manual
classified it as level one autism. However, Asperger's
syndrome is more common in societies with autism and is
more common than level one spectrum disorders.
Children with Level one spectrum have special
intelligence and excellent speaking skills, but having
trouble communicating in society. A child with moderate
autism has the following symptoms [2].
• Lack of mental and behavioral flexibility
• Difficulty switching between activities(Often
focus on one subject or passion or only want to
pursue a limited range of activities)
• Problems related to the function to be
performed
• It is not possible to change the volume to
respond to normal voices, speech difficulties,
or others.
• Difficulties in communicating with classmates
or family members at school or at home.
1.2. Symptoms of Rett
Rett is a neurological developmental disorder seen in
childhood. Although it is more common in girls, it can also
be found in boys. Rett syndrome affects almost all aspects
of a child's development. The good news is that with proper
care, your baby can still live a happy and successful life.
You can spend quality time with your family and help your
children do what they love [2].
General symptoms of Rett syndrome:
• Loss of coordination and normal movement
• Difficulty communicating and speaking
• In some cases, breathing problems
1.3. Childhood Disintegrative Depression (CHD)
Childhood schizophrenia (CDD), also known as
Heller's syndrome or schizophrenia, is a developmental
problem characterized by the onset of a partial impairment
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of language, mobility, or subsequent social function. The
development of children in these areas is normal until they
are 3 years old when they collide. For ignorant parents,
their children have autism, and cognitive loss can be
devastating. The origin of CDD is unknown, as it is
associated with neurodegenerative studies. Boys are more
prone to rashes in childhood. Nine out of ten cases of the
disease are boys, only one girl. By the time the situation
begins, the baby will grow normally, regressing, taking into
account more than two assessments of life. Children may
lose the following abilities and skills: [2]
• Hygienic skills, if they have been performed
before.
• Derived dictionary or language
• Flexible attitude and social skills
• Some engine capacity
1.4. Kanner’s Syndrome
Canner was first identified in 1943 by Leo Canner, a
psychiatrist at Johns Hopkins University, who classified
him as autistic. According to doctors, this condition is also
called classic autism. Canner syndrome, regardless of the
nature of the disease, makes children beautiful, alert and
intelligent, which includes: [2]
• An inability to form emotional connections
with people
• Issues related to communication and interaction
• The uncontrolled use of language.
• Training issues
1.5. Pervasive Developmental Disorders -Not Otherwise
Specified (PDD-NOS)
PDD-NOS, or metastatic disease, is an intermediate
form of autism that is not otherwise expressed and reveals
itself in a variety of ways. Social and language difficulties
are the most common symptoms. The language
development of your child, as well as the development of
movements and other body functions, may be delayed. An
observation of the child and identification of the child's
suffering, such as interacting with other children, can
reveal this type of autism. PDD-NOS, also known as
"subthreshold autism", is a term used to describe someone
who exhibits some, but not all, autism symptoms [2].
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Clay et al. [3] to classify newborns NT and ASD, the
researchers used cross-border machine-controlled learning
systems and performed a series of statistical tests. False-
positive ASD was detected with 96 % NT and reduced to
41% of newborns with a good accuracy of 77%. During the
third trimester, the legs are measured, the white blood cells
are counted, and the fetal heart rate is monitored at birth.
As well, 38 percent of children at risk of ASD have a larger
fetal circumference than infants of normal development,
which indicates that the brain is larger in infants. There is
uterine ASD.
Ming Zhao et al. [4] suggested a work of HC - SZ
discrimination, the integration of multiple sites achieved a
classification accuracy of 85.1 and 81.0 percent,
respectively. In addition, 72.4% of the multi-site
classifications between HC and ASD ACC were achieved
using the publicly available ABIDE data set.
Karunakaran, P et al. [5] demonstrated early prediction
using Mullen is added, and it is analyzed by utilizing a
machine learning method with an adaptive functional
classifier and a computational approach to fMRI analysis.
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It is a superior strategy for dealing with the circumstance images. The Mild Cognitive Impairments (MCI) region of
when the quantity of training data samples out numbers the the sagittal, coronal, and axial brain segments can be
quantity of characteristics for each data point. classified with high accuracy using the CNN algorithm.
Vivekanandam, B, et al. [6] the classification of
Alzheimer's disease using a hybrid technique is more Table 1 show summary of the advantages and
accurate than using other conventional methods. disadvantages of data collection modules and algorithms
Furthermore, compared to other algorithms, CNN offers used in the diagnosis of ASD.
more minute details of subtle alterations in MRI scan
Table 1: Methods for diagnosing autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Ref. Author/Year Advantages Disadvantages Applicable tools / Data Collection /

No. applications / Accuracy
algorithms
[7] Zhong Zhao ASD and Typical Development The number of functions obtained is SVM, LDA, DT, RF Accuracy - 92.11%
et al (2021) (TD) in children with normal limited.
development. No integrated function found.

[8] Victoria It tested a hypothesis that changes This is not acceptable for very young VIPS i) Accuracy -74%
Yaneva et al in visual function in adults with children and the number of
(2020) and without high function, such as participants is small.
eye observation measurements,
could be used to automatically
detect autism.
[9] Abdul The classification process using • Classification accuracy 72.96% - EEG, LSVM DEAP-72.96%
Rahman the emotions used was 72.96 % of DEAP data set SEED -70.71%
Aslam et al the time and 73.14 % of the time.• 70.71% Classification accuracy -
SEED data set
(2020)

[10] Tania Akter , For the toddler dataset, SVM These issues cannot be addressed FDA, LDA, MDA Accuracy - 97.10%
Md et al showed the best performance, fully due to the lack of ASD data
(2019) while Adaboost showed the best available.
results for the children dataset,
Glmboost for the adolescent • Increase the amount of data to be
dataset, and Adaboost for the adult analyzed to improve the detection of
dataset. A feature transformation ASD.
method that includes sine functions
will produce the best classification
for toddlers using SVM.

[11] Fadi Tabtah •

It not only improves the sensitivity, Except in the case of young children RML, Bagging, Use of the Kaggle
et al accuracy and predictability of ASD• Using RML makes it difficult to Boosting and DT ASD database was
(2020) testing processes, but also offers a improve predictive performance estimated in 92.26% of
new method called RML that children, 93.78% of
improves sensitivity, accuracy and adolescents and 93.78
precision to predict the ASD % of adults.
screening process.

[12] Zeinab et al Using the ABIDE I and CC400 • Use only a few pictures in each SVM, KNN and ABIDEI-70.22%
(2020) data sets, the proposed atlas class. RF classifiers
•
parcellation function of the future Additional data is needed to create a
model brain was able to accurately robust model
predict ASD with 70.22 •% Gender and average age are not
taken into account.
accuracy.
• Difficulties in improving
performance with unbalanced data
[13] Chalin A special method of analyzing the It is difficult to describe FE RF classifier -
Grossard et al dynamics of facial expressions production disorders in children
(2020) (FD) in children with autism can be with autism spectrum disorders.
developed using computerized
visual acuity and human narration
(ASD).
[14] Maria Laya et •
In order to develop a classification The sample size is small ARIA method Accuracy - 95.7%
al(2020) model for ASD, a machine- • No other clinical information
learning methodology was used •to Family history and information are
difficult to access
analyze retinal images using
ARIA.
•

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Ref. Author/Year Advantages Disadvantages Applicable tools / Data Collection /
No applications / Accuracy
algorithms
[15] Rim Haweel This paper proposes an approach •to More experiments and different RF, SVM, MLP NDAR
et al(2019) assessing the severity of autism brain methods are needed
spectrum disorder using machine Do not offer an individual diagnosis Accuracy -78%
learning. and timely treatment plan

[16] Kaushik We developed automated ASD • Identify open source and large ASD SVM, RFC, NB, Kaggle
Vakadkar et prediction models using a minimal data sets. LR, KNN
al(2021) set of behaviors in each diagnostic• Accurate modeling based on large Accuracy -92.15%
data sets.
data set. Of the five models we
• There are not enough cases in the
used for the data set, maximum data set.
accuracy was observed using
logistic regression.
[18] Zhong Zhao By combining visual information • Used only small sample SVM, LDA, DT, Figshare
et al(2021) and session duration, the SVM RF
classifier achieves a maximum Accuracy - 90%
estimate accuracy of 92.31 %. The
accuracy of the classification of the
combined marks is higher only
than the visual capabilities
(maximum rating accuracy 84.62
percent) or the time of the study
(maximum rating accuracy 84.62
percent).

[17] Ping-I Lin et Classification accuracy can be• Due to the lack of other individual RF, SVM Figshare
al(2021) improved up to 90% by using RF templates to test, it may be difficult Accuracy - 90%
algorithm and SVM algorithms. to find additional features from the
limited templates within the SVM.

[19] Munirul et al Assuring that parents and Three controllable machine research DT, LR, KNN, UCI storage
(2021) guardians provide their children models with KNN and ANN logistic ANN
with a comprehensive method of regression reach only 85% accuracy. -95% accuracy
informing them about important
events.
[20] Chaitra et al With a combined feature set of Larger datasets were not used. Recursive- ABIDE
(2020) 70.1 percent accuracy, a diagnosis Psychiatric and neurologic disorders Cluster-
may be made. features were not examined Elimination SVM. Accuracy - 67.3%

3. METHODS
This literature review was done to examine how machine
learning methods are used in autism spectrum disorder
prediction. Some of the most commonly used algorithms
were DT, NB, LR, SVM, RF, K-NN, RFC. Among this by
combining features, the SVM classifier was capable of
achieving an accuracy of 92.31% [18].
Figure 2 shows the basic block diagram of ASD Prediction.
The workflow for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
consists of 2 basic steps which involves Data
Preprocessing, ASD classification. Preprocessing is the
process of preparing raw data for further processing by
performing any type of processing on it. The data includes
both individuals with and without ASD. Features are
typically collected from an ASD and TD person. After
selecting the features, the resulting features are sent to the
classification section. The

Classification section classifies ASD using various

techniques. Machine learning has more predictive models,
the proposed method will use the best predictive model.

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Figure 2. Basic block diagram of Autism Spectrum Disorder Prediction

ABBREVIATIONS
3.1 DATASET SVM-Support Vector Machine
To Diagnose ASD, several datasets are available. LDA-Linear Discriminant Analysis
Generally, Autism dataset is collected from ABIDE-I, DT-Decision Tree
ABIDE-II, UCI Machine Learning Repository, NDAR, RF-Random Forest
Kaggle, Deep, Seed, figshare data repository. VIPS-Vision Based Page Segmentation
EEG-Electroencephalogram
In UCI Repository, there are three types of datasets: Autism LSVM-Lagrangian Support Vector Machine
Screening Adult, Autistic Spectrum Disorder Screening FDA- Flexible Discriminant Analysis
Data for Children, and Autistic Spectrum Disorder MDA- Multiple Discriminant Analysis
Screening Data for Adolescent. RML-Rules-based Machine Learning
KNN-K-nearest neighbour
4. DISCUSSION ARIA-Automatic Retinal Image Analysis
The goal of this review paper is to combine works that NB-Naïve Bayes
have examined ASD utilising machine learning concepts. ANN-Artificial Neural Network
According to the study, some ML and DL algorithms used RFC- Random Forest Classifier
for autism include ANN, SVM, and deep neural network, LR-Linear Regression
Decision tree, linear regression, random forest, Naïve CNN-Convolutional Neural Network
Bayes and more included. Some algorithms are combined TP-True Positive
with feature extraction or feature selection methods to TN-True Negative
improve results. The next phase is in implementing FP-False Positive
machine learning for the diagnosis of ASD is to reduce FN-False Negative
processing time and increase diagnostic accuracy while AUC-Area under Curve
increasing complexity. UCI-University of California Irvine Machine Learning
The performance of the sample was calculated using Repository
evaluation values. Table 2 shows the image classification ABIDE I and II-Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange I
evaluation metrics. and II
Table 2 Evaluation criteria for classification NDAR-National Database for Autism Research
Accuracy(ACC) 𝑇𝑃 + 𝑇𝑁
𝐴𝐶𝐶 = REFERENCES
𝑇𝑃 + 𝑇𝑁 + 𝐹𝑃 + 𝐹𝑁
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Precision(PRC) 𝑇𝑃 spectrum disorder using machine learning techniques: An
𝑃𝑅𝐶 =
𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑃 experimental analysis on toddler, child, adolescent and adult
datasets. Health Inf Sci Syst. 2021 Apr 6;9(1):17. doi:
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Detection of Traffic on the Network based on a Real
Dataset for the IIM method and ML-TSDS Algorithm
1 2
Mr. Sugin S.V *,
Research Scholar,
SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur,
Chennai.
sugin.sv@gmail.com
0000-0002-4166-0422
ABS TRACT: Anomaly identification is a technique commonly
used for monitoring the network traffic with the main goal to
distinguish the normal and anomalous network activity using
Intrusion Identification Methods (IIM) on an actual network
dataset. This study has used the TS DS (Technique for S ampling
Difficult S ets) method, which yield good results. ML techniques
that can accurately recognize abnormalities based on known data
flows can benefit from the input data packets acquired from
network devices. The nine different forms of network attacks
(traffic issues) defined in the UNS W-NB15 dataset were
identified using different ML methods in this article, including
KNN, NB, RF, and S VC. The effectiveness of identifying security
issues was tested using simulated network attacks and acquired
the packet information on actual connected devices. As UNS W-
NB15 is a strongly uneven training set of data, Area under the
ROC curve (AUC) values were employed to evaluate the
effective-ness of segmentation systems. The technique for
sampling difficult sets produced the best results in the detection
of the sample dataset and the dataset of actual congestion with
AUC scores of 91% and 96%, respectively.
Keywords: Intrusion Identification Methods, Machine Learning,
Packet Transmission, Technique for S ampling Difficult S ets.
1. INTRODUCTION:
Attacks on cyber security have become more
frequent and sophisticated throughout time, involving more
sophisticated and ongoing defensive strategy innovation
today. Machine learning is being explored as a different
approach or extra protection against cyber security assaults as
computer power increases, hardware and software prices fall.
The capacity of Machine Learning to identify dangerous
network activity using packet data on network activity is
examined in this research as a potential security measure.
It is available to test machine learning algorithms and
improve the variables in order to more detect or classify
imbalances in the real network traffic. Either Python
programming or the Scikit-Learn platform are used to analyze
normal network traffic, which solves the evaluation issue for
ML. Machine learning algorithms in Scikit learn may be
quickly developed and deployed for identification, linearity,
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Dr. M. Kanchana *,
Associate Professor,
SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur,
Chennai.
kanchanm@srmist.edu.in
0000-0002-6961-4735
and other tasks using ML. The aspects of the observed issue
that may be measured or quantified are referred to as the input
parameters and are known as features [9] [10]. The reasons for
the outcome characteristics are given a class assigned using
the technique, which is an observation about the outcome rate.
The classification challenge, which tries to predict, accurately
label, and tell the difference between normal traffic and
unusual traffic, includes how hard it is to find mistakes in
network data.
2. RELATED WORKS:
A review of the research makes reference to many
flaws in the study, including algorithm optimization with
limited samples because more collected data can lead to
increased efficiency, making use of algorithms without
processing or only encoding one technique to identify
features, an unbalanced dataset and insufficient (basic)
algorithm performance monitoring and classification of
algorithm efficiency using created data without comparing to
performance utilizing huge datasets [12].
The KNN, NB, RF and SVC algorithms are some of
the machine learning categories that the authors analyze for
anomaly identification. The UNSW-NB15 dataset's speed and
accuracy, recall, Mean Squared Error(MSE),TPR and FPR of
various classifiers are evaluated. The results of the
experiments show that the TSDS classifier is a good
representation of some other classifiers with a 96.29%
accuracy rate.
The capacity to identify abnormalities in the
classification of binary and multiple classes is compared by
the authors [15] [16] of across 12 different machine learning
techniques. The CSE-CIC-IDS2018, NSL-KDD and UNSW-
NB15 datasets were utilized for the experiments, which were
run on three publicly accessible datasets based on the
evaluation's findings, it can be shown TSDS algorithm is more
effective in terms of detection, accuracy, and precision. The
literature study reveals potential ways to combine cyber
security with machine learning. The efficiency of different
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ML techniques may be assessed and compared using open
datasets.
Using KNN, NB, RF, and SVC, the authors of [11]
offer a network anomaly detection method. When making
comparisons, the follo- wing criteria were used: Performance
metrics for binary classification include accuracy, TPR, FPR,
recall, and precision. The above ML technique was more
accurate (81.69%) and worked better than all other classifiers
on the UNSW-NB15 dataset.
3. ML ALGORITHMS:
Machine learning techniques, according to may be
divided into the following learning methods: reinforcement,
supervised, unsuper- vised and semi supervised based on the
level of human responsibility and oversight of the process of
training. The objective of classifier is to build a modeling
from identified documentation that can forecast potential data.
Classification and regression are the two most typical
supervised ML tasks. The system must forecast discrete
values for fresh examples, such as category [13], class, or
label, in classification issues. The continuous response
variable's value is anticipated in regression issues.
The ML algorithms use a variety of methods and
training datasets that have already been sorted to classify new
datasets. The most significant examples of supervised learning
were executed in this investigative process and accor- ding to,
supervised ML algorithms fall into the following categories:
KNN, NB, RF and SVC.
4. CLASSIFICATION METRICS:
Metric values are used to evaluate the machine
learning algorithm's effectiveness. A distinct classification
factor that evaluates the particular aspects and assessment
related preferences are used to resolve categorization
evaluations [7] [14]. There are several methods for rating
classifiers, and the classification issue most frequently
employs the following categories of metrics:
4.2 TSDS Algorithm:
It is difficult for the classifier to distinguish between
different traffic data types during training since imbalanced
networks have equivalent structures. Minority assaults in
particular might resemble a lot of regular traffic [1]. Most of
the classes in the comparable instances from the uneven
training set are duplicated noise data. We compress the
majority class because the number is significantly the majority
class is larger and the identifier cannot learn the
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4.1 Evaluati on Indicators:
In this research, we employ unusual appearance to
modify the large elements and do 10-fold cross validation to
get the predicted value. As evaluation indicators, we employ
F1 score, Time, Precision, Recall, Accuracy, and ROC curve.
The following is a collection of pertinent formulas, where TP
indicates the level of optimistic packets that are correctly
categ-orized. FP for the level of incorrectly classified
optimistic packets; TN for the variety of TN packets; FN for
the variety of FN packets.
The accuracy metric counts how many predicted
optimistic packets are really present in the samples.
Precision=TP/(TP + FP) ------------------------- (1)
Recall is the percentage of correctly detected training
examples:
Recall=TP / (TP + FN) --------------------------- (2)
The number of samples that were correctly categorized is
accuracy:
Accuracy=(TP + TN) / (TP + FP + TN + FN) -(3)
The F1score denotes the periodic median of recall and
precision.
F1score = 2 * Precision * Recall / (Precision + Recall)
------------ (4)
The ROC curve shows the relationship between the
TPR and FPR. The TPR looks at how often positive
examples are wrongly labeled as negative; while the FPR
looks at how often negative examples are wrongly labeled as
positive.
characteristics of the minority class. Continuous qualities
vary, while the discrete characteristics of the minority class
are constant [2]. As a result, the continuous qualities of the
minority class are magnified to provide data that follows the
genuine distribution. As a result, we suggest using the TSDS
algorithm (Table 1) to balance the scales.
By using the Modified Nearest Neighbor (MNN)
algorithm, the imbalanced training set is first divided into sets
for close and far neighbors. The samples in the far-neighbor
set are referred to as simple test results, but the values in the
shortest distance set are referred to as challenging samples,
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since the samples in the nearest neighbor set are more similar
than dissimilar [3][4].The minority results are in the
challenging set are then focused in and out. We scale the
entire process using KNN, NB, RF, and SVC algorithms. The
issue needs to be solved of class imbalance in network traffic
when presented with mismatched data. We provide a unique
Technique for Sampling Difficult Sets (TSDS) [1].This
technique successfully when balance is reduced and improves
the effectiveness of the identification model when learning
challenging samples. On two benchmark datasets, we verified
using both conventional ML and DL algorithms [5][6].
Faced with this imbalanced traffic on the internet, we
suggested the Technique for Sampling Difficult Sets (TSDS)
algorithm[8][9], which compresses the majority class samples
while in tough situations, enhancing the quantity of minority
samples is a must to decrease the training set's imbalance and
allow the intrusion identification method to improve category
performance [10]. The identification model we proposed is
represented in Figure1.[17] For classification models, as
classifiers; employ RF, SVM, KNN and NB.
The imbalanced training set is initially split into two
groups: neighbors and outliers, using the Modified Nearest
Neighbor (MNN) technique. Because it is quite difficult for
the classification to comprehend the differences between the
segments from the highly compare- able examples in the near-
neighbor set, we refer to the extracts in the near-neighbor set
as "challenging sets" and the extracts in the far-neighbor set as
"simple sets". After that, we transfer our attention to the
underrepresented subset inside the challenging set, and we
enlarge and shrink it to investigate it in greater depth. Finally,
a new training set is built by mixing the samples from the
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simple set, the minority in the challenging set, and the
reinforcement samples. The MNN approach uses the K nearest
neighbors as a global measuring aspect. For larger values of
K, we see an increase in the number of challenging sets, the
pace of compression for the vast most of the samples, and the
score of synthesis for the minority of classes. Notation-ally,
the TSDS algorithm is represented as Table1.
4.3 The UNSW-NB15 Network dataset:
The dataset UNSW-NB15 and machine learning are
the foundations of the identification model used to confirm
real network traffic data. Figure1 shows the model
architecture. The origin- nal traffic in the UNSW-NB15
dataset was made in the Cyber Range Lab at UNSW Canberra.
They used the IXIA Perfect Storm tool to mix real world
actions with made-up attacks. [20] Four separate CSV files
include a total of 2540044 records. This data collection covers
9 different categories of assault including Worms, Shellcode,
Fuzzers, Analysis, Backdoors, DoS, Generic, Exploits and
Reconnaissance. It is required to narrow down the
characteristics compared to those that are same and choose
only the methods that will be used because the original
UNSW-NB15 dataset and the dataset received from the packet
a specific network method are not identical. By comparing the
features of the packet filtering and UNSW-NB15 datasets [18]
[19], the packet dataset's format was developed in accordance
with the suggestions of the producer of network equipment.
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Table 1: TSDS Algorithm.

Algorithm: TSDS Algorithm

Source: Irregular strength and conditioning S, Measuring aspect K

Outcome: Raw training equipment SN
1: Different Simple and challenging sets
2: Get every data from S, then assign it to SE
3: for each element € SE do
4: Construct the KNN
5: Eliminate the values from SE whose KNN have the most elements of a specific class.
6: end for.
7: Simple set SE , challenging set, SD = S - SE
8: Reduce the variety of sources for the challenging segment centroids.
9: Choose the variety of the SD values and set us to SMaj
10: Utilize the K-Cluster and KMeans techniques.
11: Replace the majority with the K cluster centroids values in SMaj.
12: Reduce the most of the datasets SMaj
13: Reinforcement
14: Choose the majority of the SD values and set us to SMin
15: Consider the unique aspects from SMin and set us to XD
16: Extract the Constant characteristics from SMin and set us to XC
17: Get the Attribute features from SMin and set us to W.
18: for n € length (K, K + No/ SMin.Shapevalue[0]) do
19: XD1 = XD
20: XC1 = XC x (1-1/n)
21: XD2 = XD
22: XC2 = XC x (1+1/n)
23: SZ assign[begin ( XC1 , XD1 , W ), begin ( XC2 , XD2 , W )]
24: end for.
25: Improved train value, SN = ( SE + SMin + SMaj + SZ )

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Fig 1: Classification model of UNSW-NB15 dataset and TSDS algorithm.

In Table 2, we calculated the classifiers for each
sample method. The average precision, accuracy, recall and
F1score are shown in Figure 2. On the CSE-CIC-IDS2018 and
NSL-KDD data sets, the sampling methods using KNN, NB,
RF, and SVC all perform better than the original approach. In
Table 2 it mentioned recall, F1score accuracy, and precision.
The graph was made using these parameters as a source.
The improvement is quite minor in terms of F1-Score
and forecast efficiency. The average accuracy and F1-Score of
the proposed TSDS method have increased by 90.56%,
89.67%, and 89.16%, 85.17%, respectively, making it signi-
ficantly better. After applying the KNN, NB, RF, and SVC
sampling algorithms to the UNSW-NB15 source data,
improvements are negligibly increased. When the training set
and TSDS method sampling suggested in this study are used,
the median F1-score goes up by 91.17% and the average
accuracy goes up by 96.29%.

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Fig 2: Comparison of the efficiency of various sampling techniques.

Table 2: The comparison of the reference and real datasets for precision, recall, accuracy and F1-score
Sl F1-
Dataset Algorithm Attack Precision Recall Accuracy
No Score

KNN Normal 76% 56.9% 75.94% 59%

NB DoS 75.3% 80% 77.10% 67.5%

1 NSL-KDD RF DoS 65.21% 81.67% 76.94% 67.5%

SVC BOT 40% 50% 76.09% 47.46%

TSDS DDoS 85.4% 92% 90.56% 89.67%

KNN DDoS 66% 46.98% 93.75% 59.2%

NB DoS 65.67% 70% 92.19% 45.67%

CSE-CIC-
2 RF DDoS 55.2% 71.67% 93.42% 57.5%
IDS2018
SVC BOT 60% 70% 93.43% 57%

TSDS DoS 75.81% 82% 89.16% 85.17%

KNN R2L 76.45% 56.98% 77.79% 59%

NB DoS 75% 74% 80.69% 65.67%

UNSW-
3 RF BruteForce 67.08% 71.67% 79.34% 77.5%
NB15
SVC Shellcode 87.45% 74% 81.69% 67%

TSDS DoS 86.34% 90.56% 96.29% 91.17%

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According to experimental findings for the CSE-
CIC-IDS2018, NSL-KDD datasets the dissimilar ML
algorithms to classify the accuracy level are decreasing, but if
we use the UNSW-NB15 dataset for the classifier TSDS
algorithm, the level of accuracy is 96.29% increasing.
The best outcome was obtained by the TSDS
algorithm, which had values of 90.56% for AUC and 89.67%
for F1 score. A larger score indicates a preferred but also
more precise identification. The graphs in Figure 3 of the
ROC curve and AUC also support the purple line optimal
outcome of the TSDS method. A line that takes up more
space on the x axis indicates that the model is more successful
at classifying the data into positive and negative categories.
Table 3: AUC scores with NSL-KDD dataset
scores
The exact similar methods with similar parameters
examined actual traffic performance gathered from equipment
on the network. Table 3 displays the results.
Real network traffic that was gathered from network
devices was classified using a proposed model that was
learned from the UNSW-NB15 dataset. According to Table 4,
the TSDS algorithm produced the greatest results, which were
a 96.29% AUC score and a 91.17% F1-score.
Figure 4 displays the AUC score outcomes for the
dataset gathered from network devices after categorization
using machine learning methods. The purple line, which
stands for the TSDS method and takes up more space with the
best classification algorithm along the x axis, is represented.
Table 4: AUC scores with UNSW-NB15 dataset

ML Algorithm F1 AUC
ML Algorithm F1 AUC KNN 0.5900 0.7779
KNN 0.5921 0.7594 NB 0.6567 0.8069
NB 0.6747 0.7710
RF 0.7750 0.7934
RF 0.6750 0.7694 SVC 0.6702 0.8169
SVC 0.4746 0.7609
TSDS 0.9117 0.9629
TSDS 0.8967 0.9056

Fig 4: The UNSW-NB15 network traffic dataset ROC curves

and AUC scores

Fig 3: The NSL-KDD dataset for ROC curves and AUC

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Table 5: Performance analysis of present accuracy and existing accuracy

Sl Author Attack Algorithm Dataset Accuracy

No
1
L. Liu, IEEE Access [1] DoS RF CSE-CIC-IDS2018 93.42%
2 G. De Carvalho Bertoli,
DoS KNN CSE-CIC-IDS2018 93.75%
IEEE Access [9]
77.10%
3 M. Wang, IEEE Access[5] DoS NB NSL-KDD
A. Kavousi, IEEE Havex
4 KNN NSL-KDD 75.94%
Transactions[6] Malware
M. A. Siddiqi, IEEE
5 Botnet SVM CSE-CIC-IDS2018 93.43%
Access[8]
Z. Chkirbene , IEEE NSL-KDD
6 DoS RF 76.94%
Systems [7]
NSL-KDD
7 Y. Uhm, IEEE Access [10] DoS SVM 76.09%
8
G. Kocher[18] DDoS RF UNSW-NB15 79.34%
Z. K. Maseer, IEEE Access
9 DDoS NB CSE-CIC-IDS2018 92.19%
[4]
77.79%
DoS KNN UNSW-NB15
N. Moustafa, MilCIS 2015
10
[20] 96.29%
DoS TSDS UNSW-NB15

research will exclusively utilize data from actual network

Table 5 compares the dataset accuracy for each
sampling technique based on the attack. In the UNSW-NB15,
CSE-CIC-IDS2018, and NSL-KDD datasets, the sampling
methods using KNN, NB, RF, and SVC all perform lower
than the original TSDS algorithm.
5. CONCLUS ION AND FUTURE WORK:
For the ML identification of actual net- work traffic
using packet telemetry data, the TSDS technique outperforms
all other regularly used classification algorithms (KNN, NB,
RF, and SVC). On the reference NSL-KDD dataset machine
learning with classification using the TSDS approach
produced an AUC score of 90.56% and an F1-score of
89.67%. Actual network traffic classification yielded AUC
96.29% and F1-score 91.17% results which significantly
varied in F1-score from the UNSW-NB15 dataset has been
classified. This study is unique in that it categorizes real
service perfor- mance with additional imbalances, and its
success is evaluated by comparing it to the traits and
identification strategy of a collection of data that is available
to the general public. The results show that utilizing the best
algorithm on a publicly available collection of data may
success- fully identify genuine network activity. A next
traffic that involves instances of actual security while under
controlled private network setups and will employ a bigger
collection of actual network activity with longer traffic
monitoring intervals.
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https://doi: 10.4236/ jilsa. 2014.61005.

[16] D. Li, C. Yu, Q. Zhou, and J. Yu, “Using SVM to Detect DDoS Attack
in SDN Network,” IOP Conf. Ser.Mater. Sci.Eng.,vol.466,no.1,20 18
.https://DOI:10.1088/1757-899X/466/1/ 012 003.

[17] C. Khammassi and S. Krichen, “A GA-LR wrapper approach for feature

selection in network intrusion detection,” Comput. Secur., vol. 70, no. June,
pp. 255–277, 2017.https:// doi.org/ 10. 1016/j.cose.2017.06.005.

[18] G. Kocher and G. Kumar, “Performance Analysis of Machine Learning

Classifiers for Intrusion Detection using UNSW -NB15 Dataset, ”pp.31-
40,2020.https://doi.org/10.51 21/ csit.20 20.102004.

[19] N. Elmrabit, F. Zhou, F. Li, and H. Zhou, “Evaluation of Machine

Learning Algorithms for Anomaly Detection,”Int.Conf.Cyber Secur. Prot.
Digit. Serv. Cyber Secur.2020,2020.https:// doi.
org/10.1109/CyberSecurity49315.2020.9138871.

[20] N. Moustafa and J. Slay, UNSW-NB15: A comprehensive data set for

network intrusion detection systems (UNSW-NB15 network data set), 2015

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
A Machine Learning based Approach for Breast
Cancer Prediction
Mayank Agrawal
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Engineering
and Applications,
GLA University, Mathura, India
mayank.agrawal@gla.ac.in
Abstract— Breast cancer is currently a rather frequent kind of
cancer. Recently, it has been observed in many women, and it has
been responsible for several fatalities. In order to prevent this
terrible disease, it is important to forecast the likelihood of cancer
in its earliest stages. Machine learning is a novel AI approach
whose potential for cancer prediction has not yet been fully
understood. In this work, the ability of machine learning classifiers
is employed to forecast breast cancer. Machine learning
algorithms applied in this work to predict the breast cancer are
Support Vector Classifier, Random Forest Classifier, KNN
Classifier, and Logistic Regression Classifier. The experiment's
findings show that Logistic Regression outperforms the other
three prediction methods.
Keywords— Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Breast
Cancer Prediction
I. INTRODUCTION
In order to calculate a girl's chance of obtaining the illness,
breast most cancers chance is evaluated the use of
acknowledged chance factors [2-4]. A chance of girl is
calculated with the assist of facts she gives, along with her age,
reproductive records, non-public records of benign breast
illness, and family records of breast most cancers [2]. This data
is utilised with the aid of using numerous breast most cancers
chance models, along with the broadly used Breast Cancer Risk
Assessment Tool. To calculate a girl's germline chance of
growing breast most cancers, genetic models, or polygenic
chance scores (PRS), hire corporations of SNPs connected to
the illness [4]. Both questionnaire-primarily based totally and
genetic breast most cancers chance assessment methodologies
appear to have healing benefits, despite the fact that the addition
of blood epigenome facts might also additionally offer a unique
approach for enhancing breast most cancers prediction [5,6].
One of the leading causes of mortality for women worldwid
e is breast cancer. The American Cancer Society reports that o
ver 500 men and 41,760 women have lately passed away from
breast cancer. Normal, benign, insitu carcinoma, and invasive
carcinoma are the four primary subtypes of breast cancer [7].
A little modification in the breast's structure characterises a
benign tumour. It is not dangerous and is not a dangerous
malignancy. When in-situ carcinoma occurs, no other organs
are affected and the disease solely affects the mammary duct
lobule system. If detected early, this variety is not harmful and
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Vinod Jain,
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Engineering
and Applications,
GLA University, Mathura, India
vinod.jain@gla.ac.in
(ORCHID-0000-0003-0260-7319)
may be treated. Given its ability to spread to all other organs,
invasive carcinoma is regarded as the most serious kind of
breast cancer. Breast temperature monitoring, ultrasound, PET,
and MRI are just a few of the techniques that may be used to
identify breast cancer, according to the authors in [7]. The
staining procedure often involves the use of haematoxylin and
eosin (H&E). One of two methods—genomics or histological
image analysis—can be used to identify breast cancer.
Histopathological images, which are microscopic pictures of
breast tissue, are very helpful in the early stages of cancer
therapy.
Regarding genomics, the authors of [8] noted that radio-
genomics is a developing area of study that focuses on multi-
scale connections between gene expression data and medical
imaging. Both radiological and genetic characteristics are
provided by radio-genomics, which may improve diagnosis. It
can perform molecular analyses on tissues to aid in cancer
prognosis and early diagnosis. Imaging may result in over- or
under-treatment since it is less accurate. Although
histopathological imaging is significantly less effective than
radio-genomics, the latter is far less often utilised since it entails
costly datasets and heavy processing demands. As a
consequence, only a few laboratories investigate with radio-
genomics [8].
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Experts describe how health promotion, early disease
identification (screening), and improved management of
women at higher risk of illness may all contribute to the goal of
individualised healthcare for breast cancer in this article. On the
levels of communication, evidence, assessment, regulation, and
acceptability, authors have discussed how addressing specific
implementation and uptake challenges may be helpful.
Many researchers work on identification of breast cancer
using ML models. Some of the important contributions are
discussed here. A. Mangal et al. [1] proposed a model for
prediction of breast cancer using machine learning algorithms.
The k-NN, LR, DT, RF, and SVM with RB Function kernel are
six supervised machine learning techniques presented in this
study [10]. Adam Gradient Descent Learning, which includes
the advantages of the adaptable gradient method with root mean
square propagation, was also used for deep learning.
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
On the BC Wisconsin Diagnostic dataset, authors in this
study [11] applied 5 method of ML: SVM, RF, LR, DT, and
KNN. After getting the solutions, a PE and comparison between
these various classifiers is conducted. The major goal of this
study is to identify the machine-learning algorithms that are
most efficient in terms of confusion matrices, accuracy, and
precision when used to predict and diagnose breast cancer.
Support vector machines were shown to perform better than all
other classifiers and to have the greatest accuracy (97.2%). All
activities are performed using the Scikit-learn module and
Python programming language-based Anaconda environment.
This work may be expanded in the future by combining other
DS and employing the FML approach to the data to retrieve
more precise and encouraging findings. In this study [16], the
SVM, KNN, RF, ANNs, and LR are 5 supervised ML
algorithms that the authors compare. The UCI ML data-set, a
well-known ML database, is where the WBC data-set was
found. With regard to accuracy, sensitivity, specificity,
precision, NP value, FN rate, FP rate, F1 score. Authors in this
paper [18] suggest a decision tree and adaptive boosting breast
cancer prediction model (Adaboost). The study makes use of
breast cancer data that was collected from of the Kaggle data
repository. 212 (or 37.25%) of the 569 observations in the
dataset are benign whereas 62.74% are malignant. The dataset
is severely unbalanced, as shown by the class distribution, and
a learning method like a DT is biased toward the benign
observations, which has poor predictive accuracy for the
malignant observations.
The authors of this study [19] recommend utilizing device
learning (ML) to classify sufferers with triple bad and non-triple
bad breast most cancers the usage of gene expression records.
Methods: By analysing RNA-Sequence records from a hundred
and ten triple bad and 992 non-triple bad breast most cancers
tumour samples and the authors decided on the traits (genes)
used within side the layout and validation of the class models.
The scientists looked at four distinct classification models,
including SVM, KNN, NB, and DT. On various gene
expression datasets, the recommended approaches were utilised
to assess and verify their effectiveness. In order to validate the
outcomes acquired using the WBCD database, it is crucial to
think about how to apply the same algorithms and techniques to
other datasets [9]. In their next research, the authors want to use
their machine learning techniques as well as others, applying
additional parameters to bigger data sets with more illness
types. It should be emphasised that the WBCD database is the
only one for which the findings were acquired, which might be
seen as a restriction of their work. This study [14] suggests a
modern ensemble-based architecture called MHS to better
accurately forecast breast cancer. In this model, the Extra Trees
classifier integrates the properties from VIF, Correlation of
Pearson, and IG to extract the most relevant features and find
the tumours' hidden patterns. Based on the results, the authors
concluded that the performance of the recommended
framework is flawless because the Extra Trees method chooses
more suitable characteristics. Furthermore, since it is
successful, experts advise using this suggested framework to
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identify this disease. BC treatment and recovery will be more
effective if this approach is used. Future research may find it
beneficially challenging to apply this approach to larger
datasets and, if feasible, to evaluate it on a broader scale.
Additionally, The MHS may interact with several optimization
methods, like PSO, ACO, and GA (Genetic Algorithm) (ACO
method). These methods may be used to accurately choose the
optimum ensemble algorithm settings. The important
contributions to predict breast cancer are as discussed here. The
authors of this research [15] suggest a fine-tuning strategy for
neural networks that uses AlexNet for training of network.
Therefore, to identify the normal and abnormal areas of breast
cancer, scientists modified the first and final three layers of
AlexNet in the suggested model. The suggested model is more
effective and significant since it performs better during training
and testing, with accuracy rates of 98.44% and 98.1%,
respectively. Therefore, this research demonstrates that fine-
tuning in neural networks may identify breast cancer using MRI
images, and that utilising the suggested approach to train a
neural network classifier is quicker and more effective. This
study's [17] comparative analysis of seven Deep Learning
techniques used the WBC data-set. The most effective
algorithms were determined to be LSTM and GRU, both of
which generated favourable results for most of the performance
metrics used in this study, including an accuracy of over 98%.
Future iterations of this research will broaden its reach to
incorporate those novel, promising algorithms.
D. P. Yadav et al. [21][22] proposed machine learning
models for bone fracture, heart disease and Leukemia. Pandian
in [23] identify and classify cancer using image processing and
capsule network. T. Vijayakumar in [24] perform cancer
prediction using neural network. Lot of research has been done
and many researchers [12] [20] contributed to stop breast
cancer. But there is need to do more research in this area to stop
this disease.
III. PROPOSED WORK
This work serves as an example of how ML models may be
used to forecast the likelihood of breast cancer. Some machine
learning models are selected for the implementation which are
best selected methods for this problem in the literature [12] [13]
[15]. Python language is selected for the experiments as it
provides a rich set of libraries for this kind of work.
A. Classification Task
Breast cancer prediction was one of the categorization issues
that the recommended technique took into account. Depending
on the problem, the patient will either be benign or malignant.
The single attribute is thought of as output, whilst the other
qualities are thought of as inputs. Figure 1 depicts the suggested
approach for machine learning-based breast cancer prediction.
In this work, initial cleaning of the data set is done. Then the
instances are divided into training and testing data set according
to 80-20 ratio. The accuracy is measured as a comparative
parameter for all the four ML models which are KNN, RF,
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SVM and LR. These models are used by many researchers to identify the dependent variable to belong with any of the two
predict diseases [12] [21] [22]. So these ML models are selected classes which are either 0 or 1. These four ML models are used
for prediction of breast cancer in this work. in this research.
In this study, machine learning methods are used to examine
B. Data Set and Attributes this data collection. The proposed ML models are first trained
The Wisconsin Hospitals dataset, which is accessible at on the selected data set. Then the prediction accuracy is
Kaggle.com, provided the data set for the study's breast cancer measured by using testing data.
prediction model [11]. 32 patient characteristics from the data
set are utilised to forecast cancer. The data collection has 569
occurrences altogether. The data set is available in csv format IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
can be downloaded freely from Kaggle repository. Each
occurrence can therefore have: Benin or Malignant. In the data Machine learning approaches for classification are
set 357 are benign instances and 212 are malignant instances. employed in the prediction of cancer. We contrast four ML
methods. Table 1 displays the support vector classifier, random
Malignant or benign tumours can both occur in the body
forest classifier, k-nearest neighbours, and logistic regression
(cancerous). It is typical for benign tumours to develop slowly
prediction accuracy. The prediction accuracy is measured on
and not spread. Malignant tumours have the ability to spread the percentage of instances it predicts correctly from the testing
throughout the body, develop quickly, infiltrate neighbouring data set.
normal tissues, and do great damage. The working of the
proposed models is discussed here. Table 1 demonstrates that in terms of prediction accuracy,
the Logistic Regression Classifier performs better than the
KNN, RF and SVM classifier.
The accuracy of the Logistic Regression Classifier, which is
98.18 percent, is the greatest of the four. The accuracy of the
proposed ML models is shown in figure 2 using a bar graph.
The bar graph is generated in MS-Excel using the data of table
1. From the bar graph, it is easily concluded that the LR is the
best performer for the proposed problem.
TABLE I : Comparison of Prediction
Sr. No. Machine Learning Prediction
Model Accuracy
1 KNN Model 96.23
2 Random Forest
96.28
Model
3 SVM Model 98.11
4 Logistic
98.18
Regression Model

98.5 98.11 98.18

Accuracy in %age

98
97.5
97 96.28
96.5 96.23
96
95.5
95

Fig. 1. Proposed Model.

K-Nearest Neighbours Algorithm is a very popular ML

model mainly used for classification purpose. It works on Machine Learning Model
finding the nearest neighbor of an instance. Random Forest
Algorithm mix the outcome of many decision trees to make the Fig. 2. Bar Graph for Achieved Accuracy
final decision. SVM is also a reliable ML model mainly used
for classification. Logistic Regression is a ML model used to

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
In this work, four machine learning classifiers are applied to
the well-known WBCD breast cancer database. With a score of
98.18 percent, it has been shown that the "Logistic Regression"
surpasses the other three KNN, RF and SVM classifiers. In the
future, breast cancer may be predicted using different ML
algorithms. Future study may be conducted to see whether the
LR classifier is producing the best results for cancer prediction
and to assess its accuracy in predicting tumours of various sorts.
This work is a novel approach as it works on achieving the best
prediction accuracy for breast cancer prediction. Some future
directions of this work are discussed here. The other types of
the errors will be calculated in future. The time taken by
different algorithm in training and testing will also be discussed
in future.
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(IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC), Palladam, India,
2021, pp. 464-466. doi: 10.1109/I-SMAC52330.2021.9640813
[2] Gail, M. H., Brinton, L. A., Byar, D. P., Corle, D. K., Green, S. B.,
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[3] Louro, J., Posso, M., Hilton Boon, M., Román, M., Domingo, L., Castells,
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[4] Mavaddat, N., Michailidou, K., Dennis, J., Lush, M., Fachal, L., Lee, A.,
& MacInnis, R. J. (2019). Polygenic risk scores for prediction of breast
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[5] Terry, M. B., Liao, Y., Whittemore, A. S., Leoce, N., Buchsbaum, R.,
Zeinomar, N., ... & MacInnis, R. J. (2019). 10-year performance of four
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20(4), 504-517.
[6] Yanes T, Young MA, Meiser B & James PA (2020) Clinical applications
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[7] Zhou, X., Li, C., Rahaman, M. M., Yao, Y., Ai, S., Sun, C., ... & Teng, Y.
(2020). A comprehensive review for breast histopathology image analysis
using classical and deep neural networks. IEEE Access, 8, 90931-90956.
[8] Sutanto, D. H., & Ghani, M. K. A. (2015). A benchmark of classification
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[9] Moorthie, S., de Villiers, C. B., Burton, H., Kroese, M., Antoniou, A. C.,
Bhattacharjee, P., ... & Schmidt, M. K. (2022). Towards implementation
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
of comprehensive breast cancer risk prediction tools in health care for
personalised prevention. Preventive Medicine, 159, 107075.
[10] Gupta, P., & Garg, S. (2020). Breast cancer prediction using varying
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[11] Naji, M. A., El Filali, S., Aarika, K., Benlahmar, E. H., Abdelouhahid, R.
A., & Debauche, O. (2021). Machine learning algorithms for breast cancer
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[12] Uttam, A.K., Mangal, A., "Application of extreme gradient boosting
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F. (2022). Meta-health stack: a new approach for breast cancer
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Ahmed, R., ... & Yeun, C. Y. (2022). Breast Cancer Prediction
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(2020). Breast cancer prediction: a comparative study using machine
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[17] Ghosh, P., Azam, S., Hasib, K. M., Karim, A., Jonkman, M., & Anwar,
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[22] D. P. Yadav, "Feature Fusion based Deep Learning method for Leukemia
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[24] Vijayakumar, T. "Neural network analysis for tumor investigation and
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Covid-19 Infection Segmentation Using Deep
Learning Techniques
Arya R
Electronics and Communication Engineering
College of Engineering Trivandrum
Thiruvananthapuram, India
aryarajitha123@gmail.com
Abstract—The rapid spread of the disease after COVID-19’s
emergence in 2019 has presented enormous problems to medical
institutions. The diagnosis process will go more rapidly if the
infected region in the COVID-19 CT image can be automatically
segmented, which will aid clinicians in promptly identifying
the patient’s illness. Automated lung infection identification
using computed tomography scans is a more general approach.
However, segmenting sick areas from CT slices is quite difficult.
In this work, a diagnosis system based on deep learning methods
is being created to identify and quantify COVID-19 infection and
screen for pneumonia using CT imaging.
Here, Unet++ approaches, U-net architecture based on CNN
encoder and CNN decoder, and Attention Unet segmentation
techniques are used. These methods are applied for quick and
accurate picture segmentation to produce segmentation models
for lung and infection. Fourfold cross-validation has been used as
a re-sampling method to improve skill estimate on unseen data.
To enable volume ratio calculating and determine infection rate,
the lung and infection volumes have been reconfigured. 20 CT
scan cases were used in this study, and the data were split into
two, training dataset 70% and a validation dataset 30%. In this
study with three architectures it shows that basic Unet performs
well compared to other two architectures.
Index Terms—SARS-CoV-2, CT scans, deep learning, lung
segmentation, infection segmentation, attention Unet, Unet++,
Unet.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Corona virus disease 2019 is a pandemic ailment that is now
affecting the entire world (COVID-19). The Corona Virus Dis-
ease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic epidemic that impacts
every country in the world, according to the World Health Or-
ganization. People who carry COVID-19 have reported a wide
range of symptoms, from mild discomfort to serious disease.
2 to 14 days after the virus was initially exposed, symptoms
could start to show. Some possible symptoms include a fever or
chills, coughing, shortness of breath or breathing difficulties,
tiredness, headache, loss of taste or smell, sore throat, stuffy
or runny nose, nausea or vomiting, and diarrhoea. In order
to prevent the pandemic from spreading, reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is commonly picked from
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Deepak S
Electronics and Communication Engineering
College of Engineering Trivandrum
Thiruvananthapuram, India
deepaks@cet.ac.in
the market to test individuals for COVID-19 infection[1]. RT-
PCR, which is only used to determine whether the user is
infected, currently lacks sufficient precision. By using medical
images it is possible find the infection region more accurate, as
a result, in order to draw a conclusion, additional information
must be considered in addition to RT-PCR. The lung’s bilateral
patchiness or ground-glass opacity (GGO) can be seen on a
CT scan, providing more accurate pathological data. However,
a diagnosis and course of therapy are decided by the expert
judgement of medical personnel. Because there are few quali-
fied doctors in these locations and the workload in the infected
area is high when observed with the naked eye, it is possible
for imaging diagnosis and therapy to be employed in areas
with severe epidemics and a lack of medical resources. So we
require a technology to swiftly and automatically segment the
contaminated area of the COVID-19 patients’ lungs in order
to better manage the issues brought on by the virus [1,2].
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been exten-
sively utilised in the processing of medical images as a result
of the recent rapid growth of artificial intelligence, partic-
ularly deep learning technologies, and their potent feature
representation and extraction capabilities. In order to locate
and recognise anomalous qualities and areas of interest, deep
learning algorithms can be used to segment problems in
biological picture analysis (ROIs). NET-based designs and
popular deep learning architectures now on the market are
the most promising ones. In this study, a deep learning-based
diagnosis approach was created using clinical CT images
collected from a dataset of publically available chest CT scans
to automatically detect and assess areas thought to be infected
with the COVID-19 virus.
II. L ITERATURE R EVIEW
A well-researched area with several ecological protection
applications is deep learning-based COVID-19 detection. Re-
cently, methods for tracking the prevalence of illnesses have
been routinely used to analyse medical imaging. The devel-
opment of this subject has been hastened by the introduction
of artificial intelligence technologies and their extensive appli-
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cation for feature representation, the detection, and segmen-
tation of different medical conditions [3]. Ramzi Mahmoud
and others[4], It has been claimed to use CNN architecture
for image classification and the standard Unet architecture
for segmentation in a deep learning-based diagnosis system
for COVID-19 detection and pneumonia screening using CT
imaging. The segmentation system of this suggested model
gets dice scores of 0.98 and 0.91, respectively, and an accuracy
of 0.98 for the segmentation tasks involving the segmentation
of the lung and infection. Qin Zhang [5] They suggested a
new network structure and gave it the name QC-HC U-Net in
order to be able to automatically partition the contaminated
region. First, they create a new connection method by fusing
dense and residual connections, then they apply it to the
encoder and decoder. Second, in the decoder part, they decided
to include Hypercolumns. The enhanced network effectively
avoids vanishing gradient while extracting more information
when compared to the benchmark 3D U-Net. Deng-Ping Fan
[6] The automatic identification of infected regions from chest
CT slices is proposed using a novel COVID-19 Lung Infection
Segmentation Deep Network (Inf-Net). In their Inf-Net, the
high-level characteristics are combined to create a world map
using a parallel partial decoder. Jue Jiang [7] They created the
incremental-MRRN and dense-MRRN variants of the multiple
resolution residually connected network (MRRN). To detect
and segment the lung tumours, their networks simultaneously
incorporate information from different image resolutions and
feature levels using residual connections. Tongxue Zhou [8]
They suggest an attention-based segmentation network built
on the U-Net, Its obtained Hausdorff Distance and Dice
Score are 18.8 and 83.1%, respectively. Jun Ma [9] In this
work, they generated three benchmarks for lung and infection
segmentation based on 70 annotated COVID-19 instances,
which contain active research areas like few-shot learning,
domain generalisation, and knowledge transfer. Cheng Chen
[10] Automatic segmentation of lung lesions from COVID-19
computed tomography (CT) scans can help build a quantitative
model for diagnosis and treatment. In order to meet the
processing criteria for CT scans under the COVID-19 standard,
this work presents a novel segmentation technique. Laith
Abualigah [11] The Evolutionary Arithmetic Optimization Al-
gorithm is the foundation for the new multilevel thresholding
method proposed in this paper (AOA). Guotai Wang [12] They
first provide a novel COVID-19 Pneumonia Lesion segmenta-
tion network (COPLE-Net) to better handle the lesions with
different scales and appearances, which is a generalisation
of the Dice loss for segmentation and Mean Absolute Error
(MAE) loss for robustness against noise. Xiaocong Chen [13]
For the automatic segmentation of several COVID-19 infection
locations, they suggested an unique deep learning approach.
Specifically, they employ the soft attention mechanism to en-
hance the model’s capacity to differentiate a range of COVID-
19 symptoms and the Aggregated Residual Transformations to
acquire a robust and expressive feature representation.
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III. M ETHODOLOGY
The proposed approach in this study is composed of three
architectures for training and segment the lung CT images
of covid-19 patients. The process of segmentation involves
assigning a class to each pixel in the image. There are many
applications for image segmentation, including satellite imag-
ing, self-driving cars, and medical imaging, to name a few.
There are other image segmentation techniques accessible,
however in this case, we’re employing semantic segmentation
to separate Covid-19 CT pictures into their component parts.
Semantic segmentation is a deep learning technique that gives
each pixel in an image a label or category. Architecture used
for segmentation are Unet, Unet++ and attention Unet. Be-
cause U-net’s segmentation algorithms, which were developed
especially for medical image analysis, can precisely segment
images with only a little amount of training data. These
features, which offer U-net designs a very high utility within
the medical imaging community, have led to its widespread
adoption as the primary tool for segmentation tasks in medical
imaging. The widespread use of U-net algorithms in all
significant imaging modalities, including X-rays, MRI, CT
scans, and microscopes, illustrates the effectiveness of the
technology. Here, the covid-19 CT images were segmented
using three different designs, and the outcomes were com-
pared.
A. Unet
Four encoder blocks and four decoder blocks that are joined
by a bridge make up the U-shaped encoder-decoder network
design known as UNET. At each encoder block, the filter count
(feature channels) is doubled and the spatial dimensions are
cut in half by the encoder network (contracting path). The
decoder network also reduces the number of feature channels
by half and doubles the spatial dimensions. The encoder
network doubles the filter count (feature channels) and reduces
the spatial dimensions for each encoder block (contracting
path). Additionally, the decoder network reduces by half the
number of feature channels and increases by two the spatial
dimensions. A succession of encoder blocks are used by the
encoder network, which also functions as a feature extractor,
to develop an abstract representation of the input image. Each
encoder block is made up of two 3x3 convolutions, followed
by a ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) activation function. The
ReLU activation function increases the network’s nonlinearity,
resulting in better generalisation of the training data. The
output of the ReLU acts as a skip connection to the relevant
decoder block. In Fig. 1, the Unet architecture is displayed.
B. Attention Unet
Here, a novel attention gate (AG) paradigm for medical
imaging is developed, which automatically learns to concen-
trate on targets with a range of sizes and shapes. Models
developed using AGs automatically identify and suppress the
portions of the input image that are not relevant to a specific
job. Because of this, it is unnecessary to use explicit external
tissue/organ localization modules in cascaded convolutional
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Fig. 1. Unet Architecture[4].
neural networks (CNNs). To increase model sensitivity and
prediction accuracy, AGs can be readily added to popular CNN
architectures, such the U-Net model, without any additional
computing work. Experimental results show that AGs consis-
tently improve U-prediction Net performance while retaining
processing economy using a variety of datasets and training
sizes. The attention Unet’s architecture is shown in Figure 2.
Fig. 2. Attention Unet Architecture[14].
C. UNet++
UNet++ differs from the original U-Net in three ways:
1) Convolution layers on skip pathways are used, which
closes the semantic gap between encoder and decoder feature
mappings. 2) Multiple connections on skip pathways between
skips, which improves gradient flow. 3. Deep supervision
permits model pruning and, in the worst case, produces perfor-
mance that is superior to using only one loss layer. In UNet++,
an initial or backbone encoder sub-network is followed by a
decoder sub-network. Deep supervision and freshly built skip
routes (green and blue in Fig. 3) link the two sub-networks
(red in Fig 3). In Fig. 3, the UNet++ architecture is shown.
IV. E XPERIMENT
A. Data Set
Despite the surge in patients with COVID-19 infections
and the volumetric CT scans they undergo, labelled CT
scans are still only readily available in a small number of
settings. As a result, there are not as many CTS datasets
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Fig. 3. UNet++ Architecture[14].
available to the general public. This is why our team
decided to use the CTS dataset from Ma Jun et al. [17].
The dataset used by Ma Jun et al. was made available by
the Corona-cases Initiative [17] and Radiopaedia [15].
manually marked [16]. 20 validated COVID-19 individu-
als’ axial volumetric CT scans, 3138 lung CT images that
have been tagged, segmented, and verified by experienced
radiologists, as well as the associated lung CT images,
infection masks, and a superposition of the two masks,
are all included. Fig. 4 gives a summary of the database
that was used. This dataset is a publically available CT
image for Covid-19 in kaggle named as COVID-19 CT
scans. This dataset includes expertly segmented lung and
infection images along with 20 CT scans of individuals
with COVID-19 diagnoses. Here we are used this dataset
in the form of metadata. Starting with the 20 CT scan
Fig. 4. Sample images from dataset.
instances used in this study, we divided the data into
two portions: 70% for the training dataset and 30% for
the validation dataset. The lung segmentation step was
the first procedure we carried out. The development of
the lung segmentation model follows the introduction of
an Unet architecture based on CNN encoder and CNN
decoder techniques, attention Unet, and UNet++. The
infection segmentation model was created using the same
method in the second phase. The last step is to restore
the volume of the 20 examples. For each illustration,
we reconstructed the infection volumes after the lungs’
volumes. As described in Ramzi Mahmoudi et al.[8]. Fig
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5 shows a chest CT scan and its corresponding lung TABLE I

mask after prepossessing cropping. After prepossessing UN ET ++
cropping, Fig 4 displays a chest CT scan and its accom- Epoch Dice Coefficient loss val dice coefficient val loss
panying lung mask. The image’s size is decreased in this
1 0.1568 0.7625 0.1318 0.7625
prepossessing step from 250x250 to 180x180.
2 0.2092 0.6388 0.1301 0.7331

3 0.2406 0.5954 0.1264 0.6924

4 0.2674 0.5634 0.1250 0.6634

5 0.2896 0.5338 0.1229 0.6406

46 0.8869 0.0773 0.7608 0.1797

47 0.8340 0.1163 0.6991 0.2395

48 0.8558 0.1000 0.7496 0.1922

Fig. 5. A chest CT scan and its corresponding lung mask after prepossessing 49 0.8768 0.0851 0.7708 0.1784
cropping.
50 0.8828 0.0811 0.7787 0.1716

B. Segmentation Models
This network’s suggested segments cover the lung and
COVID-19 infection areas. The training for every model
was done independently. The U-Net, Attention Unet, and
UNet++ architectures were implemented in Google Colab
using the Adam Optimizer and the Keras library with
TensorFlow backend. Each design generates sigmoid acti-
vation by using a Relu operation as its activation function.
For the Unet++ and Attention Unet architectures, the
filter widths are 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256, while for the
Unet architecture, they are 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 and 512.
50 epochs are used to train each model. All subsequent
procedures are the same for each model till training.
C. Evaluation metrics
Dice Score (DS) coefficient and Intersection over Union
(IoU) metric are used to assess this model. The efficiency
of automated segmentation of Covid-19 CT images was
evaluated using the DS as a statistical validation measure.
The ratio of the total number of pixels to twice the overlap
area of the expected output and the ground truth can be
used to determine DS. The DS value ranges from 0 to 1,
where 0 denotes complete spatial overlap and 1 denotes
no overlap at all [18]. This is how the DS is determined
[19]:
2T P
DS = (1)
F N + F P + 2T P
In this context, TP stands for true positive, FP for false
positive, and FN for false negative prediction. IoU is
defined as the ratio of the area of union between the
anticipated segmentation’s overlap area and the ground
truth. The Jaccard index is another name for the IoU.
This is how the IoU is determined [18]:
TP
IoU =
TP + FP + FN
As seen below, both of these evaluation metrics are
connected and both have a restricted range of [0,1] and
are frequently close to the value of 1.
DICE
IoU = (3)
2 − DICE
V. R ESULTS
After training each model ie using Unet, attention Unet
and UNet++ with the same dataset we inferred that the
loss function is less in the case of attention unet and the
validation dice score is more in Unet when compared to
other architectures. Fig 6 shows the infection mask of the
original image after preprocessing stage. Expect training
models, all other steps are the same for each model. Each
model obtained certain advantages and disadvantages in
the case of loss function, validation dice coefficient,
validation loss and dice coefficient. Table 1, Table 2 and
Table 3 shows the different values for dice coefficient,
loss, validation dice coefficient and validation loss for
different epochs. By comparing the values in table 1, 2,
3 dice coefficient is more compared to others in attention
Unet model, loss is also less in attention Unet model
compared to other two models. In case of validation
coefficient it is more in Unet model compared to other
two models, also validation loss is less in Unet rather
than other two. Fig 7 and Fig 8 shows the Validation and
dice coefficient graph for 50 epochs, while the data is
trained for Unet model. Fig 10 and 11 shows the plot of
validation, dice coefficient vs epoch and loss vs epoch
graph for Unet++ model. Fig 13 and 15 shows the vari-
ation of dice, validation loss vs epoch and loss vs epoch
for attention Unet model. Fig 9 shows the predicted and
actual mask after training with unet architecture. Fig
12 shows the actual and predicted masks after training
(2) with unet++ architecture. Fig 14 shows the predicted and

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TABLE II
ATTENTION U NET

Epoch Dice Coefficient loss val dice coefficient val loss

1 0.2134 0.6368 0.1280 0.6957

2 0.3080 0.5048 0.1203 0.6452

3 0.3581 0.4514 0.1252 0.6354

4 0.3981 0.4176 0.1120 0.6053

5 0.4232 0.3923 0.1001 0.5957

46 0.9109 0.0607 0.7887 0.1663

47 0.9122 0.0598 0.7991 0.1589

48 0.9162 0.0573 0.8012 0.1599

49 0.9182 0.0561 0.7896 0.1687

50 0.9183 0.0559 0.8029 0.1578

Fig. 6. Original Image and Infection mask. TABLE III

UN ET

Epoch Dice Coefficient loss loss val dice coefficient

1 0.2769 0.4807 1.0958 3.1989*e-̂04

2 0.5892 0.2910 1.3432 2.0927*e-̂04

3 0.6871 0.2233 0.9256 4.8579*e-̂04

4 0.7121 0.2034 0.8428 0.0021

5 0.7361 0.1896 0.8314 0.0454

46 0.9014 0.06898 0.1146 0.8494

47 0.9030 0.0682 0.1166 0.8453

48 0.9041 0.0676 0.1186 0.8466

49 0.9055 0.0666 0.1169 0.8477

Fig. 7. Dice coefficient vs epoch while trained with Unet.
50 0.9042 0.0676 0.1149 0.8502

Fig. 8. Dice loss vs epoch while trained with Unet.

Fig. 9. Actual image vs predicted image using Unet.

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Fig. 10. Dice coefficient vs epoch while training with Unet++. Fig. 13. Dice coefficient vs epoch while training with attention Unet.

Fig. 11. Dice loss vs epoch while training with Unet++.

actual mask after training with attention unet architecture.

Fig. 14. Actual image vs predicted image using attention unet.

C ONCLUSION of Unet, Attention Unet, and U-Net++ are strong, and

There are numerous techniques for segmenting CT scan
images for COVID-19 early detection. To tackle the issue,
this experiment makes advantage of PyTorch segmenta-
tion models. And from the three models employed in this
experiment, it shows that Unet outperforms the others
for validation and validation loss as well as for dice
coefficient and lost attention. The network architectures
they were initially developed for the segmentation of
medical images. Because there are more parameters to
play with, this network might also conclude that it
is more adaptable. Even though this experiment is far
from ideal, segmentation in medical image processing, in
particular, should still benefit greatly. These three models
(Unet, U-Net++ and attention Unet) were trained and
tested using the publically available 20 CT slices of
lung images. By training this dataset with these three
architectures for 50 epochs it obtained a validation dice

Fig. 12. Actual image vs predicted image using Unet++. Fig. 15. Dice loss vs epoch while training with attention Unet.

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coefficient as 0.77 and validation loss 0.17 for Unet++
architecture and for attention Unet architecture it obtained
a validation dice score 0.802 and loss 0.15. For Unet
architecture it obtained validation dice coefficient 0.85
and loss 0.11 for 50 epochs. So the results shows that
Unet architecture produces a good dice score compared
to others. And by comparing the training and validation
dice coefficient graphs of these three architectures it
is also showing that unet architecture performs good
compared to others. From figures it shows the difference
between actual mask and predicted mask, in these figures
it is showing that expect from unet++ model other two
are extracting small features. Unet produces good dice
score because of it has multi-stage cascaded convolu-
tional neural networks, they are necessary for U-Net
to function despite its great representational capabilities.
These cascaded frameworks create dense predictions and
extract the region of interest. As it constantly extracts
low-level information, this method uses computational re-
sources excessively and redundantly. There are numerous
techniques for segmenting CT scan images for COVID-
19 early detection. To tackle the issue, this experiment
makes advantage of PyTorch segmentation models. And
from the three models employed in this experiment, as
shown in tables 1, 2, and 3, Unet outperforms the others
for validation and vaqlidation loss as well as for dice
coefficient and lost attention. The network architectures
of Unet, Attention Unet, and U-Net++ are strong, and
they were initially developed for the segmentation of
medical images. Because there are more parameters to
play with, this network might also conclude that it is more
adaptable. Even though this experiment is far from ideal,
segmentation in medical image processing, in particular,
should still benefit greatly.
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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Machine Learning Techniques for
Detecting DDoS Attacks in SDN
M. Kavitha M.Suganthy Aniket Biswas
Department of CSE Department of ECE Department of CSE
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala Vel Tech Multi Tech Dr. Rangarajan Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala
R&D Institute of Science and Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, R&D Institute of Science and
Technology Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Chennai, Technology
Chennai, India India Chennai, India
kavitha@veltech.edu.in suganthym46@gmail.com vtu11309@veltech.edu.in

R.Srinivsan R.Kavitha A.Rathesh

Department of CSE Department of CSE Department of CSE
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala
R&D Institute of Science and R&D Institute of Science and R&D Institute of Science and
Technology Technology Technology
Chennai, India Chennai, India Chennai, India
srinivasanrajkumar28@gmail.com rkavitha1984@gmail.com vtu12500@veltech.edu.in

Abstract— Future internet is increasingly reliant on
Software Defined Networking (SDN). With SDN, networks
can be dynamically controlled, providing a global network.
Compared to traditional networks, SDN offers the advantage
of better security provisioning due to centralized
management. However, SDN architecture manifests several
new network security problems that need to be handled to
improve the security of SDN networks. Information security
and data analysis systems for Big Data have become more
essential due to the increasing volume of data and its
incremental growth. Monitoring and analyzing data is
needed to detect any intrusion into a system or network via
an intrusion detection system (IDS). By using traditional
methods, traditional data analysis techniques are unable to
detect attacks caused by high volumes, a wide variety and
high speeds of network data. For an accurate and efficient
data analysis process, IDS employs Big Data
techniques. The paper uses machine learning models to
detect Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. The
machine learning model is trained using data from KDD
Cup 99.K Nearest Neighbor Classifier, Logistic Regression,
and Decision Tree have been used to train and test the
datasets. It can be concluded that machine learning methods
can be more effective at detecting DDoS attacks than
traditional methods, that can be applied to software defined
networks. Several experiments demonstrate the potential of
our proposal to detect intrusion in SDN environments after
extensive evaluation.
Keywords—Software Defined Networks, Decision Tree,
Machine Learning, Distributed Denial of Service, Intrusion
Detection System
I. INTRODUCTION
Over the past three decades, the Internet architecture has
evolved from a simple network to a complex system.
Decentralized, autonomous, and consisting of a variety of
network devices (with complex protocols, the system is
largely decentralized and autonomous. These components
are usually developed by manufacturers for networks.
Manufacturers have to develop their own designs, firmware,
and software in order to operate their own hardware. In light
of the changing nature of applications and the endlessly
changing demands for data, the existing Internet architecture
is unsuitable for adapting to them. SDN [1] has been
introduced for configuring and deploying networks that
offers unparalleled flexibility. Managing traffic more
effectively can be improved by separating the control plane
and data plane. SDN architectures, however, pose a whole
host of security challenges. Recent concerns regarding SDN
security have gained considerable attention, as shown in [2]
and [3]. A network intrusion detection system (IDS) is a key
security tool. IDSs based on signatures identify new attacks
using a database of signatures from previous attacks.
Patterns in an anomaly database are used to identify attacks
in an anomaly-based IDS. Zero-day attacks will not be
detected by the system, but false alarms are rare. A
signature-based IDS is highly effective if it has a current
signature database with accurate data. Maintaining
databases of this type in real time is difficult and incurs high
operational expenses. Analyzing observations that differ
from the baseline allows one to identify anomalies using
anomaly-based IDS. An IDS based on signatures is less
likely to detect zero-day attacks. In order to find anomalies
on the network, the process monitors real-time traffic on the
network. Networks are growing in size, big data is reaching
an unprecedented volume, and powerful computation
facilities are making all processes more complex and real-
time. In order to manage network-based intrusions
effectively, these systems must be analyzed carefully,
precisely, and accurately, which has not been possible in the
past. On the other hand, machines have improved their
accuracy tremendously with AI algorithms. A growing need
for better performance is leading to its introduction among
the network types. In the modern era of modern cyber
security risks, network-based intrusion detection systems

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(NIDS) have become a more realistic possibility due to their
implementation via software defined networks (SDNs).
Rapid growth of network data and devices pose a high risk
of security threats. By deploying machine learning
algorithms over SDN, the paper implements an Intrusion
Detection System. KNN Classifier, Decision Tree Classifier,
and Logistic Regression algorithms are used to analyse the
data.
II. RELATED WORKS
Algorithms for machine learning that integrate SDN have
attracted considerable interest. An experimental study was
undertaken in [26] to find a solution that fixed problems in
KDD Cup 99 using the NSL-KDD dataset for intrusion
detection. The five Machine Learning algorithms were
studied. NSL-KDD dataset contained only 13 features due
to correlation feature selection algorithm, resulting in a
reduced complexity. The NSL-KDD dataset is used to detect
network anomalies in real-world networks. The average
accuracy is achieved for all 41 features using these classic
machine learning models. After reducing the number of
features to 13, the same models were trained again and
scored an average accuracy of 98%, 85%, 95%, 86%, and
73%. Based on deep neural networks, a system for intrusion
detection and finding was proposed in [4]. In the proposed
method, six basic and traffic characteristics are derived from
the NSL-KDD dataset, which is easily derived from the
SDN infrastructure. Accuracy, precision, and recall are
combined to yield a F1-score of 0.75. For the second
evaluation, [5] implemented seven classic machine learning
models. A neural network has been applied to detect SDN
anomalies with up to 89% accuracy [6]. Feature scaling is
also improved and accelerated via the Min-Max
normalization technique. An intrusion detection application
used SVM classifiers coupled with principal component
analysis (PCA). A model for detecting abnormal patterns is
trained and optimized in this approach. It was proposed to
use Min-Max normalization to reduce the error rates [7].
Radial basis function kernels were used for optimization. In
total, an average accuracy of 95% was achieved using the 31
features of the dataset, as well as the metrics used to
evaluate the proposed model. In [8], XGBoost was used to
differentiate between DoS attacks and non-DoS attacks. A
prototype and development technique based on SDN using
POX SDN was evaluated and analyzed using Future Internet
2021, 13, 111 5 of 18. The network topology was simulated
with Mininet to simulate cloud detection based on SDN in
real-time. A logarithmic-based and a Min-Max-based
normalization was applied. In comparison to RF and SVM,
XGBoost had an overall accuracy of 98%, 96%, and 97%
[9]. Based on the packet network, a six-tuple classification
of characteristics is proposed. Speeds of flow packets
(SSIP), speeds of source ports, deviations of flows bytes
(SDFB), speeds of flow entries, and ratios of flow entries
and pairs should be investigated. SVM based on the six
characteristics calculates the current state of the network to
be either normal or attack. For an average accuracy of 95%,
attack flow, defense flow, and defense array were selected
[9]. In order to detect attacks in a multi-class classification,
TSDL was developed and implemented. The detection rate
and monitoring efficiency were improved using down-
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sampling and other preprocessing techniques applied to
various datasets. 89.134% of UNSW-NB15 samples were
correctly identified. There have been several neural network
models proposed for NIDS and various datasets were used
to implement the proposed approach to distinguish between
normal and attack packets in the network. In general, factors
like those are intended to provide neural networks with the
capability of learning complex patterns with multiple scopes
of information within the same packet, but not always to do
that. This model is based on four hidden layers and used to
monitor intrusion attacks on KDD cup99[8]. Data
preprocessing was performed by using feature scaling and
encoding. Various datasets were analyzed using more than
50 features. Due to the large number of features, complex
GPUs were required to reduce training time. It was proposed
that NIDS use a supervised adversarial auto-encoder neural
network [9][10]. The generator and discriminator in GANS
are different neural networks in contention with each other.
With the Jensen-Shannon minimization algorithm, the
objective function will be minimized as much as possible.
By generating fake data packets, the generator attempts to
generate an attack, but the discriminator determines whether
these packets are valid or not; in other words, it determines
whether these packets are real or fake [11]. A regularization
penalty is also applied to the model structure for overfitting
control behavior. U2RL and R2L detected reasonably well,
but other tests revealed lower detection rates. The paper
[12][13] presented multichannel deep learning of features
for NIDS based on CNNs, two fully connected layers and a
SoftMax classifier. With an average accuracy of 94%, the
evaluation is conducted over different datasets. However,
the attack structure and characteristics were not clearly
outlined in the proposed model. The attribute-based
encryption is discussed in [14][15].
III. METHODOLOGY
To train the model, data is analyzed, best features are
extracted, and preprocessing techniques are performed using
only best five features, based on the best hyperparameters.
The dataset consists of 2827876 rows and 80 columns,
which is collected from KDD Cup99 database. The
normalization helps to process the raw data and classifies
datasets which can be used in analysis using machine
learning algorithms. It helps in identifying the attacks and
allows to classify the raw data into different categories. To
classify attacks, in which machine learning algorithms are
used. It is then analyzed to determine which type of attack is
involved and what action is required. As a result, the
processed data are placed in the algorithm and classified as
normal or an attack. Fig 1 illustrates the methodology used;
data is processed with KNN, Logistic Regression and
Decision Tree Classifier, with Fig 3 showing that Decision
Tree Classifier classifies better with a higher accuracy rate.
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IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Machine Learning Algorithms
Data Analysis
KNN classifier A. Algorithm 1 - K Nearest Neighbor classifier
Dataset Data Normalization
Input : Training Data
Logistic Regression 1. There are K neighbors selected
Feature Selection 2. Computing Euclidean distance
Decision Tree
Classifier
ED=√(X2 − X1)2 + (Y2 − Y1)2
3. The Euclidean Distance is calculated using
K nearest neighbors
4. K nearest neighbors are counted within each
Model Evaluation category
5. A new point of data is added to the category
with the most neighbors.
Classification/ 6. Test and evaluate the model
Prediction of attack

• Data preprocessing process

SDN Controller
Fig. 1. Proposed Architecture to detect DDoS Attack
There are various attacks included in Table I of the data set
and it also desrcibes about the data used. In total, there are
1113112 total cases, 46.5% of which are benign and 53.5%
of which are malignant. 80% of the data come from the
training set while 20% comes from the testing set.
TABLE I. Attacks occurs in the Network
Algorithm 2 - Logistic Regression
Input: Dataset(Training data)
1.
2.
3.
• Implementing the K-NN algorithm on the
training data
• Prediction of test results
• Confusion matrix creation (test accuracy of
result)
• Visualizing results from a test set
•
A training set is D, a testing set is Z, and a nearest
neighbour number is K. Samples are represented by
(x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, ..., xn, y), where x1-xn
correspond to n attributes and y corresponds to
their label. There are many advantages of KNN
algorithm, including its simplicity, convenience,
and ease of use. No parameters need to be
estimated, no threshold needs to be considered, and
no training is necessary. Classifying test samples,
however, results in a large amount of computation
as well as a large amount of memory and CPU
usage. Furthermore, it is essential to select K
values that are appropriate if the samples are
unbalanced. It is also possible that too much data
will result in too much weight in the results if the
range of data is too broad. To Make normal data
collection and attack data collection timed at 1:1 in
order to overcome the problem of unbalanced
sample data. To ensure a suitable K value is used
for subsequent classifications of unknown flow
samples, the KNN algorithm model will be used
for classifying and predicting samples after
obtaining the dataset (training set). Using the same
dataset, any subsequent classifications of unknown
flow samples will be performed after the algorithm
has tested multiple K values.
For i=1 to n
For each instance of data ti
Regression targets should be set to

Zi = yi – P (1|aj) / [P (1|aj). (1-P (1|aj))]

4. Initiate the weight for instance aj to be

P(1*aj).(1-P(1*aj)

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predict class labels for test samples based on the rules

derived from the supplied features during the training stage.
5. Create a f(j) with weights (Wj) and values as DDoS attacks are differentiated from benign flows using
class these classification rules. Figure 2 shows the accuracy of the
Classification

6. Class is 1, if P (1|dj) > 0.5, else class is 2

The first step is to classify inputs as zero or one. The first

step in determining the class of a training set is to calculate
the probability (or class score) of the set being in class 1.
According to the below function, the y parameter is .

P( y=1)= 1 1+e −(β 0+ β 1 x 1+...+β n x n)

A high probability is predicted for observations belonging to

class 1 and a low probability for observations belonging to
class 0 by selecting coefficients that maximize the
Fig 2. Accuracy of Decision Tree Classifier
likelihood of predicting those observations. For Classifying
input values into classes by defining a threshold boundary,
the next step is to define a threshold boundary for the
classifier. In general, a threshold value of around 0.5 is
Accuracy of Machine Learning
chosen based on our business problem. In other words, if the
Algorithms
probability is larger than 0.5, such observations are 99.90% 99.90%
100.00% 99.70% 99.60%
classified as class 1 types, while the rest are classified as
class 0 types. 99.50%
99.00%
It depends on the type of error, which can be either false 98.50% 97.80% 97.80%
positives or false negatives, when choosing a threshold 98.00%
value. Observations that belong to class 0 are mistakenly Recall
97.50%
predicted as class 1 by the model, which results in a false Accuracy
positive error. Models predict class 0, but observations 97.00%
belong to class 1. Hence, a false negative error occurs. It 96.50%
would be perfect if all the 1s and 0s (or true and false) were K Nearest Logistic Decision
Neighbor Regression Tree
classified correctly. classifier Classifier

C. Algorithm 3 - Decision tree

Input: Training data Fig 3 : Accuracy and Recall of Algorithms Used

1. Construct node M Python is used to analysis the dataset and predict the results. The accuracy
2. In case sample S and sample N belong to the and recall is calculated using the below formulas.
same Class C, N will be returned as a leaf node Accuracy = True Negative + True Positive / True Negative + False
3. End if Positive+True Positive + False Negative.
4. Leaf node is returned, M as a class with the
higher part Recall = + True Positive / True Positive + False Negative
S if A = Ф or the attribute values are the same
5. End if
6. Calculate the Gain ratio to find the splitting V. CONCLUSION
Attribute
In the last two decades, machine learning algorithms in
SDN is paying more attention due to their ability to use data
and algorithms for better security detection and
7. Build a tree
efficiency. Training and testing were performed using KDD
Output : Decision tree
cup99, a benchmarking dataset. The algorithm's
performance is improved and optimized through feature
selection, feature normalization, and data preprocessing
techniques, allowing for an efficient and successful training
In Decision-Tree (DT) algorithms, classification rules are
process. The objective is to select the optimal algorithm by
contained in the internal nodes of the tree, whereas class
comparing the algorithms; KNN, Logistics Regression, and
labels are contained in the leaf nodes. This is an active
Decision Trees. Using a metric such as recall and accuracy,
learning algorithm based on predictive modelling. DTs

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we analyze the advantages and disadvantages of
implementing any one or more of them. The Decision Tree
model outperformed the other algorithms based on the
evaluation metrics. Using the proposed method, real-time
attacks can be detected and protected against on the SDN
platform. Moreover, future research will examine more
metrics of evaluation. The approach is expected to be
implemented using Deep Learning algorithms.
REFERENCES
[1] Dey, S. K., & Rahman, M. M. (2019). Effects of
machine learning approach in flow-based anomaly detection
on software-defined networking. Symmetry, 12(1), 7.
[2] Gao, M., Ma, L., Liu, H., Zhang, Z., Ning, Z., & Xu, J.
(2020). Malicious network traffic detection based on deep
neural networks and association analysis. Sensors, 20(5),
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[3] Nobakht, M., Sivaraman, V., & Boreli, R. (2016). A
host-based intrusion detection and mitigation framework for
smart home IoT using OpenFlow. In 2016 11th International
conference on availability, reliability and security
(ARES) (pp. 147-156). IEEE.
[4] Sebbar, A., Zkik, K., Baddi, Y., Boulmalf, M., &
Kettani, M. D. E. C. E. (2020). MitM detection and defense
mechanism CBNA-RF based on machine learning for large-
scale SDN context. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and
Humanized Computing, 11(12), 5875-5894.
Learning Techniques." Journal of IoT in Social, Mobile,
Analytics, and Cloud 4, no. 1 (2022): 24-32.
[11] Mugunthan, S. R. "Novel Cluster Rotating and Routing
Strategy for software defined Wireless Sensor Networks."
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[12] Li, Y., & Lu, Y. (2019, September). LSTM-BA: DDoS
detection approach combining LSTM and Bayes. In 2019
Seventh International Conference on Advanced Cloud and
Big Data (CBD) (pp. 180-185). IEEE.
[13] Ring, W. (2019). Hotho, 2019 Ring M., Wunderlich S.,
Scheuring D., Landes D., Hotho A. A survey of network-
based intrusion detection data sets, Comput. Secur, 86, 147-
167.
[14] Ahmad, R., & Alsmadi, I. (2021). Machine learning
approaches to IoT security: A systematic literature
review. Internet of Things, 14, 100365.
[15] Aleesa, A. M., Zaidan, B. B., Zaidan, A. A., & Sahar,
N. M. (2020). Review of intrusion detection systems based
on deep learning techniques: coherent taxonomy,
challenges, motivations, recommendations, substantial
analysis and future directions. Neural Computing and
Applications, 32(14), 9827-9858.

[5] Ngo, D. M., Pham-Quoc, C., & Thinh, T. N. (2020).

Heterogeneous hardware-based network intrusion detection
system with multiple approaches for SDN. Mobile Networks
and Applications, 25(3), 1178-1192..

[6] Bag, S., Gupta, S., & Wood, L. (2020). Big data
analytics in sustainable humanitarian supply chain: Barriers
and their interactions. Annals of Operations Research, 1-40.

[7] Lazarevic, A., Kumar, V., & Srivastava, J. (2005).

Intrusion detection: A survey. In Managing cyber
threats (pp. 19-78). Springer, Boston, MA.

[8] Sultana, N.; Chilamkurti, N.; Peng, W.; Alhadad, R.

Survey on SDN based network intrusion detection system
using machine learning approaches. Peer Netw. Appl. 2019,
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[9] Chen, P. J., & Chen, Y. W. (2015, September).

Implementation of SDN based network intrusion detection
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[10] Amrish, R., K. Bavapriyan, V. Gopinaath, A. Jawahar,

and C. Vinoth Kumar. "DDoS Detection using Machine

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Retinal Fundus Image Retrieval and Classification
using Optimal Deep Learning Model
S Syed Mahamood Shazuli
Research Scholar.
Department of Computer and Information Sciences.
Annamalai University.
syedshazuli@yahoo.co.in
Abstract—An increasing number of initiatives for screening
people for retinal disorders with widespread obtainability of
digital fundus (retina) cameras results in huge collection of color
fundus images. The capability to retrieve images relevant to
pathological conditions was a powerful functionality that
contains extensive applications in automated computer aided
diagnosis (CAD), evidence-related medicine, and training
ophthalmologists. The automatic extraction of significant
attributes namely exudates will be helpful for physicians to
effectively overcome several diseases affecting the patient.
Though there exist numerous techniques for extracting such
features, they lack in retrieval aspect of the data or the precision
of the feature extraction. This study designs a Retinal Fundus
Image Retrieval and Classification utilizing Optimal Deep
Learning (RFIRC-ODL) model. The presented RFIRC-ODL
model encompasses two major modules namely retrieval and
classification. For image retrieval process, the presented RFIRC-
ODL model employs Residual Network (ResNet) based feature
extraction and Manhattan distance based similarity measure.
Next, in the second stage, the salp swarm optimization (S S O)
algorithm with long short term memory (LS TM) approach can
be exploited for fundus image classification. The use of S S O
based hyperparameter optimization process helps in attaining
maximum fundus image classification outcomes. For
investigating the improved efficacy of the projected RFIRC-ODL
model, a wide ranging experimental analysis was made on
benchmark database. The simulation outcomes demonstrate the
betterment of the RFIRC-ODL algorithm over other techniques.
Keywords— Diabetic retinopathy; Retinal fundus images;
Image retrieval; Image classification; Deep learning
I. INT RODUCT ION
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) refers to a retinal complication
that occurs because of diabetes and can be a leading cause of
impaired vision among urban people [1]. Initial diagnosis by
regular treatment and screening will be suggested for
preventing blindness and visual loss. Digital color fundus
photography will allow procurement of fundus (retina) images
noninvasively which makes large scale screening simpler. In
recent times, there was substantial effort in constructing
screening solutions for DR utilizing color fundus images (CFI)
mostly because of the value they provide like wider reach and
less cost [2]. Rise in DR awareness followed by initiatives like
large scale public programs results in collection of large
number of CFI even within a day. The vessels in a retinal
image have low contrast and were complicated [3]. This
necessitates a reliable automatic technique to extract and
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A. Saravanan
Assistant Professor / Programmer.
Department of Computer and Information Sciences.
Annamalai University.
sarancseau@gmail.com
measure vessels in retinal images. The structural features of
blood vessels like branching pattern, length, tortuosity, and
width not just offer data regarding pathological changes but
helps in diagnosing the disease and its severity [3]. Retinal
images should be precisely segregated for extracting delicate
substances present in the retinal image. Content Based Image
Retrieval (CBIR) refers to a system for searching, retrieving
similar images, and browsing the query image from large
database [4]. CBIR enables users to query and related to the
image extracted features, matching can be taken place on the
basis of automatically derived primitive characteristics like
texture, color, shapes, and spatial relation between objects [5].
CBIR related solutions were explored to develop diagnosis
help in medical imaging solutions. CBIR has been attempted
for diagnosing retinal diseases utilizing large database.
Retrieval related to statistical attributes of DR lesions can be
mapped on a semantic space respective to disease condition
utilizing Fischer discriminant analysis.
Dayana and Emmanuel [6] examine an effectual,
optimizing DNN with Chronological Tunicate Swarm
Algorithm (CTSA) to classify the DR severity. Primarily,
retinal images acquired with low-quality fundus photography
were pre-processing and next affected by the segmenting
procedure. Primarily, the blood vasculatures and optic disc
were segmentation employing a U-Net and sparse FCM related
to hybrid entropy method. The lesion region is then detection
employing Gabor filtering (GF) bank, and next the feature was
extracting. The last classifier procedure occurs by utilizing a
deep SAE together optimizing with bio-simulated TSA
dependent upon the chronological method. Ragab et al. [7]
proposal a new meta-heuristic with DL assisted CAD method
for DR (MDL-CADDR) recognition and classifying. The
presented MDL-CADDR approach contains pre-processed
steps for boosting the fundus image (FI) quality. In addition,
Chimp Optimizer Algorithm with DenseNet (COA-DN) related
Extraction Feature and Spiking Neural Network (SNN)
dependent upon classifier methods were carried out for
classifying various phases of DR. Also, Archimedes Optimizer
Algorithm (AOA) including Kapur's Entropy (AOA -KE)
related to image segmentation approach was executed.
Qomariah et al. [8] introduce a DL technique for feature
extraction and classifier employing an SVM. The authors
utilize higher-level feature of final fully connected (FC) layer
dependent upon transfer learning (TL) in CNN as the input
feature to classifier utilizing the SVM. This process decreases
the computation time needed by classifier procedure utilizing
CNN with fine-tuned. Dayana and Emmanuel [9] examine a
639
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DL-allowed optimizing FS approach for classifying the step of TL technique is to train a process utilizing smaller data. There
DR severity in FIs. Primarily, a pre-processed stage removes is no require to train the objective methods in scratch from TL
noise and improves the contrast from the retinal FIs. Then, the system.
candidate lesion regions were identified utilizing an Attention -
based Fusion Network (AFU-Net). Next, texture and shape
features were removed, also an optimum subset of features are
chosen utilizing the Improved Harris Hawk Optimization
technique.
In [10], Autoregressive-Henry Gas Sailfish Optimization
(Ar-HGSO) related DL approach was presented for DR
detection and severity level classifier of Macular Edema (ME)
and DR dependent upon color FIs. The segmented procedure
was further important to suitable classification and detection
procedures that segment the image as to several subgroups. The
DL technique was employed to effectual detection of DR and
severity classifier of ME and DR. In [11], the authors enhanced
our preceding work for detecting DR utilizing Faster RCNN
and attention layer. During the recognition stage, initially, non-
utilized regions of DR images are extraction utilizing
calculated unified device structure with gradient-related edge
detection approach. Afterward, the Mask R-CNN is utilized
rather than Faster-RCNN for detecting lesion regions more
effective. With the presented technique, more effective
Fig. 1. Overall process of RFIRC-ODL approach
outcomes are achieved than our preceding work in Mo bileNet,
ResNet, and DenseNet. In recent times, DNN is develop substantial progress from
This study designs a Retinal Fundus Image Retrieval and the domains of image classifier. Usually, a deep method has
Classification using Optimal Deep Learning (RFIRC-ODL) been combination of middle, higher, and lower level features,
approach. The presented RFIRC-ODL model encompasses two
and classifier. During this case, the ResNet101 was utilized to
major modules namely retrieval and classification. For image extract deep feature. The VGG19 pre-training network which is
retrieval process, the presented RFIRC-ODL model employs
DCNN [12]. As already noted, CNN technique was collected
Residual Network (ResNet) based feature extraction and of several layers which are interrelated with each other. While
Manhattan distance based similarity measure. Next, in the the layers can be employed to various tasks such as medicinal
second stage, the salp swarm optimization (SSO) algorithm image classifier and NLP. The convolutional filter size from
with long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm can be ResNet101 is 33, and stride value is 2. Down-sampling was
exploited for fundus image classifier. The use of SSO based
carried out in the convolutional layer based on the stride value.
hyperparameter optimization process helps in attaining These networks contains 347 layers and 379 connections. The
maximum fundus image classification outcomes. For
network input takes dimensional of 224 x 224 x 3. A primary
investigating the improved efficiency of the projected RFIRC- convolution layer, the filtering count is 64, the filtering size is
ODL algorithm, a wide ranging experimental analysis can be
[7, 7], and the count of channels is 3. The filtering size in the
made on benchmark dataset. max-pooling layers has 3 x 3, and the stride value is 2. Next
II. THE PROPOSED M ODEL convolutional layer, the count of filters and channels is 64.
Final convolution layer, the count of filters is 2048, with 512
In this article, a novel RFIRC-ODL methodology was channels. Then, gain a resultant vector of
formulated for the retrieval and classification of retinal images. dimensional N x 2048, but N signifies the count of features
The projected RFIRC-ODL model includes two major modules using feature extraction in pool5 layer.
namely retrieval and classification. Fig. 1 represents the overall
procedure of RFIRC-ODL system.
2) Similarity Measurement
A. Image Retrieval Module At this stage, Manhattan distance metric is used to
For image retrieval process, the presented RFIRC-ODL determine the relevancy of the images for image retrieval
model applied ResNet based feature extraction and Manhattan process. For every Manhattan distance and feature vector, the
distance based similarity measure. adjacent candidate image will be included in a histogram of
place [13]. Where all the query vectors are considered, the
resulting histogram has been used to extract a list of top-
1) ResNet Feature Extraction
Data reliance is an important issue from DL technique. ranked candidate images. The Manhattan distance was the
Related to ML approach, a massive data count was needed to quantity of total differences between 2 vectors. In 2-D space,
train deep approaches. The major cause for this huge count of the Manhattan distance will be expressed by Eq. (1):
trained databases is that it develops vital for learning hidden
| | | |
pattern. However, a huge data count could not frequently
neighboring for trained a DL technique in any research For n-dimensional space, the Manhattan distance for and
domains, particularly in medicinal imagery. The objective of data points are characterized by the above equation:

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∑| |
Let, be the current iteration; ‐ predefine iteration count;
arbitrary integer lies within [ ]. The mathematical
B. Image Classification
formula is applied for followers to upgrade the position based
For image classification, the SSO algorithm with LSTM on Newton’s law of motion:
model is exploited for fundus image classification. LSTM is a
kind of RNN able to keep sequence of complete data. RNN
outperforms ANN for sequence of information and suffers If ‐ location of - salp in - variable, ‐ time,
from gradient vanishing problems [14]. This hampers the ‐ initial speed.
capability of the network to recollect data over a longer period
since any two significant events in the time sequence might
occur with larger gaps. LSTM is intended to resolve the Note that ‐ iteration in optimization problem,
problems of vanishing gradient with the relative in‐ sensitivity aforementioned equation is changed into subsequent formula:
to these gap lengths. LSTM network is better suitable for ( )
classifier problems for time sequence data because of the Now, . Illustrates that follower salp describes the
capability of the cells to remember values over arbitrary time location based on the prior salp and own location. If some salps
intervals. escape from the constrained searching space, they are carried
LSTM has a gated structure and utilizes ANN unit. They back within the constraint:
could store data across time steps without fundamental change,
thereby forming long‐ term memory. The short‐ term working
memory is frequently upgraded. LSTM unit consists of cell and
the data flow and out of cell is controlled by sigmoid activated {
neural network named gates and they are given in the follo wing The aforementioned formula is repetitively implemented till
equation: the termination condition is satisfied. Sometimes, food source
1. Save gate: It controls the data from the existing input is upgraded by exploiting and exploring search space around
viz., added to the cell state. current solution may define the optimum solution. Salp chains
[ ] during optimization can able to move towards global optimal
2. Forget gate: It regulates what data the cell forgets. solution.
( [ ] )
3. Output gate: It regulates what data is provided as output. Algorithm 1: Pseudo code of SSO
[ ]
Input: maximal iterations , population size
The memory state is upgraded by the following equation: Initialization of salp location
̃ [ ]
While (end condition is not satisfied)
Describe fitness of each salp
Arrange salp location depending on fitness value
Where, + and are component‐ wise addition and
Describe as optimum place for existing population
multiplication correspondingly, and represents the activation
function. Upgrade Cl
To adjust the hyperparameter values of the LSTM method, For all the salp location (ui)
the SSO approach was employed here. The motion behavior of If upgrades the location of leader salp
SSO is mathematically modelled to overcome the problems of else upgrade the position of follower salp
optimization [15]. Salps are marine animal that has barrel- end
shaped jelly like body and moves around by driving water via end
its bodies. They exist as colonies and travel together like Change the salp that crosses higher and lower bounds
chains. Leaders and followers are the two primary classes of end
salps. Leader leads the chain in forward direction, whereas Display optimal output
followers follow the leader synchronously and in harmony.
Like swarm intelligent technique, SSO initiates by an arbitrary The SSO model identifies a fitness function (FF) for
initialization of swarm of N salps. parameter is evaluated, x realizing maximal classification performances. Here, the
signifies the location of salp, and y will describe food source reduction of classifier error rate is mainly utilized to compute
which specifies objective of swarm in the problem, and it is the FF, as given below.
expressed in the following equation:
{
Now, in - variable, ‐ location of primary salp; ‐
location of food. and ‐ upper and lower limits, and
‐ arbitrary values.
Amongst three arbitrary values, inhabits leader location
since it balances exploitation and exploration in the problem.

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III. RESULT S AND DISCUSSION

The experimental validation of the RFIRC-ODL approach
was tested during DR Dataset from Kaggle repository [16]. The
database holds 35126 samples under five classes . The proposed
model is experimented on GeForce 1050Ti 4GB, PC i5-8600k,
1TB HDD, 16GB RAM, and 250GB SSD.

Fig. 2. a) Original Image b) Retrieved Images (Normal Class)

Fig. 4. Confusion matrix of RFIRC-ODL algorithm under 80%
Fig. 2 shows the sample retrieval results of the RFIRC- of TR dataset
ODL model. Fig. 2a shows the original image under normal The experimental DR classifier results of the RFIRC-ODL
class and the respective retrieved images are illustrated in Fig. model attained under 80% of TR dataset are given in Table 1
2b. and Fig. 5. On class-1, the RFIRC-ODL model has recognized
of 99.16%, of 99.89%, of 98.96%,
of 99.42%, and of 99.33%. Simultaneously, on class -
3, the RFIRC-ODL technique has recognized of
99.49%, of 97.88%, of 98.80%, of 98.34%,
and of 99.21%. Concurrently, on class -5, the RFIRC-
ODL approach has recognized of 99.61%, of
85.38%, of 97.34%, of 90.97%, and of
98.50%.

Fig. 3. a) Original Image b) Retrieved Images (Mild Class)

Fig. 3 displays the sample retrieval outcomes of the

RFIRC-ODL method. Fig. 3a demonstrates the original image
under mild class and the respective retrieved images were
shown in Fig. 3b.
Fig. 4 illustrates the DR classifier outcomes of the RFIRC-
ODL approach on 80% of TR dataset. The figure denotes the
RFIRC-ODL method has recognized 20392 instances into C-1,
1929 instances into C-2, 4210 instances into C-3, 684 instances
Fig. 5. Average outcome of RFIRC-ODL system on 80% of
into C-4, and 549 instances into C-5.
TR dataset

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T ABLE I Table 2 and Fig. 7. On class -1, the RFIRC-ODL approach has
RESULT ANALYSIS OF RFIRC-ODL APPROACH WIT H VARIOUS recognized of 99.30%, of 99.92%, of
CLASS LABELS UNDER 80% OF T R DAT ASET 99.14%, of 99.53%, and of 99.46%.
Training Phase (80% ) Concurrently, on class -3, the RFIRC-ODL method has
Labels recognized of 99.57%, of 98.36%, of
C-1 99.16 99.89 98.96 99.42 99.33 98.74%, of 98.55%, and of 99.23%. In
C-2 99.65 96.98 98.12 97.55 98.94 Parallel, on class-5, the RFIRC-ODL approach has recognized
of 99.80%, of 92.21%, of 98.61%,
C-3 99.49 97.88 98.80 98.34 99.21
C-4 99.69 90.84 97.44 94.02 98.59 of 95.30%, and of 99.22%.
C-5 99.61 85.38 97.34 90.97 98.50
Average 99.52 94.20 98.13 96.06 98.92

Fig. 6 demonstrates the DR classifier results of the RFIRC-

ODL approach on 20% of TS dataset. The figure indicated the
RFIRC-ODL algorithm has recognized 5158 instances into C-
1, 470 instances into C-2, 1018 instances into C-3, 170
instances into C-4, and 142 instances into C-5.

Fig. 7. Average analysis of RFIRC-ODL system on 20% of TS

database

Fig. 6. Confusion matrix of RFIRC-ODL algorithm under 20%

of TS dataset

T ABLE II Fig. 8. TACC and VLA analysis of RFIRC-ODL algorithm

RESULT ANALYSIS OF RFIRC-ODL APPROACH WIT H VARIOUS The TACC and VACC achieved by the RFIRC-ODL
CLASS LABELS UNDER 20% OF T S DAT ASET
system under test database is exemplified in Fig. 8. The
Testing Phase (20% ) simulation result indicates the RFIRC-ODL method has
Labels achieved higher values of TACC and VACC. Seemingly the
C-1 99.30 99.92 99.14 99.53 99.46 VACC is higher than TACC.
C-2 99.63 96.11 98.53 97.31 99.12 The TLS and VLS obtained by the RFIRC-ODL algorithm
C-3 99.57 98.36 98.74 98.55 99.23 under test database were exhibited in Fig. 9. The simulation
C-4 99.76 91.40 99.42 95.24 99.59 outcome exemplified the RFIRC-ODL technique has
C-5 99.80 92.21 98.61 95.30 99.22 recognized minimal values of TLS and VLS. Mostly, the VLS
is lower than TLS.
Average 99.61 95.60 98.89 97.18 99.32

The experimental DR classifier outcomes of the RFIRC-

ODL method attained under 20% of TS dataset are given in

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AlexNet, MobileNet, Xception, and ResNet-50 methods have

reported least values of 94.70%, 91.60%, 93.12%,
92.93%, and 95.33% correspondingly. Moreover, with respect
to , the RFIRC-ODL approach has reached increased
of 99.61% whereas the WFDLN, AlexNet, MobileNet,
Xception, and ResNet-50 techniques have reported least
values of 98%, 89.50%, 92.90%, 92.80%, and 94.51%
correspondingly. Thus, the presented RFIRC-ODL model is
found to be superior to other DL models.

Fig. 9. TLS and VLS analysis of RFIRC-ODL algorithm

Finally, a brief comparative analysis of the RFIRC-ODL

method is made with recent approaches in Table 3 and Figs.
10-11 [17]. The experimental values portrayed the RFIRC-
ODL method have shown effectual outcomes over other
models. For example, in terms of , the RFIRC-ODL
method has reached increased of 95.60% whereas the
WFDLN, AlexNet, MobileNet, Xception, and ResNet-50
models have reported least values of 95.29%, 90.87%,
93.28%, 92.33%, and 95.13% respectively.
T ABLE III
COMPARAT IVE ANALYSIS OF RFIRC-ODL T ECHNIQUE WIT H
RECENT MET HODOLOGIES
Fig. 11. analysis of RFIRC-ODL technique with recent
Methods algorithms
RFIRC-ODL 95.60 98.89 99.61 97.18
IV. CONCLUSION
WFDLN 95.29 94.70 98.00 95.11
In this study, a novel RFIRC-ODL approach was modelled
AlexNet 90.87 91.60 89.50 91.52
for the retrieval and classification of retinal images. The
MobileNet 93.28 93.12 92.90 93.46 projected RFIRC-ODL model encompasses two major modules
Xception 92.33 92.93 92.80 92.75 namely retrieval and classification. For image retrieval process,
ResNet-50 95.13 95.33 94.51 95.14 the presented RFIRC-ODL model applied ResNet based
feature extraction and Manhattan distance bas ed similarity
measure. Next, in the second stage, the SSO algorithm with
LSTM model is exploited for fundus image classification. The
use of SSO based hyperparameter optimization process helps in
attaining maximum fundus image classification outcomes. For
investigating the higher efficiency of the projected RFIRC-
ODL model, a wide ranging experimental analysis is made on
benchmark database. The experimental results demonstrate the
betterment of the RFIRC-ODL system over other techniques.
In future, the classification results are boosted using deep
segmentation models.
REFERENCES
[1] Pragathi, P. and Rao, A.N., 2022. An effective integrated machine
learning approach for detecting diabetic retinopathy. Open Computer
Science, 12(1), pp.83-91.
[2] Khan, S.H., Abbas, Z. and Rizvi, S.D., 2019, February. Classification of
diabetic retinopathy images based on customised CNN architecture.
In 2019 Amity International conference on artificial intelligence
(AICAI) (pp. 244-248). IEEE.
Fig. 10. Comparative analysis of RFIRC-ODL technique with
[3] Reddy, G.T ., Bhattacharya, S., Ramakrishnan, S.S., Chowdhary, C.L.,
recent algorithms Hakak, S., Kaluri, R. and Reddy, M.P.K., 2020, February. An ensemble
Also, with respect to , the RFIRC-ODL method has based machine learning model for diabetic retinopathy classification.
attained increased of 98.89% whereas the WFDLN,

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

In 2020 international conference on emerging trends in information

technology and engineering (ic-ETITE) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[4] Lavanya, S., and P. Naveen. "Detection of Retinal Neovascularization
Using Optimized Deep Convolutional Neural Networks." Journal of
T rends in Computer Science and Smart Technology 4, no. 1 (2022): 38 -
49.
[5] Parthasharathi, G. U., R. Premnivas, and K. Jasmine. "Diabetic
Retinopathy Detection Using Machine Learning." Journal of Innovative
Image Processing 4, no. 1 (2022): 26-33.
[6] Dayana, A.M. and Emmanuel, W.R., 2022. An enhanced swarm
optimization-based deep neural network for diabetic retinopathy
classification in fundus images. Multimedia Tools and Applications,
pp.1-32.
[7] Ragab, M., Aljedaibi, W.H., Nahhas, A.F. and Alzahrani, I.R., 2022.
Computer aided diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy grading using spiking
neural network. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 101, p.108014.
[8] Qomariah, D.U.N., T jandrasa, H. and Fatichah, C., 2019, July.
Classification of diabetic retinopathy and normal retinal images using
CNN and SVM. In 2019 12th International Conference on Information
& Communication Technology and System (ICTS) (pp. 152-157). IEEE.
[9] Dayana, A.M. and Emmanuel, W.R., 2022. Deep learning enabled
optimized feature selection and classification for grading diabetic
retinopathy severity in the fundus image. Neural Computing and
Applications, pp.1-21.
[10] Elwin, J.G.R., Mandala, J., Maram, B. and Kumar, R.R., 2022. Ar -
HGSO: Autoregressive-Henry Gas Sailfish Optimization enabled deep
learning model for diabetic retinopathy detection and severity level
classification. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 77, p.103712.
[11] Erciyas, A., Barışçı, N., Ünver, H.M. and Polat, H., 2022. Improving
detection and classification of diabetic retinopathy using CUDA and
Mask RCNN. Signal, Image and Video Processing, pp.1-9.
[12] Zahid, U., Ashraf, I., Khan, M.A., Alhaisoni, M., Yahya, K.M., Hussein,
H.S. and Alshazly, H., 2022. BrainNet: optimal deep learning feature
fusion for brain tumor classification. Computational Intelligence and
Neuroscience, 2022.
[13] Catalano, S.A., Goloboff, P.A. and Giannini, N.P., 2010. Phylogenetic
morphometrics (I): the use of landmark data in a phylogenetic
framework. Cladistics, 26(5), pp.539-549.
[14] Ghimire, S., Yaseen, Z.M., Farooque, A.A., Deo, R.C., Zhang, J. and
T ao, X., 2021. Streamflow prediction using an integrated methodology
based on convolutional neural network and long short -term memory
networks. Scientific Reports, 11(1), pp.1-26.
[15] Yıldız, A.R. and Erdaş, M.U., 2021. A new Hybrid T aguchi-salp swarm
optimization algorithm for the robust design of real-world engineering
problems. Materials Testing, 63(2), pp.157-162.
[16] https://www.kaggle.com/c/diabetic-retinopathy-detection
[17] Nneji, G.U., Cai, J., Deng, J., Monday, H.N., Hossin, M.A. and Nahar,
S., 2022. Identification of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Weighted Fusion
Deep Learning Based on Dual-Channel Fundus
Scans. Diagnostics, 12(2), p.540.

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)

Social Distancing Monitoring and Alerting System

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

using YOLO Deep Learning Algorithm

Mrs. P. Dharani Devi
Associate Professor, Department of ECE
IFET College of Engineering
Villupuram. India
dharanidevi.dce@gmail.com
Mr. M. Thirukumaran Mr. B. Balaji
UG Scholar, Department of ECE Ph.D Scholar, Department of ECE
IFET College of Engineering Rabindranath Tagore University
Villupuram, India Madhya Pradesh. India
thirukumaran0122@gmail.com mail2balaji92@gmail.com

Abstract— The Covid-19 disease is caused by the severe
acute respiratory (SAR) syndrome coronavirus-2 and becomes
the reason for the Global Pandemic since 2019. Until July 2022,
the total reported cases were 572 million and reported deaths
were 6.38 million around the world. In many countries the
infections caused severe damages. It not only took the precious
lives but also caused few other national damages like economic
crisis. The only solution to stop this pandemic is to increase the
vaccination and reducing the spreads. The covid 19 virus is an
airborne disease and spread when people breathe virus
contaminated air. The WHO and all the nations were insisting
to maintain social distance to control the virus spreading. But
maintaining the social distance in public places is very hard. In
this project we developed a method for detecting social distance.
The system uses Raspberry Pi processor to detect the distance
between two people from the live video stream. The YOLOv3
technique is used to detect the object from single frame of the
video.
Keywords—Raspberry Pi, Deep Learning, Image Processing,
distance measurement, computer vision.
I. INTRODUCTION
COVID-19 is a life threating respiratory disease caused by
a new corona virus which is first encountered at Wuhan, China
in December 2019. The major symptom of the disease
includes loss of taste & smell, body aches, high fever, cough,
and shortness of breath. For some people the infection gives
normal flu conditions, and they can recover with two to three
weeks but for some people the infection can be severe and
caused death [1]. This pandemic has spread to over 188
countries around the world. World Health Organization
acknowledged that there have been 571,182,327 confirmed
COVID-19 cases and 6,386,234 deaths around the world until
22nd July, 2022 [2]. The ambiguity and complications of the
corona virus have made it difficult to foresee the spread of
this pandemic. Since there is no medicine has been invented,
prevention is the only way to control the spread of this deadly
disease. Self-hygiene should be maintained other than wearing
masks and washing hands frequently to reduce the spread. The
infected person should be isolated from other to avoid
spreading. The self-quarantine helps to stop the chain of
spread. To avoid spreading of this virus many nations
restricted and even completely stopped the international travel
and business. The public places like offices, educational
institutes, theaters, malls, swimming pools, parks, and even
religious places were closed to minimize the gathering of
people. From the analysis it is shown that the lockdowns
reduce the spread rate and number of infected cases.
From these analysis World Health Organization decided
that social distancing reduces the spread and insisted the
countries to implement the social distancing strictly. This will
reduce the physical contact with possible COVID19 carriers.
To limit the risk of infection, people should avoid physical
contact with one another and to maintain six meter distance
between them. After economic activity resumes, social
distance and self-isolation will be the most effective means of
breaking the chain of infection and reducing the impacts of
this corona-virus pandemic.
In initial stages of the pandemic people did not took the
guideline of the world health organization very seriously.
They did not maintain social distancing properly. This causes
the pandemic to spread all around the globe. So, all the nations
declared lockdowns to maintain the social distance between
people. Citizens all across the world are substantially
separating themselves from the Covid-19 outbreak in order to
flatten the curve. Every public place like parks, gatherings,
workshops, and prayer were all prohibited during the
quarantine period to achieve social separation. People are
urged to organize and conduct activities as much as possible
by phone and email, in order to reduce the amount of face-to-
face interaction. Individuals are also being advised to practise
good hygiene, such as washing hand frequently, wearing a
mask, eating healthy food and avoiding close contact with
affected people, in order to help stop the virus from spreading
further.
The globe is still recovering from the pandemic, and a
medicine that adequately cure Covid-19 has yet to be
developed. The lockdowns were slowly removed, and people
started to get back to their normal lives. Although the
lockdowns had been removed, people were still expected to
maintain all the safety guidelines to prevent further spread.
But maintaining social distancing between people in every
place is a huge problem for the government as well as the
health workers. It is not possible to put people in every corner
of the country to monitor social distancing.
Hence, we propose a method to monitor the social distance
between two people in public places. The proposed approach
might be used as a real-time detecting tool to reduce the social
distance violations. The CCTV camaras can be utilized for this
purpose or an exclusive camera can be fixed. The live video
stream of strolling people was fed to the system and from the
video frame the people will be identified and highlighted by
bounding boxes. The YOLO V3 is used to detect the video
stream and people identification can be done by the deep
convolutional neural network. The YOLOv3 approach divides
the input image into tiny grid cells (S*S small grid cells). Each
grid cell forecasts the location information of bounding boxes
and calculates the object ratings for these boxes. From these
data the actual distance between two people can be calculated.
If the distance between two people is less than the expected
value, then the system will store the data in the database. If
more violations occur in a specific place, the information will
be shared to the concern authority through alert message.
Firebase is used to store the information, and the database will
be available on a website built using React.JS. These
databases can be sent to a corresponding authority to take
necessary actions.

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II. RELATED WORKS techniques. The object identification methods and object
Professor Emre Dandil and Kerim Kürşat Cevik proposed classification techniques are used to identify pedestrians from
Computer Vision Based Distance Measurement System using the image which is explained in next section. The YOLO V3
Stereo Camera View [3] to distance between two objects will is used to detect object from every frame. To locate the item
be measured. In this system the disparity maps are extracted to assign the border-box, its identifier must be provided.
from the stereo camera images and object was detected from Then, correct the border-many box's boundaries [7][8].
the image. Distance between two objects were obtained by
calculating the shifts between the video frames. This system
measures the distance of one object in the frame. It is not
possible to measure distance between two persons by using
this system.
Professor Abdalla Gad, Gasm ElBary, Mohammad
Alkhedher and Mohammed Ghazal proposed Vision-based
Approach for Automated Social Distance Violators Detection
[4]. They used Gaussian Mixture Model to remove the
background, Kalman filter to track the object and Euclidian to
calculate the distance between objects. The proposed idea
required many computations. In the real time people will be
moving randomly. They will cross each other very fast.
Professor F.A.Ahmad Naqiyuddin, W.Mansor,
N.M.Sallehuddin, M.N.S.Mohd Johari, M.A.S.Shazlan,
A.N.Bakar proposed Wearable Social Distancing Detection
System [3]. This system could be fast and suitable for real time
applications. But it required hardware parts. It is necessary
that every individual should wear the wearable system inorder
to measure the distance. Practically it is not possible for public
places. This system can be applicable to locations such as
prison, hospital, or a conference where the entry is restricted.
Nguyen et al. presented a comprehensive analysis on recent
development and challenges of face detection [5].
The proposed method is suitable for real time applications.
It doesn’t need any wearable hardware, thus the cost if very
low. It uses simple computational and deep learning methods;
thus, the computation speed is high. Fig.1 Flow Diagram for Social Distance Detection

III. PROPOSED SYSTEM C. Object Detection

Observing the social distance detection in all the places
such as streets, marketplaces, and other crowed public areas
all the time is almost impossible. People will only obey the
social distance if they are being watched by someone, such as
a police officer, which is not always practicable. Furthermore,
new violations are extremely difficult to detect over time,
regardless of whether any future surveys are conducted. The
proposed method detects social distancing by using deep
learning algorithms and Raspberry Pi processer. It calculates
the distance between individuals in public areas. The flow
diagram of the proposed work is given in figure 1.
A. Acquisition
The Raspberry Pi camera module was used to capture the
video of the crowded place. The camera is aligned to cover
the maximum area of the street. The location of the camera is
identified based on the crowed. The camera can be fixed in a
particular place or even the drone camera can be used for
special occasions. The live feed was given to the Raspberry
Pi processor.
B. Preprocessing
The video feed was given to the OpenCV to break the
video into individual frame for further processing. Each
frame is considered as an individual image. These frames are
used to identify the pedestrians by using image processing
YOLO is a real-time Object Detection Convolution
Neural Network (CNN) [9]. YOLO V3, the most recent
version of the object identification algorithm, can distinguish
80 distinct things in photos and videos, and it is extremely
quick and precise. A single neural network is used by the
system to process the entire image, then divides it into areas,
calculating boundary boxes and probabilities for each. The
YOLO model's base model can process pictures at 45 frames
per second in real time. All other detection approaches, such
as SSD and R_CNN, are outperformed by the YOLO model.
Every frame of the captured video will be subjected to the
YOLO v3 algorithm to detect the item, whether it is a human
or a vehicle. It also classifies the items and assigned then to a
particular class. YOLO version 3 calculates offset to pre-set
anchors to forecast the true width and height of the enclosing
box. The YOLO classifier trained and tested by COCO
dataset can classify up to 80 labels including human. Only the
pedestrian (human) class was utilized in the proposed work
because of the detection, and other object types were
disregarded in this application.
D. Bounding Box
YOLO version 3 runs the result via the sigma equation to
anticipate the whole bounding box. The width, height, and
centre bounding box coordinates of the expected bounding
box were calculated using this equation. Each frame contains

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one ground truth bounding box and one centre cell to be
accountable for this item if we train it. After training and a
fast forward pass, the network output coordinates tx, ty, tw
and th. The coordinates of the cell on the grid of the suitable
anchor are then cx and cy as given in figure 2 [10]. Finally,
the anchor's boxes, as well as their width and height, are
denoted by pw and ph. The centre coordinates tx, ty are sent
through the sigmoid function, which returns a value between
0 and 1. In which bounded box have more accuracy they only
consider to fixed boundary boxes.
The path for the YOLO weights, CLG file, and COCO
names file is configured using the setup function. For ordinary
path-name manipulation, the OS.path module is utilized. One
of the submodule [OS.path.join()] of os.path allows to
intelligently connect one or more path components.
cv2.dnn.read The weights are loaded into the network using
the NetFromDarknet() function. After loading the weights,
utilize a net to retrieve a list of all the layers of a network. To
estimate the social distance between everyone in the crowd,
we utilize the image processing function to analyse a single
frame of video. The video frame's width and height. To load
frames in bulk and deliver them over the network, the
cv2.dnn.blobFromImage() method was employed. On a
single frame, the blob function conducts mean subtraction,
scaling, and channel shifting.
From the probability of border box will be notified in
each frame to analyse and identified the border box having
more accuracy from the frame will be fixed in object
detection in our project. If the previous tool has less accuracy
and processing time and in yolov3 have import different class
model in a tool. The width, height, and centre bounding box
coordinates of the expected bounding box were calculated
using this equation. Each frame contains one ground truth
bounding box and one centre cell to be accountable for this
item if we train it.
Fig. 2 YOLO Model Applied for Pedestrian Detection
E. Object Tracking
The target image, that is the pedestrians walking on the
street was first converted into the top angle view by camera
view calibration. This can be done by the OpenCV by
selecting four perspective viewpoints and marking them as
the corners of a two-dimensional image view. By this process
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every pedestrian will be viewed from top angle. This
conversion helps in converting the boundary boxes into
points. Representing pedestrians in points makes the distance
calculation process very easy. An object's spatial and
temporal changes over a video sequence will be followed by
object tracking methods. The size, form, position, and
existence of the object will be tracked. This is achieved by
addressing the temporal issue. The target region is matched
with sub-sequent frames from the video feed. Tracking is
achieved by continuously enabling the object identification
and verify tracking using OpenCV.
By watching the detection person class and it will
generate a new id to each individual discovered person and
draw a box over them, setting the centroid each person will
identify. One centroid is purple, whereas the other is yellow.
If a person is identified in all directions, we're certain that
we'll apply the Euclidean distance calculation from each
centroid to a new centroid from the close person detector over
here, and then ids will be allocated independently. If we
cannot identify a result, the centroid will be removed from the
frame, and 50 pixels will be unregistered. The perspective
transformation in Open CV can be done by camera alignment.
It assigns 4 points in the frame and allocate it as the corner of
an image view [11]. As a result, it is assumed that everyone
is standing on a flat, level surface.
F. Distance Measurement
Once the pedestrians were located and converted into a
point of the frame the proposed model uses the Euclidean
formula in a frame to measure the distance between two
people [12]. If pedestrian-1 location is (x1, y1) and
pedestrian-2 location is (x2, y2) then the distance between
these two pedestrians can be calculated by the Euclidean
formula as given below,
Distance = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2
The acceptable distance between two pedestrians is assigned
as threshold distance ‘t’. If the calculated distance between
two pedestrians were exceeding the threshold level, then the
distance vector is displayed as red and if the calculated
distance between the pedestrian is less than threshold level
the distance vector is displayed as green. We can utilize the
distance measurement formula which is shown in figure 3.
P D
F=
W
W F
D' =
P
Where, F → Focal length
W → Object wide
D → Distance
Fig. 3 Distance Measurement
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Finally, we detect social detection in a video frame,
which is difficult to watch continuously, therefore we will use
location to setup each region to identify social distance
detection. We determined that a minimal number of
detections will be equipped with a buzzer or speaker. If a
certain place has the highest number of detections, it will be
sent to the Firebase using help of API integration. It's a little
more difficult and there's a lot less security protection if
everyone doesn't want to see the Firebase. As a result, we'll
use react to construct the admin site and display the location
status.
React.JS provides a basic and reliable feature set for
getting a web application up and running. The React
community augments the React framework by contributing a
huge number of ready-to-use components for rapidly
developing web apps. On top of the React library, the React
community adds advanced ideas like as state management,
routing, and so on. The React.JS framework for our site will
be split into two sections. The main admin dashboard and the
individual area officer dashboard are the two. With the aid of
node-mailer, we'll also set up mail alerts for our project.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
The system was tested in a street where people walk. The
camera is positioned in such a way to cover the maximum area
of the street to capture the pedestrians. The camera feed is
collected by the Raspberry Pi processor, and which was
installed with Open CV and YOLO V3 deep learning
algorithm.
Calculating the distance between two identified
pedestrians with a bounding box is less accurate. Thus, each
pedestrian is represented by a point for detecting social
distance. The OpenCV converts the bounding box into points
by converting it into top viewed image. The object tracking
stages are given in figure 5, 6 and 7.
Fig. 4 Object Tracking Stage-1
Fig. 5 Object Tracking Stage-2
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Fig. 6 Object Tracking Stage-3
Then the distance between two points is calculated by
Euclidian distance. If the distance between two pedestrians is
less than threshold value, then it is represented by green and if
the distance between two pedestrians is greater than threshold
value then it is represented by red.
Pedestrians represented with red points keep a safe
distance and pedestrians represented with green points do not.
If minimum number of violations occurs, the buzzer sound
will alert the public to maintain social distance. If more
violation occurs at a particular location the buzzer sound will
alert, and an emergency message will be passed to the
respective authority along with the location. All the
information will be stored and displayed in web page. For
object recognition deep convolutional neural network gives
superior performance on pedestrian images [13][14]. The
losses per iteration of the object detection is given in figure 9
[15].
V. CONCLUSION
The deep learning-based distance monitoring system is
proposed. The distance between people can be estimated and
indicated by bounding boxes. The colors of the box represents
whether two people follow social distance or not. The system
was tested by installing the Raspberry Pi camera on a street
and feeding the live video to the processor. The violation
status can be available with the database, and it can also alert
the authorities in case if numerous violations occur. The
experimental results shows that the system can detect the
distance between two people in an efficient manner. This
system can be implemented in any public gathering places to
monitor the violation of social distancing. In future the
proposed system can be developed to identify face mask
detection along with temperature detection. [19],[20].
REFERENCES
[1] World Health Organization official website, accessed on July 22 nd,
2022: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-
2019
[2] World Health Organization COVID-19 Dash Board, accessed on July
22nd, 2022:https://covid19.who.int/
[3] Emre DANDIL, Kerim Kürşat ÇEVİK, “Computer Vision Based
Distance Measurement System using Stereo Camera View”, 3rd
International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative
Technologies (ISMSIT), 2019.
[4] Abdalla Gad, Gasm ElBary, Mohammad Alkhedher, Mohammed
Ghazal, “Vision-based Approach for Automated Social Distance
Violators Detection”, International Conference on Innovation and
Intelligence for Informatics, Computing and Technologies (3ICT),
2020.
[5] F.A Ahmad Naqiyuddin, W. Mansor, N. M. Sallehuddin, M. N. S.
Mohd Johari, M. A. S. Shazlan, A. N. Bakar, “Wearable Social
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Breast Cancer Segmentation by K-Means and

Classification by Machine Learning
K. Priya 1 , V. Senthilkumar2 , Samson Isaac. J3 , Sreekanth Kottu4 ,
V S Ramakrishna 5 , M Jogendra Kumar6
1
Department of Computer Science, P. B Siddhartha College of Arts and Science,
Vijayawada 520010, Andhra Pradesh, India. kpriya@pbsiddhartha.ac.in
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Er. Perumal Manimekalai College of
Engineering, koneripalli, Hosur 635117, Tamil Nadu, India.
3
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Surgical and Critical care Equipments Laboratory,
Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India.
4
Department of Information Technology, St Peter's Engineering College, Malkajgiri 500100,
Telangana, India.
5
Department of Computer Science Engineering, BVC Engineering College, Odalarevu 533210, Andhra
Pradesh, India.
6
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram
522302, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract—Breast Cancer (BC) progression is currently a
common health problem among modern women. It is the cause
of death for a significant number of women. BC is the growth of
malignant cells in the breast tissue. Adipose or connective tissue
can also develop BC. Because of developments in medical
technology, ultrasonography is one of many procedures utilised
for the early identification of cancer. Ultrasound is a technique
that uses high-frequency sound wave technology to create
images of inside body structures such as organs and soft tissues.
Because of the poor quality of the information, there is a lot of
possibility for interpretational mistakes when diagnosing cancer
based on ultrasound images. As a result of these concerns, this
paper uses the idea of Machine Learning (ML) is employed for
the classification and segmentation of BC. The K-means
clustering approach is used as part of the segmentation
procedure to detect where the cancer is present. A recent study
has demonstrated that machine learning produces reliable
findings, allowing specialists to make better decisions. Using
standard BC datasets, the performance of three different
Machine Learning algorithms—Logistic Regression (LR),
Random Forest (RF), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)—is
tested in this work. In terms of accuracy, RF outperformed the
other algorithms, according to the finding. Future BC
researchers will be able to utilise the findings of this study to
guide their investigations and influence their efforts to improve
the efficiency of specific algorithms.
Keywords— Breast cancer, Data, Segmentation,
Classification, Machine Learning, Metrics.
sensitivity is diminished in denser breast tissues. Nowadays,
having denser breasts are considered a separate risk factor
for getting BC [3]. There was an elevated likelihood of BC in
women with extremely thick breast tissue, anything between
1.2 to 2.1 times higher [4]. There are numerous imaging
methods available now for the early identification and
handling of BC. Ultrasonography of the breast is widely used
in clinical practice to make a diagnosis. Because it is non-
invasive, generally women can be well-tolerated and do not
expose the patient to radiation, ultrasound is commonly used
in the diagnosis of BC [5]. Ultrasound is the most efficient
diagnostic method, particularly for discovering BC in thick
breast tissue, which mammography frequently misses. By
comparing other medical imaging techniques, ultrasound
imaging has advantages in portability and cost [6]. To aid
radiologists in the analysis of breast ultrasounds, CAD
systems have been created. Because early CAD systems
depended so much on human-supplied visual information, it
was challenging to share data between ultrasound images
acquired by multiple techniques [7]. Recent improvements in
artificial intelligence (AI) technology have proved critical in
automating the process of diagnosing BC using ultrasound
images. In a computerised procedure, pre-processing
ultrasound images, segmenting the tumour, obtaining
properties from the segmented tumour, and finally
categorising the tumour are all critical procedures.

The researcher [8] discussed a unique 3D

I. INT RODUCT ION
BC constitutes the second largest reason for death
among females [1]. Different clinical divisions, such as those
dealing with BC diagnosis, screening, and therapy, could
benefit from more interoperability, and automated ways of
doing so have been proposed [2]. Mammography,
ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging are employed as
components of these automated systems for diagnosing BC.
Mammography does minimize BC deaths, although its
convolutional network for automated cancer detection from
the breast [8] and simultaneously reviewed high detection
sensitivity with minimal False Positive (FP). The author
proposes a densely deep supervision strategy to greatly boost
detection sensitivity through the efficient utilisation of multi-
layer features. Also suggest a threshold loss to offer an
adaptive threshold at the voxel level for distinguishing
cancer from non-cancer, with high sensitivity and minimal
FP. Extensive experimental evidence reveals that the
proposed method gives good sensitivity with minimal FP. In

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total, 85 patients were included in the retrospective study [9], advantages of a fully connected layer over a SoftMax layer
42 of whom had benign lesions and 43 of whom had for categorization and error prediction. In the present work,
malignant lesions, which were confirmed by biopsy. Deep the author combines these ML approaches with techniques
neural network models were trained independently on a for feature selection and extraction and then analyses their
dataset of 205 B-mode and 205 strain elastography (SE) findings with classification and segmentation tools to
ultrasound images (80% for training and 20% for validation). determine which one is best suited to the output at hand.
Following the configuration of the models to work as an Experiment results show relatively high accuracy of 97.2%
ensemble, 56 images were utilised to test the ensemble's when compared to comparable systems on the market.
performance. The ensemble model uses semantic features The research tries to solve the issues in speed
from the pre-trained models to distinguish between benign control of BLDC employed in EV with the help of the
and malignant tumours, capturing the many features found in above-mentioned journals (Part I). The mathematical model
B-mode and SE images. The experimental results reveal that, of BLDC is identified using the first principal method (Part
when compared to individual models, the proposed ensemble II), The tuning techniques and their working are studied (Part
model achieves 90% accuracy. In particular, the author III), Evaluation parameters are detailed with mathematical
created a novel integrated deep learning (DL) model, a multi- formula (Part IV), and the BLDC performance on various
view deep neural network support vector machine PID tuning is discussed (Part V) and finally conclude which
(MDNNSVM), for ultrasound BC diagnosis [10]. Ultrasound PID tuning is optimal for BLDC speed control.
characteristics, in particular, can be retrieved and combined
utilising multi-view representation learning to effectively II. RESEARCH FLOW
differentiate benign from malignant BC. In addition, to BC segmentation and classification are important
considerably improve diagnostic precision, a classifier is things to treat and cure cancer at earlier stages. The
learned using SVM as the objective function in conjunction ultrasonic BC data was collected from the Kaggle. the data is
with DNN. According to experimental findings on a real- composed of raw ultrasound breast and mask cancer images.
time dataset, the MDNNSVM has the highest classification The collected images are processed and given to the
accuracy and AUC. segmentation model. The processing stages deal with image
Transfer Learning is employed in the proposed sizing and filtering. The K-means technique is employed to
work [11] to develop a sophisticated BC Prognosis utilising segment the cancer region from the ultrasound images. To
an Ultrasound Dataset. BC diagnosis and prognosis provide qualify the segmented cancer region the collected mask
substantial challenges for researchers. When dealing with images are used to compare the results. The feature
cancer, many things influence a patient's prognosis. All of extraction is done to retrieve the important characteristics
these characteristics, as well as the patient's outward from the ultrasound images. The texture-based feature
symptoms, are tracked using scanning instruments. Since extraction particularly GLCM is chosen in this work. Next,
then, the Transfer learning technique has been used to apply the ML models are used, to classify the cancer images after
this data to cancer diagnosis. They present an approach for training. The various ML model outputs are compared to
detecting BC in ultrasound images that are based on transfer identify the best one. For comparison, the standard
learning and DL methods, and investigate and compare these classification metrics are employed. The above-mentioned
two approaches using a variety of different measures. When work process is converted into a flow chart and it is given in
compared to other machine learning and DL approaches, the figure 1.
results of employing the suggested method for BC diagnosis
in ultrasound images demonstrate the highest accuracy and
the fewest losses. Tumours were discovered and classified as
benign or malignant in the study [12] utilising DL
technology and ultrasound imaging diagnostics. A
supervised block-based region segmentation technique was
employed to extract tumour spots in breast ultrasound (BUS)
images. The segmented BUS images were then analysed
using a VGG-19 pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset to
determine whether the BC was benign or malignant. The
trials demonstrated that the proposed method can replace
manual segmentation. The depth features were used to build
a combination feature model, the diagnostic impact of which
was superior to that of either image alone. In publication
[13], the researcher provides a mathematical model for
detecting BC that uses cutting-edge computing methods
called the DL-assisted Efficient AdaBoost technique.
Researchers are actively developing transfer learning-based
algorithms for tumour classification in computer vision using
deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The first
section of this study investigates how breast masses can be
defined using CNN-based transfer learning for a variety of
diagnostic, predictive, prognostic, and imaging tasks. The
DL framework is made up of several LSTM and Max-
pooling layers, as well as several convolutional layers. The

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Fig. 1. Process flow of ML-based BC segmentation and classification
III. BREAST CANCER DAT A
The data is essential for automating the BC
segmentation and classification process. For classification ,
the ultrasound raw image alone is enough but for
segmentation in addition to raw images, mask images are
required. Ultrasound images of the breast were included in
the baseline data set, and the participants ranged in age from
25 to 75 years old. The data included within was acquired in
2018 [14]. There are a total of 600 female patients. There are
1578 images total, including an average dimension of 500
pixels on both the width and height. PNGs are used to save
files. The distinctions between normal, benign, and
cancerous images are seen in figure 2.
Fig. 2. Sample BC images and their mask
All images are resized to the shape of 224*224.
Next the resizing, the filter is applied to the images to reduce
or remove the unwanted noise present in the images. The BC
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data is composed of a total of 1578 images, here 891 are
benign, 421 are malignant and 266 are normal images. The
data of each type is split in the ratio of 8:2. The detailed
description of data taken for training and testing the ML
model is shown in table 1.
T ABLE I. BC DATA SP LITTING
Breast image Benign Malignant Normal
Total Data Count 891 421 266
Train Data Count 713 337 213
Test Data Count 178 84 53
IV. SEGMENT AT ION M ODEL
Clustering is used to organise data by discovering
similarities between objects in a set [15]. The clustering
procedure is built on the use of the distance function to
determine the degree of similarity between pairs of objects.
Medical image segmentation is simply one of several images
where cluster analysis has proven effective. K-means is a
clustering method that may efficiently classify huge datasets
in a short period [16]. As a result, this can be divided into
numerous clusters, with each cluster containing points that
are strikingly similar to one another. K-mean clustering is
delicate to the initial data point acquisition from the centroid
of every cluster since it is a localized optimization. In
addition, starting point determination is improved by u sing
the cluster's median, the K-mean can be confined to the best
feasible starting point. The k-mean clustering technique will
choose a random beginning point among the clusters, where
k is the number of clusters. The starting centroid cluster is
chosen at random, therefore the total amount of iterations
with the centroid may differ. Finding the centre of the initial
high sample points is a solution that will lead to better
performance. Because k-mean clustering is the most
commonly used form of clustering, data points
are clustered into groups. It can process
vectors of varying sizes and also has good performance
computational power. As a result, the cost function and, by
extension, the distortion measure are reduced.
( )
( )
Where is a statistic used to characterise how far a data
point is from a cluster's epicentre? The the metric
represents the distance between the data points and the
cluster centres. The procedure is as follows:
1. In the space defined by the clustered items, place
the points, the initial centroids.
2. Assign each group of objects to the class that most
accurately defines their approximate centres.
3. The -CenterPoint coordinates must be adjusted
once all objects have been allocated.
4. If the centroids continue to shift, repeat steps 2 and
3
This results in item clustering, from which the desired metric
could be computed. The K-means clustering technique has
two well-known properties: first, it requires an initial cluster
number, or "k centroid," to function effectively; yet, without
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additional context, determining what this optimal number
should be is challenging. The other characteristic is a link
between each point and its neares t cluster. By using the K-
means algorithm, the cancer region is segmented from the
ultrasound images and the result will be given in figure 3.
The figure consists of three images, the first image represents
the ultrasonic image, the second one is the ground truth
image and the third one is the K-means segmented outcome.
Fig. 3. K-means segmented outcome
V. M ACHINE LEARNING M ODEL
This section detailed the three ML models used to
classify cancer images. Before giving the images to the
model, the important features from the images are extracted
and used. The reason for the extraction of important
characteristics from the image is to reduce computational
time and memory. The GLCM is used to extract the features.
The result of the GLCM algorithm is given to the ML model
for training.
A. Logistic Regression
Many machine learning algorithms use logistic
regression, a popular categorization method. In its simplest
form, this model employs a logistic function to characterise a
binary dependent variable. The expected frequency with
which an observation belongs to a certain category. Using
logistic regression, linear regression is translated into a
classifier and several regularisation approaches [17]. The
most common regularisation methods are ridge and lasso.
With these two popular ways, overfitting can be avoided.
Regularisation can be used to solve overfitting concerns by
penalising the cost function. In the processing step, both L1
and L2 regularisation in the Lasso and Ridge regularisation
approach, are used. The working hypothesis, " " must meet
the following criteria:
( )
( ) ( )
where x is a data point, s1 is the sigmoid function,
t1 is the time interval, and w1 is the weights.
Case 0: h1 (x) Attempt to acquire as close to 0
results as feasible.
Case 1, h1(x) Attempt to acquire as close to 1 result
as feasible.
B. Random Forest
RF classifier combines two random processes to
construct a vast number of binary decision trees (DT) to
categorise data [18]. The bootstrap set is created by
randomly sampling the training set. The tree-building
process can then be made more random. A random selection
of attributes determines the optimum branch to divide the
tree into. The images in the bootstrap and training images are
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identical. The difference between bootstrap sets formed from
a collection of training set examples is typically about two -
thirds. Any remaining training set samples are removed to
lower the size of the bootstrap set. The Out-of-bag (OOB) set
is made up of all of these separate cases. A tree can be
constructed with a bootstrap set and tested with an OOB set.
The error is then calculated by dividing the overall OOB set
error, which is just the average classification error on the
OOB sets, by the total count of training samples. The upper
bound generalisation error has occurred.
( )
Where represents the average correlation and represents
the ensemble's strength. A solution with maximum power
and minimum correlation is best. The RF model is employed
to accumulate the results of numerous DTs into a single
model. Using just one of the RF model images boosted
accuracy in recognising tumour abnormalities in imaging
investigations.
C. K-Nearest Neighbour
When it comes to the actual application, the KNN
categorization algorithm shines. The straightforward training
strategy includes a sample of class labels and a set of tuples
associated with those labels. This strategy works properly
with a large enough random number of modules. KNN is a
classification model that associates samples with classes
using a distance function [19]. The KNN Classification
process is used to compute the distance between a
hypothetical test illustration and each of the real-world
instances . The test samples receive a majority
neighbourhood lecture based on the selection of neighbours,
which is chosen by proximity to the test instance. The
distance function between the samples is applied using the
Euclidean technique, the Manhattan method, o r the
Minkowski method. These processes are utilised when
dealing with continuous values. The extent to which
neighbours are assigned by sample probability is
determined by the number of neighbours. The number of
neighbours considered is related to the likelihood of
categorising sample X as belonging to class .
∑ ( ( ))
VI. ML M ODEL EVALUAT ION
A total of three ML models are used to detect BC.
All three model has their advantages and drawbacks. The
application of the research is in the medical field, so more
importance is given to the quality of the model. For
identifying the best ML model, evaluation metrics are used.
The ML model was first trained with the data collected from
Kaggle after processing and extracting the features. After
training, the models are tested and validated. The accuracy of
all three models LR, RF and KNN is 95.87%, 97.14% and
93.33%. The accuracy will be good for RF and lower for the
KNN model. Next, the TNR and TPR values are compared,
for both metrics the value will be maximum in RF (97.83%
and 96.15%) and minimum in KNN (95.58% and 90.29%).
Then, the negative metrics of FPR and FNR are validated.
The RF model gives the value of 3.84% and 2.16% FNR,
which is very less than compared with the other two
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techniques. Similarly, for the same metrics, the score will be
highest in KNN and the values are 9.7% and 4.41%. The
precision of the RF is 96.89%, LR is 96.12% and KNN is
T ABLE II. ML MODEL COMP ARISON
MODEL ACCURACY TNR TPR
LR 95.873 97.2678 93.9394
RF 97.1429 97.8378 96.1538
KNN 93.3333 95.5801 90.2985
The table is converted into a bar graph and it is
shown in figure 4. The comparison graph shows that the RF
model will provide a higher rate of positive metrics and
KNN provides a lower score of positive metrics. The score
Fig. 4. ML model comparison on BC classification
VII. CONCLUSION
Expert doctors may now successfully diagnose
malignant tumours by analysing patient records and imaging.
However, various specialists may arrive at different
conclusions regarding the type of cancer. The high death rate
associated with BC has made it a hot topic as of late. Thanks
to advances in computer-assisted technologies, doctors may
now detect cancer at an earlier stage and begin treatment as
soon as possible. Given the progress made in the ML field,
we employ the K-means method to isolate the tumorous
areas in ultrasound imaging, and we apply LR, RF, and KNN
to classify the ultrasound images into several cancer types.
The metrics are used to assess all three models. Accuracy
(97.14%), TPR (96.15%), TNR (97.83%), precision
(96.89%), and F1-score (96.52%) were the metrics with the
greatest scores for the RF, while FPR (2.16%) and FNR
(3.84%) were the lowest. Findings have shown that the RF
model can provide accurate findings that aid experts in
making more reliable predictions than humans can.
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93.79% and F1-Score of the RF is 96.52%, LR is 95.01%
and KNN is 92.01%. All the output results attained by three
ML models are tabulated below in table 2.
FNR FPR PRECISION F1-SCORE
6.06061 2.73224 96.124 95.0192
3.84615 2.16216 96.8992 96.5251
9.70149 4.41989 93.7984 92.0152
of negative metrics will be vice versa, the values are
maximum for KNN and minimum for RF. In both metrics ,
the LR provides the score moderately. In the below figure
the RF, LR and KNN are differentiated using various colour
bar like blue, green and yellow. The RF model was found to
be the best one for identifying BC from ultrasonic images.
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Various Fuzzy Clustering Algorithms”, Jordan Journal of Mechanical
and Industrial Engineering (JJMIE), vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 335-343, 2011.
[17]. Komarek, P. & Moore, A.W, “ Making logistic regression a core data
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[18]. Schonlau, Matthias & Zou, Rosie, “The random forest algorithm for
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[19]. Kataria, Aman & Singh, Mandeep, “A Review of Data Classification
Using K-Nearest Neighbour Algorithm”, 2013

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
An Examen of Oral Carcinoma using
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Machine Learning Approaches
Jenifer Blessy. J1
Department of Computer Science
University of Madras
Chennai – 600025, India
jeniferdavid1166@gmail.com
Abstract—Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the 8th most fast-
spreading cancer, globally. Detection and treatment of Oral
cancer are the most important aspects that are needed nowadays
in this fast-moving world. Nanotechnology and machine
learning are two predominant and upcoming technologies for
detecting and classifying cancer. Machine learning algorithms
are widely used in the early-stage detection and classification of
cancer. These detections can be even performed using smart
devices like cell phone cameras. Nanotechnology sets a new
trend and makes a new revolution in the world of information
with the help of nanoparticles like gold nanoparticles, nano-
virus, nanohydroxyapatite, and so on. Nanoparticles are, being
smaller in size, effectively used to stop the further spread of
cancer to other body parts. Accurate detection of Oral
squamous cell carcinoma is a very important phase of OSCC
treatment. Feature extraction of OSCC classification which is
attained using various machine learning algorithms such as
SVM, Naïve Bayes, and CNN. Deep learning has attained
outstanding performance in early-stage cancer detection with a
large dataset and the results are obtained with high accuracy in
OSCC early-stage detection. It seeks to diagnose oral cancer
with more precision and in less time. Future oral cancer deaths
might be reduced by performing early detection. Of these
algorithms, CNN has been improved in every research and
attained an accuracy of ran up to 96.6%.
Keywords— Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Machine
learning, Nanotechnology, Detection, Classification, Deep
learning.
I. INTRODUCTION
Oral cancer is a multifaceted disease that may be caused
due to tobacco, drugs, alcohol, and some viruses. Oral cancer
may occur in the tongue, top & bottom of the mouth, buccal
mucosa, gum, area behind the wisdom teeth, neck, and the
oesophagus. One of India’s main causes of mouth cancer is
the intake of beetle nuts. Human Papillomavirus and Herpes
group viruses generally cause oral cancer, in both men and
women. Amongst oral cancer, squamous cell carcinoma is
predominantly found in humans. Other less common oral
cancer types are Verrucous carcinoma, Minor salivary gland
carcinoma, and Lymphoma. Cancer can be found using a
variety of methods, including X-rays, computed tomography
(CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and manual
diagnosis by a doctor.
Depending on the size of the cancer, it is divided into
various phases. The stages are tabulated in Table I. Along with
machine learning and deep learning technologies,
nanotechnology plays an important role in the field of
dentistry. Being nanosized, the particles or the drugs are
capable to move to any part of the body, surrounding the
tumor, and can stop the further spread of cancer to the other
body parts.
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Sornam.M2*
Department of Computer Science
University of Madras
Chennai – 600025, India
madasamy.sornam@gmail.com
TABLE I. TUMOR STAGES AND SIZES
Stages Tumor size
Stage 0 Abnormal / no damage cell present
Stage 1 Tumor size less than 2cm
Stage 2 Tumor size larger than 2cm lesser than 4cm
Stage 3 Tumor size larger than 4cm
Stage 4a Between 3-6 cm in the lymph nodes
Stage 4b Tumor cell in the lymph node is larger than 6 cm
Stage 4c The tumor is increased in different organs
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Lavanya L and Chandra J [1] have performed an analysis
on oral cancer using machine learning techniques. Various
methodologies such as Decision trees, Random Forest,
Support Vector Machines, KNN, Logistic regression, and
Multi-Layer perceptron use artificial neural networks for
early-stage oral cancer detection. The prediction model of oral
cancer was performed using the dataset collected from the
National Library of Medicine in the U.S.
Sunil et al [2] described oral cancer staging as pathological
and clinical. Many tools have been created and used to stage
Tumour-Node-Metasis (TNM). This classification is further
compared with Linear Layer Neural Networks. The accuracy
for the T1 stage was 100%, T2 was 84.21%, and T3 was
94.12%.
R. Prabhakaran et al [3] have performed the detection of
Oral cancer using machine learning classification methods.
Various methodologies and algorithms were used to get good
precision. The tumor images are segmented and features are
extracted to get better precision. Segmentation and
classification are performed using SVM, Naïve Bayes, and
CNN algorithms. A comparative study is done using these
algorithms.
Marc et al [4] perform an automatic technique for an
accurate precision OSCC diagnosis with the aid of deep
learning technologies. It is compared against textural feature-
based machine learning techniques. Also, it performs a series
of diagnoses using CLE image series from patients. Patch
extraction of images and data augmentation for training is
done. Various classification methodologies were performed.
Kevin et al [5] concentrated on the Convolutional Neural
network (CNN) to automatically classify different cancer
lesions. It involves the combination approach of GAIN
architecture along with CNN. The GAIN architecture has 3
streams of network for training such as classification stream,
attention mining stream, and bounding box stream. Through
657
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

this, the correct lesion area in the image is found using the
decision-making methods.
Monika et al [6] have done a vast study on the application
of nanotechnology in the field of oral cancer. The study throws
an idea about how nanomaterials are used in oral cancer
diagnosis. Liposomes, hydrogels, and liquid crystals are used
in the release of drugs in the human body to treat cancer.
Section III of this paper includes an introduction to oral
cancer, and Section IV provides an outline of nanotechnology.
Section V and section VI describe the methods and strategies
employed thus far in the research on the early diagnosis of
cancer.
III. ORAL CANCER
Oral cancer is also known as mouth cancer. Oral cancer is
the abnormal cells or tumor that grows around the mouth,
neck, and cheeks. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most
common oral cancer which causes in 9 out of 10 people. The
most common type of oral cancer is listed in Table II. Mouth
pain, loose teeth, difficulty swallowing, and uncertain or
abnormal growth of tissues throughout the inner part of the
mouth are all markers of oral cancer. Numerous different signs
include sore lips or mouth that might not heal for a prolonged
period [7].
TABLE II. CANCER TYPES AND AREAS OF OCCURRENCE
IV. NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology includes various disciplines such as
physics, engineering, biomedicine, chemistry, computer
science, material science, and biology. It is one of the
emerging technologies as the need for cancer diagnosis and
treatment is high in demand. Many nanoparticles are
implemented in the diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer.
Nanoparticles are single-dimensional and less than 100nm in
range.
The nanoparticles are hierarchical in structure. They are
the same as natural biological materials. Nanoparticles are
used in the uniform radiation therapy of cancer with
radiosensitizers. Applications of nanotechnology are shown in
Figure 2. Nano-based cancer diagnosis and treatment have
radically changed the field of medicine and nanotechnology.
With the help of nanotechnology, scientists can detect even a
minute change in molecule and surface area that occurs in the
cells. Tumor growth is uninvolved using nanomedicine
effectiveness.

Cancer Types Area

Adenocarcinoma Salivary gland
Sarcoma Bone, cartilage, muscle, or other tissue
Oral malignant
Skin pigment or color (melanocytes)
melanoma
Lymphoma Lymph glands

Figure 2 - Applications of Nanotechnology

The steps involved in the nanoparticles in the cancer

treatment process are explained in Figure 3.

Figure 1 - Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Figure 1 shows the OSCC tumor-affected area of a patient.

OSCC mostly develops in the area of the mouth’s lips, tongue,
and floor. Tobacco and drugs are the two major cancer-
causing agents. Chewing betel for a long period tends to cause
cancer in the mouth. In the clinical system, the staging of
OSCC cancer is done by Tumor, Node, and Metastasis
(TNM). [1]
There are three common ways to treat cancer: surgery,
radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Other than these methods,
nanotechnology started to boom now. The release of drugs in
the format of nanoparticles is highly effective since they are
smaller in size and highly dense.
This research work was funded by the MHRD RUSA 2.0 Biomaterials
–Research Innovation and Quality Improvement- Nano informatics on the
role of Nano-HAp in Orthodontics: Schema and System Design under
Functional Synthetic Material for Biomedical Applications Theme-2 from
the University of Madras.
Figure 3 - Nanoparticles in cancer
Various biomaterials are available such as fluorescent,
gold, virus, and hydroxyapatite are available in the diagnosis
and treatment of cancer. Fluorescent has been used as an
alternative to traditional dyes, increasing stability. It is also
used the decrease photobleaching.
Gold nanoparticles are used in photothermal therapy and
radiofrequency therapy. Gold nanoparticles are used in
anticancer drug delivery and are highly biocompatible in
nature. Gold nanoparticles absorb light cheaply and
effectively [9]. Gold nanoparticles are biosensor that is highly
sensitive, adaptable, and selective.

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Virus-based nanocarriers for drug delivery are used in
packing the drugs and delivering them to the target. It has
several properties such as being biocompatible, water-soluble,
and reduced toxicity. Furthermore, functionalization is
simple. The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), turnip yellow
mosaic virus (TYMV), and Insect Noda virus flock house
virus (FHV) are used effectively [10]. Figure 4 explains how
virus-based nanocarriers are used in treating oral cancer.
area's shape and size. This feature extraction could be obtained
through Principal Components Analysis, Independent
Components Analysis, and Linear Components Analysis.
Classification is done as binary classification, multiclass
classification, and multimodal classification. Many
classification algorithms include K-Nearest Neighbor,
Random Forest, Naïve Bayes, and Support Vector Machine.
Finally, the image is said to whether Benign or malignant.

Figure 4 - Virus-based nanocarriers [10]

Hydroxyapatite is the main component of mineral bone. It

is the backbone of the standard treatment protocol. It is
effective in the drug delivery system. HAp is a bioactive
synthetic material that is smaller in grain size and easy to
synthesize and break down into nano-particles without losing
its physical and chemical properties. Being nano, HAp is also
used in the bone replacement process.
The chemical composition of HAp is Ca5 (OH)3 (PO4)3
which comprises Calcium, Hydroxide, and Phosphate. HAp
is most effective in the case of caries and dental fractures. The
further study happens in the field of tissue engineering.
HAp is available in different formats like toothpaste and
mouth-rinsing solutions to avoid hypersensitivity and
enhanced mineralization. The HAp is bioactive in the human
body. It has high interaction with biological components. As
a start of the research, the HAp is being tested on rats to
calculate the effectiveness of Nano-HAp at the physical level.
V. METHODOLOGY
The different methodologies used till today are discussed.
Data collection is the first and foremost step in any research.
Figure 5 - Steps in cancer identification using machine learning techniques
Data can be collected from local resources or they are readily
available online. Some of the Public domains that avail the
data to the researchers are Kaggle, UCI, BRATS 2015 dataset, The algorithms for detecting oral cancer are covered
BRATS 2016 dataset, BRATS 2018 dataset, LIDC-IDRI, below.
WBCD dataset, and FFDM dataset.
A. Support Vector Machine
The entire dataset is divided into three namely, training
data, validation data, and testing data. The training data is SVM is an inherently binary classifier in Machine
used to train the model, the validation data is used to monitor learning algorithms and is also used in the regression. It is
the model's performance, adjust the hyperparameters, and highly useful in pattern recognition for complex data. The
choose the best model. The test data displays the ultimate kernel trick is one of the methods that is used to modify the
performance of the created and trained model. The most data. Optimal boundaries are found among the possible
common method involved in diagnosing and treating cancer is outputs. SVM works with higher accuracy with less
shown in Figure 5. computation time.
Next to data collection, data has been pre-processed and
made into an understandable format. The image is then SVM is currently expanding its boundaries in the field of
subjected to an enhancement process by resizing, enhancing cancer which is extended to the discovery of new biomarkers
the contrast, and applying filters to improve the quality. and cancer-causing genes. Some of the SVM results in the
Images are segmented using various algorithms such as CNN detection of cancer are listed in Table III. SVM is chosen in
and RNN. Using segmentation, in medical imaging, the tumor order to obtain the best solution for the oral cancer
is found pixel by pixel, so the detection can be more accurate. classification as benign or malignant.
Feature extraction helps in the reduction of processing
time. Features are extracted in two types: Morphological TABLE III. SVM IN CANCER CLASSIFICATION
features and Textural features, which help to analyze the target

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Author Dataset Result

Nanditha BR et al Public domain and clinical Training accuracy VI. CONCLUSION
[12], 2022 data – 98.3 %
Testing accuracy – As an overview of this research, the CNN algorithm plays
97.15% a major role in the detection of Oral cancer at an early stage.
Deep learning and machine learning algorithms are useful to
Al-Ma’aitah M et al Clinical data 89.2 %
[11], 2018 both clinicians and physicians. Finding the early stage of oral
cancer is crucial, which may take an ample amount of time.
Rahul Kumar LIF spectra collected at 91.9 %
Singh et al [13], Manipal University Proper diagnosis and treatment are the two major factors in the
2008 medical industry. The technologies aim to join hands with the
Alhasan Alkuhlani https://tcga- 98.81 % medical field to enhance disease detection and reduce the
et al SVM-RFE data.nci.nih.gov/tcga/ mortality rate. For this, the data is the main key for further
[14], 2017 research. Image enhancement and overfitting reduction are the
two major key terms for the processed data. New and
B. Naïve Bayes improved algorithms must be developed for better cancer
Naïve Bayes forecast the probability of the various class detection and enhanced accuracy.
based on the different available features. This algorithm is
highly effective in oral cancer classification. The FUTURE WORK
performance and analysis are good in the Naïve Bayes Oral cancer detection can be done using different images
algorithm. Naive Bayes is simple to construct and quite such as CT, MRI, X-Ray, and other biomedical images.
helpful for very large datasets and so chosen. Classification and segmentation are done using traditional
methods. Improved ensemble learning of deep learning
TABLE IV. NAÏVE BAYES IN CANCER CLASSIFICATION methods can be performed to get improved accuracy.
Modified models have to be developed. While concentrating
Author Dataset Result on the dataset, more clinical and histopathological data has to
Nanditha BR et Public domain and clinical 90.01% be collected and worked with that. The main aim is to find oral
al [12], 2022 data cancer at an early stage to increase the patient survival rate and
Prabhakaran et Public domain 86.02 % provide treatment at the earliest.
al[3], 2020
Dharani et al UCI 85.71 % ACKNOWLEDGMENT
[19], 2021
This research work was funded by the MHRD RUSA 2.0
Biomaterials –Research Innovation and Quality
C. Convolutional Neural Network Improvement- Nano informatics on the role of Nano-HAp in
CNN is one of the leading algorithms that is used in the Orthodontics: Schema and System Design under Functional
early stage of oral cancer detection. The CNN first extracts Synthetic Material for Biomedical Applications Theme-2
the necessary features and classifies similar features. The data from the University of Madras.
depends on the data and its quality, features, the number of REFERENCES
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
MiMi: Sinhala Language Speech Assistive Learning
Bot to Support Children with Stuttering
K.C.D Vithana D.N.N Weerarathne H.A.S Krishan M.R.M Wijesiri
Faculty of Computing Faculty of Computing Faculty of Computing Faculty of Computing
Sri Lanka Institute of Sri Lanka Institute of Sri Lanka Institute of Sri Lanka Institute of
Infromation Technology Information Technology Information Technology Information Technology
Malabe, Sri Lanka Malabe, Sri Lanka Malabe, Sri Lanka Malabe, Sri Lanka
diwyangivithana1@gmail.com nnimesha97@gmail.com shehankrishan6@gmail.com ravinimaneesha28@gmail.com
Samantha Thelijjagoda J.A.D.T Jayawickrama Nethmini T. Weerawarna
SLIIT Business School Ceylon Cold Stores PLC, University of Colombo,
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
samantha.t@my.sliit.lk dinuwan.adg@gmail.com nethmi@ict.cmb.ac.lk

Abstract— This research paper presents "MiMi", a Sinhala
Language voice assistive gamified solution that is designed to
address stuttering in children aged between three and fourteen.
Speech disorders occur when the regular flow of communication
is disrupted. Stuttering, Lisps, Dysarthria, and Apraxia are some
variations of speech impairments. Stuttering can be caused by a
variety of factors including physical weaknesses, inherited
diseases, Autism, and accidents. The risk of continuing to stutter
into adulthood is highest in children between the ages of three to
fourteen. It is recognized that stuttering therapy activities were less
effective in managing stuttering after this age. Stuttering
treatments comprise speech therapy with speech-language
therapists, which requires in-person sessions that can be
challenging and expensive in some circumstances. A parent's
financial ability, their busy schedules, the state of the economy in
the nation, and the feasibility of physically seeing therapists and
enduring treatments are all factors that might encourage or
demotivate participation in therapy sessions. The development in
technology and technical approaches have revolutionized the
medical field and several studies have been conducted regarding
communication disorders in recent years. The application can be
used to practice a child’s needed speech therapy virtually and can
also be used to aid speech therapy sessions done by speech
therapists. The main aim of the system is to provide a customized,
engaging, and innovative therapeutic strategy for children to
manage stuttering.
Keywords—Gamified virtual assistance, Speech therapy,
Childhood stuttering, Sinhala language, Voice assistive
I. INTRODUCTION
Stuttering is a developmental speech disfluency that is
one of the most prevalent forms of speech disfluency.
Incorporating technology to manage communication
impairments in individuals has transformed the approach to
treatment delivery in the healthcare industry in recent years.
A. Overview of Stuttering
social and intellectual pursuits. Stuttering affects one in every
hundred people, resulting in more than seventy million cases
experiencing stuttering globally [2]. Around 2% of children
experience speech disfluencies in Sri Lanka [3].
B. Causes of Stuttering
The findings of numerous research on stuttering indicate
that stuttering may be caused by a variety of factors,
including abnormalities in speech and motor control,
hereditary conditions, intellectual disabilities such as autism,
hearing loss, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD), brain injuries, mental and emotional health issues,
and post-traumatic experiences such as accidents and falls
[4].
Stuttering may increase when a person is anxious, tired,
agitated, self-conscious, pressed for time, or under pressure.
Speaking in front of a crowd or talking on the phone can be
particularly difficult for people who stutter. Stuttering is more
prevalent in males than in women. Hence, gender might be
considered one of the main predisposing factors for
stuttering. Adults and children have a high male-to-female
ratio of four to one or even more when it comes to
experiencing stuttering [5]. As a result, stuttering symptoms
might vary from person to person.
C. Types of Stuttering
The three main forms of stuttering are repetitions, blocks,
and prolongations. Repeated words, sounds, or syllables and
interruptions in the regular flow of speech are some
characteristics of different forms of stuttering. A child may
experience more than one form of stuttering.
TABLE 1: TYPES OF STUTTERING

According to research, individuals who succeed in

developing their oral language early also succeed
academically as adults [1]. Stuttering occurs when an
individual finds it difficult to convey what they want to
express, but the normal flow and fluency of speech are
disrupted. Individuals who experience stuttering have stated
that stuttering is uncomfortable. Children who are still
developing their speech and language are more likely to
stutter during this phase of language development, but most
children outgrow this phase. Early intervention is necessary
for children who stutter since it can lead to bullying, low self-
esteem, nervousness while speaking, and a lack of interest in

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D. Stages of Stuttering
The four major stuttering phases were characterized as
borderline stuttering, beginner stuttering, intermediate
stuttering, and advanced. Different approaches are used to
characterize each type's stuttering stage, but the most
prevalent approach is by getting the frequency of the stuttered
word count. Normal speech disfluency in children is
characterized by a rate of stuttering that is less than 10%.
i. Borderline stuttering - Many children go through this
phase which usually lasts around 6 months and
gradually recedes.
ii. Beginning Stuttering (2-8 years) - Frequency of
disfluency increases to more than 10%. Tense, abrupt
multiple part-word repetitions.
iii. Intermediate Stuttering (6-13 years) - Blocks,
Repetitions, and prolongations continue.
iv. Advanced Stuttering (14+ years) - Severe condition of
stuttering. Requires a general adult-oriented treatment
approach. [6]
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Speech and Language Therapy is a field that focuses on
the rehabilitation of people who have a variety of language
and communication problems. Most countries lack the
necessary infrastructure to offer these individuals healthcare
and rehabilitation treatments [7].
The percentage of those who stutter is observed to be
reduced with the intervention [8]. Speech therapists use a
variety of techniques to help people with the condition
manage their stutter, such as creating a relaxed environment,
giving them multiple chances to speak, speaking at different
speeds so they do not feel rushed, and listening instead of
concentrating on the message they are conveying [9]. The
main treatment approaches used by speech therapists to
manage stuttering are known as "fluency shaping therapy"
and "stuttering modification therapy". Fluency enhancement
strategies like deep breathing and reduced speech pace are
used in fluency shaping therapy to help talk more fluently
[10].
Technological development and technical approaches
have revolutionized the medical field in the recent past.
Numerous studies have been conducted on the utilization of
technology in treating stuttering. AI (Artificial Intelligence),
ML (Machine Learning), and several other approaches have
been used in several studies to increase the speech fluency of
individuals who stutter by offering guidance and different
techniques to enhance speech fluency.
In recent years, a significant number of studies on speech
therapy and stuttering have been conducted. The use of
technology, parent-child interactions, cognitive behavioural
therapy, and speech therapy are some of the most effective
stuttering therapies. In a study done in 1999 by Jan
Broomfield and Barbara Dodd, it was discovered that for
children with primary speech and/or language impairments,
"an average of 6 hours of speech and language therapy in a 6-
month period can produce significant improvement in the
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flow of speech, and it has been shown to be more effective
than no treatment over the same 6-month period" [11].
In 2001, "SpeechEasy" [12], a stuttering-reduction
electronic gadget that may be worn in the ear like a hearing
aid, was introduced. Joseph Kalinowski, Andrew Stuart, and
Michael Rastatter's research at the Communication Sciences
and Disorders Department at East Carolina University served
as the basis for "SpeechEasy" [13]. Several users of this
Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF) device reported
improved speech, but it was recommended that it must be
used under the guidance of a licensed speech-language
therapist. DAF has been proven to improve fluency in many
stutterers, despite not benefiting all of them [14]. Later,
similar devices to "SpeechEasy," such as "Speak for Less"
[15], an in-ear fluency aid, and "VoiceAmp" [16], a device
made for stutterers and others who lack social confidence,
were made accessible. To minimize stuttering, devices with a
single component like a hearing aid, or several components
like a box worn in the pocket with headphones were both
developed.
Along with the development of a technology-based
approach to treat stuttering, a variety of mobile applications
were founded, which include "DAF Pro", "Fluency Coach",
"Speech for Good" and "Stamurai" which make use of DAF
or Altered Auditory Feedback (AAF) technologies and are
intended to be used by speech therapists or children who
experience stuttering. The mobile applications developed for
the treatment of stuttering have been proven to be helpful and
aid in speech treatment. Speech therapists observe that many
children prefer using applications, which support learning
[17].
By recording the Electroencephalogram (EEG) feed of
the speech motor (Broca's region) using brain neuron
electrodes and processing it to identify speech impairments,
a study named "SpeechGen" was carried out in 2020 by
J.A.D.T Jayawickrama to develop a desktop application for
speech disfluencies. EEG neurofeedback was used to
determine the impact on the left hemisphere of the brain. This
system communicates the results to the speech therapist
instantly, and they can provide self-learning therapy-based
tasks that help with fluency improvement [18].
In 2020, a study was done for stutter diagnosis and
therapy recommendation based on deep learning by Gresha
Bhatia and Binoy Saha. Some key findings of the conducted
study were, Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient (MFCC)
features give the best results with deep learning models, a
single model could not be used to identify all types of
stuttering, MFCC coefficient from 1 to 13 clearly showed a
pattern for prolongation [19].
A study was done on the topic of ‘Deep Learning based
NLP Techniques in Text to Speech Synthesis for
Communication Recognition’ by Dr. Edriss Eisa Babikir
Adam to use deep learning approaches for speech synthesis,
and performance in terms of aperiodic distortion is compared
to earlier models of natural language processing techniques
[20]. The system was implemented to convert natural
language text into speech to aid people with visual
impairments and reading disabilities. This model was found
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to be more suitable as a speech recognition model due to its
low aperiodic distortion. The text-to-speech model was
implemented in a manner the words are mapped to vectors of
real numbers which are then used in the CNN model.
TABLE 2: COMPARISON OF EXISTING SIMILAR
SOLUTIONS
The USERS block depicts the users of the system, who are
the child experiencing stuttering or a caretaker if needed.
Next, the user input is taken as voice commands and then
forwarded to the block named VOICE ASSISTIVE BOT,
where the voice assistive bot is integrated with the models,
algorithms, scripts, and data sources for audio recognition
and bot outputs. The PATIENT IDENTIFICATION block
illustrates the patient identification and profile creation
process, the block named INTERNAL PROCESS is divided
into three sub-categories as stuttering type recognition, stage
recognition, and therapy recommendation. According to the
stuttering type and stage identified after each speech activity,
the profile is updated. The stuttering type and severity are
identified by the progress activities given to the child.

2) Data Collection
III. METHODOLOGY
Ten children who experience stuttering between the ages
This research effort is primarily aimed at a target audience
of three to fourteen are used for the data collection process.
that includes a child with stuttering disfluency, as well as
Their speech patterns are recorded by giving them a brief task
caregivers or parents of the children experiencing stuttering
according to their age category like expressing a simple
if the child is not able to handle the application on his/her
image, and their voices are captured during the conversations.
own. "MiMi" is a voice assistive bot designed and developed
The recorded voice clips are maintained as confidential, and
as a gamified mobile application for the age range of three to
no metadata is used for research purposes.
fourteen.
1) System Overview
The development of the final prototype
of "MiMi" involves various phases. Fig. 1 depicts the system
architecture of "MiMi".

Fig. 2. Initial picture description activity given for age 3 – 10 children

Fig. 3. Initial reading activity given for age 11 – 14 children

3) Input of the System

The child interacts with the voice assistive bot, which

records the child's voice as input. The input is accurately
recognized and identified using a customized approach via
the Google voice recognition Application Programming
Interface (API) and speech-to-text together with the boost
feature which is used to enhance transcribing and recognizing
the stuttered words more accurately. Boost is a feature of
Fig. 1. Overview Diagram of “MiMi” speech adaption which allows to assign numerical weights to
words depending on the frequency they occur in a sentence.
Depending on the words in the transcribed phrase, the audio

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is then divided into several chunks based on the time offsets.
The words included in the sentence are recognized using the
word corpus defined that contains fluent utterances of words
in text format. The recognized transcriptions are then passed
to the script used by the bot for its functionalities.
Category 1: The children aged between three to ten years
Category 2: The children aged between eleven to fourteen
years
The children are given an initial activity according to the
age category and audio clips captured during this activity are
used to decide the type and severity of the stutter. The entire
internal process may be separated into four phases, according
to the implementation structure of "MiMi".

i. Stuttering type recognition:

Stuttering type recognition is the first step. It is carried
out using seven CNN models that have been trained using
audio chunks. First, a model is used to determine if the uttered
word is fluently pronounced or stuttered. And then, the types
are determined with the aid of an algorithm to check the
probability of each input stuttering and then categorize each
input as single-syllable repetitive stuttering, multi-syllable
Fig. 4. Audio transcription with time offsets
repetitive stuttering, prolongation, or block stuttering based
on the results. A simple series of exercises are provided to the
4) Output of the System child to determine the type of stuttering such as describing an
image or providing a list of words or sentences to read.
The voice commands the child converse is then tokenized
and split to capture the required information for usage in the
discussion between the user and the voice assistive bot. Voice
clips are chosen from the word corpus to match the
commands. A single voice clip is then created by combining
these selected voice clips. The combined voice clip will be
provided by the bot as an output, enabling the child to
continue an interactive conversation with it.

Fig. 6. Type recognition process using seven 2D CNN models

Fig. 5. Word corpus comprising individual audio clips to create the output
commands of the voice bot

5) Profile Initiation

The patient profile is initiated during the registration

process. The system will initially record the patient's
ethnographic information. To get more precise information,
these details will be entered by the child or the caregiver via
both voice commands and the registration form, after which
the patient profile will be initiated in accordance with those
details. By analyzing the age given during the registration Fig. 7. Determining the type according to the values in the type-wise
count table
process the system will identify which age category the child
belongs to. ii. Stuttering stage identification:
6) Internal Process Next, the severity identification process begins. This
includes identifying the stage or severity of the stutter. This
According to the system implementation, the users of the is done by taking the stuttering frequency of the child and by
system are divided into two categories: assigning a label as beginner-level stuttering, intermediate-

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level stuttering, and advanced-level stuttering corresponding

to each type identified. The stutter severity index is calculated
using (1)

Stutter severity index = (𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑠
) × 100% (1)

The stutter severity index (x) corresponding to each stage is,

• Beginner level stuttering: 10% < x <= 40%

• Intermediate level stuttering: 40% < x <= 75%
• Advanced level stuttering: 75% < x Fig. 9. ARIMA model used to do the progress predictions

iii. Therapy recommendation: Additionally, the system has the capability of

generating reports. The reports may include patient details,
The next step is therapy recommendation, which stutter severity based on the types of stuttering, plots relevant
commences with determining the appropriate therapeutic to the fluency progress, and stuttering frequency. The
activities from a pool of activities, based on the age group, progress prediction is done month-wise, and the predicted
the type of stuttering experienced, and the stage previously progress percentage is recorded for each month for a twelve-
determined. Gradually, the therapy activities will be adjusted month period using the ARIMA model used earlier. This can
based on the child's progress. Loud reading exercises, visual be evaluated to understand the child’s fluency progress.
descriptions, syllable practicing, breathing activities, and
basic conversations are among the treatment activities that are
provided through the application. These activities are
generated in a gamified level-based manner depending on the
child's age. The therapeutic exercises are designed such that
the child converses with "MiMi", a voice-assistant bot.

7) Profile Maintenace

The patient will be monitored, and their profile will be

updated following each therapy session after the completion
of a progress activity. The patient profile will include
progress regarding the activities, and visualizations of the Fig. 10. Fluency predictions are shown in a table in the generated report
progress statistics. The progress is captured via two specific
activities given during the therapy sessions using the 8) User Interface Design
stuttering frequency. Daily progress is recorded, and a
progress plot is generated. The UI (User Interface) design of the mobile application
is done in a manner to get the attraction of the children and
keep them engaged with the therapeutic activities throughout
the session.

\\\\\\\

Fig. 8. Progress plot as shown in the patient’s profile

Fig. 11. Some user interfaces of ‘MiMi’ the mobile application

Additionally, by assessing the progress, the system will
anticipate the amount of time taken to reduce stuttering to a
particular level. The predictions are done using an
Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model
which has p, d, and q values of 0,1 and 2 respectively.
The developed avatar provides an appealing user interface
to involve children in an interactive conversation. The user
will be rewarded based on the completion of a set of therapy
sessions and more features will be added to make the avatar
customizable. This makes the child become much more
engaged in their therapies and exerts more effort to complete
the speech therapy exercises.

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Fig. 12. Interfaces that show the rewarding process when progressing
through the application reward Process and Customized Avatars
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
"MiMi" is a fully functional virtual speech therapy
application created in the Sinhala Language that assists in
managing stuttering by forwarding a gamified approach to
gain the necessary speech therapy. "MiMi" was created using
classification models involving deep learning and automated
scripts to create the underlying architecture and to give
children who stutter an enjoyable, interactive experience in
which to perform the necessary speech treatment.
The accuracy of the integrated type of recognition model
received a score of 73.2% as shown in Fig. 13. (2) and (3)
shows expressions used to calculate precision and recall
respectively.
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
Precision = (2)
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒+𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
Recall =
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒+𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
(3)
Fig. 13. Accuracy scores of the integrated stuttering type recognition
model
Fig. 14 depicts the results of the stuttering type and stuttering
stage recognized with the aid of the initial activity.
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
Fig. 14. Stuttering type, severity index, and severity results for a given
audio
VI.
The research problem that is addressed in this context is
one of the significant issues when it comes to stuttering
speech disfluency. One of the common aspects of speech
disfluency is stuttering which is discussed in this context.
Stuttering can start between the ages of two and five and can
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last from a few weeks to several years. Taking this into
consideration, "MiMi" a virtual voice assistive bot to manage
stuttering, is made for children between the ages of three and
fourteen. This research can contribute to the research
community as an efficient solution developed to fulfill the
therapy requirement of a child who is experiencing stuttering.
This system may be advanced further in a range of ways,
such as extending the age range, increasing the therapeutic
activities offered, enhancing prediction accuracy, and
streamlining user-bot interactions to provide users with a
more seamless experience. Since people are used to follow
the traditional therapeutic technique, this is a completely new
experience. By offering them a more human-like approach,
the existing solution may be enhanced so that the user does
not feel as though they are dealing with a voice assistive bot.
People across the globe have started to realize the gradual
technical paradigm shift initiated by voice assistive bots in a
decade and in conclusion, "MiMi" has fulfilled these
circumstances providing the world with a solution to manage
stuttering speech disfluency.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The work described in this paper was carried out for a
Bachelor of Science degree research project and is a result of
immeasurable guidance, support, and encouragement given
by all the mentors of our research team. Furthermore, our
sincere appreciation is deserved by all parties who supported
us in the data collection procedures including the speech
therapists, the parents of the children who participated in the
data gathering procedure, family members, friends, and
everyone else who supported us in our efforts to complete this
research successfully.
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[10] "Stamurai," 1 March 2021. [Online]. Available: [16] "Voice Amp," [Online]. Available: http://voiceamp.net/.
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An Extensive Review of Machine Learning

Techniques for EEG Signal Processing
Anita.M1, A.Meena Kowshalya2,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
S.A. Engineering College, Government College of Technology,
Chennai, India. Coimbatore, India.
anitam.engg@gmail.com meenakowsalya@gct.ac.in

B.Maheswari3, A.Muthuram4,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Aeronautical Engineering,
Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science,
Chennai, India. Chennai, India.
maheswari.b@ritchennai.edu.in masrimuthu@gmail.com

Abstract - Electrical brain activity is detected by signals a tool can be used to detect epilepsy, seizure, and other
in an Electroencephalogram (EEG). Based on their neurological disorder. This facilitates diagnosis and lessens
frequencies, EEG signals are usually put into one of five time spent waiting for results. The signal-to-noise ratio is the
groups: delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma. These main obstacle when analysing EEG data (SNR). Section II
signals help find a pattern that can be used to predict examines preprocessing strategies that have been developed
when a person will have a seizure. Classifying a seizure is to address these difficulties. In Section III, discuss how to
a very important job for a doctor, as it helps them figure use algorithms and machine learning to extract features from
out what kind of seizure it is and if there will be any EEG signals for further analysis. Figure 1 provides a high-
other problems. The goal of seizure classification is to level overview of how EEG signals can be categorised.
learn as much as possible about the EEG signals.
Literature shows that there are a lot of EEG signal pre-
processing techniques, selection methods, feature
extraction from EEG signals, and classification
algorithms that can be used to find out if someone is
having a seizure. The most important thing about pre-
processing EEG signals is that it improves the quality of
raw experimental data, which leads to better datasets,
better classifications, and better accuracy. This study
gives an overview of recent EEG pre-processing
methods, datasets that can be used for experiments, and
EEG classification techniques that will help a beginner
researcher build on and use the right techniques.

Keywords - Electroencephalogram (EEG); Classification; Fig.1. A schematic outline of EEG Signal

Decomposition; Preprocessing; Seizure
Classification

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

I. INTRODUCTION
The Neuronal oscillations in the nervous system aid
The primary application of electroencephalogram
the brain in its communication with its vast network of
(EEG) analysis is in the evaluation and diagnosis of brain
neurons. Neurological disorders are caused by abnormal
and nervous system disorders. An EEG can detect any shifts
electrical discharge in the brain. Together, millions of
or irregularities in brain activity. It is more time-consuming
neurons produce signals and send them to the body's various
and challenging to make an EEG diagnosis visually.
systems. Non-linear data is abundant and adds complexity to
Furthermore, the number of neurologists is small. In order to
these signals. Emotions can be detected by monitoring the
automatically and rapidly diagnose the brain-neuro disease,
continuous brain waves that humans constantly emit.

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Electrical potential fluctuations brought on by neural
networks in communication can be detected by means of
EEG signals.
Electroencephalograms (EEGs) are often used to
find out what's going on with the brain's electrical activity.
Electrodes are put on the head of the patient to record the
electrical activity of the brain [15]. This is what scalp
signals from an electroencephalogram (EEG) look like. One
way to describe neurological disorders is to look at the EEG
signals that have been recorded [2]. Visually analysing the
EEG data takes a lot of time and can take a few hours.
The preprocessing technique [3] transforms the raw
signals into time frequency pictures. Smaller and medium-
sized hospitals often lack the trained and experienced
neurologists necessary for EEG analysis [4]. Multiple
spectral thresholds are used to create permutations of
frequency sub-bands. From the EEG signal's characteristics,
we can determine the synchronisation pattern that correlates
with seizure activity. The signals in the time domain are
used to create the 2-dimensional images. The
electroencephalogram (EEG) is the best way to diagnose
epileptic syndromes and a cheap way to keep track of people
over time.
Seizure classification is accomplished using the
extracted ranges as inputs to various ML algorithms like
SVM, CNN, and other data mining techniques. While each
technique has its place, hybrid methods have been shown to
improve accuracy . This proposed review and analysis lays
the groundwork for furthering the study of EEG signal
classification.
II. APPROACHES OF EEG SIGNAL PREPROCESSING
METHODOLOGIES
This section goes into detail about the different
ways to analyse EEG data before they are processed.
A. SHORT TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM:
To transform original signal into time-frequency
images, Gaowei Xu et al. [3] proposed an STFT method.
Time-frequency signal analysis employing the Fourier
transform. Here, we figure out the amplitude of a signal that
doesn't stay the same over time and frequency. By
processing the raw EEG data, we were able to get features in
both the time domain and the frequency domain. The mu
band consists of frequencies from about 4 to 14 hertz, while
the beta band features those from about 16 to 32 hertz.
STFT gives better results because it can find
transient changes in EEG signals, which have a short length
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of time. STFT uses a 30 second window that doesn't overlap
to find small changes. By mapping the EEG signal's
amplitude and phase onto a two-dimensional matrix,
Mingyang Li et al. [5] made an image of the brain's
electrical activity using STFT. The most common brain state
frequencies are Delta (0-4Hz), Theta (4-8Hz), Alpha (8-
15Hz), Beta (15-30Hz), and Gamma (30-60Hz).
STFT was used by S. Raghu et al. [6] to turn a
time series of EEG signals into an image. They did this by
using a band pass filter with an intensity range of 0.1 to 44
Hz. The final single image features of a spectrogram are the
spectra of all the individual channels stacked on top of each
other.
B. DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM:
Using the DWT method, Hafeez Ullah Amin et al.
[2] were able to separate the signal into its component
wavelet coefficient rhythms. This paper approximates the
original signal using 4 level wavelet decomposition
techniques. The final result is a reorganised signal free of
quality loss and with the insignificant coefficients removed.
For their time-frequency series, Mahendra Yadava
et al. [7] employed discrete wavelet transform. In doing so,
it separated the original signals into narrower bands whose
coefficients varied. In this case, high & low filters were
used. The signal was cleaned high and low frequency noise
by two separate filters. By iteratively applying the process
across four distinct levels, the signal was decomposed into
approximation and wavelet coefficients. Alpha (8–13 Hz),
Theta (4–8 Hz), Delta (1–4 Hz),and Gamma (13–30 Hz)
represent the subsets of frequency spectrum at each of the
four echelons (8-100 Hz).
C. EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION (EMD):
Wonsik The EMD procedure was used by Wonsik
Yang et al. [4] to generate the IMFs. Raw EEG signals are
dynamic and non-linear. For starters, we identified the
signal's local maximum and minimum at each time
segment. The second step was to find the midpoint. This
model met the following two requirements for determining
the IMF: I one maxima between two zero crossings; and
(ii) mean value become 0. Following this procedure, the
range of audible frequencies was narrowed down to the
following five categories: Beta, alpha, delta, theta and
gamma.
An ensemble EMD decomposition strategy was
proposed by Ahnaf Rashik Hassan et al. [8]. It generated a
signal in the form of time frequencies. To do this, it used a
technique called intrinsic mode functions (IMF) to split the
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input signal up into discrete frequency bands. As an
extension of Hilbert transform, Hesam Shokouh Alaei et al.
[9] proposed the Hilbert Huamg Transform (HHT), an
approach that combines the two methods. Beta, alpha,
delta, theta and gamma were the designated frequency
bands after EMD decomposition of the IMF
III. APPROACHES OF MACHINE LEARNING
METHODOLOGIES USED IN EEG SIGNAL DATASET
This section describes machine learning methods such
as CNN, SVM, and the K-NN Algorithms, as well as an in-
depth assessment of the EEG data.
Using an image-based classification, S. Raghu et al. [6]
proposed using CNN for seizure prediction. An initial step
involved transforming the EEG signal over time into a
spectrogram image stack. The SVM classifier was
determined with the aid of an image feature extractor.
However, the overlap method was able to solve the issue of
uneven datasets. To better predict seizures, Wenbin Hu et al.
[10] implemented a CNN-based method. Downsampling
was used to eliminate extraneous data and background
noise. The classifier for epilepsy is constructed by SVM
based on the extracted features of CNN. Dropout was used
to discard some of the randomly chosen feature to stop the
overfitting issue.
Automatically identifying useful features of an EEG
signal was achieved by Zuyi Yu et al., [11] using the CNN
method. Extracted features provided crucial data for seizure
event prediction. However, (BLDA) Bayesian linear
discriminant analysis by regularisation fixed the overfitting
issue. Successful feature extraction from invariant video
patterns in VGGNet was achieved by Hengjin Ke et al. [12]
using CNN (Visual Geometry Group). Images with
dissimilar features were chosen in an adaptive fashion. Early
stopping, in which units are dropped from training at
random, however, eliminates the overfitting issue.
The CNN algorithm with optimization technique was
proposed by Mohammad-Parsa Hossein et al. [14] and used
for the extraction of unsupervised feature patterns.
Overfitting, which causes deep learning methods to stall out
at unhelpful "local maxima," was eliminated via
optimization using PCA, ICA, and a DSA to locate optimal
solutions. To extract and classify features from EEG signal
time series data and images.
A CNN model for seizure prediction was proposed by
Xiaobin Tian et al. [1], which leveraged multi-view
characteristics to extract deep view features. The
dimensionality of this feature is reduced, making it more
discriminatory. The different perspectives combine elements
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from the TD, the FD, and the TFD. Overfitting is a problem
with the highly unbalanced data, but this is mitigated by the
removal of non-seizure data that was previously used.
The CNN model was proposed by Hengjin Ke et al.
[12] due to its ability to automatically extract features and
share their weights, allowing for the capture of correlated
EEG signals within an image. The feature patterns were
processed using this technique after each iteration. However,
a 10-fold CV approach was applied during training to
eliminate the overfitting issue.
In classification of seizure analysis, Wonsik Yang et al.
[4] used an SVM model for the feature selection process.
The pattern recognition problem was solved effectively by
SVM, which located the boundary that correctly categorised
the most closely related training samples. SVM's recursive
feature elimination (RFE) process mitigated the overfitting
issue.
SVM and k-NN algorithms were used by
MarziehSavadkoohi et al. [13] to categorise the
preprocessed signal. In this case, the SVM algorithms used
the resulting features. The programme used the Euclidean
distance to determine how far apart each sample was. Using
a nearest-to-greatest distance measure between each data
point, an SVM classifier determined the optimal hyper plane
line. Cross validation helped get rid of the issue of
overfitting. For the purpose of seizure classification,
Mingyang Li et al. [5] proposed a SVM with a RBF
algorithm. SVM classification was used to determine to
which state the EEG Signal belonged by incorporating the
features in a sequential order. When it comes to EEG
recognition, the SVM algorithm excels.
IV. COMPARISON OF EEG SIGNAL
CLASSIIFICATION METHODOLOGIES
In this section, the examined methods are
summarised, and their advantages and disadvantages are
contrasted. Table 1 shows that various preprocessing
techniques for EEG signals, including the Fourier Transform
(which is further subdivided into the FFT, STFT, DWT, and
Empirical Mode Decomposition, etc., offer improved
accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity while requiring less
computational effort. In Table 2 we see a comparison of
EEG-based machine learning techniques. The reader can use
this table to better comprehend the various machine learning
methods and the purpose of the study.
TABLE 1
COMPARISON OF PREPROCESSING METHOD AND
THE FREQUENCY RANGES
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Authors Preprocessing Dataset Frequenc gamma (8-

Methodology y bands University 100 Hz)
of Bonn alpha (8-
Mahendra
and 13 Hz)
Yadava et DWT
delta(0.5− University theta
al. 2018 (4-8 Hz)
3.5Hz) Hospital of
Severance Freiburg delta
theta (1-4 Hz)
Children’s (3.5−8 Hz)
Hospital alpha
Wonsik
(Yonsei
Yang et EMD (8−13 Hz)
University, Table 2
al. 2020 beta
Seoul,
(13−30 COMPARISON OF MACHINE LEARNING METHODS
South Hz) USING EEG
Korea) gamma
(>30 Hz) Authors Approach Dataset

Ahnaf -- S. Raghu et al. Publicly available

University CNN, SVM
Rashik EMD 2020 epilepsy data-set
of Bonn’s
Hassan et
Wenbin Hu et al. CHB-MIT
al. 2019 CNN , SVM
gamma(30 2019 database
-70Hz)
HHT Center for
beta (13–
combination of Center of Epilepsy -
Hesam Sh 30Hz)
Empirical Mode University Zuyi Yu et al. Freiburg
okouh Al alpha (8– CNN
Decomposition Hospital of 2018 University
aei et al. 13Hz)
(EMD) and Freiburg, Hospital,
2019 theta (4–
Hilbert Germany Germany
8 Hz)
transform delta (0.5–
Severance
4 Hz)
Children’s
Wonsik Yang et
SVM Hospital (Yonsei
University Mu (4- al. 2020
University, Seoul,
Gaowei of Bonn & 14Hz) South Korea,
Xu, et al. STFT University
2019 Hospital of beta (16-
Hengjin Ke et al. The CHB-MIT
Freiburg 32 Hz) CNN
2017 scalp EEG dataset

gamma(30 Marzieh
-60Hz) University of
Savadkoohi et al. SVM, k-NN
beta(15- Bonn,
2020
Departmen 30Hz)
Mingyang t of alpha(8- Department of
Li et al. STFT Epileptolog Mingyang Li et Epileptology,
15Hz)
2019 y, Bonn SVM
theta(4- al. 2019 Bonn University 5
University Dataset
8Hz)
delta(0-
4Hz) Mayo clinic,
University of
Mohammad-Parsa
Hafeez --- Pennsylvania and
Hossein et al. CNN
Ullah Bonn sponsored by the
DWT 2017
Amin et University American
al. 2020 Epilepsy Society

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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The CHB_MITs
Xiaobin Tian et dataset Boston
CNN
al. 2019 Children's
Hospital
V. CONCLUSION
The objective of this survey is to point out the
difficulty of pre-processing EEG signals and the advantages
of extracting frequency bands for identifying and classifying
neural abnormalities like epilepsy and seizures. The
information from the dataset was used to analyse and
summarise a number of the best existing approaches to
classification. The analysis stands out from the literature in
several key respects. First, we give special attention to the
pre-processing techniques and the rationale behind the
transformation of the frequency bands into ranges. Some of
these approaches directly apply the EEG signals to machine
learning algorithms, while others pre-process the EEG
signals before feeding them into the machine learning
algorithms for feature selection methods, all of which are
summarised here. From these results, the proposed study can
infer that the most precise prediction can be achieved by
employing pre-processed methods rather than raw signals.
Multiple pre-processing techniques for EEG signals (like
STFT, FFT, and WT) can be used to create frequency bands.
From the granular bands, the bare minimum of features is
chosen to produce meaningful outcomes. The key is to avoid
choosing superfluous details that will increase processing
time and produce meaningless patterns. If fewer features are
used than necessary, a low-dimensional dataset is produced,
which hinders effective process discovery. The need to
develop one's own hybrid model of epilepsy prediction
grows as more is discovered about how to categorise and
forecast seizures.
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[4] Wonsik Yang, Minsoo Joo, Yujaung Kim, Se Hee Kim and Jong-
Moon Chung, “Hybrid machine learning scheme for classification of
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BECTS and TLE patients using EEG brain signals,” IEEE Access,
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[5] Mingyang Li, Xiaoying Sun, Wanzhong Chen, Yun Jiang and Tao
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[9] Hesam Shokouh Alaei, Mohammad Ali Khalilzadeh and Ali Gorji,
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Hybrid Machine Learning based False Data
Injection Attack Detection and Mitigation
Model for Waste Water Treatment Plant
A.Parvathy, G.Leela Kasyap, D.Venkata Abhinav, A.N.V. Surya Sai, R.Sriranjani and N.Hemavathi*
School of EEE, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, TamilNadu, India
nuhemasen@gmail.com
Abstract: The industries are deploying Internet of Things
(IoT) for complex applications in their respective
domains which employ different sensors to collect data
from different plants and pass it over signal conditioning
units to obtain desired results. Now-a-days, these plants
are vulnerable to cyber-attacks and one of prominent
attacks is False Data Injection Attack (FDIA) which
means injecting false data into the sensor readings, which
has considerable losses that may include loss of human
lives, equipment, etc. Hence, the proposal aims to develop
a Machine Learning Algorithm which can protect the
clean data from corrupted data and are useful for
Anomaly Detection and Data Cleaning. False data
injection is detected through three machine learning
algorithms namely, Linear Regression with Least
squares method (OLS) and Gradient descent and
K-Means clustering and the suitable detection model is
obtained through comparison of performance indices.
Further, Auto Encoder neural network is applied to
reconstruct the true data from the false data.
Keywords - False Data Injection Attack, K-Means,
Linear Regression, Auto Encoder, Cyber-attacks,
Ordinary Least Square, Gradient Descent, Anomaly
Detection
INTRODUCTION
Water scarcity refers to the availability of quality
water and India ranked 13 among the world in water
crisis. The solution to water management involves
optimal water usage, metering to monitor usage, water
conservation techniques etc. Of all these methods, one
of the promising techniques is waste water treatment
plant [1]. With the advent of sensors,
communication and automated technologies, internet
of things based smart waste water treatment plants
evolved. Supervisory system is developed in Waste
Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) by integrating
classical automatic controller with the knowledge
based systems especially, expert systems and case
based systems for controlling dissolved oxygen in
aeration tank of WWTP [2-3]. Different methods such
as centralized and decentralized for waste water
treatment plant is discussed with various automatic
controllers like ON/OFF, Proportional Integral
Derivative (PID), feed forward, cascade and Model
Predictive Control study were carried out in detail for
the same plant [4]. With the advent of Internet of
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Things, many research works employed Intelligent
Control strategies through machine learning [5].
Accurate water management in water pump and pump
station is achieved with the help of more flexible and
robust multi intelligent control system by the Internet
of Things technology [6], and it is widely employed in
agricultural and industrial sectors such that it saves
cost and water. Intelligent system such as multilayer
perceptron (MLP) neural network is also used in the
predictive analysis of chemical oxygen demand in
bioreactor for the optimal water treatment system [7-9].
A detailed survey on the recent trends in security
issues in the cyber physical systems are discussed [10]
for cyber threats such as Denial of service and
deception attack. The literature deals with false data
injection attack for different industry applications are
elaborated below:
False data injection is an important type of
cyber-attacks growing on the industrial control system
(ICS) in recent years. A tool is developed for attack
injection for simulating the attacks on the industrial
control system. A Networked control system with
neural network technique is proposed to mitigate false
data injection attacks (FDIA), and to compensate for
measurement and process noise, the technique is
robust to unknown inputs also. In order to improve the
FDI detection accuracy, extended Kalman filter is used
to update the weights of the neural network [11]. The
FDIA research is carried out in smart grids of power
systems [10]. FDIA against the nonlinear state
estimation analysis (uses AC), graph theory-based
outlier detection approach in smart grids is carried out
[21]. Static security assessment of power system is an
emerging area
Many researches were carried out on the
cyber-attacks which may hazard the power system
[13]. Fake secure signal attack and fake insecure
signal attack study were carried out for the same and
the analysis was tested with IEEE-39 benchmark
system [14]. FDIA analysis is also carried out in
aviation CPS with the negative selection algorithm for
detecting the malicious network packets and drop out
and NARX for predicting the dropout packets [15].
Margin Setting Algorithm (MSA), data analytical
methods is proposed to mitigate false data injection
cyber-physical threat in modern smart grids [16].
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Two-stage FDIA model is to generate training
dataset and an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost)
classifier combined with active learning and Bayesian
optimization with improved training efficiency is
proposed [17]. A neural network model to depict
spatio-temporal relationship of bus measurements in
sub-grids is presented [18]. In addition, data-driven
intrusion detection scheme based on both time and
frequency domain analysis is proposed [19]. A
robust statistical feature to detect the FDIs based cyber
threats at the distribution level is discussed. Artificial
Neural Network (ANN) is also developed for
analyzing the performance of the FDIA on ICS [20].
Energy controller is designed that stabilizes the
attacked CPSs and ensures the dynamic performance
of the system by adjusting the amount of damping
injection. Vulnerability analysis for false data injection
(FDI) attacks is carried out to verify resiliency of
proposed structure to these types of attacks.
Regression-based FDIA signal predictions, including
sequence-to-point prediction and the long short-term
memory (LSTM) network-based prediction is
proposed [21-24]. False data injection (FDI) attacks
against state estimation in power grids by proactively
perturbing branch susceptances are presented through
Moving Target Defense (MTD) mechanism. Malicious
data injection in the state vectors can be detected
through temporal and spatial data correlations and the
malicious data can be adjusted through singular value
matrices and wavelet transforms.
Though many research works deal with false data
injection attacks, the solutions may not be suitable as
majority of works are simulation based. Further, many
of the works dealt with smart grid i.e. operational
technology, the solution may not be suitable for Waste
Water Treatment Plant. Hence, the proposal addresses
the detection of false data injection attack and
reconstruction of original data of the waste water
treatment plant.
I. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The following diagram Fig.1 shows us the process
work flow of our system which takes the data as input
and passes through machine learning algorithms which
detect whether the given data is True or False.
The detected False data is passes through auto
encoder which reconstructs it and gives an output
which is the rectified True data.
Fig.1. Flow Chart of the IDS
The dataset collected from UCI repository [21-22] is a
multivariate data set with 38 attributes and 527
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instances that includes Q-E, ZN-E, PH-E , DBO-E ,
DQO-E , SS-E t, SSV-E, SED-E, COND-E, PH-P,
DBO-P,SS-P, SSV-P, SED-P, COND-P, PH-D,
DBO-D, DQO-D, SS-D, SSV-D, SED-D, COND-D,
PH-S, DBO-S, DQO-S, SS-S, SSV-S, SED-S,
COND-S, RD-DBO-P, RD-SS-P,
RD-SED-P ,RD-DBO-S, RD-DQO-S ,RD-DBO-G,
RD-DQO-G, RD-SS-G, RD-SED-G. After collection
of data set, missing values or non numeric values are
replaced during data pre- processing. Hence, the mean
for every attribute is obtained and the missing value in
the column is replaced with respective mean of the
attribute. Correlation Matrix is used to compare the
relation between various attributes in the dataset so as
to attain feature selection to reduce the computational
complexity. However, the data available is true data
and hence, false data ought to be generated. To
accomplish this task, 0.25 quantile point and 0.75
quantile point of each attribute is obtained and it is
declared that the data falls with this range is identified
as true data whereas the data out of this boundary are
considered as false data. Thus, the false data which is
not in the quintile ranges of every attribute is generated
using random function. Thus, the new data set
comprise true data and false data are obtained and
labeled as class 1 and 2 respectively. Further, to
implement intrusion detection, Linear regression using
least square, linear regression using gradient descent,
clustering with K-means algorithms are chosen. Using
these algorithms, binary classification is accomplished.
Further, the false data ought to be replaced with
reconstructed true data to eradicate the impact of false
data in operation and performance of Waste Water
Treatment Plant. Hence, Auto Encoder (AE) is used to
reconstruct the entire false data and bring the false data
as close as possible to true data thereby making the
data free from anomalies.
II. IMPLEMENTATION
The collected data is organized using pandas and
then it is cleaned or modified by replacing the missing
or non-numeric values by the mean of the respective
attribute.
At first, the distplot and boxplot are plotted as
shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 respectively through which
the quartile ranges and the mean values of a particular
attributes are known.
From these graphs, the mean value of a particular
attribute can be used to replace the non-numeric values
in the dataset and the dataset after preprocessing is
depicted in Figure 4 with 527 rows and 38 columns.
Ordinary least square approach is one among
various techniques used along with linear regression to
reduce the error or loss function.
The distplot is plotted which is a normal
distribution graph from which the mean and frequency
of certain values is known whereas boxplot is plotted
to depict the 25th and 75th percentile of an attribute.
Similarly, graphs for all the attributes can be plotted
and the mean and percentile values that act as margin
for true and false data are obtained.
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Fig. 2 Disport of data Fig. 3. Box Plot of data
Further, correlation matrix depicted in Figure 5 is
obtained to reduce the features so as to reduce
computational complexity. This is achieved through
heat map which is presented in Figure 6. Based on the
correlation, 38 attributes are reduced to 7 which are
fed as input to the collection of machine learning
algorithms to identify suitable model for intrusion
detection.
Fig.4. Initial Dataset Fig. 5. Correlation Matrix
Fig. 6. Heat Map of Correlation Matrix
Initial dataset consists of only True data and false
data are created using the random function. The
generated random values which do not fall in the
inter-quartile range of each attribute forms the false
data as shown in figure 7.
Finally, the data set consists of 1055 rows and 7
columns as attributes which are ready to be used in
machine learning model. Further, to label the classes,
the threshold ought to be determined. To accomplish
this, the Y-values are calculated using the formula
Y=mX+c. ‘X’ refers to the set of attributes with
respective weights in such a way that sum of all
weights is equal to ‘1’. Here, all the 7 attributes are
assigned equal weights and hence w = 0.14285.
Based on this relationship, ‘Y’ values correspond
to true data as shown in Figure 8 are considered as
threshold and are labelled as ‘1’ or otherwise ‘2’.
Three machine learning algorithms with linear
regression using Ordinary Least Square (OLS)
Approach , Gradient Descent (GD) and k-Means
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Algorithm are implemented with the above data set to
classify the normal and false data
Fig..7 Intermediate Data Set Fig. 8 .Final Data Set
. Linear regression, a prediction tool define a
relationship between an independent and a dependent
variable and if it’s just one independent variable it’s
called simple linear regression and if there are more
than one independent variable then it’s called multiple
linear regression. Ordinary least square approach is
one among various techniques used along with linear
regression to reduce the error or loss function. It can
also be used to estimate coefficients of linear
regression which is used to understand relation
between one or more independent variables versus a
dependent variable. The main idea behind using
ordinary least square approach is to get a line which is
as close as possible to the data points. Hence, there
would be minimal error and predicted data can be as
close as possible to our actual data. The expression
correspond to OLS is shown using equations (1) , (2)
and (3) respectively.
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 (1)
̅)
∑(x−x̅)(y−y
m = ∑(x−x)2 (2)
̅
𝑐 = (𝑦̅ − (𝑚 ∗ 𝑥̅ )) (3)
This fit line was calculated by using the formula
y = m*x + c and this fit line is also termed as Decision
threshold line and the values on that line are called
Decision threshold values. The boundary of +150 and
-150 of that threshold values are considered to classify
whether the data point is True or False. This means if
the calculated y-value is in between the range given by:
[y_value-150, y_value+150], then it is true data, else it
is classified as false data. From the model fit line, it
is observed that slope of the model fit line (m) =
0.015092 and Intercept of Model Fit line (c) =
657.7486. The algorithm is evaluated with accuracy,
precision, recall, F1 -score and specificity and
presented in Figure 15 . Further, to compare the
efficacy of the algorithm, it is compared with other
two algorithms namely linear regression using
gradient descent and k-means clustering. Gradient
descent is an optimization algorithm used to train the
model in such a way that the best hyper parameters are
obtained in order to reduce the cost function of the
model. The cost function is nothing but the measure of
root of squared mean of error between the predicted
values and real data. The primary aim of this model is
to reduce the cost function as much as possible.
Gradient Descent Approach invokes the learning rate
(which is helpful in updating the weights). This
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algorithm is fundamentally based on calculating ‘local
minima’ with the minimizing of Cost Function.
Fig. 9 Flow Chart for Gradient Descent Algorithm
From figure 9, the flow chart, represents the
random weights i.e ‘theta’ and learning rate ‘alpha’ are
set and pass these along with the dataset as input to the
model. Then, the error between predicted and actual
Y-values is obtained. Further, the cost function is
ccomputed and theta (weights) is updated and the
iteration continues until the lowest cost function is
arrived and remains constant. Repeat the above steps
until cost function remains constant. For the data set,
the cost function become constant at around 200
iterations and achieved the minimum value as depicted
in Figure 10. The parameters obtained after gradient
descent method is shown in Table 1.
Fig. 10. Cost Function Vs Training Epoch
Table 1. Parameters obtained after Gradient Descent
implementation
Parameter Value
Learning Rate (α) 0.01
value
-9.112984202-17, 4.24333640e-03,
Final weights(θ) values 3.65408748e-01, 4.92800303e-03,
1.04070066e-01, 3.0182906e-01,
4.93944229e-03, 2.97151677e-01
Final Cost(cost) 5.448252399630739e-05
With this optimized model, the performance
metrics are obtained and compared in Figure 15.
In k-Means (k-Means) clustering algorithm, initially
the number of centroids is found based on ‘k’ value.
Then the data around those centroids are grouped into
a cluster.
Based on newly joined nodes, their centroids are
updated and the iteration continues until there is no
change in centroid. The algorithm terminates in such
a way that intra-cluster distance is minimum and
inter-cluster distance is more. Flow chart of k-means
algorithm is presented in Figure 11.
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Fig.11. K-Means Clustering Fig.12. Elbow Graph
For k-means, number of clusters in order to
classify the data is to be identified. Hence, optimal
number of clusters ought to be identified and it is
obtained using ‘Elbow Method’ as shown in Figure 12.
It is used to find the number of centroids and is
obtained by plotting the graph between the sum of
squared distance between each point and the centroid
in a cluster and the number of clusters taken in that
iteration. From Figure 12, ‘K’ value is chosen as 3 and
4 and corresponding accuracies are obtained. For K=4
clusters, a detailed study is made and is elucidated
below. At first, initialize the centroids (number equal
to the number of clusters).
Now, calculate the distance between each point
and all the four centroids and find the centroid whose
distance is the minimum from that particular data point
and assign that particular centroid’s label as either
0,1,2, or 3 to the data point and add that column to
out-data frame. So, this new column in the data frame
consists of either 0,1,2,3
based on the particular data point’s proximity to
that respective centroid. Now, keep on updating these
centroids until there is no more change in the distance
between the centroids and data points. Hence, these
would be our final centroids position as shown in
Table 2 and Table 3.. Now, the centroid closest to true
data as the cluster or group containing the true data
and the remaining clusters as false data and then the
number of data points in those clusters are counted in
order to analyze the accuracy of the model. Similar
procedure is adopted for k=3 and the centroid update
is demonstrated in Figures 13 and 14 respectively.
Table 2. Initialized Centroids Location (k=4)
Centroid X Centroid Y
11.396264 1748.110701
14.593798 2278.485849
9.710591 1232.173021
14.807943 790.125541
Table 3. Final Centroids (k=4)
Centroid X Centroid Y
8.00000 2050
21.902682 2100
23.841805 2353
19.206837 2267
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Fig. 13. Initial Centroids Fig. 14. Final Centroids
From the accuracies correspond to k=3 and k=4,
it is observed that 83% for k=4 whereas it is 90% for
k=3. Further the performance metrics namely
precision, recall, F1 score and specificity of all the
algorithms are compared and portrayed in Figure 15.
From the results, it is inferred that linear regression
with gradient descent algorithm outperforms and
hence, false data injection attack can be detected using
this algorithm.
Fig. 15. Performance Metrics
Thus, machine learning based false data injection
attack detection algorithm is developed. Further, the
false data ought to be reconstructed using auto encoder
algorithm to obtain equivalent true data.
Auto Encoder is an algorithm which can be used
to reconstruct the True data from False data. It
comprises of two parts, one Encoder and a Decoder as
shown in Figure 16. An Encoder is a module that
compresses the input data that is meant for training
into an encoded form so dimensionally or magnitude
wise it would be a lot smaller than the original input
data. Whereas the decoder tries to reproduce this input
data from its compressed form to its original size and
also as close as possible to the input data or data used
for training.
Code
Input Encoder Decoder Output
Fig. 16.General Auto Encoder Model
In this model, two encoder levels in which each
level contains a dense layer, a batch normalization
layer and a LeakyReLU layer having the input size to
each layer in decreasing order and is portrayed in
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Figure 17 (a) and (b) respectively. And then, the
model has two decoder levels where each level has the
same layers as one encoder layer but here the input
size to the layers increases by layer. The batch
normalization layer is to normalize the input batch
data to that particular layer using the mean and
standard deviation in order to avoid complex
calculations and to train deep neural networks easily.
Math behind LeakyReLU function is that it returns the
value (alpha * x) if x < 0 else return x if x >= 0, where
alpha is defaulted to 0.3 if we don’t specify any value.
The purpose of LeakyReLU is one, to fasten the
training and two, it has small slope for negative output
values instead of getting zero in case of normal Relu
function, and the dying ReLU problem is avoided.
DyingReLU refers to the problem when ReLU
neurons become inactive and only output 0 for any
input. So, once a neuron gets negative input, it will
always output zero and is unlikely for it to recover. It
will become inactive forever. Now, data is divided into
training and test data sets and we need certain
functions to build the AE model such as Dense,
LeakyReLU, Batch Normalization and after that we
build the model layers wise and train the model by
epochs. During compilation of the mode, Adam
optimizer is used which is the widely used
optimization algorithm. It is basically the combination
of gradient descent with momentum and RMS prop
(Root Mean Square Propagation) algorithm. By using
momentum, the gradient descent algorithm can be
accelerated by taking into consideration the
‘exponentially weighted average’ of the gradients.
Using averages makes the algorithm converge towards
the minima in a faster pace. It is observed that as it
passes down each layer the loss decreases thereby the
test and train data sets can be predicted and the
respective accuracy for the model is obtained and
shown in Figure 18.
(a) (b)
Fig. 17 (a) and (b) Auto Encoder Model
Fig. 18 .Accuracy of Auto Encoder model
From Figure 18, it is inferred that the auto
encoder model has an accuracy of around 95% in
reconstruction the True data and it even reconstructs
the false data with an accuracy of around 77%.
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III. CONCLUSION
Industrial control systems are prone to cyber threats.
Waste water treatment plant, a promising alternate to
meet water demand comprises integrated cyber
physical systems which is prone to variety of cyber
threats. False data injection, a prominent cyber threat
results in data manipulation which has an adverse
effect on control systems of these plants. Hence, the
proposal aims to detect such threat and reconstruction
of true data from false data. The proposal is
implemented with three machine learning models
namely Linear Regression with Ordinary Least Square
Approach , Gradient Descent and k-Means Algorithm.
Further, the optimal model for the attack detection is
identified and auto encoder is used to reconstruct the
true data from false data. The results exhibit that
linear regression with Gradient descent performs well
for attack detection and auto encoder exhibits high
accuracy in predicting true values from false data.
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[18]. W. Xue and T. Wu, "Active Learning-Based XGBoost for
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Appendix
Data Set Description
1. SSV-D Input volatile suspended solids to secondary settler Attribute Attribute Description
2. SED-D Input sediments to secondary settler No.
3. COND-D Input conductivity to secondary settler 18. Q-E Input flow to plant
4. PH-S Output pH 19. ZN-E Input Zinc to plant
20. PH-E Input pH to plant
5. DBO-S Output Biological demand of oxygen
21. DBO-E Input Biological demand of oxygen to plant
6. DQO-S Output chemical demand of oxygen
22. DQO-E Input chemical demand of oxygen to plant
7. SS-S Output suspended solids
23. SS-E t Input suspended solids to plan
8. SSV-S Output volatile suspended solids
24. SSV-E Input volatile suspended solids to plant
9. SED-S Output sediments
25. SED-E Input sediments to plant
10. COND-S Output conductivity
26. COND-E Input conductivity to plant
11. RD-DBO- Performance input Biological demand of oxygen in
27. PH-P Input pH to primary settler
P primary settler
28. DBO-P Input Biological demand of oxygen to primary settler
12. RD-SS-P Performance input suspended solids to primary settler
29. SS-P Input suspended solids to primary settler
13. RD-SED- Performance input sediments to primary settler
P 30. SSV-P Input volatile suspended solids to primary settler
14. RD-DBO- Performance input Biological demand of oxygen to 31. SED-P
S secondary settler Input sediments to primary settler
15. RD-DQO Performance input chemical demand of oxygen to 32. COND-P Input conductivity to primary settler
-S secondary settler
16. RD-SS-G Global performance input suspended solids 33. PH-D Input pH to secondary settler
34. DBO-D Input Biological demand of oxygen to secondary
17. RD-SED- Global performance input sediments settler
G 35. DQO-D Input chemical demand of oxygen to secondary
settler

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Twitter Sentiment Analysis with Machine

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Learning
Dr.M.Jagadeesan1 Dr.T.M.Saravanan2, Dr.P.A.Selvaraj3 U.Asif Ali4, J.Arunsivaraj5,
Associate Professor Associate Professor(s) S.Balasubramanian6
Department of Computer Applications Department of Computer Applications PG Scholar
Kongu Engineering College Kongu Engineering College Department of Computer Applications
Perundurai-638060, Erode, Tamil Perundurai-638060, Erode, Tamil Kongu Engineering
Nadu, India Nadu, India saravanan@kongu.ac.in, College,Perundurai-638060, Erode,
jagadeesan3176@gmail.com kps.raj2001@gmail.com Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract— Sentiment analysis plays an important role in
assessing the human emotions and feelings by using Natural
Language Processing (NLP) technique. Researchers have
recently developed different models to accurately detect and
analyze the human emotions. Sentiment analysis overcomes
the Natural Language Processing (NLP) challenge by using
Machine Learning (ML) models to perform classification, text
mining, text analysis, data analysis, and data visualization to
identify positive and negative tweets. Initially, the plain text
present in the tweets will be cleaned and pre-processed. The
tweets are then analyzed from the pre-processed
text. Followed by this, the proposed model extracts the
numerical features from the data and combine them with tweet
sentiments to train and detect different human sentiments. The
main purpose of the proposed model is to find the offensive
content in tweets. For the sake of simplicity, the proposed
model considers a tweet to be vulgar content if it incorporates
offensive or hateful sentiments.
Keywords— Twitter data, Sentiment Analysis, Machine
Learning.
I. INTRODUCTION
The method of determining the sentiment behind a tweet
is known as sentiment analysis. A written piece of text
(tweet) can either be good, impartial or hateful. It is also
considered as the task of determining user sentiment or
thoughts about a particular entity. Twitter is a well-known
popular and social media platform that creates a lot of
information.
Twitter sentiment analysis is a state-of-the-art research
domain in both academia and industries. This type of study is
highly beneficial as it gathers and categorizes the public
opinion by evaluating huge amounts of data. However, there
are some aspects of Twitter data that make sentiment
analysis more challenging than it is with other types of data.
Tweets have a character restriction of 140 characters, which
are written in colloquial English and contain a range of
acronyms, slang phrases, and irregular idioms. To overcome
these challenges, researchers have investigated different
experiments concentrating on sentiment analysis of tweets.
The internal information can be extracted from a text and it
can be categorized in terms of polarity, as useful, impartial,
or negative by using ML algorithms and NLP. It is a really
important analysis to figure out how people feel about a
product or predict stock market movements of a specific
firm.
Data cleansing is considered as the next critical step. All
undesired elements such as replication records, unwanted
spaces, and typos will be deleted based on the collected data
to ensure that it is error-free. The cleaned and processed data
will be subjected to critical analysis in the analysis step.
After the data or results have been analyzed, they will be
interpreted in simple words, charts, tables, and so on. The
next phase is data visualisation, which involves visualising
the results in the form of charts, graphs and other graphics.
The two most common method used to perform Twitter
sentiment analysis are machine learning and lexicon-based
approaches. The machine learning methods are applied here
to perform Twitter sentiment analysis.
Machine learning has been used to categorize and
identify racial, sexist, misogynistic, religious, refugee, and
immigrant objectionable and hate speech on Twitter.
According to certain studies, machine learning
approaches can be used to address regression challenges and
enhance the sentiment analysis performance by using Twitter
data and anticipate new outcomes. As a result, the proposed
research work contributes to gaining a better understanding
on machine learning algorithms in order to perform well in
terms of tweet classification. However, previous research
works are only focused on the sentiment analysis.
Data requirements is data collecting, data collection, data
cleaning, data analysis, data manipulation, and data
visualization are all steps in the process. The requirement for
data analysis should be discovered first.
This research study attempts to classify a tweet's polarity
and offer a novel framework by including preprocessing
tweets, feature extraction, and the establishment of a scored
and well-balanced system, followed by the use of several
machine learning algorithms to categorize tweets into distinct
categories.
II. RELATED WORK
A large number of efforts are taken in the past few
years to improve the opinion mining method, and a lot more
is being done currently. Deep Learning (DL) and Machine
Learning (ML) algorithms are being increasingly used to
perform prediction, modelling, training, and emulate
human-like behavior.
Various methodologies, such as Naive Bayes method,
linear regression, and other deep learning algorithms are
being used to study and analyze human sentiments.
Moreover, the human reactions can be further classified to
the particular incident by using the results of this analysis,
which can be categorized as useful, impartial, offensive or
bad.

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A. Twitter
We use NLP in our daily lives in the following ways:
Twitter is a data center, where users contribute huge
amounts of information. Twitter users are said to create 12 • check your spelling
GB data per day. It is broadly used by the public, who use it • Autocomplete
to show their thoughts on a wide range of public issues as
• Spam filter
well as to lodge grievances with corporations and
government authorities. Twitter, as a social networking site, • Voice texting on the phone
creates data that can be used for a variety of purposes, • Siri
including subject and person analysis. Maintaining the
Integrity of the Specifications.
Twitter is a most popular and social media website that
was founded in 2006 that allows users to post and
communicate via tweets. With almost 500 million users and
millions of messages sent every day, Twitter has quickly
become a crucial resource for businesses to monitor their
reputation and brands by eliminating and analysing public
perception of their items, services, and even competitors.
B. Opinion Mining
Opinion mining is a vast topic of natural language
processing (NLP), content analysis, and computational
reasoning about emotions represented in text. It's used in
online debates and criticism to identify customer
perceptions of products, businesses, and services.

C. Sentiment Analysis
Sentiment analysis is a Natural Language Processing (NLP)
method that assists in determining a tweet's sentiment.
Sentiment analysis is a generic technique for determining
polarity and subjectivity from the influence of words and
phrases as well as the polarity of text. It is possible to
automatically extract sentiments using the following Figure 1: Steps involved in Sentiment Analysis Process
techniques.
• Lexicon based Approach
• Machine learning based Approach III. METHODOLOGY

We analyse distinct tweets and label them as good, negative,
or impartial in sentiment analysis using Twitter.
D. Natural Language Processing
NLP is a branch of software engineering that entails
teaching computers to understand human speech and using it
as a means of interacting with the real world. Sentiment
analysis, text categorization, machine translation, and
speech recognition are all examples of NLP.
These are the steps in Machine Learning that are used to
analyse sentiment.
• Stemming
• Tokenization
• Part of speech tagging
• Parsing
A. Data Collections
This research work uses a kaggle data collection, which
was crawled and categorized as good and bad. The data
includes emoticons, usernames, and hashtags, all of which
must be analysed and transformed into standard formats. We
must also extract relevant properties from the text, such as
unigrams and bigrams, which are two types of tweet
representation.
B. Data Pre-Processing
Data pre-processing is the next step following data
collection. It's a significant step forward in machine
learning. It is the process through which data is transformed
or encoded into a machine-understandable state. In simple
terms, the algorithms can easily interpret the dataset's
features.
A twitter stream extracts all linked tweets from Twitter
in an unstructured format. Before applying any classifier to
these unstructured tweets, they must be pre-handled. The
tweets will be tokenized and cleaned ahead of time. Initially,
all HTML content in the tweets is removed by creating a
URL structure.

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The following are the phases in our preprocessing method:
• All special characters have been
eliminated from the equation.
• The URL links have been deleted.
• Stopping words, unnecessary punctuation
marks, and digits, among other things, are
eliminated.
• All capital characters have been converted
to lowercase letters.
•
1. Tokenization
Tokenization is the procedure for dividing vast
volumes of text into mini chunks tokens.
Tokenization is a crucial step in text data
modelling. By evaluating the word sequence, It assists in
deciphering the text's meaning. To lessen the inflection
towards their root forms, we used the porter stemmer.
This was accomplished by removing the suffixes create
stems. Finally, the final initialized tweets were put in a
new pandas file called "Cleaned Tweets" in our present
data frame of tweets collections.
1.1 Uniform Resource Locator
URLs and hyperlinks do not add to the analysis of the
tweet, they are eliminated. All of the URLs mentioned in the
messages or tweets are blanked out. We utilise regular
expressions to match the URLs. Because we wish to
compare the tweet to the English word list, we eliminated
the punctuation marks and numbers / numerals as well.
Example: ['https', ':', '/', 'dataset', 'sentiment’] - [' ', ' ', ' ',
'dataset', 'sentiment'].
1.2 User Mentions
A handle is issued to every Twitter user. The @handle
tag is used to refer to other individuals in tweets.
As a result, all mentions from users have been erased as
well. When we talk about regular expressions (regex), we're
talking about how they're utilised to match a user's name.
Example: '@name' - 'name'
1.3 Hashtags
On Twitter, hashtags, which are single-spaced phrases that
start with the hash sign (#), are frequently used to describe a
trend.
All hash tags are changed to words that contain the hash
sign, for instance, #correct becomes correct.
Example: '#TamilNadu' - 'TamilNadu'
1,4 Lowercase
All data are converted to lowercase in order to maintain
consistency and uniformity. As a result, comparing it to the
English dictionary is simpler.
Example: HBD is converted into hbd
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1.5 Emoticons
Emoticons, often known as Emojis, were invented to
depict emotions symbolically. Users utilise a variety of
various emoticons in their tweets to show their feelings. All
emoticons are divided into three types: negative, useful, and
impartial. As a result, all emoticons are replaced with words
that are related.
Example: used to express happy mood – replaced by
specific word.
2 Lemmatization
Lemmatization is a natural language processing
approach that identifies the basic words from a vocabulary
in order to categorize all alternative forms of a term into a
single category. The basic word "End," for example, has
various forms, including "Ended," "Ending," and "Ends."
The "End" base class is shared by all of these variants. We
used lemmatization to improve the ML's efficiency.
3 Stemming
It is a technique for condensing a word to its word stem,
which joins with suffixes, affixes, or the lemma, the base of
all words. Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Natural
Language Understanding (NLU) both gain from it (NLP).
More results are returned as more forms of words are
recognised, searched for, and retrieved. When a word's form
is identified, it may be it's possible to get search results that
aren't would otherwise be missing. Stemming is essential to
identify queries and data retrieval because of the additional
information retrieved.
Figure : Data Pre-Processing Pipeline
Raw Tweet
Noise Removal
(URLs, User
Mentions, Hashtags,
Lowercase)
Text Normalization
(Tokenization,
lemmatization,
Stemming)
Word
Stantardization
Cleaned Tweet
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C. Feature Extraction
Feature extraction lowers raw data to processing groups. 4. Support Vector Machine
Feature extraction is a technique for choosing and
integrating data into features, as a result, the amount of data The Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a binary
that has to be processed accurately is reduced, and the real non-probabilistic classifier for classification, regression,
and other applications. It creates a hyperplane or
data set is properly represented.
collection of hyperplanes in a high or infinite dimensions
space. SVM for sentiment classify is based on the
The procedure of extracting features from the study's data is principle of generating a hyper plane that divides papers
crucial because features support the investigation, into groups with the least practical distance between
evaluation, and processing of people's attitudes from the them.
data. Sentiment analysis may be considered of as a pre-
programmed technique that uses Natural Language 5. XGB Classifier
Processing to extract assumptions, perspectives, mentalities, The eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)
and sentiments from text, dialogue, and tweets (NLP) approach is a gradient-enhanced decision tree-based
D. Sentiment Classification boosting algorithm. One way that XGBoost differs from
gradient boosting is by using a more aggressive
The goal of this study was to explore if using sentiment regularization technique to reduce overfitting. Gradient
classification as a subset of topic-based categorization (with boosting-based machine learning methods are offered via
useful and negative sentiment as the two "themes") would the open-source package "xgboost." Scikit-learn API is
sufficient, or if more advanced sentiment-categorization compatible with XGBoost Classifier.
methods would be required.
We experimented with five standard algorithms: V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Random Forest Classifier, Logistic Regression, Decision
Tree Classifier, Support Vector Machine, XGBoost Confusion Matrix
Classifier. A table that displays how well a model performs on
a set of test data is called a confusion matrix. It is also known
as an error matrix. The examples in a predicted class were
IV. PROPOSED MODELS represented in the matrix's row, whereas the instances in an
We must compare the performance of above classifiers with actual class were represented in the matrix column.
Twitter data in this comparison study. The classifiers that • True Positive (TP): The model predicts that the value
have been selected are the most widely used machine will also be positive and the actual value is positive.
learning classifiers.
• False Negative (FN): The model predicts a negative
1. Random Forest Classifier result even if the actual value is positive.
Random Forest (RF) is a categorization and • True Negative (TN): The actual value and the
regression method that uses the ensemble technique with predicted result of the model are both negative.
bootstrap bagging. The Random Forest is a collection of
trees that are utilized forecast a data point's related to the False Positive (FP): The model predicts a positive result even
type dependent variable, assigns class label. A variety of when the actual value is negative.
voice and language processing programmers use this
approach.
TABLE 1: Confusion Matrix and Accuracy Results
2. Logistic Regression RF LR DT SVM XGB
The cost function should be restricted to a value
between 0 and 1 according to the logistic regression TP 7317 7185 7130 7419 7414
hypothesis. It also demonstrates the model's precision and FN 255 219 244 369 435
recall. Precision is the model's useful predictive value,
whereas recall is its sensitivity. TN 304 340 315 190 124
FP 115 247 302 13 18
3. Decision Tree Classifier Accuracy 95% 94% 93% 95% 94%
For task categorization and regression, decision
trees (DTs), a non-parametric supervised learning
technique, are often used. It supports the usage of typical
and continuous variables. The objective is to create a
model that uses decision orders from data to forecast the
outcome of a target variable. A hierarchically represented
attribute value condition in the training data space divides
the outcome into its component parts.

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Figure 3: Word Cloud
Figure 4 : Impartial words
Figure 5 : Negative Words
VI. CONCLUSION
This research study has obtained results from several
techniques such as data pre-processing, tokenization, etc.
The performance of various machine learning based
classifiers are compared with Twitter data in this study.
Additionally, various methods of machine learning
algorithms are used to predict results with different levels of
accuracy.
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization with Deep
Learning Driven Sarcasm Detection on Social Media
Dr.J.Anitha Josephine
Associate Professor, Department of CSE, Narasimha
Reddy Engineering College, Maisamaguda, Hyderabad,
Telangana
anitha.josephine88@gmail.com
Md. Abul Ala Walid
Lecturer, Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, Northern University of Business and
Technology, Khulna
abulalawalid@gmail.com
Mohammad Shabbir Alam
Lecturer, Department of Computer Science, College of
Computer Science and Information Technology, Jazan
University,Jizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
amushabbir@gmail.com
Abstract—Sarcasm is a language phrase that transports the
polar opposite of what is being said, usually something extremely
disagreeable to mock or offend someone. Sarcasm was commonly
employed on social networking sites daily. Since sarcasm might
alter the significance of statement, the opinion analysis process is
error-prone. Concerns regarding the integrity of analytics have
developed as the utilization of automatic social media analytics
apparatuses has extended. Based on the earlier study, sarcastic
statements alone have considerably decreased the performance of
automated sentiment analysis. This article develops a Hybrid
Particle Swarm Optimization with Deep Learning Driven
Sarcasm Detection (HPSO-DLSD) technique. The presented
HPSO-DLSD technique mainly concentrates on the recognition
of sarcasm on social media. In the presented HPSO-DLSD
technique, the initial stage of data preprocessing is carried out.
To detect and classify sarcasm, sparse stacked autoencoder
(SAE) model is exploited and the detection performance can be
boosted via the HPSO algorithm. The experimental result
analysis of the HPSO-DLSD technique can be tested on
benchmark dataset and the outcomes emphasized the
enhancements of the HPSO-DLSD method over other current
approaches.
Keywords— Sarcasm detection; Natural language processing;
Social media; Deep learning; Metaheuristics
I. INTRODUCTION
The vast amount of data generated on social networking
sites today was good for data analysis as they are very private.
Administrations were utilizing such data to aid them
comprehend their viewers better. This arena can be known as
sentiment analysis (SA). Instead, sarcasm was well-defined as
a positive sentence with negative meaning [1]. It was
considered to be a challenging problem in the Natural
Language Processing (NLP) domain. Managing sarcasm
properly was decisive as it could alter the divergence of a
sentence and risk a SA [2]. Conventional lessons cast-off rule-
based methods for solving this and additional new education
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Santosh Kumar Maharana
Assistant Professor, Department of CSE, OUTR,
Bhubaneswar
skm.gec@gmail.com
Thulasimani T,
Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Bannari
Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode
District, Tamil Nadu, India
thulasimanithangamani@gmail.com
Mohit Tiwari
Assistant professor, Department of Computer Science
and engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of
Engineering, Delhi
mohit.t.bvcoe@gmail.com
castoff knowledge to routinely spot the valuable features.
Sarcasm is labelled as a cutting, ironic remark envisioned to
take ridicule or disdain [3]. SA otherwise called opinion
mining will be the main task in NLP where judgments or
opinions, feelings, perceptions, observations were extracted a
definite topic [4]. For separate decision makers, governments,
and business organizations, sentiment appreciation was
indispensable. It is very beneficial to management, decisive
support mechnaisms, and persons to identify public opinions
on organizations, strategies, and products [5].
Sarcastic expressions may change the orientation of textual
files [6]. For textual files with sarcasm, text words carried and
the harshness of the discrete by means of sarcasm is undeniably
the opposite. Thus, the prognostic efficacy of sentiment
classification structures is reduced if cynicism cannot be
appropriately managed [7]. Sarcasm detection on text files is a
challenging task in NLP, is becoming a significant research
direction because of its occurrence on social media and
microblogging sites. A huge capacity of data has substantial
latent for corporations for study more around sentiments,
individual opinions, and other aspects. But there was a slew of
problems [8]. For sample, irony has optimistic words, however,
the background is dissimilar, creating negative sentiments.
Such subtle problems have resulted in wrong valuation of the
evaluations of products or services in the assessment study or
incorrect sorting in false news recognition [9]. These problems
have irritated many governments and academics absorbed in
dragging precise data from the text with irony. Numerous
methods in NLP were projected, as the background part while
drilling the sarcasm detection [10].
This article develops a Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization
with Deep Learning Driven Sarcasm Detection (HPSO-DLSD)
technique. The presented HPSO-DLSD technique mainly
concentrates on the recognition of sarcasm on social media. In
the presented HPSO-DLSD technique, the initial stage of data
preprocessing is carried out. To detect and classify sarcasm,
sparse stacked autoencoder (SSAE) model is exploited and the
687
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detection performance can be boosted via the HPSO algorithm.

The experimental result analysis of the HPSO-DLSD technique
can be tested on benchmark dataset and the results highlighted
the enhancements of the HPSO-DLSD performance over other
current approaches.
II. RELATED WORKS
The authors in [11] assessed several vectorization and ML
models to spot sarcastic captions. This tests display that pre-
trained transformer-related embeddings compiled with LSTM
networks offer improved recall. Goel et al. [12] purposes to
link the gap among machine and artificial intelligence to
understand and recognize sarcastic patterns and behavior. The
research depends on consuming numerous neuronal methods
like GRU, Baseline CNN, and LSTM in an ensemble method
for distinguishing sarcasm on the internet. To expand the
accuracy of the projected method, the essential data was also
organized on dissimilar formerly skilled word-embedding
methods namely GloVe, fastText, and Word2Vec, and their
precisions were associated. The purpose was to measure the
complete gush of the writer as negative or positive or non-
sarcastic or sarcastic to assure that the right communication
was gained to the envisioned viewers.
The authors in [13] offer an innovative Convolution and
Attention with Bi-directional GRU (CAT-BiGRU) technique,
which has a convolutional, input, embedding, BiGRU, and 2 Fig. 1. Overall process of HPSO-DLSD system
attention layers. The convolutional layer will extract SDS- B. Sarcasm Detection using SAE
enabled semantic and syntactical structures from entrenched
To detect and classify sarcasm, the SSAE method is
layer, BiGRU layer recovers related data after the mined
exploited. Autoencoder (AE) is an unsupervised NN
structures in subsequent and previous instructions, and
mechanism including input, hidden, and output (also called
consideration layers were employed to recover SDS-related
reconstruction layer) layers. Particularly, the encoder
comprehensive context picture after the input texts. Jain et al.
accomplishes the input and transforms to the abstraction that
[14] offer sarcasm detection by means of DL in code-switch
generally called code, the input is redeveloped from the code
tweets, explicitly mash-up of English language with Indian
layers via decoder. It employs nonlinear hidden layers for
language, Hindi. The projected technique was a fusion of
implementing reduction dimension. The processing model
bidirectional LSTM including a CNN and softmax attention
encompasses two fundamental segmentations placed
layer and for realtime sarcasm recognition. Kumar et al. [15]
successively which have the equivalent quantity of layers.
offer a DL technique termed sAtt-BLSTM convNet that
• The encoder considers data of the input and map
depends on the hybrid of soft attention-related bidirectional
towards the hidden description after the hidden unit has
LSTM (sAtt-BLSTM) and convNet smearing international
a lower dimension than that of input data, the encoder
courses for word depiction (GLoVe) to form semantic word
reduces or compressed the initial dataset.
embedding’s.
• The decoder makes use of the concealed description
III. THE PROPOSED MODEL (code) for recreating input.
These models are compared below which correspondingly
In this article, we have developed a new HPSO-DLSD
illustrate the encoder and decoder:
method for the detection of sarcasm in social media context.
𝑍 = 𝑓(𝑊1 𝑋 + 𝑏1 ) (1)
The presented HPSO-DLSD technique mainly concentrates on
𝑋 ′ = 𝑓(𝑊2 𝑍 + 𝑏2 ) (2)
the recognition of sarcasm on social media. Fig. 1 represents
Consider 𝑋 = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 ) as the input unit, and 𝑍 =
the overall process of HPSO-DLSD system.
(𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , … , 𝑧𝑚 ) signifies the vector extracted from the input 𝑋
A. Preprocessing Stage called as code, 𝑋 ′ = (𝑥1′ , 𝑥2′ , … , 𝑥𝑛′ ) shows the output
In the presented HPSO-DLSD technique, the initial stage of restoration of input 𝑋, wherein 𝑛 refers to the input data
data pre-processing is carried out. Firstly, each text in the data dimension and 𝑚 indicates the number of code units. 𝑊1 and
in transformed to lowercase. Next, each stopword was 𝑏1 characterize the weighted matrices and bias amongst the
detached. Later, existence of ‘‘#sarcasm’’ in the document is succeeding and the input layers. 𝑊2 and 𝑏2 represents the
eliminated. Then, the elimination of punctuation signs. Lastly, weighted matrices and bias amongst the succeeding and the
each word is transformed to the root form. The ‘lemma’ style output layers; 𝑓 refers to the activation function.
was selected for these works since it is very common in
contradiction of the ‘stem’ style.

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alteration was projected for monitoring the velocity of all the

particles with the integration of fractional order derivative
concept. The Grunwald-Letnikov description was exploited for
describing the fractional derivative as follows:
𝑟
𝛼 [𝑋(𝑡)]
1 (−1)𝑘 𝛤(𝛼 + 1)𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑘ℎ)
𝐷 = 𝛼∑ (8)
𝑇 𝛤(𝛼 + 1)𝛤(𝛼 − 𝑘 + 1)
𝑘=0
Whereas 𝛼 indicates the derivative order, 𝑇 denotes the
sampling period, and 𝑟 represents the truncation order. Another
component of Eq. (8) was described. The new velocity to
execute fractional‐order calculus on PSO:
𝑉𝑡+1 + 𝑉𝑡 = 𝐶1 × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑(𝑃 − 𝑋𝑇 ) + 𝐶2 × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑(𝐺 − 𝑋𝑇 ) (9)
The L.H.S of the abovementioned formula characterizes the
discrete formulation of the derivative of order number 𝛼 = 1 as
Fig. 2. Architecture of SSAE follows
𝐷𝛼 [𝑉𝑡+1 ] = 𝐶1 × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑(𝑃 − 𝑋𝑇 ) + 𝐶2 × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑(𝐺 − 𝑋𝑇 ) (10)
The dissimilarity amongst 𝑋 and 𝑋 ′ are widely called Eq. (11) signifies the claim of portion order number on the
reconstructed error (RE), viz., indicated by the cost function particle speed with the range from 𝛼 = 0 to 𝛼 = 1(𝛥𝛼 = 0.1)
that module attempt to minimize the training procedure. The and 𝑟 = 4:
cost function of AE is evaluated using, wherein the subset of 1 1
variables are characterized by 𝜃 = {𝑊1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑊2 , 𝑏2 }. 𝑉𝑖+1 = 𝛼𝑉𝑡 + 𝛼(1 − 𝛼)𝑉𝑡−1 + 𝛼(1 − 𝛼)(2 − 𝛼)𝑉𝑡−2 +
𝑛
2 6
1
𝐽(𝜃) = ∑ 𝑅𝐸(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑥𝑖′ ) (3) 𝛼(1 − 𝛼)(2 − 𝛼)(3 − 𝛼)𝑉𝑡−3 𝐶1 × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑(𝑃 − 𝑋𝑇 )
24
𝑖=1 + 𝐶2 × 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑(𝐺
Then the AE concept has been used, unlike supervised − 𝑋𝑇 ) (11)
DNN mechanism, it can be unsupervised feature learning NN The major advantage of the slight calculus derivative is the
that might repeatedly abstract structures from unlabelled data. other levels of grade of freedom. Eq. (11) demonstrates the
Meanwhile, the quantity of units in hidden layer was probability governing the rapidity of elements regarding the
greater in the SAE, we forced sparse restraints on hidden layers copied order (𝛼). This was the major advantage of the
to capture highest level demonstration of the data. Then, add fundamental PSO method. Another levels of probability of
sparsity penalty term in the loss function to avert individuality fractional calculus derivative considered the precise description
charting by preserving a preferred set of layers ”active” at of the conduct of several cycles via the particular improvement
every instance. Especially, once the output layers are close to of architecture control, display, and planning.
one, the layers considered “active”, then it is “inactive”, and
consequently the SAE was rehabilitated into SSAE. Fig. 2 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
portrays the substructure of SSAE. For these purpose, add The proposed model is simulated using Python 3.6.5 tool
sparse term to the objective function which penalize 𝜌̂𝑗 on PC i5-8600k, GeForce 1050Ti 4GB, 16GB RAM, 250GB
(average activation of 𝑗 hidden states) once they significantly SSD, and 1TB HDD. The parameter settings are given as
vary from 𝜌 (the sparsity parameter) in the following: follows: learning rate: 0.01, dropout: 0.5, batch size: 5, epoch
𝑛
1 count: 50, and activation: ReLU.The sarcasm detection
𝜌̂𝑗 = ∑[ 𝑓𝑗 (𝑥(𝑖)] (4) performance of the HPSO-DLSD model is investigated on two
𝑛
𝑖=1 datasets namely Twitter and headline datasets as represented in
𝑆
Table 1.
𝜌𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑦 = ∑ 𝐾𝐿(𝜌||𝜌̂𝑗 ) (5)
𝑗=1 TABLE I
Consider 𝑆 as the neuron amount in the hidden layer. 𝐾𝐿 DATASET DETAILS
represents the KL divergence in the following:
𝜌 1−𝜌 Headline
𝐾𝐿(𝜌||𝜌̂𝑗 ) = 𝜌 log + (1 − 𝜌)log (6) Class Twitter Dataset
Dataset
𝜌̂𝑗 1 − 𝜌̂𝑗
Sarcastic 895 11725
Then, the objective is 𝜌̂𝑗 technique a continuous 𝜌 that was
nearer to zero. The sparsity penalty term is additional to the Non-Sarcastic 1061 14984
cost function in the following: Total No. of
1956 26709
𝐽𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒 (𝜃) Tweets
𝑆

= 𝐽(𝜃) + 𝛽 ∑ 𝐾 𝐿(𝜌||𝜌̂𝑗 ) (7)

𝑗=1

C. Parameter Tuning using HPSO Algorithm

The detection performance can be boosted via the HPSO
algorithm for hyperparameter tuning. In HPSO approach, an

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Sarcastic
Average 98.10 98.06 98.12 98.09 96.19
Testing Phase (30%)
Sarcastic 98.98 98.48 99.23 98.85 97.93
Non-
98.98 99.38 98.77 99.08 97.93
Sarcastic
Average 98.98 98.93 99.00 98.97 97.93

Fig. 4. 𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑐 and 𝑉𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑐 analysis of HPSO-DLSD system

under Twitter database

The 𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑐 and 𝑉𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑐 obtained by the HPSO-DLSD

Fig. 3. Confusion matrices of HPSO-DLSD system under method under Twitter database is exemplified in Fig. 4. The
Twitter dataset (a) Entire database, (b) 70% of TR database, ssimulation result inferred that the HPSO-DLSD technique has
and (c) 30% of TS database achieved maximal values of 𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑐 and 𝑉𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑐 . Mostly the
𝑉𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑐 is greater than 𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑐 .
Fig. 3 represents the confusion matrices of the HPSO- The 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 and 𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 attained by the HPSO-DLSD
DLSD model on Twitter dataset. The HPSO-DLSD model has approach under Twitter database were exhibited in Fig. 5. The
properly discriminating the sarcastic and non-sarcastic samples. experimental outcome implied that the HPSO-DLSD algorithm
Table 2 reports an overall sarcasm detection outcomes of has accomplished least values of 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 and 𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 .
the HPSO-DLSD method on Twitter dataset. On entire dataset, Particularly, the 𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 is lesser than 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 .
the HPSO-DLSD model has offered average 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 98.36%,
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑛 of 98.32%, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 of 98.39%, 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 of 98.35%, and
MCC of 96.71%. In line with, on 70% of TR databases, the
HPSO-DLSD technique has offered average 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 98.10%,
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑛 of 98.06%, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 of 98.12%, 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 of 98.09%, and
MCC of 96.19%. Along with that, on 30% of TS databases, the
HPSO-DLSD method has presented average 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 98.98%,
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑛 of 98.93%, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 of 99%, 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 of 98.97%, and MCC
of 97.93%.
TABLE II
RESULT ANALYSIS OF HPSO-DLSD SYSTEM WITH DIFFERENT
CLASSES UNDER TWITTER DATABASE

Twitter Dataset
Class F- Fig. 5. 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 and 𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 analysis of HPSO-DLSD system
Accuracy Precision Recall MCC
Labels Score under Twitter database
Entire Dataset
Sarcastic 98.36 97.79 98.66 98.22 96.71
Non-
98.36 98.86 98.11 98.49 96.71
Sarcastic
Average 98.36 98.32 98.39 98.35 96.71
Training Phase (70%)
Sarcastic 98.10 97.50 98.42 97.96 96.19
Non- 98.10 98.63 97.82 98.22 96.19

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Sarcastic
Average 93.92 93.69 94.40 93.87 88.08

Fig. 7. 𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑐 and 𝑉𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑐 analysis of HPSO-DLSD system

under Headline database

Fig. 6. Confusion matrices of HPSO-DLSD system under

Headline dataset (a) Entire database, (b) 70% of TR database,
and (c) 30% of TS database

Fig. 6 signifies the confusion matrices of the HPSO-DLSD

model on Headline dataset. The HPSO-DLSD technique has
properly discriminating the sarcastic and non-sarcastic samples.
Table 3 reports the complete sarcasm detection results of
the HPSO-DLSD model on Headline dataset. On entire dataset,
the HPSO-DLSD model has offered average 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 93.82%,
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑛 of 93.65%, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 of 94.25%, 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 of 93.78%, and
MCC of 87.90%. In line with, 70% of TR database, the HPSO-
DLSD model has presented average 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 93.78%, 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑛
of 93.64%, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 of 94.18%, 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 of 93.74%, and MCC of Fig. 8. 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 and 𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 analysis of HPSO-DLSD system
87.82%. Also, on 30% of TS databases, the HPSO-DLSD under Headline database
approach has offered average 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 93.92%, 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑛 of
93.69%, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 of 94.40%, 𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 of 93.87%, and MCC of
88.08%. The 𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑐 and 𝑉𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑐 obtained by the HPSO-DLSD
technique under Headline database is shown in Fig. 7. The
TABLE III silmualtion values inferred that the HPSO-DLSD method has
achieved higher values of 𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑐 and 𝑉𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑐 . Chiefly the 𝑉𝐿𝑎𝑐𝑐
RESULT ANALYSIS OF HPSO-DLSD SYSTEM WITH DISTINCT
CLASSES UNDER HEADLINE DATABASE is greater than 𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑐 .
The 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 and 𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 achieved by the HPSO-DLSD
Headline Dataset approach under Headline database are established in Fig. 8.
Class F- The simulation values exhibited the HPSO-DLSD method has
Accuracy Precision Recall MCC
Labels Score exhibited least values of 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 and 𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 . Particularly, the
Entire Dataset 𝑉𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 is lesser than 𝑇𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 .
Sarcastic 93.82 89.23 97.72 93.28 87.90 To exhibit the improvised performance of the HPSO-DLSD
Non- method, a comparison study is made in Table 4.
93.82 98.07 90.77 94.28 87.90
Sarcastic
Average 93.82 93.65 94.25 93.78 87.90 TABLE IV
Training Phase (70%) COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS HPSO-DLSD SYSTEM WITH OTHER
Sarcastic 93.78 89.28 97.65 93.28 87.82 APPROACHES UNDER TWO DATASETS
Non-
93.78 97.99 90.71 94.21 87.82 Accuracy (%)
Sarcastic
Average 93.78 93.64 94.18 93.74 87.82 Twitter Headline
Methods
Testing Phase (30%) Dataset Dataset
Sarcastic 93.92 89.11 97.89 93.29 88.08 HPSO-DLSD 98.98 93.92
Non- 93.92 98.27 90.91 94.44 88.08 Hybrid Auto- 93.66 89.38

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Encoder
AlexNet 91.43 90.04
KNN Algorithm 90.12 88.74
LOR Algorithm 90.60 89.15
SVC Algorithm 89.95 87.58
Fig. 9 presents a comparative 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 assessment of the
HPSO-DLSD method on Twitter dataset. The outcomes
specified sthe SVC method has reached least 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 89.95%.
On the contrary, the AlexNet, KNN, and LOR models have
represented slightly improved 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 91.43%, 90.12%, and
90.60% respectively. Although the HAE model has obtained
reasonable 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑦 of 93.66%, the HPSO-DLSD model has
shown superior 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 98.98%.
Fig. 9. 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 analysis HPSO-DLSD system with other
approaches under Twitter database
Fig. 10 presents a comparative 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 assessment of the
HPSO-DLSD technique on headline dataset. The outcomes
exhibited the SVC method has reached least 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 87.58%.
On the contrary, the HAE, KNN, and LOR approaches have
represented slightly improved 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 89.38%, 88.74%, and
89.15% correspondingly. Although the AlexNet technique has
gained reasonable 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑦 of 90.04%, the HPSO-DLSD method
has exhibited superior 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 93.92%. Thus, the presented
HPSO-DLSD model has shown better results.
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Fig. 10. 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 analysis HPSO-DLSD system with other
approaches under Headline database
V. CONCLUSION
In this article, we have developed a new HPSO-DLSD
technique for the detection of sarcasm in social media context.
The presented HPSO-DLSD technique mainly concentrates on
the recognition of sarcasm on mass media. In the presented
HPSO-DLSD technique, the initial stage of data pre-processing
is carried out. To spot and classify sarcasm, the SSAE method
was exploited and the detection performance can be boosted
via the HPSO algorithm. The experimental result analysis of
the HPSO-DLSD technique can be tested on benchmark
dataset and the outcomes exhibited the enhancements of the
HPSO-DLSD approach over other current approaches. In
future, the HPSO-DLSD technique can be extended to the
detection of emotions in tweets.
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[1] M. S. Razali, A. A. Halin, L. Ye, S. Doraisamy, and N. M. Norowi,
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[7] Jacob, I. Jeena. "Performance evaluation of caps-net based multitask
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Zettlemoyer, L.: Deep contextualized word representations. arXiv
preprint arXiv:1802.05365 (2018)
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[10] Joshi, A., Bhattacharyya, P., Carman, M.J.: Automatic sarcasm

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Design of Kernel Extreme Learning Machine based
Intelligent Crop Yield Prediction Model
Srilatha Toomula
Research Scholar
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Osmania University
Hyderbad, India
toomula.srilatha@gmail.com
Abstract— Agriculture is the major occupation in India and
around half of the population depends on agriculture for their
survival. Crop yield prediction (CYP) is a hot research topic
since it depends upon several parameters such as environment,
rainfall, soil, water, seasonal crop, etc. Machine learning (ML)
models are commonly employed for the extraction of important
crop features to predict yield. The ML models act as a decision
support tool for CYP, which enables to decide on what type of
crops can grow and at what season. With this motivation, this
paper focuses on the design of kernel extreme learning machine-
based crop yield prediction (KELM-CYP) model. The goal of the
KELM-CYP technique is to predict the crop yield based on
different parameters such as state name, season crop, area, and
rainfall. The proposed KELM-CYP model initially performs
data preprocessing in two levels namely data merging and data
normalization. Besides, KELM is a kind of machine learning
(ML) based model commonly used for regression and
classification processes. KELM is an extended version of extreme
learning machine (ELM) by the use of kernel transformation
process that allows having improved generalization performance
owing to the kernel conversion from the input to kernel space. In
order to showcase the enhanced predictive outcome of the
KELM-CYP model, a wide range of simulations takes place on
benchmark datasets from Kaggle repository. The experimental
results pointed out the better performance of the KELM-CYP
model in terms of different measures.
Keywords- Machine learning, Agriculture, Crop yield, Prediction
model, Regression process, Rainfall, Kernel extreme learning
machine
I. INTRODUCTION
Crop yield prediction is crucial for global food production. To
increase national food security, policymakers rely on precise
forecasting to make appropriate import and export decisions.
To produce higher crop yields, seed companies must measure
the effectiveness of original hybrids in varied conditions [1].
Growers and farmers utilise yield prediction to make more
informed financial decisions and operate their businesses more
efficiently. Crop production forecasting, on the other hand, is
a tough task due to a number of complex components. Higher-
dimension marker data, for example, is widely used to
describe genotype data, with hundreds to millions of
producers for each individual plant. The impact of genetic
markers, which may be affected by field management
practices and a variety of environmental variables, must be
assessed.
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Sudha Pelluri
Professor
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
Osmania University
Hyderabad, India
sudha.p@uceou.edu
Because of the labor required to handle vast amounts of plots,
permanent and management environment impacts have
primarily been explored at smaller scales [2]. Furthermore, for
each new layer of environment characterization, less
difference must be attributed to generic "environmental"
components and may be explored independently alongside
plant genetics. Regardless of crop type, the connection of non-
genetic and genetic variables is the cornerstone of plant
breeding techniques to eventually address agricultural
production problems [3]. Climatic robustness in cultivars is a
significant challenge for farmers and plant breeders seeking to
increase seed production in a variety of conditions. Climate
changeability may be linked to differences in rainfall events
(both magnitude and pattern), temperature, and other climate
factors. Aside from temporal variability, geographical
variability of climate factors is significant but often
overlooked in crop forecast studies. It is vital to understand
how the changeability of weather parameters influences
agricultural productivity in the presence of global climate
change, particularly in the presence of extreme climatic
conditions [4]. Forecasting the consequences of environmental
changes, for example, could help with marketing decisions,
optimising production informed plant breeding decisions, and
comparing results over time.
Crop growth methods have traditionally been developed to
estimate and simulate crop yields in a variety of conditions
involving genotype, environment, management factors, and
soil parameters [5]. This provides a clear description of
biophysical reactions and mechanisms, but it has limitations in
terms of predicting and estimating input parameters in
unexpected and complex circumstances [6]. Earlier crop
prediction research across environments focused on crop
approaches created by quantifying responses in a small
number of lines while limiting the scope of inference by
changing a single environmental variable. To address the
limits of crop growth methodologies, a linear model has been
employed to predict crops with a specific degree of progress
[7]. Because it is focused on smaller groups of constituents,
this model fails to address the challenges of site-specific
climatic conditions and biological interaction. Crop yields are
currently estimated using machine learning (ML) technologies
such as multivariate artificial neural networks, association rule
mining, decision trees, and regression. The ML technique is
distinguished by the fact that it treats the outcome (crop yield)
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as an implicit function of the input variable (environment
components and genes), which can be a complicated and
highly nonlinear relationship. KELM often offers better
classification results with less optimization constraints.
Because of its faster training speed and excellent
generalisation capabilities, the suggested KELM-CYP model
initially performs data preparation in two steps, namely data
merging and data normalisation. KELM has evolved as a
result of the numerous modifications that have been
implemented to improve its generalizability and stability for
specific applications.
The KELM model is an analytically derived single-layer feed-
forward neural network (SLFN) with randomly assigned input
weights. The KELM is computationally more efficient than
traditional neural network models since it does not require
tuning factors such as learning rates, learning epochs, halting
criteria, or local optima. Furthermore, because to its superior
generalisation skills and fast processing of massive volumes of
data, KELM is better suited to crop output projections for a
diverse range of crops. The kernel transformation was used to
display ELM's KELM model. It achieves better generality
than ELM due to input-to-kernel translation. ELM evolved
into KELM. Minimizing output weights and errors at the same
time.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Abbas et al. [8] use four ML algorithms to forecast potato
(Solanum tuberosum) tuber yields based on crop and soil
parameters acquired from proximate sensing. Suresh et al. [9]
use data mining to assist farmers in determining soil quality by
inspecting its unique boundaries and recommending crops
depending on the results. To improve the efficiency of the
Harvest Suggestion Framework, the framework leverages the
Arrangement calculation of Help Vector Machine. The
architecture maps yield and dirt data to predict the rundown of
moderate yield for the dirt and also provides information
about supplements that are lacking in soil for the specific
yield.
Shetty et al. [10] train RF, MLP, and NN regression
techniques on data from four major yields grown in
Karnataka. Previous harvest and meteorological conditions
from thirty districts in Karnataka were collected. Weather data
includes humidity readings, minimum, average, and maximum
pressure, and temperature. Both data sets are pre-processed
before being combined to train the models. Pant et al. [11] use
the ML approach to predict four widely grown crops grown
primarily in India. When crop yields are projected, inputs such
as fertilisers may be used differently depending on soil
conditions and predicted crops. In this work, they use ML
approaches to construct training models to recognise patterns
in data, and it is used to predict agricultural productivity.
Elavarasan et al. [12] present a novel hybrid feature extraction
method that incorporates the CFS and RFRFE wrapper
structures. In order to develop a crop-yields prediction ML
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technique with high performance and accuracy, the supplied
model focuses on selecting an optimal subcategory of features
from a soil features, groundwater, and set of climate. The
efficiency of the ANN imperialist competitive algorithm
(ANN-ICA) and ANN-GWO methods for crop yield
prediction is estimated by Nosratabadi et al. [13]. The given
strategy, according to Agarwal and Tarar [14], is enhanced by
utilizing DL techniques and crop forecasting to generate
unambiguous data based on the amount of soil components
required by their expenditures. In terms of accuracy, it
outperforms the current method. It analyses the data supplied
and assists producers in estimating yield and reaping benefits
as a result. When predicting appropriate yields, the soil and
climatic factors of the land are taken into account.
The goal of this study is to construct a kernel extreme learning
machine-based crop yield prediction (KELM-CYP) model.
The KELM-CYP technique utilizes different input parameters
for prediction namely state name, season crop, area, and
rainfall. The proposed KELM-CYP model involves two
major processes namely data preprocessing and KELM based
prediction. Primarily, data preprocessing take place in two
levels namely data merging and data normalization. Besides,
KELM is a kind of machine learning (ML) based model
commonly used for regression and classification processes.
For examining the supremacy of the KELM-CYP model, a
series of experiments are carried out on benchmark datasets
from Kaggle repository.
H. James Deva Koresh [15] proposed an innovative approach
for increasing soil productivity while also recognising the
environmental influence on soil functionality, productivity
function, and resource information. The Soil classification
refers to a multiplicity of internationally approved methods for
projected soil production. The major goal is to identify
methods for evaluating the benefits of a balanced nutrition
system based on maize and chickpeas. The treatment and
management can be established and evaluated annually for
crop yield.
S. Sairamkumar [16] proposed that it is crucial for farmers to
predict crop output. Remote sensing is used in agricultural
systems as a decision-support tool to increase crop efficiency
and save operating costs. Machine learning techniques for
estimating agricultural production have become more popular
since remote sensing-based processes demand a lot of
processing. However, for agricultural planning, yield
estimation accuracy is essential. The use of machine learning
is a tactic for identifying workable solutions to this problem.
Various machine learning algorithms have been used recently
to anticipate yields.
III. THE PROPOSED MODEL
A novel KELM-CYP technique was developed in this work to
accurately estimate crop productivity. The suggested KELM-
CYP method is divided into two stages: preprocessing and
prediction. Data preparation occurs at the beginning to turn the
data into a compatible format. Second, the suggested KELM
model uses input such as state name, crop season, area, and
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rainfall to prct agricultural production. Figure 1 depicts the
overall procedure of the KELM-CYP approach. The next
sections explain how these two processes function in detail.
Fig. 1. The overall procedure of the KELM-CYP model
A. Data Preprocessing
In this study, the preprocessing of data is carried out in two
stages namely data merging and normalization. Initially, the
merging of data takes place between two datasets comprising
various attributes. The merged dataset includes 74975
instances under different attributes such as state, season crop,
area, rainfall, and production. Data normalization is performed
for the provided crops district wise and the crop with
maximum yield can be recommended to the farmers to get
more proficient in the future.
Data preparation cleans up raw data. Analyses are impossible
due to the large amount of raw data from many sources. We
can change the data by swapping missing and null values.
Finally, the testing and training data are separated. Because
model training requires as many data points as feasible, the
data is often distributed unevenly. 80% of the dataset is used
as training data to train machine learning algorithms to make
credible predictions. to standardise the value of the crop
production by making use of preprocessing.
The normalising process eliminates discrepancies in the data
that result from the data's inherent characteristics. It can be
reversed without affecting the result in any way. The
submitted crop data is normalised by district, and the crop
with the best yield may be recommended to farmers in the
future as a strategy to boost productivity. The data
normalization is done to normalize the crop yield values using
Eq. (1):
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𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = (1)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
B. KELM based Prediction Process
After the input data has been preprocessed, the crop
production is predicted using the KELM model. In ELM for
increasing network training quickness, and then
comprehensive the ELM theory in neuron hidden layer to
another hidden layer. The trained instances are represented as
{𝑥𝑖 , 𝑡𝑗 }𝑛𝑖=1 , where n is the number of trained instances, 𝑥𝑗
denotes the input of 𝑖 𝑡ℎ instance with m dimensions, and 𝑡𝑗
denotes the output of 𝑖 𝑡ℎ instance. The consequence of SLFN
with 𝐿 hidden node is then expressed as follows to supply the
input vector x:
𝐿
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝛽𝑖 ℎ𝑖 (𝑥) = ℎ𝑇 (𝑥)𝛽 (2)
𝑖=1
where ℎ(𝑥) = [ℎ1 (𝑥) ⋯ ℎ𝐿 (𝑥)]𝑇 represents the hidden outputs
and 𝛽 = [𝛽1 ⋯ 𝛽𝐿 ]𝑇 the resultant weights The compact design
is as follows if the output of these n trained instances is
approximated with 0 error.
𝐻𝛽 = 𝑡 (3)
where 𝐻 = [ℎ(𝑥1 ) ⋯ ℎ(𝑥𝑛 )]𝑇 is referred to as the hidden
resultant matrix The effort of resultant weights 𝛽 is merely a
simple linear formula, and the effort is equal to, say,
minimising trained error. min‖𝐻𝛽 − 𝑡‖ MoorePenrose
generalised inverse 𝐻 † is used to demonstrate a superior
evaluation of resultant weights.
𝛽̂ = 𝐻 † 𝑡 (4)
Usually, the orthogonal projection was utilized for resolving
the generalization inverse 𝐻 † . If 𝐻𝑇 𝐻 has non-singular, 𝐻 † =
(𝐻𝑇 𝐻)−1 𝐻𝑇 , or if 𝐻𝐻𝑇 has non-singular, 𝐻 † = 𝐻𝑇 (𝐻𝐻𝑇 )−1 .
KELM model was proposed from ELM with the kernel
transformation technique that allows it to possess good
generalization performances when compared to ELM because
of the kernel conversion under the input to kernel space.
Minimalizing the output weights the training and errors
simultaneously, KELM could be derived as follows
𝑛
1 𝐶
min ‖𝛽‖22 + ∑ 𝜀𝑖2 (5)
𝛽 2 2
𝑖=1
𝑠. 𝑡. 𝜑 𝑇 (𝑥𝑖 )𝛽 = 𝑡𝑖 − 𝜀𝑖′ 𝑖 = 1,2, ⋯ 𝑛
whereas 𝜑(∙) symbolises the training 𝑖𝑡ℎ error under the input
of 𝜀𝑖 kernel space [17], the indicated variable 𝐶 is used to
reflect the trade-offs between 𝛽 & 𝜀.
As per the Karush‐Kuhn‐Tucker (KKT) concept and afterward
presenting the Lagrange multipliers 𝛼𝑖 , the succeeding two
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optimization problems could be employed for solving the KELM employs a straightforward risk reduction strategy that
output weight 𝛽 enables it to ensure improved generalisation results. It does
this by utilising empirical risk and confidence intervals that
𝑛 𝑛
1 𝐶 are approved by the scientific community. The inversion of
min{𝐿 = ‖𝛽‖22 + ∑ 𝜀𝑖2 − ∑ 𝛼𝑖 (𝜑 𝑇 (𝑥𝑖 )𝛽 − 𝑡𝑖 the n-by-n matrix computation is crucial to the solution of the
𝛽,𝛼,𝜀 2 2
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 weight equation. When there are plenty of training examples
+ 𝜀𝑖 )} (6) in the dataset, the network framework redundancy may
jeopardise the generalisation performance and computing
The KKT condition is expressed by taking the partial efficiency, which finally results in the inverse process failing.
derivative and converting it to zero.

𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝐿 KELM, like SVM, should be able to recognise the kernel

= 0, 𝑗 = 1, ⋯ 𝐿′ → 𝛽 = 𝛷 𝑇 𝛼 = 0, 𝑖 = 1, ⋯ 𝑛 → 𝛼
𝜕𝛽𝑗 𝜕𝜀𝑖
= 𝐶𝜀 (7)
𝜕𝐿
= 0, 𝑖 = 1, ⋯ , 𝑛 → 𝛷𝛽 − 𝑡 + 𝜀 = 0
𝜕𝛼𝑖
whereas 𝛷 = [𝜙(𝑥1 ) ⋯ 𝜙(𝑥𝑛 )]𝑇 signifies the kernel harvest
function. The output function could be converted as follows
using some simple derivation and substitution. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝐼
𝜙 𝑇 (𝑥)𝛷 𝑇 𝛼 = 𝜙 𝑇 (𝑥)𝛷 𝑇 ( 𝑛 + 𝛷𝛷 𝑇 )−1 𝑡 (8)
𝐶
If 𝐼𝑛 is an identity matrix with n dimensions and is grounded
on the ridge regression concept, strengthening the regulatory
item 𝐼𝑛 /𝐶 is capable of improving conversion performances.
𝐾 = 𝛷𝛷 𝑇 : 𝐾𝑖,𝑗 = 𝜙(𝑥𝑖 ) ⋅ 𝜙(𝑥𝑗 ) = 𝑘(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑥𝑗 )
The network framework of novel KELM method has been
demonstrated in Fig. 2, together with the output, the input
feature, and the kernel planning layer. During kernel mapping
layer, each trained instance is utilized as hidden node.
Therefore, the resultant function is denoted by
𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑘(𝑥, 𝑥1 ) ⋯ 𝑘(𝑥, 𝑥𝑛 )]𝛼
matrix without knowing the kernel space dimension or the
exact kernel mapping. It is demonstrated that when the SVM
expression does not include a bias component, the results of
KELM are more reliable than the least square SVM. Solving
the equation AX = 0 to find the kernel of a matrix A is
identical to putting A in rref. The kernel of matrix A and its
reference B are the same. In each case, the kernel is a
collection of solutions to the associated homogeneous linear
equations with AX = 0 or BX = 0.
KELM employs a simple risk reduction strategy to ensure
superior generalisation performances through the use of
widely considered confidence intervals and empirical risk. The
inverse computation of the 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix is largely involved in
the weight 𝛼 solution. When there are several trained
instances in the dataset, network framework redundancy may
(9) jeopardise generalisation performance and computation
efficiency, resulting in inverse process failure. The suggested
KELM-CYP model was trained and tested on both longer and
shorter time series to evaluate the model's accuracy as well as
its capacity to perform generically. This is done to ensure that
the model may be adapted to function in various Indian
locations. In addition, for each testing station, a set number of
neighbouring predictor stations, also known as characteristics,
(10) were determined.

Let 𝛼 = (𝐼𝑛 /𝐶 + 𝐾)−1 𝑡 be the output weight based on kernel

mapping. IV. PERFORMANCE VALIDATION
The proposed KELM-CYP technique is simulated using
Python 3.6.5 tool with few packages such as pandas,
matplotlib, scikit-learn, pyqt5, and numpy. The results are
examined in terms of mean square error function (MSE), root
mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE).

RMSE: The RMSE is the square root of average squared

difference (𝐷𝑖𝑗2 ) and it has famous statistical measures to
efficiency of numerical process from atmospheric analysis.
The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is a commonly
employed statistic for evaluating a model's ability to
accurately predict quantitative data. The relative standard
error, or RMSE, should be considered ideal when classifying
the accuracy of a technique, and a smaller index indicates
greater precision. In order to this approach, 𝑗, the RMSE was
Fig. 2. KELM structure determined as:

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1
𝑛 2
The proposed prediction models are suitable to the West
1 African region and accommodate large-scale datasets. In the
𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸𝑗 = [ ∑ 𝐷𝑖𝑗2 ] (11)
𝑛 future, we hope to incorporate additional elements such as soil
𝑖=1
data, wind data, humidity, agricultural water data, wind data,
The RMSE is an optimum condition for classifying the pollution data, climatic fluctuations data, animal species data,
accuracy of method and minimal index refers to superior and agricultural economic data from those nations, which may
accuracy. improve the model's quality. To the best of our knowledge, we
are among the first to employ machine learning to address the
MAE: The MAE is the average of magnitudes of difference African agriculture problem. It will be fascinating to consider
(𝐷𝑖𝑗 occupied as positive) and is also famous index to evaluate Big Graphs techniques with data collected by smartphone
bias from atmospheric analysis. To this technique, 𝑗, the MAE sensors. Figure 3 depicts a few data samples.
was expressed as:
Table 1 gives a thorough prediction results analysis of the
𝑛 KELM-CYP model on the applied dataset in terms of MSE,
1
𝑀𝐴𝐸𝑗 = ∑ | 𝐷𝑖𝑗 | (12) RMSE, and MAE. According to the experimental results, the
𝑛 KELM-CYP model achieved minimal values of MSE, RMSE,
𝑖=1
and MAE under various situations. For example, on the
and, similar to RMSE, minimal index refers the superior Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the KELM-CYP model
accuracy. achieved an MSE of 0.9369, an RMSE of 0.9679, and an
MAE of 0.510. At the same time, the KELM-CYP approach
has achieved MSE of 9.8828, RMSE of 3.1437, and MAE of
1.6275 in Arunachal Pradesh. Finally, in Bihar, the KELM-
CYP strategy achieved an MSE of 42.5878, an RMSE of
6.5259, and an MAE of 2.8686. Meanwhile, in Chhattisgarh,
the MSE of the KELM-CYP system is 10.6343, the RMSE is
3.261, and the MAE is 1.4924. According to Kerala, the
KELM-CYP method has an MSE of 427693.6, an RMSE of
653.9829, and an MAE of 204.045. Finally, in Tamil Nadu,
the MSE of the KELM-CYP approach was 669947.1, the
RMSE was 818.5029, and the MAE was 199.8459.
TABLE I. RESULTS ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED KELM-CYP
MODEL

Number of States MSE RMSE MAE

Andaman and
0.9369 0.9679 0.5109
Nicobar Islands
Arunachal
9.8828 3.1437 1.6275
Pradesh
Bihar 42.5878 6.5259 2.8686
Chhattisgarh 10.6343 3.261 1.4924
Himachal Pradesh 2.5973 1.6116 0.8351
Jammu and
Fig. 3. Data Samples 4.1785 2.0441 0.8406
Kashmir
Jharkhand 1.116 1.0564 0.4619
The KELM-CYP model's performance is validated using crop
production and rainfall data from the Kaggle repository [18]. Kerala 427693.6 653.9829 204.045
The first crop production in India [19] collection contains a Odisha 72.2819 8.5019 4.5854
vast amount of information on crop production ranges
Punjab 365548 604.6056 37.4224
spanning many years. It contains information such as the state
name, district name, production, season crop, area, and year. Tamil Nadu 669947.1 818.5029 199.8459
The following rainfall in India dataset contains monthly Uttarakhand 17.3495 4.1653 2.0541
rainfall details for 115 years, from 1901 to 2015. Finally, the
merged dataset contains 74975 instances with various
parameters such as state, crop season, area, rainfall, and
productivity. Furthermore, the results are examined in terms of
MSE, RMSE, and MAE.

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Fig. 4. Actual and Predicted Yield Outcome of KELM-CYP model on
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
The prediction results analysis of the KELM-CYP model on
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are depicted in Fig. 4. The
graph depicts actual and forecast crop production values.
On the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the KELM-CYP model
has achieved improved production outcomes with the smallest
discrepancy between actual and forecast production values.
Fig. 5. Actual and Probable Yield Outcomes of the KELM-CYP Model in
Himachal Pradesh
Fig. 5 illustrates the predictive results analysis of the KELM-
CYP method on Himachal Pradesh. The figure outperformed
the actual and predicted crop production values.
It is observed that the KELM-CYP manner has accomplished
higher production outcomes with a lower variance between the
actual and predicted production values on Himachal Pradesh.
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Fig. 6. Actual and Predicted Yield Outcome of KELM-CYP model on Jammu
and Kashmir
Fig. 6 showcases the predictive outcomes analysis of the
KELM-CYP model on Jammu and Kashmir. The figure
displayed the actual and predicted crop production values.
It is obvious that the KELM-CYP system has boosted
production outcomes with the smallest disparity between
actual and forecasted production values in Jammu and
Kashmir.
Fig. 7. Actual and Probable Yield Outcomes of the KELM-CYP Model in
Jharkhand
The prediction results analysis of the KELM-CYP method on
Jharkhand are depicted in Fig. 7. The figure outperformed
both the actual and forecasted crop yield numbers.
It may be stated that the KELM-CYP technique has achieved
improved production outcomes with the least amount of
disparity between actual and forecasted production values in
Jharkhand.
TABLE II.
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IN TERMS OF RMSE, THE KELM-CYP STRATEGY WAS COMPARED
TO EXISTING APPROACHES
.
Methods RMSE
Proposed KELM-CYP Model 0.968
MLR Model 9.252
Fuzzy Logic Model 6.425
ANFIS Model 3.328
Simple RNN 4.567
LSTM 3.213
Deep NN 10.55
Fig. 8. RMSE analysis of KELM-CYP technique with existing
approaches
Finally, Table 2 and Fig. 8 [20-22] provide a brief comparison
results analysis of the proposed KELM-CYP model with
recent techniques in terms of RMSE [23-25]. According to the
graph, the Deep NN and MLR models produced the best
results, with maximum RMSEs of 10.55 and 9.25,
respectively. In addition, the Fuzzy logic model produced
somewhat better results, with an RMSE of 6.42. Following
that, the ANFIS, Simple RNN, and LSTM models achieved
slightly lower RMSEs of 3.33, 4.57, and 3.21, respectively.
The proposed KELM-CYP model, on the other hand,
produced the best predictive results with an RMSE of 0.968.
In terms of crop production prediction, the tables and figures
above show that the KELM-CYP model outperforms the other
options.
V. CONCLUSION
In this study, a unique KELM-CYP technique was created to
accurately estimate crop yield. The suggested KELM-CYP
approach consists of two stages: preprocessing and prediction.
Data preparation occurs at the beginning to turn the data into a
compatible format. Then, the proposed KELM model receives
the input as state name, season crop, area, and rainfall to
predict the crop yield. A number of experiments are run on
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benchmark datasets from the Kaggle library to test the
superiority of the KELM-CYP model. A detailed comparative
results analysis of the KELM-CYP with contemporary
techniques revealed that the KELM-CYP model performed
better in terms of MSE, RMSE, and MAE. As a result, the
suggested KELM-CYP model can be used to accurately
predict crop yield. In the future, the KELM model's
parameters can be tuned using metaheuristic algorithms to
improve the forecast outcome.
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[1] Shook, J., Gangopadhyay, T., Wu, L., Ganapathysubramanian, B.,
Sarkar, S. and Singh, A.K., 2021. Crop yield prediction integrating
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[2] Heslot, N., Akdemir, D., Sorrells, M. E., and Jannink, J.-L. (2014).
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[5] Jagtap SS, Jones JW. Adaptation and evaluation of the CROPGRO-
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[6] Roberts MJ, Braun NO, Sinclair TR, Lobell DB, Schlenker W.
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[10] Suresh, G., Kumar, A.S., Lekashri, S. and Manikandan, R., 2021.
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[11] Shetty, S.A., Padmashree, T., Sagar, B.M. and Cauvery, N.K., 2021.
Performance analysis on machine learning algorithms with deep
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Cognitive Informatics (pp. 739-750). Springer, Singapore.
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Analysis of agricultural crop yield prediction using statistical
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[13] Neelakandan, S & Paulraj, D 2020, ‘An Automated Exploring And
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[14] Elavarasan, D., Vincent PM, D.R., Srinivasan, K. and Chang, C.Y.,
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[15] Koresh, Mr H. James Deva. "Analysis of Soil Nutrients based on
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[18] C Pretty Diana Cyril, J Rene Beulah, Neelakandan Subramani,

Prakash Mohan, A Harshavardhan, D Sivabalaselvamani, An
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[19] Agarwal, S. and Tarar, S., 2021. A Hybrid Approach for Crop Yield
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[23] Shastry, A., Sanjay, H.A. and Hegde, M., 2015, June. A parameter
based ANFIS model for crop yield prediction. In 2015 IEEE
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[24] Nigam, A., Garg, S., Agrawal, A. and Agrawal, P., 2019, November.
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[25] Reddy, D.J. and Kumar, M.R., 2021, May. Crop Yield Prediction
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SRILATHA TOOMULA received bachelor’s degree in

Computer Applications from Osmania University, India
master’s degree in Information Systems from Osmania
University, India, master’s degree in Computer Science and
Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, India. She has 2 years of industry experience and
12 years of academic experience in RBVRR Women’s
College. Currently pursuing Ph.D degree in Computer
Science and Engineering in Osmania University, India.

SUDHA PELLURI (Member, IEEE) received BTech degree

in Computer Science and Engineering from Sri
Venkateshwara University, Tirupati, India, MTech degree
from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad,
India and Ph.D. degree from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Hyderabad, India. She is currently working as a
Professor in the department of Computer Science and
Engineering. She is a good researcher with a couple of
publications, and two sponsored projects to her credit. She
has organized a few workshops, faculty development
programmes and training programmes. Her current research
interests include Cloud Computing, Artificial Intelligence,
machine learning and analytics. She has delivered a keynote
in a few conferences and delivered expert talks in various
institutes. She is a reviewer for s few reputed journals
including IEEE Access.

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Reliable Densely Connected Network with Machine
Learning based Diabetic Retinopathy Grading
Approach
Srinivasulu Sirisala,1
1Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana,
India-501510, vasusirisala@cvr.ac.in
Nihar Ranjan Behera,2
2DBA Researcher, Swiss School of Business and Management
Geneva, Av. des Morgines 12, 1213 Petit-Lancy, Switzerland,
nihar1773@gmail.com
Dr. D. Amuthaguka,3
3Associate Professor, Department of Computer Applications,
Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil,
Tamilnadu, India-626126, d.amuthaguka@klu.ac.in
Dr. Sachin Vasant Chaudhari,4
Abstract—Lately, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is deliberated to be
the major cause of blindness in today’s world. There are various
reasons for loss of eyesight but DR has greatly contributed to
blindness. The main challenge of DR is that it is incurable at an early
stage, therefore basic analysis is of great significance. Consequently,
it is mentioned as a classic difficulty in medical schemes due to
minimum number of medicinal experts and facilities and massive
patients. Accordingly, it resulted in deploying automated diagnosing
methodology that is very beneficial for the analysis of DR. With this
aspect, this article develops a reliable Densely Connected Network
with Machine Learning based Diabetic Retinopathy Grading
Approach, called RDCN-MLDR. The presented RDCN-MLDR
model follows two major stages namely feature extraction and DR
classification. Initially, the DenseNet model processes the input
fundus images. In addition, squirrel search algorithm (SSA) is
applied for the hyperparameter tuning of the DenseNet model. As
soon as the features are created, they are fed to the LR module for
proper identification of DR. The performance assessment of the
RDCN-MLDR model is tested using open access dataset from Kaggle
dataset and it produces the 97.8% accuracy. The attained outcomes
highlighted that the RDCN-MLDR model can accomplish enhanced
DR classification performance.
Keywords— Deep learning; Medical images; Diabetic
Retinopathy; Convolutional Neural Network (CNN); Machine
learning
I. INTRODUCTION
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a diabetic complication and one
such leading factor of blindness across the globe and the count
of diabetic patients is expected to grow from 346-552 million
persons by 2030 [1]. The blindness is prevented by detecting
them at the initial stage and by rendering accurate medication.
But there are even patients that suffered from DR by not having
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4Associate Professor, Department of Electronics & Computer
Engineering, Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon-423601,
chaudharisachinetc@sanjivani.org.in
Jhakeshwar Prasad,5
5Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Shri
Shankaracharya College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Junwani,
Bhilai-490020, Chhattisgarh, India,
jhakeshwarprasad03@gmail.com
Swetha Reddy A.6
6Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, R.M.K. College of Engineering and Technology,
Puduvoyal, Thiruvallur District, Tamilnadu, India – 601206,
anthayswethareddy2398@gmail.com
indications of blindness, which results in the disease
development without medication [2]. Subsequently, consistent
check-ups through screening programs were necessary for
achieving initial diagnosis of DR. Several DR patients are found
to be in a late-stage and will be suffering serious visual
impairment [3]. Therefore, initial recognition and prompt
medication were very significant thereby preventing vision
impairment. Though advanced telehealth services and fundus
cameras are prevalent in China, the work pressure of DR
screening was very devastating, as the lacks of skilled eye
specialist. In the meantime, numerous works revealed that
certified eye specialists screening DR by indirect
ophthalmoscopy can just reach sensitivity of 33, 34, or 73%
approximately [4]. The main impediments to prior identification
and timely interference for DR are the greater number of people
affected by diabetes, the imbalance of medical resources, and
lack of ophthalmologists. Thus, there comes a crucial want to
accomplish sound monitoring and method for patients suffering
from diabetes [5].
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Deep learning (DL) is a subdivision of artificial intelligence
(AI) and has revealed a promising outcome in the DR
identification by peripheral neuropathy and fundus images in
diabetes mellitus using corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) [6].
DL-related technologies were implemented for DR and diabetic
neuropathy recognition, retinal vascular segmentation,
classification, and recognition of DR lesions [7]. In recent times,
Preston et al. advanced an AI-related method for classifying
peripheral neuropathy using CCM with no image segmentation,
which did not need automated or manual explanation and
permitted the use of big datasets [8]. Many methods employ the
convolutional neural network (CNN) structure, which has
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superior efficacy compared to other network structures [9].
Simultaneously, DL involves the benefits of incessant work,
reproducibility, and no need to rest, thus it does not devote more
work force for training physicians [10]. Additionally, the
application of DL in DR referral has the potential to minimize
workload of ophthalmologists and scale up the efficacy of DR
screening programs.
Gayathri et al. [11] modelled an automated DR grading
technique where features will be derived from fundus images
and classified on the basis of severity utilizing ML and DL
techniques. A Multipath CNN (M-CNN) was employed for local
and global feature extraction from images. Afterward, an ML
technique was employed for classifying the input as per the
severity. Nancy and Celine Kavida [12] modelled an AdaBoost
method-related ensemble classifier method for classifying DR
grades. The main goal of the modelled approach was an
enhancement of DR classification performance by utilizing
ensemble ML techniques and optimized features. By utilizing
the Meyer wavelet and retinal vessel-related features derived
from multiple RoI of the retina, the devised technique
categorizes various grades of DR. The author employed a
Bayesian technique for optimizing the hyper-parameters of the
presented ensemble technique to scale up the prediction
accuracy.
In [13], a solution to this issue was tried for classification
utilizing CNN by making classification tasks and feature
learning separated. Feature learning was a significant part of any
classifier method. Classifier techniques rely on error gradients
that have limits such as vanishing gradient issues. In this regard,
an autonomous non-hand-crafted unsupervised feature learning
technique was selected depending on unsupervised clustering.
Depending on this idea this study devises feature extraction
approach that upgrades its variables related to Normalized
Mutual Information performance of k-means clustering. The
variables of feature extractors were upgraded by nature-inspired
GWO method. In [14], an optimized DL structure can be
modelled in this article for grading and extracting DR severities.
This includes several steps such as CNN severity grade
classification, background segmentation, feature optimization
using Cuckoo search, and feature extraction set.
Nneji et al. [15] presented a weighted fusion DL network
(WFDLN) for automatic extraction of features and classification
of DR phases from fundus scans. The devised structure intends
to treat problems of low quality and find retinopathy indications
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in fundus imageries. Two channels of fundus imageries are
contrast-enhanced canny edge detection (CECED) fundus
images and the CLAHE fundus imageries were processed by
WFDLN. Bhardwaj et al. [16] emphases on automated DR
disease detection and its grading with the help of TL method
utilizing dynamic investigation. This presented technique
leverages DNN for feature extraction from fundus imageries and
such features were further ensembled with supervised ML
approach for DR grading.
This article develops a reliable Densely Connected Network
with Machine Learning based Diabetic Retinopathy Grading
Approach, called RDCN-MLDR. The presented RDCN-MLDR
model follows two major stages namely DR classification and
feature extraction. At the initial stage, the DenseNet model
processes the input fundus images. In addition, squirrel search
algorithm (SSA) is applied for the hyperparameter tuning of the
DenseNet model. As soon as the features are created, they are
fed to the LR module for proper identification of DR. The
performance assessment of the RDCN-MLDR model is tested
using open access dataset from Kaggle dataset. The attained
outcomes highlighted that the RDCN-MLDR model can
accomplish enhanced DR classification performance.
III. THE PROPOSED MODEL
In this study, a new RDCN-MLDR method has been
formulated for effectual recognition in categorization of DR on
fundus images. The presented RDCN-MLDR model follows
two major stages namely DR classification and feature
extraction. Initially, the SSA with the DenseNet model processes
the input fundus images. As soon as the features are created, they
are fed to the LR module for proper identification of DR.
A. Feature Extraction
CNN is the more commonly known DL architecture used
mainly for classification tasks. The mathematical operations of
convolution have been employed on input dataset. The multi-
dimensional discrete convolution is a linear function that can be
represented as follows [17]:
𝑦(𝑛1 , 𝑛2 ) = (𝑛1 , 𝑛2 ) ∗ 𝑤(𝑛1 , 𝑛2 )
∞ ∞
= ∑ ∑ 𝑥 (𝑛1 , 𝑛2 )𝑤(𝑛1 − 𝑘1 , 𝑛2
𝑘1 =−∞ 𝑘2 =−∞
− 𝑘2 ) (1)
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Fig. 1. Layered in DenseNet
In Eq. (2), 𝑥(𝑛1 , 𝑛2 ) signifies the input image, 𝑤(𝑛1 , 𝑛2 ) the
impulse response of filter and 𝑦(𝑛1 , 𝑛2 ) the output image. A
standard CNN architecture can be made of several hidden layers
that can able adaptively learn the spatial sequence of data by
deriving higher and lower level patterns. The most widely used
hidden layers were pooling, convolutional, dropout, and FC (or
dense) BN layers. The convolution layer constitutes the building
components of CNN and extracts features from input dataset.
Also, they apply set of filters, termed kernels (impulse response
of filter), whose value was learned during training. This filter is
2𝐷, meanwhile, 1𝐷 lung sound time waveform has been
converted into 2𝐷 images with the application of STFT. The
outcome of this convolution of the input layer with the kernel
generates activation (or feature) map of high abstraction as we
move towards deeper layers, which identify most discriminatory
feature for the task at hand (regression or classification).
At the same time, the pooling layer is additional part of CNN
and is commonly positioned after every convolution layer. They
decrease the computation difficulty of the network by
accompanying nonlinear downsampling on the extracted feature
map. Furthermore, the BN layer uses batches to rescale and
recenter the input dataset such that training model can be
speeded up, whereas the dropout layer is accountable to prevent
overfitting by disabling few neurons. Lastly, FC layer is simple
FFNN that is usually placed at the network end for mapping the
aggregated activation of each prior layer into class probability
distribution by generating weight connections amongst them.
DenseNet is a network framework from which the layer is
linked straightaway toward one another in the dense block in a
feedforward manner [18]. The layer is determined that the
activation map of each previous layer is preserved as separate
input while the activation map is given as input to all the
succeeding layers. In DenseNet, the feature is concatenated with
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others beforehand and fed into the layer. Consequently, the 𝑙-th
layer has 𝑙 input, which comprises the feature mapping of earlier
convolutional blocks. Next, the feature map is fed to all the 𝐿 −
𝐿(𝐿+1)
𝑙 following layers. It creates relations in an 𝐿-layer, an
2
alternate of L, as in traditional structural model. Because of the
dense connection patterns, it is mentioned as DenseNet. Fig. 1
depicts the layered in DenseNet.
It encompasses a dense block, convolution layer, classifier,
and transition layer afterward the global average pooling.
B. Hyperparameter Tuning
SSA is applied as a hyperparameter optimizer of the
DenseNet model. It was simulated in the performance of
southern flying squirrels if it can be observed for food, the effort
of such squirrels is named as gliding, this process is also
recognized for small mammals particularly if the distances can
be long [19]. The SSA mathematically methods this
performance for realizing the procedure of optimization. SSA
begins with arbitrary primary place of 𝑁 flying squirrels. The
place of 𝑖 𝑡ℎ flying squirrel 𝐹𝑆 is stated by a vector in 𝑑
dimension searching space:
𝐹𝑆𝑖 = [𝐹𝑆𝑖,1 𝐹𝑆𝑖,2 … 𝐹𝑆𝑖,𝑑 ]. The 𝐹𝑆 vectors can be
established utilizing Eq. (2).
F𝑆𝑖 = F𝑆𝐿 + 𝑈(0,1) × (𝐹𝑆𝑈 − F𝑆𝐿 ) (2)
whereas 𝐹𝑆𝐿 and 𝐹𝑆𝑈 signifies the lower as well as upper
bounds correspondingly and 𝑈(0,1) refers uniformly distributed
arbitrary number from the range of zero and one.
Next, the fitness value of all the flying squirrels can be
computed and one with lesser fitness value was expressed on
“hickory nut tree (ht)”. The next optimum flying squirrels can
be assumed that the acorn nuts trees (at)” and it is supposed to
move nearby hickory nut tree. The residual flying squirrels can
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be assumed that normal trees (nt)”. During all the stages of this TABLE I
technique, the squirrels can be continued for acorn nut trees COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RDCN-MLDR SYSTEM WITH
while it can be affected by the occurrence of predators. This EXISTING ALGORITHMS
performance was modelled by utilizing the place upgrading
Methods Sensitivity Specificity Accuracy
progress with predator presence probability (𝑃𝑑𝑝 ). Afterward,
RDCN-MLDR 98.58 99.16 97.97
the dynamic foraging performance was modelled as follows:
Case1: The flying squirrels that were on acorn nut trees ResNet 95.57 97.08 95.73
(𝐹𝑆𝑎𝑇 ) move nearby hickory nut tree. During this work, a novel GoogleNet 98.20 98.06 97.80
place was attained: VggNet-19 95.13 98.08 95.43
𝑡
𝑡+1 𝐹𝑆 𝜏 + 𝑑𝑔 𝐶𝑔 (F𝑆ℎ𝑡 − F𝑆𝑎𝑇𝑡
) 𝑅1 ≥ 𝑃𝑑𝑝 VggNet-16 98.43 95.69 96.17
𝑃𝑆𝑎𝑇 = { 𝑎𝑇 (3)
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 VggNet-s 96.36 95.59 97.03
Case2: The flying squirrels on normal trees (FSnt) can move AlexNet 96.47 98.24 96.44
nearby acorn nut trees to fulfill their regular energy needs.
During this work, a novel place for squirrels is gained: M-AlexNet 97.96 96.96 96.50
𝐹𝑆 𝑡 + 𝑑𝑔 𝐶𝑔 (𝑃𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑡
− 𝐹𝑆𝑛𝑡𝑡
) 𝑅2 ≥ 𝑃𝑑𝑝 KFCM-CNNR 96.86 98.33 97.02
𝑡+1
F𝑆𝑛𝑡 = { 𝑛𝑡 (4)
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Case3: once the squirrels on normal trees use the whole of In Fig. 2, a detailed 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 assessment of the RDCN-MLDR
acorn nuts, they can alter their place nearby hickory nuts for model with other classification models is given. The results
storing hickory nuts, the purpose is to utilize these hickory nuts indicated that the ResNet and VGGNet-19 models have
later. A novel place of squirrels is then written as: demonstrated least 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 values of 95.57% and 95.13%
𝑡
𝑡+1 𝑆 𝑡 + 𝑑𝑔 𝐶𝑔 (𝐹 𝑣 𝑆ℎ𝑡 𝑡
− 𝐹 𝑣 𝑆𝑛𝑡 ) 𝑅3 ≥ 𝑃𝑑𝑝 respectively. Then, the VGGNet-s, AlexNet, and KFCM-CNNR
F𝑆𝑛𝑡 = { 𝑛𝑡 (5)
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 models have reported slightly enhanced 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 of 96.36%,
In which 𝑑𝑔 implies the arbitrary distance, whereas 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 96.47%, and 96.86% respectively. Though the M-AlexNet and
and 𝑅3 denotes random numbers from the range of zero and one, GoogleNet model has gained moderately better 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 of
𝐹𝑆ℎ𝑇 signifies the place of flying squirrel which obtained 97.96% and 98.20%, the vggNet-16 models have reached
hickory nut tree and 𝜏 defines the present iteration. The considerable 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 of 98.43%. However, the RDCN-MLDR
balancing betwixt exploration as well as exploitation is attained model exhibits its capability on DR classification with
with use of gliding constants 𝐺𝑐 . In this case, the value of 𝐺𝑐 was maximum 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 of 98.58%.
assumed as 1.9.
C. DR Classification
Here, LR method depends on the linear regression method
as follows [20]:
𝑃 = 𝛼 + 𝛽1 𝑥1 + 𝛽2 𝑥2 +. . +𝛽𝑚 𝑥𝑚 (6)
A classification problem is nearly analogous to the linear
regression problem that forecasts the constant value. It
accomplishes even sensitivity throughout the actual number.
The prediction value of classification is 0 or 1. The outcome is
1 once the value is greater when compared to the thresholding
values; otherwise, the outcome is 0. The output variable of LR
ranges from zero to one.
Pr(𝑌 = +1|𝑋) ~𝛽. 𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Pr(𝑌 = −1|𝑋)
= 1 − Pr(𝑌 = +1|𝑍) (7)
1
↓ 𝜎(𝑥) ≔ ∈ [0,1] (8)
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
Pr(𝑌 = +1|𝑋) ~𝜎(𝛽. 𝑋)𝑎𝑛𝑑 Pr(𝑌 = −1|𝑋)
= 1 − Pr(𝑌 = +1|𝑋) (9)
Now, a classification is utilized in negative and positive Fig. 2. 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑦 analysis of RDCN-MLDR system with existing
groups. algorithms

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The result analysis of the RDCN-MLDR model is tested on
the benchmark Kaggle DR dataset which holds images under
five classes. A comparative study of the RDCN-MLDR method
with recent methods is made in Table 1. By looking at the
figures, it is apparent that the RDCN-MLDR model has
surpassed all other models.
In Fig. 3, a comprehensive 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 assessment of the RDCN-
MLDR method with other classification models is given. The
outcomes specified that the VggNet-s and VggNet-16 methods
have demonstrated least 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 values of 95.59% and 95.69%
correspondingly. Then, the M-AlexNet, ResNet, and GoogleNet
models have stated slightly enhanced 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 of 96.96%, 97.08%,
and 98.06% correspondingly. Though the VggNet-19 and
AlexNet techniques have gained moderately better 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 of
98.08% and 98.24%, the KFCM-CNNR model has reached
considerable 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 of 98.33%. But, the RDCN-MLDR

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approach exhibits its capability for DR classification with
maximum 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 of 99.16%.
Fig. 3. 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 analysis of RDCN-MLDR system with existing
algorithms
Fig. 4. 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 analysis of RDCN-MLDR system with existing
algorithms
In Fig. 4, a thorough 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 assessment of the RDCN-MLDR
approach with other classification models is given. The figure
indicated that the VggNet-19 and ResNet methods have
demonstrated least 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 values of 95.43% and 95.73%
correspondingly. Next, the VggNet-16, AlexNet, and M-
AlexNet models have reported slightly enhanced 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of
96.17%, 96.44%, and 96.5% correspondingly. Though the
KFCM-CNNR and VggNet-s methods have gained moderately
better 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 97.02% and 97.03%, the GoogleNet model has
reached considerable 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 97.8%. Though, the RDCN-
MLDR model exhibits its capability on DR classification with
maximum 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑦 of 99.97%.
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Fig. 5. TACC and VACC analysis of RDCN-MLDR system
The TACC and VACC of the RDCN-MLDR model are
inspected on DR performance in Fig. 5. The results exhibited
that the RDCN-MLDR approach has revealed enhanced
performance with increased values of TACC and VACC. It is
visible that the RDCN-MLDR model has reached maximum
TACC outcomes.
The TLS and VLS of the RDCN-MLDR method are tested
on DR performance in Fig. 6. The figure inferred that the
RDCN-MLDR technique has exposed better performance with
least values of TLS and VLS. It is seen that the RDCN-MLDR
model has reduced VLS outcomes.
Fig. 6. TLS and VLS analysis of RDCN-MLDR system
These results show the enhanced performance of the RDCN-
MLDR model over other existing models on DR classification.
V. CONCLUSION
In this study, a new RDCN-MLDR model has been
developed for effectual recognition and categorization of DR on
fundus images. The presented RDCN-MLDR model follows
two major stages namely DR classification and feature
extraction. Initially, the SSA with DenseNet model processes the
input fundus images. As soon as the features are created, they
are fed to the LR module for proper identification of DR. The
performance assessment of the RDCN-MLDR model is tested
using open access dataset from Kaggle dataset. The attained
outcomes highlighted that the RDCN-MLDR model can
accomplish enhanced DR classification performance.
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CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT [17] Petmezas, G., Cheimariotis, G.A., Stefanopoulos, L., Rocha, B., Paiva,
R.P., Katsaggelos, A.K. and Maglaveras, N., 2022. Automated Lung
Srinivasulu Sirisala; data Curation, Nihar Ranjan Behera; Sound Classification Using a Hybrid CNN-LSTM Network and Focal
formal analysis, Dr. D. Amuthaguka; Methodology, Loss Function. Sensors, 22(3), p.1232.
Investigation, Dr. Sachin Vasant Chaudhari; project [18] Tan, Y.S., Lim, K.M. and Lee, C.P., 2021. Hand gesture recognition via
enhanced densely connected convolutional neural network. Expert
administration, Jhakeshwar Prasad; software data analysis, Systems with Applications, 175, p.114797.
Swetha Reddy; Data Analysis, Original draft with Formatting,
[19] Le-Ngoc, K.K., Tho, Q.T., Bui, T.H., Rahmani, A.M. and Hosseinzadeh,
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the M., 2022. Optimized fuzzy clustering in wireless sensor networks using
manuscript. improved squirrel search algorithm. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 438, pp.121-
147.
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[2] Zhang, C., Lei, T. and Chen, P., 2022. Diabetic retinopathy grading by a
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[3] Gangwar, A.K. and Ravi, V., 2021. Diabetic retinopathy detection using
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D. and Yao, X., 2020. Transfer learning for automated OCTA detection
of diabetic retinopathy. Translational Vision Science & Technology, 9(2),
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[5] Jabbar, M.K., Yan, J., Xu, H., Ur Rehman, Z. and Jabbar, A., 2022.
Transfer Learning-Based Model for Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis
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[6] Khalifa, N.E.M., Loey, M., Taha, M.H.N. and Mohamed, H.N.E.T., 2019.
Deep transfer learning models for medical diabetic retinopathy
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[7] Thota, N.B. and Reddy, D.U., 2020, August. Improving the accuracy of
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[9] Al-Smadi, M., Hammad, M., Baker, Q.B. and Sa’ad, A., 2021. A transfer
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[12] Nancy, W. and Celine Kavida, A., 2022. Optimized Ensemble Machine
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[13] Jena, M., Mishra, D., Mishra, S.P. and Mallick, P.K., 2022. A Tailored
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[14] Zhang, Q.M., Luo, J. and Cengiz, K., 2021. An Optimized Deep Learning
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)

Land Use Land Cover Classification using Machine

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Learning
Harsh Waghela Saurin Patel Pooja Sudesan
Information Technology Information Technology Information Technology
Mumbai University Mumbai University Mumbai University
Shah & Anchor Kutchhi Engineering Shah & Anchor Kutchhi Engineering Shah & Anchor Kutchhi Engineering
College College College
Mumbai, India. Mumbai, India. Mumbai, India
harsh.waghela_19@sakec.ac.in saurin.patel_19@sakec.ac.in pooja15996@sakec.ac.in

Soham Raorane Mr. Rohan Borgalli

Information Technology Asst. Prof.
Mumbai University EXTC Department
Shah & Anchor Kutchhi Engineering Mumbai University
College Shah & Anchor Kutchhi Engineering
Mumbai, India College
soham.raorane15548@sakec.ac.in Mumbai, India
rohan.borgalli@sakec.ac.in

Abstract—Due to rapid urbanization processes and population
exploitation, urban sprawl becomes a challenging task for urban
planners. For planning authorities and their decision-making
process, particularly in developing nations throughout the late
20th and early 21st centuries, Land Cover Land Use (LULC) is
one of the most crucial pieces of information. Instead of doing it
manually, the paper's goal is to estimate the LULC Classification
using artificial intelligence approaches. The Google Earth Engine
(GEE) cloud computing is utilized to easily retrieve satellite photos
for this purpose [1]. The suggested approach will make the process
of image classification easier so that different land use types may
be identified and watched for urbanization. Classification and
Regression Trees (CART), a supervised machine learning (ML)
technique, is used to perform the classification [2]. Additionally,
metrics like classification accuracy, precision and Kappa
coefficient are assessed to support the conclusions. The results of
the classification revealed a high accuracy of 92.9%. The LULC
classification results can be used as a starting point for additional
research on a variety of topics, such as river morphology change
analysis, ecosystem services analysis, land use policy formulation,
management of water resources, management of other natural
resources, urbanization, etc. [3].
Keywords—Land use land cover (LULC); Classification;
Machine Learning; Artificial Intelligence; Regression; Urban
Development; Remote Sensing; Classification and Regression
Tree (CART); GEE;
I. INTRODUCTION
The amount of woods, wetlands, farmland, other land and
water types that cover an area is referred to as its land cover.
Land use refers to the way people use the land shows, whether
it is for development, conservation, or a combination of the
two. When the terms "Land Use" and "Land Cover" are
combined, they often refer to the grouping or classification of
human activities and natural elements on the landscape
throughout a certain time period based on accepted scientific
and statistical methods of analysis of relevant source
materials [4]. For the study and prediction of many
applications, such as weather forecast, agricultural yield,
disaster prediction, climate change, urbanization, and so on,
the satellite geographical data are of great value. LULC
Classification is one such essential use. One of the key tasks
in this area is automatically classifying the land based on its
physical characteristics and relevant uses. Through LULC
classification, different types of land cover can be
distinguished with ease to take appropriate action. Most
importantly, it is wanted for LULC type future projection for
sustainable habitation and development.
The Google Earth Engine (GEE), with its huge reusable
library, abundance of geo spatial datasets, and user-friendly
interface, is the ideal cloud-based platform for in-depth
monitoring and modelling of the features of the earth [5].
GEE has evolved into a strong and efficient platform for
picture categorization utilizing satellite photos that can be
used for a number of purposes thanks to the availability of
free images, tools, and methods for spatial data analysis. One
of the various language programming libraries that GEE
offers is the JavaScript/Python client library. These libraries
can be used to create GEE applications and tool-kits, which
can make using GEE easier. GEE also support the use of
different machine learning methods.
II. RELATED STUDY
It is easy to combine machine learning algorithms with
other open-source network apps and they are a powerful
collection of data-driven techniques that employ an
automated way for pattern detection in large-scale data [6]. A
few of the effective machine learning techniques that have
been developed for the detection and modelling of many
characteristics are the support vector machine (SVM),
random forest (RF), artificial neural network, classification
and regression tree (CART), and decision tree [7]. Important
algorithms like bagged decision trees, random forests, and
boosted decision trees all have their roots in the CART
algorithm. A randomly chosen remote sensing sample is used
by the CART algorithm to build a binary tree, and the tested
sample is then used to prune the tree. The classification
accuracy and fast performance of CART make it one of the
widely used LULC classifiers. In the research paper released
in 2016, A. Sungheetha et al. [8], to maximize efficiency and
classification accuracy, the fewer data required the better.
Their proposed CNN model is a more filter contained model
is that it outperformed the deep model in terms of fine-tuning.

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III. OBJECTIVES according to the same logic. This continues until the tree has
its final pure sub-set or has all of its potential leaves.
The main objective of this study is to create highly accurate
LULC categorization maps of Mumbai City [3].
• To look at the extension and layout of the urban area
in the research area [9].
• To assess how land use and cover have changed over
time in the study area.
• For LULC classification, cloud computing
platforms like GEE can work quickly and
effectively.
IV. METHODOLOGY
In this study, the LULC classification is implemented by
employing GEE in conjunction with the machine learning
algorithm CART, and the sample points of the study region Fig. 2. Binary Decision Tree with CART Algorithm
are divided into two parts: the training samples (Fig. 4) and
the validation/testing samples (Fig. 5) [6]. The predictive V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
model was created using training data, and the testing In this section, the Classification And Regression Tree
samples were used to assess the model's effectiveness [6]. Fig. (CART) technique is used to conduct experiments for the
1 represents the full methodology [10]. classification of LULC on the GEE cloud computing platform
[6]. The CART machine learning algorithm was used to
process these training and test datasets in Fig. 6, and the
results showed a maximum accuracy of 92.9% and precision
of 0.92999. The produced LULC map Fig. 3., shows
classification of water body, built-up areas, non-built areas,
trees, bare land, mangroves using LULC mapping for satellite
observations of Mumbai.

Fig. 1. Detailed Flow of Methodology

A. Study Area
The study area focuses on Mumbai city of India with a total
area of about 603.4 sq. Km. Firstly, Mumbai is the financial
capital of India and an urban landscape of the western part of
the country on coordinate of latitude and longitude between
19.0760° N, 72.8777° E [9]. Its central location in terms of
connection by land, sea, and air making it a significant
industrial and commercial hub. It is the hub of manufacturing, Fig. 3. LULC Classification
financial services, and capital markets, and it is essential to
the expansion and advancement of the Indian economy.
Secondly, Mumbai is both one of the world's most populous
urban areas and the fourth-most populous city in the world.
B. Machine learning algorithm
One of the supervised machine learning techniques used for
classification and regression predictive modelling issues is
the classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm [11].
A foundation for crucial algorithms like bagged decision trees,
random forests, and boosted decision trees is provided by
CART, which runs on the binary decision tree as its basis as
shown in Fig. 2. The training set for the decision tree is split
in half using the best attribute and threshold value, using the
root node as the training set. Identification and tree
construction are carried out using training samples.
According to a threshold value for an attribute, the nodes are
divided into sub-nodes. Additionally, the subsets are divided Fig. 4. LULC map for training

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TABLE I. VALIDATION ERROR MATRIX

Water Built Tree Non- Groun Mangrove

Body -up s Built ds/Bar s
[0] Area [2] (Slum e [5]
[1] s) Lands
[3] [4]
Water
Body 34049 29 65 0 0 241
[0]
Built-up
Area 59 2158 211 513 518 67
[1]
Trees 422 45 1339 5 6 288
[2] 0
Non-Built
Area 2 7 0 1312 200 0
(Slums)
[3]
Fig. 5. Validation of LULC Grounds/
Bare 9 55 51 29 3004 3
Lands
[4]
Mangrove 1056 4 1259 1 4 13726
s
[5]

Comparing categorization levels with actual geographic data

is known as accuracy assessment. The overall accuracy (in
percentage) using Kappa coefficient (K) for classification is
shown in Table II. The overall calculated accuracy of LULC
classification using CART algorithm has been detected as
93.21% with Kappa coefficient of 0.88 and can be
recommended as the best suited classifier of LULC. In the
Table II., given below we calculated the Omission Error
(OE), Producers Accuracy (PA), Commission Error (CE) and
the Users Accuracy(UA) using the error matrix.
TABLE II. ACCURACY ASSESSMENT USING ERROR MATRIX
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Tot CE UA
al
[0] 340 29 65 0 0 241 343 0.9 99.0
49 84 7% 3%
Fig. 6. Dataset geometry imports [1] 59 215 211 513 518 67 47.
8 407 06 52.9
6 % 4%
[2] 422 45 133 5 6 288 140 5.0 94.9
90 96 1% 9%
[3] 2 7 0 131 200 0 13.
2 152 74 86.2
1 % 6%
[4] 9 55 51 29 300 3 319 4.6 95.3
4 1 1% 9%
[5] 105 4 125 1 4 137 14.
6 9 26 160 48 85.5
50 % 2%
To 355 229 149 186 377 148 733 0.9 99.0
tal 97 8 76 0 2 15 18 7% 3%
OE 4.35 6.09 10.5 29.4 19.3 7.35 4.35 6.0 10.5
% % 9% 6% 0% % % 9% 9%
PA 93.
95.6 93.9 89.4 70.5 80.7 92.6 95.6 91 89.4
5% 1% 1% 4% 0% 5% 5% % 1%

Cohen’s kappa measures the agreement between two raters

who each classify N items into C mutually exclusive
Fig. 7. LULC classification map
categories [12]. The equation for KC is:
The validation error matrix Table I. is a matrix used to 𝑝(𝑎)−𝑝(𝑟)
determine the performance and the errors in the classification 𝐾𝐶 = (1)
1−𝑝(𝑟)
model in the form of a matrix for a given set of data. where 𝑝(𝑎) is the Overall Classification Accuracy, and 𝑝(𝑟)

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is the Random Accuracy. The correctly categorised areas are
represented by the diagonal elements in the error matrix
Table I. The overall accuracy is determined by adding the
number of sites that were correctly categorised and dividing
it by the total number of reference sites. Random Accuracy is
calculated by summation of ratio of each reference site to
total reference cites multiplied by the total of ratio of
classification sites to the total reference sites. The Kappa
Coefficient may range between -1 and 1 [13]. A value closer
to 0 means that the classification is no more accurate than a
random one. A negative value means the classification is
considerably less accurate than random. The categorization is
clearly superior to random when the value is near to 1.
Overall Classification Accuracy 𝑝(𝑎) : 0.92
Random Accuracy 𝑝(𝑟) : 0.315
Kappa Coefficient(KC): = 0.88
VI. CONCLUSION
It is commonly accepted that LULC maps and the changes
they represent can be taken into account for a variety of
applications, including land use planning and allocation,
analyses of environmental effect, and assessments of
sustainable development [14]. From an environmental
perspective, the conclusions are essential for decision-makers
and authorities to analyze LULC changes and develop the
proper environmental protection strategies [6]. Mumbai's
LULC classification findings revealed an overall accuracy of
92.9% (Fig. 7). Because there were many variables taken into
account in this study we were faced with a high-dimensional
feature space, and hence feature selection approaches are
advised for the future studies. Future work in LULC research
should address how best to leverage satellite-based land cover
databases through LULC change modeling techniques. This
will make important contributions to the emerging fields of
research in environmental monitoring, global warming, and
climate change [15].
VII. REFERENCES
[1] S. M. Mirmazloumi et al., “ELULC-10, a 10 m
European Land Use and Land Cover Map Using
Sentinel and Landsat Data in Google Earth Engine,”
Remote Sensing, vol. 14, no. 13. 2022. doi:
10.3390/rs14133041.
[2] M. Kiadi and Q. Tan, “Machine Learning: A
Convergence of Emerging Technologies in
Computing BT - The International Conference on
Advanced Machine Learning Technologies and
Applications (AMLTA2018),” 2018, pp. 181–192.
[3] C. S. Kang, K. Devi Kanniah, and N. E. Mohd Najib,
“Google Earth Engine for Landsat Image Processing
and Monitoring Land Use/Land Cover Changes in
the Johor River Basin, Malaysia,” in 2021 IEEE
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Symposium IGARSS, 2021, pp. 4236–4239. doi:
10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9554768.
[4] S. K. Nath, A. Biswas, A. Srivastava, A. Sengupta,
C. Ghatak, and J. Madan, “Site-specific seismic
hazard and risk potential of Bengal Basin with
emphasis on holistic seismic hazard microzonation
and its structural impact assessment in the cities of
Dhanbad and Mymensingh,” Front. Earth Sci., vol.
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
10, no. August, pp. 1–27, 2022, doi:
10.3389/feart.2022.959108.
[5] M. Amani et al., “Google Earth Engine Cloud
Computing Platform for Remote Sensing Big Data
Applications: A Comprehensive Review,” IEEE J.
Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens., vol. 13, no.
September, pp. 5326–5350, 2020, doi:
10.1109/JSTARS.2020.3021052.
[6] B. Feizizadeh, D. Omarzadeh, M. Kazemi Garajeh,
T. Lakes, and T. Blaschke, “Machine learning data-
driven approaches for land use/cover mapping and
trend analysis using Google Earth Engine,” J.
Environ. Plan. Manag., pp. 1–33, Nov. 2021, doi:
10.1080/09640568.2021.2001317.
[7] X. Liu et al., “Classifying urban land use by
integrating remote sensing and social media data,”
Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci., vol. 31, Apr. 2017, doi:
10.1080/13658816.2017.1324976.
[8] A. Sungheetha and R. Sharma R, “Classification of
Remote Sensing Image Scenes Using Double Feature
Extraction Hybrid Deep Learning Approach,” J. Inf.
Technol. Digit. World, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 133–149,
2021, doi: 10.36548/jitdw.2021.2.006.
[9] S. Mangkhaseum and A. Hanazawa, “Comparison of
Machine Learning Classifiers for Land Cover
Changes using Google Earth Engine,” in 2021 IEEE
International Conference on Aerospace Electronics
and Remote Sensing Technology (ICARES), 2021,
pp. 1–7. doi: 10.1109/ICARES53960.2021.9665186.
[10] T. K. Das, D. K. Barik, and K. V. G. R. Kumar,
“Land-Use Land-Cover Prediction from Satellite
Images using Machine Learning Techniques,” 2022
Int. Conf. Mach. Learn. Big Data, Cloud Parallel
Comput. COM-IT-CON 2022, no. May, pp. 338–343,
2022, doi: 10.1109/COM-IT-
CON54601.2022.9850602.
[11] S. Pathak, I. Mishra, and A. Swetapadma, “An
Assessment of Decision Tree based Classification
and Regression Algorithms,” Proc. 3rd Int. Conf.
Inven. Comput. Technol. ICICT 2018, pp. 92–95,
2018, doi: 10.1109/ICICT43934.2018.9034296.
[12] S. M. Vieira, U. Kaymak, and J. M. C. Sousa,
“Cohen’s kappa coefficient as a performance
measure for feature selection,” 2010 IEEE World
Congr. Comput. Intell. WCCI 2010, 2010, doi:
10.1109/FUZZY.2010.5584447.
[13] B. S. Sasikala, V. G. Biju, and C. M. Prashanth,
“Kappa and accuracy evaluations of machine
learning classifiers,” RTEICT 2017 - 2nd IEEE Int.
Conf. Recent Trends Electron. Inf. Commun.
Technol. Proc., vol. 2018-January, pp. 20–23, 2017,
doi: 10.1109/RTEICT.2017.8256551.
[14] Y. Zhang, K. Qin, Q. Bi, W. Cui, and G. Li,
“Landscape Patterns and Building Functions for
Urban Land-Use Classification from Remote Sensing
Images at the Block Level: A Case Study of Wuchang
District, Wuhan, China,” Remote Sens., vol. 12, p.
1831, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.3390/rs12111831.
[15] S. Sudhakar and K. S. Rao, “Land Use and Land
Cover Analysis,” Remote Sens. Appl., pp. 21–48,
2010.
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Deep Learning Aided Emotion Recognition from

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Music
R Raja Subramanian Kokkirala Aditya Ram Dola Lokesh Sai
Department of computer Science and Department of computer Science and Department of computer Science and
Engineering Engineering Engineering
Kalasalingam Academy of Reasearch Kalasalingam Academy of Reasearch Kalasalingam Academy of Reasearch
and Education and Education and Education
Virudhunagar,Tamil Nadu,India . Virudhunagar,Tamil Nadu,India . Virudhnagagr,Tamil Nadu.India line 5:
rajasubramanian.r@klu.ac.in adityaramkokkirala@gmail.com lokesh091403@gmail.com

K Venkatesh Reddy Kondeti Akarsh Chowdary Kundu Dheeraj Datta Reddy

Department of computer Science and
Engineering
Kalasalingam Academy of Reasearch
and Education
Virudhnagagr,Tamil Nadu.India
kvenkyreddy113@gmail.com
Department of computer Science and
Engineering
Kalasalingam Academy of Reasearch
and Education
Virudhnagagr,Tamil Nadu.India
akarshchowdary2035@gmail.com
Department of computer Science and
Engineering
Kalasalingam Academy of Reasearch
and Education
Virudhnagagr,Tamil Nadu.India
dheerajdattakundu@gmail.com

Abstract— Emotion identification by audio signal is a
contemporary study area in Human Computer Interaction
domain. The desire for improving the communication interface
between people and digital media has increased. The emotion of
the song is detected through music. Music is a great medium for
conveying emotion. The practice of determining emotions from
music snippets is known as music emotion recognition. Audio
dataset is collected from the Kaggle. Researchers are now
increasingly concerned towards increasing the precision of
emotion recognition techniques. However, a complete system
that can discern emotions from speech is not yet developed. This
research work has suggested a novel emotion recognition
technique, where the neural networks are trained to identify
emotions based on the retrieved information. The performance
of neural networks is then compared to the performance of
baseline machine learning classification algorithms. The
obtained results show that MFCC characteristics combined with
deep RNN perform better for instrument emotion identification.
The results also reveal that MFCC features paired with a deep
neural network outperform other emotion recognition methods.
It also shows that the class has a major influence on the mood
evoked by music. To make human-computer interaction more
natural, the computer should be able to perceive different
emotional states. The voice of a person is very essential in
assessing individuals. The emotion of the individual is detected
through the person's speech. These audio types are further
classified as joyful, sad, neutral, or fearful.
Emotion categorization follows genre classification. For
music recovery, they are endeavouring to involve feeling
notwithstanding conventional meta information like type and title.
Numerous music sites have likewise settled melody idea frameworks
to fulfil comparative requirements. In light of client demands and
tracks that clients ordinarily pay attention to and the system will
likewise suggest similar melodies from music library. As of late,
different listening destinations have started to give music idea
administrations with shifting states of mind to give a superior client
experience. There are only a couple of music feeling characterization
and feeling based web indexes. [22] Therefore, feeling based music
recovery is a significant piece of meeting individuals' individualized
music recovery requirements, as well as an essential development
course for current music recovery. A few music specialists
contributed manual explanation on the connection between highlight
amount and melody feeling. [18] Music creations should be named
with feelings to accomplish feeling based music ID and recovery.
Numerous music experts gave understanding into the connection
between include number and music feeling. explanation by hand
Close to home comment of immense music creations utilizing fake
techniques isn't just time requesting, yet in addition unsure with
regards to quality. Subsequently, investigating music feeling
programmed recognizable proof innovation and executing
mechanized feeling marking of music works is a fundamental need.
[20] To improve the system's reliability and resilience, A
classification method simulates a feature classifier and is used to
analyse each feature, resulting in a musical sentiment. The underlying
recognition model in this study is a neural network.

Keywords— Audio Emotion Recognition, Deep learning, II. DATASET

Neural Network, LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) and MFCC
(Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient).
I. INTRODUCTION
Music is a powerful tool that has many positive effects on the
human body and mind. Stimulating and relaxing. The part of the
human mind that perceives music is close to the realm where home
articulations are realized, so there is a direct relationship between
music and profound articulations. A portion of the examination
bunches are taking gander at the connection[1]between music and
feeling. Music analysts are the people who research the connection
between aural signs and different communicated feelings. They for
the most part make profound models. PC researchers who make
calculations that perceive melodic feeling naturally. Discourse
Feeling Acknowledgment is a task that utilizes profound figuring out
how to group sounds. The project's goal is to analyse spoken sounds
and classify the accompanying emotion. This paradigm is applicable
to any sound-based recognition project, including speech, music, and
songs.[11]
In music emotion recognition, the most often used public
datasets mostly consist of audio recordings conveying emotions.
Each of the two female performers and their emotions is assigned its
own folder in the dataset.[17] And within it are all 5600 target word
audio files. WAV is the audio file format. Attributes in this dataset
include joyful, sad, neutral, wrath, disgust, pleasure, and pleasant
surprise. Several tilt models have been proposed in brain research
and physiology. The Thayer model is probably the most relevant
model to the sense of music, as it is highly related to musical angles.
Thayer's 2D model is based on two important and successful
boundaries. The energy of music and the joy of music are also called
excitement and value respectively. The moment a person pays
attention to an angry or joyful melody, the pulse increases and the
circulatory load increases (energy music). These factors are related
to the excitement aspect. Overall, higher blood cortisol levels were
associated with positive valences. The model consists of a two-
dimensional plane divided into four clusters based on excitation and
valence factors, each located in a quadrant of the plane.[29] As

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shown in Fig. 2, the resulting four clusters are furious, joyful,
relaxed, and sad; we applied this emotion model in our suggested
technique.
Fig.1 Some Audio clips in Dataset
Fig 1.2 Emotion Classes of the Dataset
III. FEATURES
In this work, the features extracted from the instrumental music
clips give an excellent computational approach for describing the
audio data. [19]
3.1 MFCC
The electrical modification of audio signals is the focus of audio
signal processing, a subset of signal processing. Audio signals are
electronic representations of sound waves, which are longitudinal
waves that flow through air and contain compressions and
rarefactions. The energy of audio transmissions is usually measured
in decibels. It is, however, rarely employed in instrument emotion
recognition. These qualities enable near-human perception accuracy
because they account for human perception sensitivity to frequencies.
[7] To compute MFCC, the music clips are divided into 20ms frames
with a 10ms shift. Each frame contains MFCC properties such as
static, derivative, and acceleration coefficients. To extract the
features, the Python speech features module is utilised. The MFCC
feature was created by combining four different instrument clips and
portrays the corresponding emotion..
Speech Preprocessing Framing
MF FFT Appling
Wrappin Harming
g high energy). The excitement aspect is associated with these factors.
window
MFCC
MFCC
Cepstrum
Fig 2 Speech Recognition Using the MFCC
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Represents the Speech recognition using the MFCC-(Mel Frequency
Cepstral Coefficient).It actually Shows Step involved in MFCC
Technique which is used to divide according to the frequencies as
shown in the Fig 2.
3.2 LSTM
Long short-term memory (LSTM)is a type of artificial neural
network used in artificial intelligence and deep learning. Unlike
traditional feedforward neural networks, LSTM has feedback
connections. To identify emotions from text, many Machine
Learning Models have been developed. However, in this essay, we
will concentrate on the Bidirectional LSTM Model. Bidirectional
LSTMs, or Bi LSTMs, are an addition to standard LSTMs that are
used to improve the model's performance on sequence classification
issues. Bi LSTMs train on sequential input using two LSTMs. The
first LSTM is applied directly to the input sequence. On a reversed
representation of the input sequence, the second LSTM is employed.
It aids in the insertion of context and speeds up our model.[2]
Fig .3 Architecture of Speech Emotion [21]
Represents the speech recognition architecture using (CNN –
LSTM). It is a deep multi tasking learning-based recognition. It is a
2D-CNN-LSTM that has two conventional layers followed by two
layers of long short-term memory as shown in the Fig 3.
IV. Data Preprocessing
Preprocessing is an important step before doing feature extraction
and classification. In this study, the second order Butterworth filter is
employed to remove noise from music sound sources. Furthermore,
the dataset's music recordings are converted to mp3 format with a
sample frequency of 41100 Hz.[8]
4.1 Modules
Pandas' module is an information control and examination
instrument. NumPy Is a Python library that can lead a great many
numerical procedure on clusters. Matplotlib is an information
perception and graphical plotting library. os - used to control records
with framework orders. Seaborn - similar usefulness carried out on
top of matplotlib librosa is a sound record investigation program
me.[15] Librosa. show - used to deliver sound information as designs.
Sound is utilized to show and pay attention to sound. Alerts - to
change the subtleties of admonitions.
Up till now, brain research and physiological sciences have put
out various inclination models.The Thayer model is one of the
models of music feeling that is most often applied on account of how
intently it connects with melodic components. Two essential and
valuable boundaries — music energy and music delight, frequently
known as excitement and valence, individually — structure the
premise of Thayer's 2D model. Individuals' heartbeat rates and pulse
rise when they pay attention to irate or cheerful music (music with
All things considered; positive valence was connected to expanded
blood cortisol levels. The dataset's initial five-way documents and the
initial five names of the dataset's voice records is executed. We
presently make an information build out of the sound documents and
labels. The provided information is a record way which is input for
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the code. The result information for the program is name. The
informational index's groupings and the quantity of tests in each class
are listed.[16] The worth counts () strategy returns a Series that
contains counts of exceptional qualities. The resultant item will be
organized in diminishing request, with the primary component being
the most frequently happening. Presently we characterize both wave
plot and spectrogram capabilities. The highlights are separated
utilizing the Python discourse highlights module. The MFCC include
was made by joining four different instrument cuts and depicts the
comparing feeling. [4] A wave plot is a visual portrayal of a sound
record's waveform. A sound record's recurrence levels are displayed
on a spectrogram. The spectrogram highlights are utilized for include
extraction and element choice in the brain network by means of the
convolution layer and pooling layer, though the sound elements act
as the organization input for the combination characterization model
in view of LSTM. [3] A progression of serialized include vectors are
created by the model and took care of into the LSTM network as new
highlights prior to being yield through an express meager
consideration network. We can get the feeling of the sound
subsequent to posting it.as shown in the Fig 4 and Fig 4.1
Fig.4 Frequency of Fear Emotion
Fig 4.1 Audio Signals of the Fear Emotion
Each class's audio file's wave plot and spectrogram are plotted.
Each class has a sample audio of an emotion speech. Darker colors
are associated with lower pitched voices. Colours are brighter in
higher pitched voices. Audio length is limited to 3 seconds for files
of identical size. [6] The Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients
(MFCC) features will be extracted with a limit of 40 and the mean
will be used as the final feature. Audio file feature values are being
displayed in Table-1. The frequencies and audio Signals of different
emotions (Happy, Sad, disgust etc.) as shown in the below figures.
Fig.5 Frequency of disgust Emotion
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Fig 5.1 Audio Signals of disgust Emotion
Returns features taken from all audio files. Visualization of the
retrieved data characteristics.[14] The greater the number of samples
in the dataset, the longer the processing time. The list is converted
into a single-dimensional array. In a single dimension array, the
shape indicates the number of samples in the dataset.[9] The shape
denotes the number of samples and output classes. Hidden units in a
single dimension linear layer is called Dense. Dropout is used to
apply regularization to data in order to avoid overfitting and dropping
out a portion of the data.
Fig 6 Frequency of Angry Emotion
Fig 6.1 Audio Signal of Angry Emotion
The outcomes of each training epoch are displayed. batch
size=64 indicates the amount of data to be processed each step.
epochs=50 - the number of iterations used to train the model.
Validation split=0.2 - % of train and test split. Each cycle improves
the training and validation accuracy. The highest validation accuracy
is 72.32%. Save the best validation accuracy model using a
checkpoint. Slow convergence requires adjusting the learning
rate.[12]
Fig 7 Frequency of Happy Emotion
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Fig 7.1 Audio Signals Happy Emotion
Create a categorization task for the MER job. In the VA
emotional space, there are four unique sorts of continuous emotions:
joyous, sad, anxious, and calm. Since the music video labels in the
dataset correspond to specified points in the VA space, the emotional
value must be separated to map to the emotional category. [5] Before
the sample data were processed using the classification tasks in this
study, the VA space was separated into four parts, and the four
emotions were associated with the VA space. The combination of
short-term energy functions, short-term mean amplitude and short-
term autocorrelation function in the BP-based MER experiment had
the best recorded effect. The outcomes of each training epoch are
displayed. The training accuracy and validation accuracy grow with
each iteration; the best validation accuracy is 72.32 use checkpoint to
save the best validation accuracy model Slow convergence requires
adjusting the learning rate.[13]
Fig 8 Frequency of Neutral Emotion
Fig 8.1 Audio Signals of Emotion
Because there is no common standard database for musical
motion detection, many databases have been used in published
studies. Because of this, the specified accuracy of each algorithm
varies. All Music Guide (AMG)a is a music company that uses
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moods to get music. This organization uses 288 mood categories for
emotional classification provided by music professionals.
V. Result
Deep learning models outperform machine learning techniques
in terms of accuracy. The voice emotion recognition model is trained
using the retrieved audio features. Your accuracy will increase with
more training data. This model can be used in a variety of ways,
including speech recognition or other audio-related tracks, depending
on the settings and data collection. We reviewed the Speech Emotion
Recognition dataset as a deep learning classification project during
this project conference. Various voice-emotional sounds were
identified and classified using explanatory data analysis. The phase
spectrum feature combined achieves an accuracy score of 83%.
72.32% short-term energy, short-term average amplitude, short-term
autocorrelation function, frequency, amplitude, phase and complex
characteristics of the drum face are correct. The voice emotion
recognition model is trained using the retrieved audio features. Your
accuracy will increase with more training data.
This model can be used in a variety of ways, including speech
recognition or other audio related tracks, depending on settings and
data collection. We reviewed the Speech Emotion Recognition
dataset as a deep learning classification project during this project
conference. Various voice-emotional sounds were identified and
classified using explanatory data analysis. The phase spectrum
feature combined achieves an accuracy score of 83%. 72.32% short-
term energy, short-term average amplitude, short-term
autocorrelation function, frequency, amplitude, phase and complex
characteristics of the drum face are correct. In this study, the VA
space was divided into four parts, and the four emotions were linked
to the VA space, before the sample data was processed by
classification tasks.
Table-1 Compare With the Layer and param.
Layer( type) Output Shape Param#
Lstm_3(LSTM) (None,256) 264192
Dropout_9(Dropout) (None,256) 0
Dense_9(Dense) (None,128) 32896
Dropout_10(Dropout) (None,128) 0
Dense_10(Dense) (None,64) 8256
Dropout_11(Dropout) (None,64) 0
Dense_11(Dense) (None,7) 455
Total Params: 305,799
Trainable Params: 305,799
Non Trainable Params: 0
To determine which feature combination provides the best
recognition results, the BP technique was initially used to study many
different feature combinations. Short-term energy, short-term
average amplitude, short-term autocorrelation function, short-term
zero cross-sectional rate, frequency spectrum and amplitude
spectrum are the combination of features that have the strongest
identifying effect. The combination of phase spectrum functions has
an accuracy rate of 83.83%. Accuracy of 77.89% was obtained by
combining short-term energy, short-term average amplitude, short-
term autocorrelation function, frequency spectrum, amplitude
spectrum, phase spectrum, and complex features of the surface.
drum. Accuracy of short-term energy, short-term average amplitude,
short-term autocorrelation function, frequency, amplitude, phase,
complex face and drum characteristics is 76.48%. The test results
show that the time factor has a significant effect. The differences are
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small because they are not materially different from the experimental
results that the recognition models produce. for graphical comparison
of test results.
VI. Conclusion
Music contains a plethora of human emotional information.
Research on music emotional categorization is useful for
incorporating vast amounts of musical data. This study enhances the
feature information gathering capabilities of the emotion
identification model by including the deep network model into the
explicit sparse attention mechanism for optimization. It encourages
the preparation of related data and enhances the input level of the
model, which increases the recognition accuracy of the model.
Compared with other strategies, the proposed method includes an
obvious sparse attention mechanism to deliberately filter out small
amounts of information, concentrate the distribution of attention, and
enable the collection and analysis of information. information about
geographic objects. The test results show that the proposed method
can effectively analyze and classify the data.
Research on audio digitization has advanced as a result of the
continual development of modern information technology. It is now
possible to do research on using computer-related technologies to
MER. To improve musical emotion recognition, this study uses an
improved BP network to recognize music data. Before analyzing the
optimal feature data for emotion detection, this study first identifies
the acoustic features of music in associative form for emotion
classification. Second, using the ABC modified BP network, a
musical sentiment classifier was developed and its performance
evaluated compared with other classifiers. The results of the test
show that the network used has a greater impact on the recognition.
References
[1] R. R. Subramanian, Y. Sireesha, Y. S. P. K. Reddy, T. Bindamrutha, M.
Harika and R. R. Sudharsan, "Audio Emotion Recognition by Deep
Neural Networks and Machine Learning Algorithms," 2021
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6, doi: 10.1109/ICAECA52838.2021.9675492.
[2] J. Sönmez-Cañón et al., "Music Emotion Recognition: Toward new,
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2021, doi: 10.1109/MSP.2021.3106232.
[3] Serhat Hizlisoy, Serdar Yildirim, Zekeriya Türeci, Music emotion
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[4] R. R. Subramanian, B. R. Babu, K. Mamta and K. Manogna, "Design
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[5] R. Raja Subramanian, H. Mohan, A. Mounika Jenny, D. Sreshta, M.
Lakshmi Prasanna and P. Mohan, "PSO Based Fuzzy-Genetic
Optimization Technique for Face Recognition," 2021 11th
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Engineering(Confluence),2021,pp.374379,doi:10.1109/Confluence51
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[6] Yang X Y, Dong Y Z, Li J. Review of data features-based music
emotion recognition methods. Multimedia System, 2018, 24(4): 365–
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[7] Singhal, Rahul, Shruti Srivatsan, and Priyabrata Panda. "Classification
of Music Genresusing Feature Selection and Hyperparameter Tuning."
Journal of Artificial Intelligence 4, no. 3 (2022): 167-178.
[8] Cheng Z Y, Shen J L, Nie L Q, Chua T S, Kankanhalli M. Exploring
user-specific information in music retrieval. In:Proceedings of the 40th
International ACM SIGIR.
[9] Kim Y E, Schmidt E M, Migneco R, Morton B G, Richardson P, Scott
J, Speck J A, Turnbull D. Music emotion recognition:a state of the art
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[10] Yang Y H, Chen H H. Machine recognition of music emotion: a review.
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[11] M, Kwasnicka H, Kaczmar M U, Myszkowski P B. Extraction of
emotional content from music data. In: Proceedings of the 7th
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Industrial Management Applications. 2008, 293–299.
[12] Hevner K. Experimental studies of the elements of expression in music.
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[13] Posner J, Russell J A, Peterson B S. The circumplex model of
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[14] Thammasan N, Fukui K I, Numao M. Multimodal fusion of EEG and
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[15] R. R. Subramanian, M. Yaswanth, B. V. Rajkumar T S, K. Rama Sai
Vamsi, D. Mahidhar and R. R. Sudharsan, "Musical Instrument
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[16] Turnbull D, Barrington L, Torres D, Lanckriet G. Towards musical
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[17] Aljanaki A, Yang Y H, Soleymani M. Developing a benchmark for
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[18] Chen P L, Zhao L, Xin Z Y, Qiang Y M, Zhang M, Li T M. A scheme
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Estimation of Accuracy Level for Sentiment
Analysis using Machine Learning and Deep
Learning Models
V. Vanthana
Research Scholar, Department of Computer Applications,
Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankovil,
Tamil Nadu
vanthana.310@gmail.com
Abstract—Due to the digitization of everything, the effect of
the growth of social media in nook and corner of the world
creates the requisite of gathering and analysing the millions of
reviews that people shared about their emotions so as to improve
the quality of the corresponding concern. Such thing is defined
as sentiment analysis which accommodates online product
reviews, movie reviews, personal posts in social media, etc. to
categorize them as good and bad. The proposed research
contains the performance examination of machine learning and
deep learning models for the hotel reviews and IMDB Movie
Reviews. The result reveals that the deep learning has higher
accuracy. The performance of machine learning models varies
depending on the size of the dataset.
Keywords—Sentiment Analysis, Opinion Mining, Support Vector
Machine, Logistic Regression, Convolutional Neural Network,
Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers.
I. INTRODUCTION
Sentiment Analysis evaluates customer’s attitudes,
reviews, evaluations, thoughts opinions, judgements,
emotions, etc. of entities like companies, products,
individuals, problems. [1]. It is more valuable as it behaves
like feedback that assists them in making effective
advertisements, prediction of the impact of advertisement, as
well as finding consumer opinions about their brand,
products, services, etc [2]. Such analysis algorithm decides
which method can be suitable for classifying a user comment
mechanically as a positive and negative one. Document level,
Sentence level and Feature level are the classification levels
of Sentiment analysis respectively [3]. The algorithmic
models used are lexicon, machine learning, deep learning and
advanced Deep Learning.
A. Lexicon Based model
In the lexicon-based models, the categorization of
the customer opinions can be made using a calculation using
dictionary. In the course of this, the good meaning words can
be “positive” and the contradictory one is “negative”.
Afterwards, the difference between the quantity of affirmative
and negative words will be calculated and
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K. Kartheeban
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kalasalingam
Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankovil, Tamil Nadu
k.kartheeban@klu.ac.in
divided by total words count. If the obtained one is a positive
number, then it is a positive emotion, if not, it is a negative
emotion.
Count of [ (Positive Words – Negative Words) / (Total
Words) ] (1)
The exactness of lexicon models is usually high as it
uses the polarity of the text. The algorithms used are Text
Blot, VADAR, etc.
B. Machine Learning Model
Here supervised learning approach is used for
sentiment analysis. In the machine learning models, the
dataset with classes for positive, negative and neutral is used
for training the model. Then the polarity of the text is
determined. The testing and validation can be done to
measure the efficiency of the developed model. The model
can be developed using several machine learning algorithms
like Naïve Bayes, Logistic Regression, SVM, etc. The
accuracy is calculated using the confusion matrix measures
like precision, recall, F1 – score, etc.
C. Deep Learning model
Generally deep learning model provides the accurate
and precise result than the machine learning model. The
working of deep learning simulates the working of human
brain. Like the brain that contains neurons, there exists the
artificial neural network with neurons and perceptron’s. It is
also a supervised one that can be trained and validated using
bias functions. Many applications exist based in this, mainly
the automation of human tasks. The familiar algorithms are
CNN, LSTM
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Categorizing the reviews as positive, negative and
neutral is a significant one in the modern digital marketing.
These can be done using the various algorithmic models. One
among them is the lexicon-based approach.
For the novices, Textblob is one of the finest
algorithm with the moderate learning process and massive
functionality. Here there exists an interface so-called NLTK
used for the natural language processing tasks. There is a new
arrival in the market with the alike options like NLTK. It is a
great boon to the field of NLP as it can be used for building
an application from the scratch or existing ones. . It was
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developed on 76 IITM Journal of Management and IT
Cython. But comparatively performance wise TextBlob
places the prior role that Spacy. Though good working one, it
can support only English language. [4]
In [5], lexicon based approach is applied on the
product review dataset for the sentiment analysis. The paper
was proposed to have a summarized view on the positive and
negative opinions of the customer reviews that assists the
business individuals to make decisions.
The author in the journal enumerated at [6], merged
an effective deep learning architecture well-tuned using the
universal linguistic model and the SVM algorithm. The
analysis is executed on three real world datasets called
Twitter US Airlines, IMDB and GOP debate. Also, it is
constrained to document level Appl. Syst. Innov. 2022, 5, 13,
pp: 1 – 16. The result reveals that the accuracy level rises due
to the introduction of novelty. The performance level the
author obtained for the above mentioned three datasets are
99.78%, 99.71% and 95.78% respectively. The combination
of the deep learning and machine learning approaches indeed
provides an incredible result.
In [7], the author applied the Recurrent Neural
Network (RNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) to the
Twitter data that encompasses the hash tags like COVID-19,
corona virus, demises, new case, and recovered. The objective
of the investigation is to have a familiarity on the
psychological strength of the people during the peak period
of COVID-19. During the lock down era, the social media
plays a vital role in communicating the awareness,
precautions and the spread of the disease as we all are in the
stay at home and be quarantine condition. That’s why the
author preferred the dataset from social media. The sentiment
score for the analysis is measured and segregated as positive
mindset, negative mindset and neutral mindset.
The author in [8] proposed a work for the sentiment
analysis by means of the deep learning methods Mostly, the
methods provide the acceptable result for the SA tasks.
Therefore, the author concludes that due to the rapid and
increasing advancement of DL techniques, the focus on the
research may be encouraged on the analysis of opinions via
deep learning in the future era.
In [9], the author concludes that there exists more
training accuracy and an elongated running time when the
analysis is done using the neural network based methods than
the machine learning methods.
In [10], according to the view of author, SVM, KNN
and NB models when used to categorize twitter data into
Humorous, Joyful, Miserable, Annoyed and none using
lexicon dataset AFFIN over 8K tweets. SVM attained
maximum accuracy followed by KNN and NB, but KNN was
the most constant among the three classifiers. That’s why the
SVM is implemented in this paper.
In [11], the author performed sentiment analysis
using embedding of Indonesian language as the features of
CNN and LSTM. It means that the CNN is applicable for any
country languages. In this paper too CNN is implemented.
Similarly, in [12], the author applied deep CNN for
the twitter data and the sigmoid function is used.
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The authors specified in [13] used the fine grained
BERT model for the sentiment classification of SST data.
They reveals that their model with the simple architecture
provides the outstanding result. This stimulates to implement
the BERT in this paper.
In [14], the author proposes an innovative method
for recognizing the emotions which can assists the police to
recognize whether the criminals are lying. The deep CNN
model is used for classification which is trained using the 443
YouTube thumbnail videos. This kindle ourself to apply the
current research work to the emoticons in future.
III. EVALUATION MEASURES FOR THE CLASSIFIERS
For the classifiers, the accuracy is a highly
desirable assessment measure. Such measure depends on the
four possible results like TP, TN, FP and FN. TP and TN
indicates how much data correctly forecasted positive /
negative, whereas FP and FN indicate how much wrongly
forecasted as positive / negative. These counts are positioned
in a matrix clarified below.
A. Confusion Matrix
The confusion matrix is a two-dimensional structure
that is used to signify the count of the total true and false
positives, and the total true and false negatives. The template
is as follows.
Predicted Vs Observed Positive Negative
Positive TP FN
Negative FP TN
Here T- True, F – False, P – Positive, N – Negative.
In the above matrix, for the positive sentiments, the counts are
positioned by calculating the number of tuples that are
correctly identified as positive (TP) and wrongly identified as
negative (FP).
For the negative sentiments, the count of the correct
prediction is True Negative (TN) and the contradictory as
positive instead of negative is False Negative (FN).
B. Accuracy from the confusion Matrix
Accuracy which reveals the performance level is
calculated by dividing the the number of all correct
predictions by the total number of records in the dataset. The
highest value of accuracy is 100%, whereas the reverse is 0%.
Normally the results lies between 0 and 100.
Accuracy = CP / N (2)
where CP – Number of tuples Correctly Predicted,
N – Total number of records in dataset
IV. DATASET FOR ANALYSIS AND PREPROCESSING
The data needed for the analysis is taken from the
available online machine learning repository.kaggle.com.
Two datasets of different sizes namely
tripadvisor_hotel_reviews taken from [16] containing 20K
reviews and the IMDB movie_reviews dataset taken from
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[17] with 50K reviews are used to estimate the performance
of different machine learning and deep learning models. The
data objects are available in the form of .csv file that contains
attributes like Review, Rating. As both of these are pre-
processed by splitting the sentences as tokens using the
tokenization functions of the sklearn python packages by
referring the author in [15].
V. MODEL IMPLEMENTATIONS FOR ESTIMATING ACCURACY
LEVELS
A. Methodology
Fig 1. Process Flow Diagram of the proposed model
The user reviews are analysed using two algorithmic
models named machine learning and deep learning and the
accuracy has been calculated. Both the models are applied to
the Tripadvisor , the IMDB dataset reviews and the
sentiments were categorized as positive and negative
comments (class outcomes). Totally 20K and 50K reviews
respectively had been taken into consideration for producing
the result. The accuracy computation is done using Python
libraries.
B. Implementation of machine learning models
Machine learning is an approach used to categorize
the unknown data objects using supervised or unsupervised
methods. For the sentiment analysis, the supervised approach
is used. The categorization here is done using the polarity of
the text. Two popular methods in machine learning are SVM
and Logistic Regression.
1) Support Vector Machine
Support Vector Machine which in brief called as
SVM is a supervised machine learning algorithm mostly used
for performing classifications. The algorithms works by
finding the hyperplane that best split the n-dimensional space
into the different target classes. The plane is found by
choosing the optimal one out of the best boundary lines
drawn. The optimal one chosen is called as the hyperplane.
Here for the analysis, 60% of reviews is used for
training, 20% is used for testing and 20% is used for
validation. The feature vectors are formed using the
TfidVectorizer function with the least document frequency as
5 and the maximum as 0.8. For the classification linear kernel
is used.
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The estimated accuracy of SVM when implemented
for hotel reviews dataset is 71.79% and for movie reviews it
is 89.22%
2) Logistic Regression
Logistic Regression which is a supervised machine
learning algorithm is used to predict the categorical variable
given the independent variables. The probable values for the
independent variable lies between 0 and 1. In sentiment
analysis, logistic regression can predict whether it is a positive
or negative sentiment using the percentage of positive and
negative words.
There are differences between logistic and linear
regression. The former is for classification tasks and the later
is for the prediction tasks.
Here the CountVectorizer is used for the creation of
feature vectors with the document frequencies minimum as
10 and the maximum as 0.95. The solver attribute of the of
the LogisticRegression is set as liblinear and the highest
number of iterations is set as 1000.
The estimated accuracy of logistic regression when
implemented for hotel reviews and the movie reviews datasets
are 75% and 78% respectively.
C. Implementation of Deep Learning Methods
Deep learning is an approach which follows the
neural networks models. The model depicts the working
process of the human brain. Here the model can be trained
using the activation functions and the error can be propagated
back and corrected using bias functions. Though the concepts
are tough to understand and implement, the accuracy of the
deep learning will be better than the machine learning. The
familiar deep learning algorithms for sentiment analysis are
CNN and BERT.
1) Convolutional Neural Networks
Convolutional network also termed as
ConvNet/CNN is a deep learning algorithm, which contains
input layer, one or more hidden layers and an output layer.
The learnable weights and biases can be assigned to the nodes
in the layers.
The architecture is similar to that of the connectivity
pattern of Neurons in the Human Brain and was inspired by
the organization of the Visual Cortex.
The proposed CNN model contains embedding
layer, three convolutional layers, one flatten layer and two
dense layers. The size for the embedding is set as 300. For the
three convolutional layers, the filters are set as 128, 64 and 32
respectively with the kernel 4 and the function relu. The
resulting data from the convolutional layers is then converted
into a single vector using flatten layer. For the first dense
layer, the units was set as 256 and the activation function relu
is used. Then for the second one sigmoid with unit parameter
1 is used. For the compilation, Adam optimizer was used with
the loss as binary cross entropy. Two iterations were done for
analysis.
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VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

A. Machine Learning Based methods
Table I. ESTIMATED ACCURACY OF THE MACHINE LEARNING
METHODS

Number Accuracy Levels (in %)

Dataset of Support Vector Logistic
Reviews Machine Regression
TripAdvisor Reviews 20 K 71.79 75
IMDB Reviews 50 K 89.22 78

Fig 3. Estimated Accuracy of the Machine Learning Methods

The two machine learning models named SVM and

Logistic Regression are implemented on the two different size
datasets called hotel reviews from TripAdvisor and movie
reviews from IMDB.
Fig 2. Proposed CNN Model
The experimental results reveals that there is no
The estimated accuracy obtained in CNN for the much changes in the accuracy level for the Logistic
hotel and the movie reviews are 85% and 88.52% Regression. But in SVM, there is massive changes in the
respectively. accuracy while it is applied to the 50 K reviews dataset, which
2) BERT means that SVM works well when the number of reviews are
more.
The Bidirectional Encoder Representations from
Transformers abbreviated as BERT is an advanced deep B. Deep Learning Based Methods
learning model used for the Natural Language Processing. It Table II. ESTIMATED ACCURACY OF THE DEEP LEARNING
was developed by Jacob Delvin and his colleagues in 2018 at METHODS
Google. The model was already well trained using the English Accuracy Levels (in %)
Number of
Wikipedia containing 2,500M words and Bookcorpus wuth Dataset
Reviews
800M words. There are two variations. The basic one is 12- CNN BERT
layer, 768-hidden layer, 12 heads and 110M parameter TripAdvisor Reviews 20 K 85 89.4
networks and the large model is24-layer, 1024 – hidden, 16-
IMDB Reviews 50 K 88.52 88.4
heads and 340M parameters.
For the analysis, the model named bert base cased is
used. The dropout is considered as 0.3. The optimizer Adam
with 10 epochs are done.
The estimated accuracy of BERT for the input
datasets are 89.4% and 88.4% accordingly.

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Fig 5. Machine Learning Vs Deep Learning methods

Fig 4. Estimated Accuracy of the Deep Learning Methods

Two deep learning algorithms named CNN and
BERT was applied to the two different dataset and the result
shown in the table reveals that both the algorithm works more
or less similar for the varying size datasets. And another
interpretation is that the accuracy kevel is approximately
equal to the accuracy level of SVM for IMDB dataset.
The estimated accuracy levels are concisely
designated in the chart and the obtained result exposes that for
the dataset with minimum number of reviews, there is rapid
growth among the machine learning models SVM & Logistic
Regression and the deep learning models CNN & BERT. And
when the number of reviews increases, then the performance
of the models varies and the variation is much more for SVM.

VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The estimated accuracy of the four different models
while implementing on the two different size datasets are as
follows,

Table III. MACHINE LEARNING VS DEEP LEARNING METHODS

Accuracy Levels (in %)
Model Algorithm 20 K 50 K
reviews reviews
SVM 71.79 89.22
Machine Learning Based Logistic
75 78
Regression
CNN 85 88.52
Deep learning based
BERT 89.4 88.4

Fig 6. Accuracy levels of SVM with DL models

The above graph exposes that the SVM algorithm

performance is equivalent to the deep learning models for the
huge volume datasets which is symbolized by means of the
orange stroke in the above graph. It consumes less time for
execution comparing to DL models. So, SVM is more
appropriate for the sentiment analysis of large size data.

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VIII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK [12] A. Severyn and A. Moschitti, "UNITN: training deep
convolutional neural Network for twitter snetiment
The obtained accuracies of machine learning and classification," in Proceedings of the 9th International
deep learning models reveal that the performance of deep Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2015), Denver,
learning models is approximately same though the size of the 2015.
input datasets increases. In the machine learning models for
logistic regression, there remains no much difference but for
SVM, the variations were abrupt. It indicates that SVM is
suitable for the sentiment analysis of datasets having large [13] Manish Munikar; Sushil Shakya; Aakash Shrestha,
number of reviews. It provides the accuracy level equivalent “Fine-grained Sentiment Classification using BERT”,
to deep learning models. The accuracy of SVM can be further https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/conhome/8933012/proceeding
improved in future by applying ensemble techniques and it ,2019
may be possible to make it to work more efficient than the [14] Mishmala Sushith, “Semantic Feature Extraction and
deep learning models. Deep Convolutional Neural Network-based Face Sentimental
Analysis”, Journal of innovative image processing 4, no. 3
(2022) : 157-164.
REFERENCES
[15] F. Pedregosa, G. Varoquaux, A. Gramfort, V. Michel, B.
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2008. Brucher, M. Perrot and E. Duchesnay,"Scikit-learn: Machine
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2012. advisor-hotel-reviews
[3] Vohra, S. M., and J. B. Teraiya. "A comparative study of [17]https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/lakshmi25npathi/imdb
sentiment analysis techniques." Journal JIKRCE 2, no. 2 -dataset-of-50k-movie-reviews
(2013): 313-317.
[4] Munna Pandey, Rebecca Williams, Nikita Jindal, Anurag
Batra, Sentiment Analysis using Lexicon based Approach,
IITM Journal of Management and IT pp. 68 – 76
[5] M. a. L. B. Hu, “Mining and summarizing customer
reviews,Proceedings of the tenth ACM SIGKDD
international conference on Knowledge discovery and data
mining,” ACM, pp. 168–177, 2004.
[6] Barakat AlBadani , Ronghua Shi and Jian Dong, A Novel
Machine Learning Approach for Sentiment Analysis on
Twitter Incorporating the Universal Language Model Fine-
Tuning and SVM, Applied System Innovation. 2022, 5, 13,
pp: 1 – 16
[7] Harleen Kaur, Shafqat Ul Ahsaan, Bhavya Alankar &
Victor Chang, A Proposed Sentiment Analysis Deep Learning
Algorithm for Analyzing COVID-19 Tweets, Springer Link,
20 April 2021
[8] Lei Zhang, LinkedIn, Shuai Wang, Deep Learning for
Sentiment Analysis: A Survey
[9] V. Umarania, A. Juliana, J. Deepab, Sentiment Analysis
using various Machine Learning and Deep Learning
Techniques, Journal of theNigerian Societyof
PhysicalSciences 2021
[10] Govin Gaikwad, Prof. Deepali J. Joshi, Multiclass Mood
Classification on Twitter Using Lexicon Dictionary and
Machine Learning Algorithms, International Conference on
Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT)2016
[11] A. N. Farhan and M. L. Khodra, "Sentiment-specific
word embedding for Indonesian sentiment analysis," in
ICAICTA, 2017.

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Heart Disease Prediction Model using Machine

Learning
Binju saju V Asha Arpana Prasad
Master of Computer Applications Master of Computer Applications Master of Computer Applications
New Horizon College of Engineering New Horizon College of Engineering New Horizon College of Engineering
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
binjusaj@gmail.com asha.gurudath@gmail.com arpanaprasad2013@gmail.com

Harish Kumar P Rakesh V A.P. Nirmala

Master of Computer Applications Master of Computer Applications New Master of Computer Applications
New Horizon College of Engineering Horizon College of Engineering New Horizon College of Engineering
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
harishkumarp16032000@gmail.com v.rakesh1292@gmail.com nirmalasuresh.ap@gmail.com

Abstract— heart disease is considered as one of the common
health problem, and machine learning can be a powerful tool
for reducing the burden of disease. Heart Disease Prediction
Model using Machine Learning is a process of using
algorithms to learn based on the data and produce some
predictions about future events. The data used to train the
several different sources of machine learning algorithms,
including medical records, health insurance claims, and
patient surveys. The predictions made by the machine
learning algorithm can be used to help prevent heart disease
by identifying risk factors and providing personalised
recommendations for treatment and lifestyle changes. The
heart disease prediction system correctly predicted heart
disease in 96.7% of the test cases when using Random Forest
model
Keywords— Heart Disease, Machine Learning,
Categorization, Regression, Random Forest
I. INTRODUCTION
Heart disease can be anticipated and detected early,
potentially saving lives. Models that can predict
cardiovascular dysfunction can be developed using
machine learning techniques [4]. These models can be used
to determine who is at high risk and offer suggestions for
preventative therapy. In this study, we suggest a machine
learning method for anticipating cardiac disease. Our
strategy is based on a classifier called a Support Vector
Machine (SVM).
We use a dataset of heart disease patients and healthy
individuals, and we extract a number of features from each
patient. We then train our SVM classifier on this dataset,
and evaluate its performance on a held-out test set. Our
observations demonstrate that our technique may
accurately predict cardiac disease. In this study, a machine
learning technique for predicting coronary heart disease is
presented.
The strategy is based on a classifier called a Support Vector
Machine (SVM). A dataset of individuals having heart
disease and not having heart disease is used to train the
classifier. The classifier is then tested on a held-out test set
[5]. The results show that the approach can achieve good
accuracy in predicting heart disease. The proposed machine
learning approach can be utilized as a tool for heart disease
prediction. This approach can be helpful in identifying
high-risk individuals and in making decisions about
preventive measures and treatment [16]. The machine
learning approach described in this paper can be used to
predict heart disease [6]. This approach can be helpful in
identifying high-risk individuals and in making decisions
about preventive measures and treatment.
Many machine learning algorithms are available that have
applicability to heart disease prediction. A few of the more
prominent methods encompass logistic regression, decision
trees, and support vector machines [9]. Every single one of
these algorithms has its own perks and drawbacks.
The best algorithm for a particular application depends on
the data and the specific prediction task. Logistic regression
is a popular method for heart disease prediction. This
method is used to build a prototype that reflects the
likelihood of a person developing heart ailment. The
prototype is based on a series of predictor variables.
Common predictor variables used in logistic regression
models include youth, sexuality, lifestyle factors, and
cardiovascular disease in the genetic history. Decision trees
are another well-known machine learning approach for
predicting coronary heart disease.
Frameworks that forecast the likelihood that a person will
get heart disease are created using decision trees based on a
set of predictor variables [10]. Decision trees can be used to
identify high-risk individuals and to provide
recommendations for preventative care. A potent machine
learning algorithm called the support vector machines can
be used for heart disease prediction.
This algorithm is used to build a prototype that anticipates
the likelihood of a person developing heart ailment. The
prototype is founded on several predictor variables.
Common predictor variables used in support vector
machine models include youth, sexuality, lifestyle factors,
and cardiovascular disease in genetic history. The deep
learning algorithm for predicting coronary heart disease
depends on the facts and the specific prediction task[11].
Different algorithms have different strengths and
weaknesses. The best algorithm for a particular application
must be carefully selected.

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II. RELATED WORK
An exponentially growing body of progress in the
development of machine learning for heart disease
prediction. A number of Studies have demonstrated that
data mining algorithms effectively predict the development
of heart disease, as well as to identify individuals at risk of
developing the condition [7].The life - threatening disease
caused of mortality in the United States is heart disease,
and machine learning could potentially be used to predict
which individuals are at risk for developing the condition.
There is a growing body of research that has to forecast
cardiovascular problems, machine learning techniques were
used. and this literature review will summarise some of the
key findings.
A recent comparative study [11] proposed a method
concerned with temporal data modelling by using
convolutional neural network for predicting heart failures at
an early stage and achieved 97% of accuracy.
A recent review by Domingos and colleagues (2015) found
that machine learning techniques can outperform traditional
statistical methods for predicting heart disease. Machine
learning approaches have also been found to be effective
for identifying risk factors for heart disease [8].
For example, a study by Chen and colleagues (2016) used a
machine learning approach to identify novel risk factors for
heart disease. Overall, the literature suggests that the use of
supervised learning as a technique for predicting heart
ailment. However, additional study is required to further
assess the precision of these forecasts.
One study used machine learning to generate a forecasting
technique for the development of cardiac diseases in a large
population-based cohort [17]. The study found that the
machine learning model was able to accurately foretell the
development of cardiac diseases, with integrity of over
80%. The prototype was also able to identify individuals at
high risk of developing heart disease, with a positive
predictive value of over 90%.
Another study applied ML algorithms to build a risk model
for cardiovascular disease prediction in a large cohort of
patients with diabetes. The study found that the machine
learning model was able to accurately foretell the
development of cardiac diseases, with integrity of over
80%. The prototype was also able to identify individuals at
high risk of developing heart disease, with a positive
predictive value of over 90%.
A third study applied ML algorithms to build a risk model
for cardiovascular disease prediction in a large cohort of
patients with hypertension. The study found that the
machine learning model was able to accurately foretell the
development of cardiac diseases, with integrity of over
80%. The prototype was also able to identify individuals at
high risk of developing heart disease, with a positive
predictive value of over 90%.
One of the studies used machine learning to anticipate
cardiac disease based on demographic data, clinical
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measurements, and laboratory test results [1]. The study
found that the machine learning algorithm could predict
with accuracy which patients would develop heart disease
within five years, with a specificity of 87%. Enhanced
examination used deep learning to anticipate cardiac
disease based on a combination of demographic data,
clinical measurements, and electrocardiogram (ECG)
results [2].
The study found that the prediction of cardiovascular
disease performance of the machine learning techniques,
with an accuracy of 92%. A third study used deep learning
to anticipate cardiac disease based on demographic
information, clinical measurements, and ECG results [3].
The study proved that cardiovascular disease prediction
capability of the machine learning algorithm has an
accuracy of 95%.
These papers show how machine learning can be used to
detect cardiac disease. Machine using supervised learning
accurately foretells the development of heart disorder, and
could indeed identify individuals at high risk of developing
the condition [12].
These models have the potential to improve the clinical
management of heart disease, by identifying individuals at
risk of developing the condition and providing information
on the likely course of the disease[18]. However, more
research is needed to determine how machine learning can
be used to improve the accuracy of predictions and to
identify individuals at risk for heart disease.
Some possible causes of heart disease include genetics,
lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions. For
example, someone might be more susceptible to
cardiovascular disease if they have a family history of the
condition. Additionally, the lifestyle chance of having
cardiovascular diseases can be increased by behaviours like
smoking and eating poorly. Finally, certain medical
conditions such as Hyperglycemia can also raise the danger
of heart disease [13].
Some possible symptoms of heart related disease are pain
in chest, difficulty in breathing, and an irregularity in
heartbeat. Additionally, heart disease can lead to other
conditions such as heart failure, which can cause fatigue
and swelling in the legs and feet. Some possible treatments
for heart disease are the changes in lifestyle, taking proper
medicines and surgery if needed.
Lifestyle changes such as eating a healthy diet and
exercising regularly can help to improve heart health [19].
Additionally, there are several medications that can be used
to treat heart disease, such as beta blockers and ACE
inhibitors. In some cases, surgery may also be necessary to
treat heart disease. Some possible complications of heart
disease include heart failure, arrhythmias, and stroke[14].
Additionally, heart disease can lead to other conditions
such as kidney disease. There are several things that can be
done to prevent heart disease. These include maintaining a
healthy lifestyle, managing medical conditions, and taking
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medications as prescribed. Additionally, it is important to
get regular checkups and screenings for heart disease.
There are many different machine learning approaches that
could be made use for predicting heart disease. Some
common approaches include decision trees, support vector
machines, and artificial neural networks. All approaches
has their own merits and demerits, so it is advised to
The dataset contains 303 occurrences with coronary artery
disease diagnoses and 14 characteristics. The data includes
information about each individual's demographics, medical
history, and heart health. The objective of this study is to
evaluate whether or not an individual has heart disease.
TABLE I. DATASET ATTRIBUTES [21]

choose the correct algorithm for the specific problem at

hand [20].
Decision trees are a popular choice for predicting heart
disease because they are easy to interpret and understand.
However, they can be prone to over fitting, especially if the
data is not very clean. Support vector machines are another
popular choice for predicting heart disease. They are very
effective at finding the boundaries between different
classes of data [15].
However, they can be difficult to interpret and can be
computationally intensive. Neural networks are a powerful
A technique of learning algorithms that can be applied to
the prediction of coronary heart disease. They are very
effective at finding patterns in data. However, they can be
difficult to interpret and can be computationally intensive.
It is important to experiment with different machine
learning approaches to see which one works best for the
specific data set.

III. PROPOSED WORK

The methodology for this heart disease prediction system B. Steps followed
will involve the use of a machine learning algorithm to
learn from a dataset of patient information in order to The steps followed for the study is as follows:
estimate a patient's risk of getting heart disease.

A. Data set
The data set is a real-world dataset which is taken from
Kaggle. The dataset contains details of 303 patients. This
machine learning algorithm will be trained on a dataset of
patient information that includes various demographic
features (age, gender, race, etc.), lifestyle choices
(smoking, diet, physical activity level, etc.), and medical
history (family history of heart disease, previous heart
attacks, etc.).
This model will then be used to estimate the likelihood of
cardiovascular disease in new patients. The forecasts will
be due to the new patients' demographic features, lifestyle
choices, and medical history. The predictions will be made
on a scale of 0-100, with 0 indicating no chance of
developing cardiovascular disease and 100 indicating a
very deep chance of developing cardiovascular disease. Fig. 1. Proposed Method

The problem statement is to develop a computer learning

model that can predict a patient's cardiac condition is
present. The metadata utilised in this problem is the
statistics on Myocardial Infarction from the UCI Machine
Learning Versioned. The data used for this problem is the
from the UCI Machine Learning Repository, the Coronary
Artery disease Dataset.
• The first step is to collect data on heart disease.
This data can be collected from medical records,
surveys, or other sources.
• Next, the data is pre-processed to prepare it for
use in a machine learning model. This may
include cleaning the data, imputing missing
values, or scaling the data.

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• Then that data is spitted into 80:20 ratio for doing
the training of system and later for testing the
model.
• Then, a model for deep learning is trained on the
metrics. This model can be a linear model, a
decision tree, a random forest, or any other type of
model.
• Finally, the model is used to predict the
likelihood; Figure 1 depicts cardiac illness in new
patients.
C. Algorithms
There are many methods that can be utilized in machine
learning to anticipate cardiac problems. Some of the most
common methods are:
1) Support Vector Machines: The supervised
learning approach known as supporting vector machines
(SVMs) can be applied to both regression and classification
applications. SVMs are a popular choice for heart disease
prediction because they can model non-linear decision
boundaries.
The Support Vector Machine (SVM) formula for heart
disease prediction is:
P (heart disease) = 1/ (1 + e^-(SVM (age, sex, cholesterol, systolic blood
pressure, smoking status, diabetes) +b))
where, SVM is the support vector machine model, age is
the Patient's time of life, cohabitation is patient's sex (male
= 1, female = 0)., cholesterol is the cholesterol level of the
patient, systolic blood pressure is the systolic blood
pressure of the patient, smoking status is the smoking status
of the patient (current smoker=1, never smoked=0, former
smoker=0.5), diabetes is the diabetes status of the patient
(diabetic=1, not diabetic=0), and b is the bias term.
2) Decision Trees: The supervised learning credible
source of information as decision trees can be applied to
both supervised and unsupervised situations. A decision
tree is a popular choice for heart disease prediction because
they are easy to interpret and explain.
If (age is less than 45) AND (cholesterol is less than 240)
THEN predict heart disease as not present.
If (age is superior to or equivalent to 45) AND (cholesterol
is superior to or equivalent to 240) THEN predict heart
disease as present.
3) K-Nearest Neighbours: K-Nearest Neighbours (K-
NN) is a kind of algorithm for supervised learning that may
be applied to both detection and recognition problems. Due
to its simplicity in interpretation and explanation, k-NN is a
well-liked option for heart disease prediction.
P (Disease|x1, x2, x3) = P (Disease) * P (x1|Disease) * P (x2|Disease) *
P (x3|Disease)
Where, P (Disease|x1, x2, x3) is the probability of disease
given the three predictors x1, x2, and x3. P (Disease) is the
prior probability of disease. P (x1|Disease), P (x2|Disease),
and P (x3|Disease) are the conditional probabilities of the
predictors given disease.
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4) Naive Bays: Naive Bayes is a kind of algorithm
for supervised learning that may be applied to both
regression and classification applications. Naive Bayes is a
popular choice for heart disease prognosis because it is
easy to interpret and explain.
P (Disease Symptoms) = P (Disease) * P (Symptoms Disease) /
P (Symptoms) (3)
where, P(Disease Symptoms) = the Given symptoms, the
likelihood that a person has the disorder, P(Disease) is the
probability that a person has the disease, P(Symptoms
Disease) is the probability that a person has the
characteristics indicating the presence of the illness and
P(Symptoms) is the probability that a person has the
symptoms.
So, using the formula above, we can calculate the
probability that a person has heart disease given their
symptoms.
5) Logistic Regression: Logistic regression is a kind
of algorithm for supervised learning that may be applied to
both statistical classification applications. Logistic
regression is a popular choice for heart disease prediction
because it can model non-linear decision boundaries.
(1) P (heart disease) = 1 / (1 + e^-(β0 + β1*age + β2*sex + β3*chest pain +
β4*resting blood pressure + β5*cholesterol + β6*fasting blood sugar +
β7*resting electrocardiographic results + β8*maximum heart rate
achieved + β9*exercise induced angina + β10*old peak + β11*slope +
β12*number of major vessels + β13*thal)) (4)
Where, β0 = the intercept β1-β13 = the coefficients for
each of the predictor variables e = the natural logarithm
6) Neural Networks: Neural networks are a group of
machine learning strategies that may be applied to
applications requiring classification and regression. Neural
networks are a popular choice for heart disease prediction
because they can model complex non-linear relationships.
The neural network mathematical expression for prediction
of heart disease using ml algorithms provides an output
variable that is the risk of cardiovascular disease from a
variety of input elements. The input variables can be any of
the following: Time of life, sexuality, the kind of chest
pain, ambient hypertension, total cholesterol, fasting
glucose levels, the accelerated heart rate attained, strength
training angina, the amount of blood vessels that supply
(0–3) colored by aerobic activity ST depression, the slope
of the peak exercise ST segment, and fluoroscopy, and
thalassemia.
7) Random forest: This is a method which is suitable
for determining health complications by creating a random
forest from the data. Random Forest is a good choice for
heart disease prediction as it can handle both continuous
and categorical variables. It is also resistant to over-fitting
(2)
and can model non-linear relationships.
P (heart disease) = 1 - P (no heart disease) (5)
P (no heart disease) = (1 - P (forest)) ^N (6)
Where, N stands for the forest's total number of trees.
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IV. RESULT ANALYSIS Accuracy is considered as one of the important and

The outcomes of the machine learning-based cardiovascular commonly used metric for analyzing the performance of any
disease prediction system are quite accurate. The system is classification model.
able to correctly estimate a patient's probability of
developing cardiovascular diseases or not with a reliability Accuracy = Number of correct predictions /
of up to 96%. The system is also able to provide fairly Total number of predictions
accurate predictions for the risk factors associated with heart
TABLE 2. A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PERFORMANCE OF
disease. For example, the system is able to correctly identify
ALGORITHMS ARE SHOWN BELOW AND THEIR ACCURACY
smoking as a risk factor for heart disease with an accuracy SCORES.
of up to 85%.
Ultimately, the machine learning-based automated
diagnostic system is a very trustworthy and precise method
for determining whether an individual has cardiovascular
disease or not. There are a few potential limitations of the
system that should be noted. First, the system is only as
effective as the training collection of information. The facts
used to train an algorithm system are inaccurate; the
predictions made by the system will also be inaccurate.
Second, the system is only designed to forecast if coronary
artery disease will be prevalent or not. It is not designed to
predict the prevalence of cardiac disease or its underlying
aetiology. Third, the system is only established to anticipate
adult cardiac disease.
Heart disease detection is not its intended use. In children or
in people with other health conditions. Fourth, the only heart
disease is diagnosed by the system. In the general
population. It is not designed to prevent atherosclerosis in
specific groups of people, such as personnel with a history
of coronary artery disease in their ancestors.

The machine learning technique for predicting heart disease

approaches is a very accurate and reliable tool for predicting
the presence or absence of heart disease in a patient.
However, there are a few potential limitations that should be
noted.
Fig 3 . Illustrates the various algorithm performance with model accuracy
The results of the study showed that the machine learning
techniques were able to accurately foretell the presence of
cardiac artery disease in patients.
The accuracy of the predictions varied depending on the
approach used, but the overall accuracy was high. The
study found that the most accurate predictions were made
using the random forest approach, followed by the gradient
boosting approach. The least accurate predictions were
made using the k-nearest neighbours approach.
Overall, the machine learning approaches were able to
accurately predict the presence of cardiac artery in patients,
with the highest accuracy achieved using the random forest
approach.

Fig 2. Correlation Matrix of data. Cardiovascular disease can be detected using a variety of
The heart disease prediction system correctly predicted heart approaches to machine learning. Some of the more popular
disease in 96.7% of the test cases. ones encompass support vector machines (SVM), decision
trees, and logistic regression... When choosing a computer
learning algorithm for this problem, it is important to
consider the nature of the data.

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For example, if the data is very imbalanced (i.e., there are
much more healthy patients than patients with heart
disease), then a technique like decision trees may not be the
best choice. This is because decision trees tend to over fit
on the minority class (in this case, the patients with heart
disease), and they may not generalise well to unseen data.
The magnitude of the data set is another vital factor. If the
data set is very small, then it may be better to use a simpler
algorithm like logistic regression. This is because more
complex algorithms like support vector machines can be
very sensitive to over fitting on small data sets. Once a
machine learning algorithm has been selected, the next step
is to train it on the data. This is typically done using a
training set, which is a subset of the data which is used for
training the model. The remaining data is then used to test
the performance of the model. There are many ways to
evaluate the accuracy of a machine learning algorithm. One
popular metric is accuracy, which simply measures the
percentage of correctly classified instances.
Another metric is precision, which measures the percentage
of positive predictions that are actually correct. Precision is
often more important than accuracy in medical
applications, because it is more important to avoid false
positives (i.e. the diagnosis of heart disease in an individual
who does not have it) than it is to prevent systematic error
(i.e. predicting that a patient does not have heart disease
when they do).
Once the machine learning algorithm has expertise in the
field and evaluated, it could be used to produce forecasts
based on fresh data. This is typically done by providing the
algorithm with a new set of data (such as a patient's
medical history) and having it predict whether or not the
patient has cardiac affliction.
V. CONCLUSION
The machine learning-based technique for accurately
detecting disease is an effective tool that can aid specialists
in assessing a physician's probability of developing heart
disease. After observing the results of the models,
exploring and analysing the data, we can conclude that
there are a number of risk factors for cardiovascular
disease. Youth, sexual identity, and genetic factors are a
few of these risk variables that cannot be altered. Smoking,
nutrition, and exercise are a few more independent
predictors that can be modified.
Based on these risk variables, machine learning can be used
to predict the developing heart disease. In this project, to
estimate the likelihood of developing cardiovascular
disease, we have employed several machine learning
techniques. We have found that the heart disease prediction
system correctly predicted heart disease in 96.7% of the test
cases while using random forest Classification model.
This accuracy is not too perfect, and there is room for
improvement. But for estimating the likelihood of
developing heart disease, the random forest approach is a
solid place to start.
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[18] Soni Jyoti. "Predictive data mining for medical diagnosis: An [20] Jee S H, Jang Y, Oh D J, Oh B H, Lee S H, Park S W & Yun Y
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[19] Ganna A, Magnusson P K, Pedersen N L, de Faire U, Reilly M, [21] Khateeb, Nida, and Muhammad Usman. "Efficient heart disease
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thrombosis, and vascular biology, 33(9), 2267-72. Big Data and Internet of Thing, pp. 21-26. 2017.

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Poaceae Family Leaf Disease Identification and
Classification Applying Machine Learning
Arpana Prasad V Asha Binju Saju
Master of Computer Application Master of Computer Application Master of Computer Application
New Horizon College of Engineering New Horizon College of Engineering New Horizon College of Engineering
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
arpanaprasad2013@gmail.com asha.gurudath@gmail.com binjusaj@gmail.com

Likhitha S Mayuri P
Master of Computer Application Master of Computer Application
New Horizon College of Engineering New Horizon College of Engineering
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
likhithas1111@gmail.com mayuri21prakash@gmail.com

Abstract— Agriculture efficiency is something on which the
economy profoundly depends on. Thus, there is always a need to
enhance the yield of crops. In agriculture, identification of the
plant disease is important for ensuring yield. Use of machine
learning algorithms from the field of Artificial Intelligence is
being majorly used by the researchers. In ongoing research,
efforts are being undertaken to analyze and derive the best
classification technique from the discipline of computer science
for plant disease identification. This paper comprises an overview
of the Convolutional Neural Network using machine learning
approach for disease identification and classification. The
dataset used in current research is explicitly described and result
are presented in this paper.
Keywords— Diseased Leaf, Machine Learning Classification,
EfficientNet, Convolutional Neural Network, Image preprocessing.
I. INTRODUCTION
In provincial regions of the country, it is quite hard to detect
any disease which may be present in their harvest. Plant
diseases are one of the major issues which will cause the
shortage of food productions as plant disease will affect the
quality and growth rate of the plant and also it will cause
threat to the overall agriculture production and thereby
decline the economy of country. This research is to detect
the diseased plants or the affected plants belonging to
poaceae family and thus enable it to reach its maximum
potential of production. The current research is conducted so
as to outline the destruction of plant disease on productions.
The research shows that disease caused to several types of
plant has caused tremendous loss to yield of crops such as
wheat, rice, potato, corn and soybean, in this rice yield has
been affected by 40%, wheat is affected by 30% loss of
yield, potato is affected with 21% loss of yield, corn has
affected by 41% loss of yield and soyabean is affected by
30% loss of yield [1]. Knowledge about management of
disease control is less in most of the regions in India, drastic
climate changes, poor disease control are one of the main
key factors that arise in reduced productions.
Various inventions and technologies has been
introduced to reduce post-harvest crop processing and to
increase the sustainability of crops and also to upscale the
production. Modern methods like Machine Learning have
been introduced. It is well-liked due to its straightforward
design and wide applicability. Supervised anomaly detection
is used as the base where trained datasets are created and
items in the dataset are labeled into four categories: grey
spots in leaves, blight, rusty brown, and rich health. The
proposed model will use these input data to generate
patterns by which disease can be predicted in early stage
using these patterns. The quality of the dataset used for
training is very important in supervised learning.
Numerous studies and research have been
conducted in this field by making use of learning algorithms
Traditional machine learning approach used are
Convolutional Neural networks, Random Forest classifier
(RFC), K-Nearest Neighbor classifier (KNN), and Support
Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. Selection of features from
the dataset and the size of data used for training form key to
the performance of any machine learning classifier. Features
mainly considered by the plant disease classifiers are the
color of the leaves, amount of damage, texture parameters
like smooth, shiny, and leathery. Image processing
techniques are used majorly in image classifications of the
dataset.
Introduction and presentation of the related studies is
presented in Section I and II respectively. Experimental
outline and proposals are given in Section III. Results with
discussions thereof are given in Section IV. Section V
highlights the conclusion drawn from the current study with
the future scope of work.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Systematic review of literature is carried out in the present
work. To start with the areas where the machine learning
techniques are gaining the attention of the researchers are
reviewed to arrive a t the area to be explored in the current
work. Machine learning is a subject of study in Computer
Science which is discovering applications in a variety of
computer applications like disease identification[1], [2],
annotation [3], and business intelligence/ training chat
bots[4]. On systematic review of literature a problem related
to plant disease identification was narrowed. To understand
the role of machine learning in various disease identification
tasks some related work was identified and studied.
Analytical highlight of use of machine learning in health
care domain is well illustrated by a researcher. Various
algorithms and testing techniques are highlighted[5]
Research close to the area of the current research uses
convolutional Neural network classifier using two stages to
classify herbal Tulsi leaves. Color, measurement and shape

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based features are used for training the classification model
[6].
Feature subset selection is an important component in
machine learning algorithms. The researchers have
illustrated in detail the process of feature selection for
diagnosis of cervical cancer[7].
methods. The suggested model consists of transform of
wavelets in its discrete form, principal analysis of
components, grey level cooccurrence in two dimensions
vector and convulsionary neural network are used along
with other ML techniques. It is evaluated using 600 samples
from the tomato village dataset and has a 99.5% accuracy
rate [12]

Machine learning is typically utilized by a variety of
businesses to improve performance. Additionally, machine
learning methods are employed to tackle some challenging
issues in systems that could hold extremely important data.
It is important to assess a machine learning algorithm's
performance and tolerance to attacks. In research, using four
distinguished datasets and three metrics, the resilience and
performances of six machine learning algorithms is studied
and analyzed against two forms of adversarial attacks. An
analysis of the performance of each algorithm for a specific
dataset is done through the modifying of the amount of
poisoned data and behavior analysis for the rate of accuracy
with AUC score and f1 score. Machine learning algorithms
provide a range of performance results and robustness
against various adversarial approaches, according to
analysis results. Additionally, each level of an adversarial
attack has a varied impact on machine learning algorithms.
Furthermore, the kind of the dataset has a significant impact
on how a machine learning system behaves [8].
In research conducted on potatoes plant to detect the disease
uses the feature of potato disease identification using
principles of image segmentation after preprocessing. Here
seven classification algorithms of machine learning are used
in the research to check the effectiveness of each algorithm.
Among these Random Forest classification shows the better
accuracy of potato leaf detection with 97% accuracy [9].
The Research was conducted to identify the pattern
and detect the disease caused in cotton plant by using the
snake segmentation along with HU moments acting as
identification character. The BPNN classifier will address
various problems of classes and in mean time the active
couture model is used to restrict the active components
inside infected area. The categorization rate is
approximately 85.52% [13].
Convolutional Neural Network is chosen to conduct the
study and it shows an accuracy of 94.6% accuracy in early
disease detection of plants in a research [14].
A Le-Net architecture using convolutional neural networks
for object recognition and image classification using 12673
samples of plants implements a model with 99.32%
accuracy [15].
For the evaluation of the performance of the proposed
model
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 gives a brief layout of the preprocessing and
subsequent steps involved in the proposed system. The steps
help to develop an experimental setup for the model to identify
and classify disease in poaceae family of leaves. This section
gives explanation of pre-processing of the dataset, extraction of
the features, and Poaceae Family Leaf disease prediction with
classification.

In research aiming at contributions towards detection and

classification of diseased plants and trees, the researchers
use a methodology with five major steps namely; Image
acquisition (IA), Image processing(IP), Segmenting Image
(SI), Feature Extraction(FE), Prediction and Classification
(PC) of the disease. K-means and Hue saturation value
alteration for segmentation and Random Forest for
classification is used to get an experimental result with 98%
accuracy [10].

Research on banana bacterial disease and black

sigatoka is conducted using automated vision to diagnose
the disease. They have extracted the histogram and
converted those RGB histograms HSV and L*a*b. Analysis
of the area bounded by the curve is is used to classify and
components which are peak are taken in account to form the
max of the tree and other about five attributes related to
shape. Other classifiers considered are Decision Tree
Classifier, Naïve Bayes Classifier, Extremely and Normal
random Forest Classifier, and SVM. Randomized trees give Fig. 1. Overview of the proposed system
more score among seven classifiers, offer real-time data, and
give the application flexibility [11].
In research conducted using computer vison and
ML to detect the disease caused to plant, they have created a
model for leaf disease identification based on IP and ML

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Fig. 2. Poaceae Family Leaf disease classification process
A. Pre-Processing
1) Plant Image Collection: Image of variety of leaves
from the family of poeceae is collected. A high-resolution
camera is used for the same. Some datasets from pre-
existing repositories are also used for the purpose. Dataset
available on a forum discussion is taken for experimentation
purpose [16]. As part of the stage 1 of the study only 2000
images from the 4000 plus images available is taken for the
scope of experimentation. Specifically leaves with gray leaf
spot, blight, common rust along with heathy leaves are
chosen in the collected data. In order to achieve an effective
result, size and resolution are crucial. The Fig.3. illustrates a
sample image of the collected specimen. The bar graph in
Fig. 4 illustrates the ratio distribution of the type of ailments
in the collected data. The ailments are as follows; blight,
common rust, grey leaves spot and healthy leaves.
Fig. 3. Sample images of the specimen collected for the dataset
2) Plant Image Processing: Image normalization and
color conversion are the two main processes in the process.
During picture normalization, an image is resized to
260x260 pixels and any extraneous noise is also eliminated.
For the purpose of using the procedure, the BRG color
format is transformed into RGB and HSV.
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Fig. 4. Ratio distribution of the input dataset.
3) Image Segmentation: Segmentation breaks up
images into units called segments based on a significant
correlation along the region of interest. The features
extracted from the segmented image will enable the
differentiation between healthy and diseased leaves. In
segmentation, the method is selected based on the
generation of masks utilizing color information, color
intensity, and brightness in the HSV color space. For the
purpose of separating green and brown colors, this research
employs the HSV color image threshold. Uninfected leaves
are green, but infected leaves are brown. The Fig.5
illustrates the segmented image of poaceae leaf.
Fig. 5. Illustrates image segmentation of the leaf
B. Feature Extraction
Extracting various characteristics of image or a leaf which
include color, texture and shape features is called as feature
extraction. Global Feature Descriptor is used in the current
research. Feature of image is extracted as a whole with
global feature descriptor. Instead of taking a part of the
image, global feature descriptor takes the entire image for
processing and extracting features. The major feature
descriptors used for feature extraction are:
a) Hu Momemts: Hu Moments are used to quantify an
object's form in an image. The object's outline is typically
denoted by it. Iteratively computing the image's moments
after converting a color image to a grayscale version. Once
it is done, the shape feature's vector is returned.
b) Haralick Texture: Haralick texture features
descriptor extracts texture features. The images that are
coloured are converted into the gray scale images to extract
the feature of the leaf through the obtained gray images. The
obtain the feature of the Haralick feature and texture grey
level co-occurrence matrix is used as key element.
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c) Color Histogram: It illustrates the distribution of

color throughout the image and will output the count of
pixels in each of the color range and it also evaluates the
intensity of the color in the image and thus by obtaining a
color histogram it is very helpful in extraction the feature of
the leaf.
C. Classification
The process of identifying various diseases utilizing the data
comes after feature extraction. Data are grouped by
classification based on commonalities. The ailments that the
leaves have in this instance are categorized. The machine
picks up the correct name of a sick leaf. Although there are
many different kinds of models, this suggested methodology Fig. 6. Euclidean Expression for distance calculation
allows for the usage of any of the following models to 5) Support Vector Machine(SVM): The hyperplane
accomplish the desired results.
discovered by the SVM technique will classify the data
1) Convolutional Neural Network: It is one of the
points. The hyperplane, which aids in categorizing the
effective and robust technique of machine learning and also
values, is an N-dimensional space (the number of features -
belongs to the deep leaning neural network. One of the
N). There are numerous ways to find a hyperplane to divide
major advantages about convolutional neural network is that
two data points, but we must select an ideal hyperplane with
there is no need for manual preprocessing of data unlike
the largest possible margin (there should be a maximum
other machine learning models. It contains several layers
distance between two points of both the classes). A dataset
among which convolution layer is the most important and
can be categorized with a higher percentage of confidence
backbone of entire model. The results obtained using is
by maximizing the distance (margin). Features can be
models is very accurate and remarkable.
converted into even higher dimensions using Support vector
2) Random Forest: It is machine learning
machine.
categorization techniques which is known of the most
accurate results. This method can be used to classify a huge D. Disease Prediction
dataset. It is a combination of decision tree in which each The experiments conducted in the current study for disease
tree is trained using a random selection of N training prediction is presented in the algorithm given below:
samples with replacement.
3) Decision Tree: The main method in data mining for Step 1: Import packages from python such as json,
classification large data and extracting those data with pandas, numpy, tqdm, cv2, defaultdict, os, counter,
similar patterns is called as decision tree. The dataset is matplot.lib, train_test_split, tf, EarlyStopping,
bifurcated into small units, and a decision tree is created in ModelCheckpoint, VGG16, preprocessing,
addition. The outcome of decision tree with leaf nodes is OrdinalEncoder, deque.
obtained as result. Since decision tree is efficient in
classifying huge data along with extracting those data Step 2: Open the database.
patterns, it will produce a remarkable result.
4) K-Nearest Neighbor: The K-Nearest Neighbor Step 3: Data is split into two categories, training and
classification approach divides the data into comparable and testing dataset using split_folders function of python.
different classes. To represent the train set, N-dimensional
Step 4: Data exploration is performed using
numeric attributes are employed. Each value in the
ImageDataGenerator function of
collection is represented by a point in N-dimensional space.
tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.image.
By examining the patterns in the training set that are closest
to the unknown samples, a K-Nearest Neighbor classifier Step 5: Plotting graph to illustrate the dataset of
categorizes the dataset. Euclidean distance determines how training data.
close together these samples are. The image is assigned to a
particular class by utilizing the features that were inherited Step 6: Convolutional neural network algorithm used
during the feature extraction process. Fig .6. depicts the in the proposed method is illustrated in Fig. 7. which
expression for Euclidean distance calculation used in K- illustrates the layer-by-layer classification process of
Nearest Neighbor classifier. the CNN algorithm for the input dataset as discussed
earlier. The layer wise outcome is mentioned as
follows. Convolutionary layer is to extract features
while preserving the relationships between pixels
using mathematical operations. From the images
given in the input dataset the convolutionary layer
extracts features using mathematical operations,
these features from the input datasets are selected in
groups and the selected features are input to the data

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pooling layer. Non linearity is applied to the selected

features in the pooling layer and outcome of the
pooling layer reduced the number of dimensions to
be learnt by the algorithm. All possible connections
from layer to layer for the purpose of classification is
made in the fully connected layer and the final
outcome is the classification of the leaves in the
dataset to the four categories namely; blight,
common rust, gray leaf spot and healthy is used for
classify plant disease.

Fig. 8. Model accuracy graph for training and validation

Fig. 7. Illustration of convolutional neural network algorithm.

A pretrained model known as EfficientNet is used in the

experiment. EfficientNet forms the convolutionary
neural network architecture and is a scaling tool. The
tool is used to scale the dimensions of depth of the
neural network, width and resolution uniformly by the
use of compound coefficient.
IV. RESULTS
Dataset consist of 2000 photographs of defected leaf and
healthy leaves belonging to poaceae family is input into the
system in this experimental investigation. Images of 500
leaves with blight, 500 leaves with common rust, 500
leaves with gray leaf spot and 500 healthy leaves are Fig. 9. Model loss graph for training and validation
inputted as a dataset for experimentation. In this
experiment, the dataset is categories into two, training,
which consist 80% of the photographs, and testing, which
consist of 20% of the photographs of leaves. EfficientNet
pretrained model is applied for training and classification of
disease. This model shows the maximum accuracy of
93.28% over the testing dataset at an 80%-20% train-test
split. Fig. 8. shows the accuracy model obtained using the
proposed algorithm. Fig. 9. shows the loss model obtained
using the proposed algorithm. Fig. 10. depicts the confusion
matrix which consist of test dataset for Blight (label of
class- condition: Blight), Common rust (label of class-
condition: Common_Rust), Gray leaf spot (label of class-
condition: Gray_Leaf_Spot) and healthy (label of class-
condition: Healthy). This matrix shows the performance of
the proposed algorithm using EfficientNet model over the
training dataset.

V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

In the paper presented from the current research, the
common diseases seen in poaceae family taken in
consideration are blight, common rust, gray leaf spot. Fig. 10. Snapshot of the Confusion matrix

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These diseases are classified and predicted in early stage by [13] P. R. Rothe and R. V. Kshirsagar, “Cotton leaf disease identification
using pattern recognition techniques,” in 2015 International
using convolutional neural network model EfficientNet.
Conference on Pervasive Computing (ICPC), Pune, India, Jan. 2015,
EfficientNet is an efficient convolutional neural network pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/PERVASIVE.2015.7086983.
method which outperforms in providing accuracy and exact [14] S. Kumar, V. Chaudhary, and S. K. Chandra, “Plant Disease
scaling in predicting disease. Healthy leaves are also Detection Using CNN,” p. 7, 2021.
[15] S. Wallelign, M. Polceanu, and C. Buche, “Soybean Plant Disease
considered in the input data set as a comparative element in
Identification Using Convolutional Neural Network,” p. 7.
the model. The proposed model in this paper distinguishes [16] “corn-or-maize-leaf-disease-dataset.”
healthy leaves also. Convolutional neural network is mainly https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/smaranjitghose/corn-or-maize-leaf-
used as of now and results thereof are presented in the disease-dataset
research. The same is chosen due to the findings of the
author of this paper from review of literature. Convolutional
neural network algorithm is chosen for present study as it
has automatic and adaptive hierarchies of feature and also it
is most efficient algorithm according to several research in
field of plant disease detection when compared to other
machine leaning algorithm.
Future experiments may be conducted using other machine
learning algorithms. Input dataset may be further distributed
more rationally on other disease types. More pre-existing
datasets may be considered for future experimentation.
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Daily Activities using Deep Learning Approaches

Ms.Gayathri Tippani Dr.Veerraju Gampala
Research Scholar, Associate Professor,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeshwaram, Guntur, AP, India
Vaddeshwaram, Guntur, AP, India drgveerraju@kluniversity.in
tgayathri84@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: "Human Activity Recognition" (HAR) refers The Logistic Regression can also be implemented as a
to the ability to recognise human physical movements using multi-classification problem by dividing the data into subsets of
wearable devices or IoT sensors. In this epidemic, the majority binary class. The reason for choosing the Logistic Regression for
of patients, particularly the elderly and those who are comparison with M LP is it handles the categorical class labels
extremely ill, are placed in isolation units. Because of the quick efficiently[24]. The given dataset contains class labels in
development of COVID, it's tough for caregivers or others to categorical form. The models to solve the multi-classification
keep an eye on them when they're in the same room. People are problem, the Logistic Regression uses one versus rest mechanism
fitted with wearable gadgets to monitor them and take i.e., for finding the activities related to sitting it considers sitting as
required precautions, and IoT-based video capturing 1 and all the remaining 5 labels are considered as 0 [19]. Let us
equipment is installed in the isolation ward. The existing illustrate the one versus rest mechanism using some sample records
systems are designed to record and categorise six common as shown in table x.
actions, including walking, jogging, going upstairs, downstairs,
Table 1: S ample Dataset to illustrate one versus rest
sitting, and standing, using multi-class classification
algorithms. This paper discussed the advantages and mechanism
limitations associated with developing the model using deep
Us X X X2 … ZS TAND RES ULCLAS
learning approaches on the live streaming data through sensors
er 0 1 … DEV TANT S
using different publicly available datasets. … LABE
…. L
Keywords: WEKA, Convolution Neural Networks, Human 33 0. 0. 0.1 4.05 11.96 Joggin
Activity Recognition, Sensor Signals, Bi-Long Short Term 04 09 4 g
Memory, Semi-Supervised learning, SUB Interactions 34 0. 0. 0.0 5.43 12.05 Joggin
12 12 6 g
INTRODUCTION: 35 0. 0. 0.1 3.13 8.63 Walki
To capture the human activities and to classify those using CNN 09 09 ng
36 0. 0. 0.1 2.09 9.87 Upstai
algorithms many researchers have worked on open-access datasets
12 12 2 rs
by measuring their Inertial M easuring Units (IM U) [17]. The 37 0. 0. 0.1 1.98 9.62 Downs
proposed system has attached IoT sensors to the user and 1 1 4 tairs
maintained an Actitracker[16] Dataset in the local server to capture The above sample database is converted into one versus rest matrix
and predict the class labels of the human activities. To develop as shown in table 1.
algorithms for these types of problems is the best domain to utilize
is “Image Processing integrated with Artificial Intelligence”. Table 2: One versus Rest Matrix for Actitracker Dataset
Image processing [18] is a technique for performing operations on S ample
an object to maintain it or obtain helpful information. It's a type of
modulation processing where the input is an image and the output Walki Joggin Upstai Downstai S ittin S tandi
can be either an image or its features. The goal of artificial ng g rs rs g ng
intelligence is to boost computer functions that are close to real 3 0 1 0 0 0 0
3
knowledge, along with reasoning, learning, and problem-solving.
3 0 1 0 0 0 0
One of the main aims of Artificial Intelligence is to replicate the 4
human recognition process. 3 1 0 0 0 0 0
For handling continuous numerical data, regression 5
algorithm implementation is popular. To handle the categorical 3 0 0 1 0 0 0
data class labels requires some additional conversion mechanism 6
like one versus one or one versus rest mechanisms. Different 3 0 0 0 1 0 0
regression mechanisms like linear, lasso, polynomial, ridge, and 7
other regression algorithms are popular and many of the real-world
problems use linear regression, Support Vector M achine The existing system obtains the binary value to construct the one
regression, Decision Trees Regression for getting accurate results.
versus rest matrix by using the linear parameter known as
The proposed paper considered Logistic Regression for performing “sigmoid”. If the predicted value is greater than or equal to 0.5 it
the comparative study with the deep learning technique [20].

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outputs the value as 1 otherwise it outputs the value as 0. A
hypothesis function is defined to optimize the objective, which is
used to update the function value so that a clear relationship
maintains between the class labels and features. The model also
computes the cost function using the gradient descent method to
find the distance between the predicted label and the actual label.
similarity matching loss for convolution layer and prediction loss
for linear classifier layer. The similarity matching loss is defined as
process of minimizing the difference between output of CNN layer
and target variable for each layer by adjusting the weights. The
computation is shown in equation (1)

LITERATURE SURVEY:
[1] Federico Cruciani et al designed a feature learning algorithm
using CNN with a pre-trained model. The model considered IM U
and Audio datasets and automatically extracted the features. Using
hyper parameterization concept, the model analyzed the quality of
the extracted features. This model greatly focused on training the
system by neither considering neither less nor huge amount of data.
The model considered the hyper parameters values as represented
in table 3. The hyper parameters are chosen by performing Random
Forest search with 5 folded validations.
- (1)
The model assumes two matrices as input; one matrix containing
output direction of each layer, second contains target values in the
form of one-hot encoding. It needs number of layers and the value
of certainty layer as input. The computation of local losses design
is represented in figure 1.

Table 3: Hyper Parameter Variables

S .No Parameter Name Possible Best

Values Value
1 Number of Convolution 1 to 8 4
Layers
2 Kernel Size [21] 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 16
64
3 Number of Filters 12, 24, 48, 96, 24
128

The model evaluated the performance by accessing the data from

extra sensors attached to the human. The model implemented a
simple architecture to validate the design by considering 3 layers of
conv1D separated by max-pooling layers[22]. Each layer applies
filter double in size with ReLu activation function and adam
optimizer.
[2] Qi Teng et al, proposed a local loss CNN for training the human
activities. The global loss occurs due to the wastage of memory for
the maintenance of hidden layers weights. This memory cannot be
reutilized if the model contains back propagation technique. This
address is issued by computing the loss at each hidden layer.
During the training phase, at each phase the model computes
Figure 1: Working of Loss Functions
[3] Eunji Kim et al, designed a device using IACNN, which can
efficiently access the signals captured from the multiple sensors
attached to the human being. The model focused on interpreting the
sensible signals rather than analy zing all the signals it captures.
The model captures time variant signals and constructs a matrix
where the captured signals are stored under the time at which they
have recognized along with the count of signals it accepted. The
architecture of this system is illustrated in figure 2.

Figure 2: Workflow of S ensor S ignals though GL S patial Intensity

The temporal CNN filters identify the hidden patterns associated reducing the width of the image using pooling layers. Since these
with the previous layers and a feature map is constructed by features are non linear in nature it summarizes that the application

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of ReLu activation function improvises the extraction process[23].
The Spatial Group Lasso (SGL) technique analyzes the each
parameter of each signal captured and computes their relevant
scores. At this junction, the dimensionality of the matrix gets
reduced and most of the values becomes scalar. These filtered
parameters are grouped based on the threshold value, which is
hyper parameter initialized by the model. From these normalized
vectors and importance measure, the model classifies the activity
performed by the human.
[4] Negar Golestani et al, implemented a framework to recognize
the signals using magnetic induction. The model initially
established communication between signals and humans through
magnetic induction, which is a wireless mechanism. A matching
network improves the efficiency of the communication through L-
reversed process. The network generates voltage gain to analyze
the patterns associated with time based signals continuously. Eight
different parts of the human are attached with M I coils and based
on their movements; geometric operations are applied to create a
synthetic dataset. The model applies cross coupling techniques on
time and frequency related parameters to eliminate the inferences
during the recognition process. R-square mechanism identifies the
similarities between the actions and ignores the one with least
weighted average. The RNN with 5 layers classifies the activities
by extracting the necessary features.
[5] Emilio Sansano et al analyzed different neural network
algorithms to recognize the human activity. In the pre-processing
step, the class labels are segmented based on the measurements
obtained from different sensors. For every measurement, the time
is recorded to evaluate the load performance of the model. All the
studied deep learning models contain one convolution layer and
two pooling layers with a softmax classifier to store the
dependencies between the values obtained from different sensors.
These models can handle the problem of overfitting by performing
the 5-folded cross-validation and adding dropouts for all the layers
of CNN. Among the different deep learning models, the gradient
recurrent unit (GRU) performs better on all the available datasets
with optimal loss value and maximal accuracy rate.
[6] Sakorn et al proposed sensor based LSTM with 4 layers
associated with time series domain for recognition. The model uses
smart phone to capture the movements of human being instead of
sensors. Instead of single split of dataset, the model once again
divides the training dataset into validation and train. On this
validation data, the model applies five types of LSTM models by
hyper turning the estimators of the CNN. The model gets the data
segments through gyroscope and accelerometer to evaluate all the
Figure 3: Multi Models to Learn Features from series of activities
Initially from the sensor signals, the features are
processed in the form of segments, with different
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dimensions using bayesian optimization. The major goal of this
technique is to maximize the convergence of data point by
computing the conditional independence probability at each sample
point.
[7] Nidhi Dua et al, GRU based CNN by creating the data
segments using sliding window protocol. The model integrated
RNN along with CNN by considering CNN to store the acquired
features in multiple arrays. These reduced features are obtained by
performing multiplication between the local variables with filter
variables. The summation of these outputs is passed as a non-linear
function to RNN to find the interesting features by attaching a local
patch to each region. The time series data is stored in the form of
1D by analyzing the time series pattern and the context between the
series of activities. M any human beings do a lot of continuous
activities, so this model implements GRU units to store that
sequence of activities. The model efficiently handles the local
dependencies problem by varying the filter sizes dynamically
changing the size of filter depending on the reduced number of
features and time span for the required for the living stream.
[8] Zhongzheng et al, utilized transfer learning model which adapts
the joint probability and it also assumed pseudo labels. These
labels are generated using JPDA to minimize the cumulative errors.
The main focus of the algorithm lies in the process of domain
transfer by mapping unknown samples to known samples based on
the knowledge base. The data is reconstructed using PCA, which
has low feature space. A sub space is created by analyzing the
learning parameters associated with each domain using SLPP and
promotion of class alignment is achieved. Sub samples belonging
to the same class are projected on the domain space and their
closeness is estimated through laplacian regularization matrix. An
Eigen decomposition technique is applied to classify the data by
using the pseudo and ground truth class labels.
[9] M d M ofijul Islam et al, proposed a learning approach using
GAT network to deal with the noisy captured by the sensors. It also
allows the complicated system to learn the patterns hierarchically
by finding the complement of the multi modal features. The model
has the following sequential models as presented in figure 3.
batches. The model employs pre-trained encoder model
to fuse the different interactions to create inter and intra
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modularity. The RGB colors are extracted using the
ResNet model using integrated LSTM , because it has to
capture long sequences. The salient features are extracted
based on the context and it adapts to the training model
by designing attention model.
[10] Kemilly et al, designed autonomous auto encoder by
analyzing the hand crafted features. In this model,
complex features are taken care by the multi
classification algorithm. Ensemble KVN which is a
combination of kNN, very fast DT and NB are applied to
recognize the human activities. The noise data is
segmented through filters of auto encoders which are
integrated with window sliding and overlapping factors.
The major goal of this auto encoder is to co-train and re-
train the model to extract the M eta heuristic features so
that it needs very simple and useful classifiers to achieve
the task. The model applies offline training to collect the
data from multiple users but performs online validation
to recognize the activity.
[11] TANG et al, designed a self training HAR system
based on the unlabeled data, which is a semi-supervised
process. In this model, the process starts with training the
labelled data segments using teacher model later these
are formed to larger group of unlabelled data. The fine
tuning process is performed by the student model which
gets one more input data from pre-trained classifiers.
During the teacher training phase, the loss function of the
multi classification is computed using the following
equation (2)
- (2)
The data available in the public datasets are not
sufficient, so the model trains the samples to compute the
highest softmax probability. The obtained values are used
to generate the synthetic data, which improves the size of
the dataset. The validation of the data is performed using
the student model, where loss is computed for every
single iteration. The iterations with minimum error rate
are frozen and the remaining layers are designed to
predict the class labels.
[12] Tej Singh et al, implemented coupled network by
utilizing RGB frames at the last layer of network. The
first layers of CNN act as fine tune of color by giving end
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to end training. The temporal information from the live
stream videos are captured through Bi-LSTM . The model
extracts all the essential features using Inspection-V3
pre-trained model and divides them into two input blocks
and one output block. Since, the model contains
interaction activities, it implements RM SProp optimizer
to reduce overfitting problem. All the symmetric
interactions are filtered through block A and asymmetric
are filtered through block B. The length of the captured
video frame is not known in advance, so the module
implements Bi-LSTM , which can handle varying amount
of input data. The advantage of Bi-LSTM lies in storing
both past and future features extracted from the video
analyzed sentiment. The model implements fusion
techniques to create dynamic activities and finally CNN
classifies the activities.
[13] Vasundhara Ghate et al discussed hybrid approaches
of deep learning to recognize the daily activities of the
human being. The data is pre-processed using the
traditional filter approaches and segmented using sliding
window. Instead of gathering the essential data from
single parameter, it extracted important features from
multiple parameters and constructed its one input vector.
Finally, it applied neural networks with different
activation functions.
[14] Sravan Kumar Challa et al, proposed multi branch
system by invoking nominal filters to pre-process the
data. Based on the captured sensor data, it is converted
into fixed size windows. The major task of this division
is to avoid overlapping by defining the correct size of
filter. The strongly correlated features are stored as 1-D
vector and then the frames are converted into multi
dimensions based on the relation between local variables
and time series data. The model to classify the activities,
it constructs a multi branch decision node and based on
the input along with time distribution a flatten pool is
created. These flatten layers are concatenated to act as
input to the Bi-LSTM and classification is done using the
softmax layer.
[15] Khan M D et al, developed attention based NN by
dilating the layers to perform semantic segmentation of
the video frames captured. The model down samples the
residual layers and constructs its own learning block by
enhancing the quality of the extracted features. It
implements skip connection technique which is famous
for learning the features globally. The main advantage of
this technique lies in avoiding the loss of structure during
the transformation process. Instead of local loss, the
model computes the central loss and adjusts the weights
accordingly
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Table 4: Comparative S tudy on Existing Models

S .NO Author Name Algorithm Dataset Merits Demerits

1 Federico Cruciani Feature IM U and Audio The model has The model has
Learning designed a best CNN explored only few
architecture that suits activities duration but
both types of datasets. the re-usage of CNN
with transfer learning
can include many
more crucial activities.
2 Qi Teng Local Loss UCI HAR, The concept of local Construction of
CNN uniM ibSHAR, loss computation similarity in between
PAM AP, instead of global loss the activities using
OPPORTUNITY, helps the model to unsupervised learning
WISDM adjust the weights is complicated process
appropriately at each
iteration rather than
waiting till the
complete cycle
3 Eunji Kim SGL based ADL annotated data The model performs The feature
IACNN model of Kitchen feature selection during importance measure is
the sensor capturing considered based on
time which improves the threshold value,
the efficiency of the which is static in
memory nature. A slight wrong
initialization also has
a big impact on the
module.
4 Negar Golestani M IDRNN BM L dataset Usage of wireless Identification of
system helps the model estimator values is
to have less power difficult for RNN
consumption and because of the time
eliminates the lossy series nature
medium interaction
5 Sakorn 4-Layered UCI-HAR dataset The validation process The model solves only
LSTM is evaluated using OW regular and simple
& NOW datasets with activities. It cannot
Lasso cross fold predict some
technique unexpected activity
performed by the
human
6 Nidhi Dua CNN+ RNN+ WISDM The model can handle The model failed to
GRU single input or multiple capture the shallow
inputs simultaneously features variations
during very short span
of time
7 Zhongzheng Transfer Own dataset The sensors The model
learning with implemented by this implemented proposed
joint model has integrated work on their own
probability parts of crucial dataset, which cannot
distribution components, which has solve the generalized
greatly reduced the nature of human being
thickness of the node
8 M ofijul Islam M ulti GAT M M Act It deals with both intra The model needs
and inter features enhanced attention to
work with close
proximity
9 Kemilly Autonomous WISDM The compact Due to the
encoders+ representation obtained combination of offline
EkVN during feature and online, the model
extraction using auto requires different
encoders reduces the mechanisms for pre-
memory utilization processing the data
10 TANG Self Training HHAR, The complement of the Instead of semi-
UCI-HAR, PAAS, unlabelled data helps supervised, the
WISDM the model to leverage categorization of

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the activities unlabelled data can be

improved by
unsupervised
11 Tej Singh Bi-LSTM SBU Interaction It efficiently deals with The model can be
+Couple the shallow high extended to access
DCNN dimension features multi view from
skeletal structures
using dynamic
parameters
12 Vasundhara Ghate CNN with WISDM Inclusion of
Random randomness properties -
Forest made the influence of
hyper tuning more
13 Sravan Kumar Challa M ulti Branch PAM AP2, WISDM , The model explored M ulti branch node
CNN and UCI-HAR different activities other takes a lot of time to
than daily routines process the activity
14 Khan M D Attention UCF11 The proposed algorithm Two way streaming
based LSTM has successfully learning strategy is
evaluated all the bench improves the
mark functions recognition of
continuous sequential
interactions

CONCLUSION:
In computer vision and pattern recognition, human
activity recognition in videos is a hot topic. Artificial
intelligence (AI)-based solutions are now required for
human behaviour analysis and security. Pre- trained
weights of different AI architectures for the visual
representation of video frames in the training stage are
used in most extant action recognition systems, which
affect feature discrepancy determination, such as the
separation between visual and temporal indications. All
the existing systems have proposed either traditional
machine learning algorithms or compared deep learning
algorithms using public datasets. Deep learning (DL)-
based approaches have recently been effectively applied
to time series data collected by smart phones and
wearable sensors in order to anticipate various human
behaviours. Even while DL-based techniques fared well
in activity recognition, managing time series data is still a
hurdle. With time-series data, a number of challenges
persist, including difficulty extracting features,
excessively biased data, and so on. Furthermore, the
majority of HAR methods rely on manual feature
engineering. A mix of convolutional neural networks
with transfer learning using the re-trained models can
improve the efficiency of reorganization system.
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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Deep Network Analysis and Prediction of Ophthalmic
Disorders
M .Darshini M .Hemamalini
Student Student
School of Electrical & School of Electrical &
Electronics Enigneering, Electronics Enigneering,
SASTRA University, Thanjavur, SASTRA University,
Tamilnadu, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu,
darshini2026@gmail.com hemanika83@gmail.com
V.Gomathi
Assistant Professor
School of Electrical &
Electronics Enigneering,
SASTRA Uniiversity, Thanjavur,
Tamilnadu
gomathi@eie.sastra.edu
Abstract— Everybody, around the globe, is aware that their kids,
relatives, and family are suffering from the pandemic COVID-19.
S everal people are still facing post-COVID-19 issues. During
COVID-19's second wave, mucormycosis, sometimes known as
"black fungus," plagued people, especially those who had
previously been infected with the virus. The clinical
manifestations of mucormycosis are quite varied, the disease
affects the skin, subcutaneous fatty tissue, and visceral organs
such as the eyes and brain. This paper surveys the
Mucormycosis-affected eye diseases due to post-COVID-19
complications and leverages the Machine learning model to
differentiate it from other eye diseases. COVID-19-associated
Mucormycosis carries a very high mortality rate and timely
detection that can assist people in starting therapy at an early
stage of the disease, increasing their chances of recovery. Though
it was evaluated for a specific disease (COVID-19-associated
mucormycosis) we ended up developing a framework that can
detect other eye diseases. Thus, the goal of this research is to
distinguish Mucormycosis from other eye diseases such as
Bulging Eyes, Cataracts, Crossed Eyes, Glaucoma, and Uveitis.
This study implies Deep learning techniques with a
Convolutional Neural Network based on the TensorFlow and
Keras model to detect and make use of computer vision to
accurately classify eye diseases. We achieved a precision of 70%
in this study by developing a webpage using the trained model
for an eye diseases evaluation.
Keywords— Eye Diseases Detection; Deep learning; Convolutional
Neural Network; Tensor flow; Keras.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the year 2019, an incredible spread of COVID-19 has
destroyed human lives and disrupted economic growth
worldwide. Moreover, India faces more COVID-19 cases
than other countries. In the second wave of COVID-19,
mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection that has
seen a rapid rise among patients with coronavirus [2]. The
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Jeyasheela rakkini G.Bagyalakshmi
Assistant Professor Assistant professor,
School of Computing School of Electrical &
SASTRA University, Electronics Enigneering,
Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, SASTRA Uniiversity, Thanjavur,
Tamilnadu,
jeyasheelarakkini@cse.sastr bhagya@eie.sastra.edu
a.ac.in
causative agents of mucormycosis are various species of
fungi of the family MUCORACEA. Like other molds,
mucor fungi are widely distributed in nature and are
found in the soil, manure, fusty hay, on bread and
vegetables, etc [3]. [1] Sushma K Sattigeri1 et. al.
developed the model to detect the four types of eye
disorders. Today, in the field of Ophthalmology, a lot of
procedures are involved to find eye diseases. To decrease
these impacts, visual inspection and validation have been
used. Digital Retinal Imaging is used to inspect
abnormalities in the eyes and is widely used across the
world for its detailed diagnosis and benefits. Despite this,
they introduce delays in predicting eye problems. Because
the Ophthalmologists normally use mydriatic (dilation of
the eye) for the eyes and they wait for some time, if it
doesn’t work again, it requests more installations of
mydriatic and scans your eyes. It involves multiple
doctors for the final diagnosis and takes more time [3].
Current developments in several countries show that this
measure can be technologically accompanied by mobile
apps and on-the-go COVID-19 detection technologies. By
removing the manual method, automated detection of eye
damages and subsequent quantification (severity) of such
damages would aid Ophthalmic surgeons and technicians
in precisely and quickly predicting eye disorders.
1) The latest development in Artificial intelligence,
particularly in deep learning can automatically
diagnose eye diseases and provide promising results.
The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), like the
Artificial Neural Network, is a feed-forward neural
network (ANN). With images, the problem with
artificial neural networks is that they require more
nodes in the first layer to process each pixel, which is
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insufficient, difficult to train, and does not produce
satisfactory results. So, because CNN is good with
image classification and is inspired by the animal
cortex, it overcomes this problem. [5]. Convolutional
Neural networks are mostly used algorithms for
object recognition and image segmentation. But the
growth of deep learning methods is mainly focused
on binary classification with the aim to classify
normal and disease eye images. The majority of
current models are intended to treat specific eye
ailments such as cataracts, or diabetic retinopathy [6].
The concept is greater satisfaction for patients, in
terms of faster results.
2) In this paper, we used one of the Deep Learning
technique the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
to distinguish between the Mucormycosis -affected
eye and other eye disorders such as Bulging eyes,
Cataracts, and Crossed eyes, Glaucoma, and Uveitis,
as well as the normal eye. Due to features such as
considerable inter-class similarity and hardly
detectable diseases, the classification process is
difficult. This project introduces the concept of
detecting eye diseases with CNN and a TensorFlow
backend. TensorFlow is an open-source library that is
used to develop and train a model. We were able to
minimize the overall project size and compilation
time by using TensorFlow.
3) [12]Multi-layered convolutional neural network were
used for facial expression and face recognition.
[15]Different automated methods used for
classification of different disease using convolutional
neural network. [14] Analyzed public perception
through sentiment analysis(sad, anger, joy and fear)
regarding black fungus by using Support vector
machine.[13] Binary tree representation is needed to
solve the eye detection and localization problem.
II. RELATED STUDY
The black fungus infection epidemiology and diagnosis of
mucormycosis are occurred due to fungi of the order
Mucorales [8][9]. Depending on the clinical side it is
classified as rhino cerebral, cutaneous, pulmonary, or other.
The disease was found in 1876, when Fur-binger found in
Germany a patient who died of cancer. Most of the report
regarding the epidemiology of mucormycosis derives from
case reports and sample series. The different eye disease can
be predicted by Deep Convolutional Neural Network(DCNN).
Here is predicting and finding different eye diseases,
glaucoma, maculopathy, pathology, retina pigments, and
myopia. proposed to transfer learning methods and trained
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data in deep learning MobileNetV2. The grades predicted on a
dataset with 250 fundus eye descriptions and finally trained in
the deep learning method, in MobileNetV2 and the final
accuracy of 96.2% [10]. In 2019 globally spread disease
known as COVID-19, caused a severe negative impact on
human health as well as Economically. During second -wave
COVID-19, black fungus disease stepped into the world, the
patients affected by COVID-19 are used steroid -orient drugs
to reduce the consequence of COVID-19 infection. The main
advantage of Hybrid learning-based Neural Network Classifier
is predicting accurately, timely and easily [8]. Alex Net and
InceptionV3 classify tiny medical image data in a deep
learning method in terms of accuracy and efficiency [9]. CNN
for eye tracking algorithm, this paper studied the development
and tracking of a neural network-based eye tracking model
used to implement eye track in virtual reality (VR) and
augmented reality (AR) and also used an Infrared eye-tracking
algorithm (it keeps track of the pupil move), Electro-
oculography (electric potential between the front and back
eye) [10]. The CNN and SVM are popular machine learning
methods used in this paper [10][8]. Glaucoma was detected by
using deep learning models[17] In this paper, deep learning
was used to contract detection and wavelet feature was extract
from the retinal vascula. SVM and softmax were used for
cataract classification.
III. METHODOLOGY
Fig. 2 Convolutional Neural Network
The model takes the eye as an input image from the
dataset. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is made up
of four basic layers which are the Convolutional layer, the
Normalization layer, and the Pooling layer to extract the high-
level features out of the images and then feed them to a Fully
Connected layer. These layers are stacked up on each other
and used multiple times. A filter in a 2D Convolutional layer
has been initialized with random weights. The Conv2D
performs the operation by multiplying pixel intensities with a
corresponding value of filters and then taking the average
value. But the resultant image might have positive and
negative pixel intensities too. So, in the Batch Normalization,
all the negative pixels become zero by using ReLU activation.
A ReLU is the rectified linear unit, it does not change positive
intensities but it changes all the negative values to zero and is
used for each convolutional layer. By lowering the number of
pixels in the output from the preceding convolutional layer
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and taking one maximum value from the pooling window size,
the MaxPooling2D layer minimizes the dimensions. The
feature map is flattened after pooling, and it turns all matrices
into a single vector, which is then sent back to the neural
network for processing. The completely connected layer is
coupled to the neural network through the dense layer. Our
CNN model comprises 10 layers . Hence, the model has 1 fully
connected layer with 32 filters and the input layer size is 224
224 3. A ReLU activation is used for each convolution
layer. Digital images are 3D arrays in which each pixel values
are integers that range from 0 to 255. Table 3 shows that CNN
model with augmentation refines the concepts and provides
greater execution.
T ABLE III. TEST EXACTNESS WITH CNN
Data pre-processing is the first and most important stage,
which allows us to resize and process images by transforming
our raw data into a usable format. In data pre-processing
dimensionality reduction is a crucial stage because the number
of characteristics keeps growing, requiring us to downsize the
photos in order to train the model. All pre-processing steps
should apply to the training as well as the testing set.
Following the testing phase, the model can predict eye
diseases. Figure 3 shows the methodology of this study.
Fig. 3 Implementation of the methodology
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IV. DATASET DESCRIPTION
The implementation starts with data collection. We
collected the images from a dataset on Kaggle
(https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/kondwani/eye-disease-
dataset) and Google open source. The dataset contains 800
images from seven classes which are 124 bulging eye images,
147 cataract images, 149 crossed eye images, 122 glaucoma
images, 146 uveitis images, and 80 normal eye images. No
sufficient dataset of images with Black fungus eyes has been
found, so we created our own custom dataset. We manually
analyzed all collected data and deleted the unrelated ones. We
divided the data into two groups: 80% for training and 20%
for testing. In order to model the affected eye and type of
normal eye as well, we manually assigned labels (0 to 6) to the
resulting dataset, which is summarized in Table 1. We
assigned only one label of every category to each of the
images. Figure 1 shows the portrayal of the dataset.
T ABLE I. DAT ASET LABELS FOR CLASSIFICAT ION
0 Bulging eyes
1 Cataracts
2 Crossed eyes
3 Glaucoma
4 Mucormycosis
5 Normal
6 Uveitis
Fig. 1 Sample Images of mucormycosis, glaucoma, uveitis, cataract, bulging,
crossed, and normal eye
A.Data augmentation
In data augmentation we get more dataset for training and it
creates new data from our existing data set to create more
samples. So it is realized that the creation of new augmented
data by making reasonable modifications to data in our
training set by flipping other images either horizontally or
vertically, zoom in or out, crop, rotate (-20 to 20 degrees) and
even vary the color of the images. By using
ImageDataGenerarator from keras which helps us to apply all
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the data augmentation techniques. Data augmentation reduces
overfitting in the images because we will get more differences
in the images and greater variance. Table 2 indicates the size
of the train and test set.
T ABLE II. CLASSIFICAT ION OF OUR DATASET
accuracy and loss do not change much. The training accuracy
is increasing linearly and overall precision is low. [2] & [11]
So this model is over fitting because of limited dataset. So we
use data augmentation technique to reduce this overfitting.

T ypes of T raining data Augmented training T est data size

Class size size

All 800 3810 170

classes

A.Data visualization
(a) (b) (c)
activation of the Grad-CAM classes is one of the initial steps
toward interpretability. Grad-CAM (gradient weighted
activation mapping) is an acronym for gradient weighted
activation mapping. By using data visualization, we can see
which individual region in the image has the highest-class
activation since we can extract a layer from the CNN and
analyze the neural network as it is trained on an image like
Fig.4. The core idea behind grad-CAM is to use the gradient
to understand each parameter affecting the final convolutional (d) (e) (f)
layer, then use that information to create a localization map
showing the image's key regions. The feature map activation
shows the original final convolution output and gradients of
this prediction in Fig.4. Mucormycosis eye. The weights from
the feature map are used to create a heatmap.

(g)

Fig. 5. (a) Mucormycosis (b) Bulging eye (c) Cataracts (d) Crossed eye
(e) Glaucoma (f) Uveitis (g) Normal eye

Fig.4. Visualization of Mucormycosis eye using grad-CAM

V. RESULTS

A CNN model is designed to predict Mucormycosis and

also other eye diseases including bulging, cataract, crossed,
glaucoma, and uveitis from the normal eye. The CNN model
implemented through the use of KERAS and TensorFlow
libraries is measured for model accuracy. A model training a) b)
part was fully implemented on the Google Colab. We were
able to obtain a 70% accuracy rate by employing our efficient Fig. 6. (a) T raining accuracy and (b) T raining loss
approach. We used the categorical cross -entropy loss function
We have done the data augmentation to prevent overfitting
and the Adam optimizer for the model compilation stage.
before training the CNN Model. Figure 7 shows the
Figure 5 depicts the sample selection used to demonstrate that
augmented image.
this method is effective. Figure 6 illustrates the model training
process of the proposed approach. After 10 epochs, the

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Fig.7 . Data augmentation

A. Web Evaluation

For evaluation we created a web page with Python and (b)

Bootstrap expedite the eye disease prediction process with
computer vision and deep learning. Figure 8 represents the
predicted eye disease to accuracies such as mucormycosis of
86%, bulging eye of 89%, cataract eye of 89%, crossed eye of
95%, glaucoma eye of 90%, uveitis of 95% and normal eye of
71%. Figure 8 illustrates the confusion matrix of the proposed
solution on the test dataset. The group labels are 0 used for
Bulging, 1used for Cataract, 2 used for Crossed eye, 3 used for
Glaucoma, 4 used for Mucormycosis, 5 used for Normal, and
6 for Uveitis.

(c)

(a)

(d)

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Fig.8. Confusion matrix

b. Performance Metrics

The performance metrics of classification is

( e) calculated by using different methods. The confusion
matrix give the real output and predict output is
formed by segmentation or classification methods.
Figure 8 shows the confusion matrix for proposed
method.

Precision=

Accuracy =

Recall =

Classification Precision Accuracy Recall

Bulging eyes 0.6 0.9 0.37

Cataracts 0.81 0.96 0.9

Crossed eyes 0.69 0.79 0.86

(f)
Glaucoma 0.42 0.81 0.61

Mucormycosis 1 0.98 0.66

Normal 0 0.94 0

Uveitis 0.71 0.93 0.62

True Positive: Accurate segmentation or

classification
False Positive: Incorrect segmentation or
classification
False Negative: Erroneous Classification of true
tumor tissue as non-tumor
(g)
True Negative: Accurate prediction of non-tumor
Fig. 8. (a) Mucormycosis (b) Bulging eye (c) Cataracts (d) Crossed eye tissue as non-tumor
(e) Glaucoma (f) Uveitis (g) Normal eye

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VI. CONCLUSION
we presented an intellectual knowledge based
feedback for eye diseases prediction. Even though it was only
trained on 800 pictures, the Convolutional Neural Networks
system is accurate in evaluating eye diseases in this study.
With a higher quality dataset, we could go one step further and
predict eye diseases based on the image. We were able to
reduce the overall project size from 3 GB to 2.19 MB using
TensorFlow. This would help us to deploy the project in an
easy and convenient way. Based on the accuracy, we've seen
that our eye detection technology can permit modernization
for future applications. This technology speeds up the
procedures, reducing the amount of time spent detecting eye
diseases to a higher level. This study paves the way for future
partnerships on these initiatives in general, and on the
prediction of eye disease in particular.
[13] J. Wu and M.M. Trivedi, “ A binary tree for probability learning in eye
detection”, IEEE 2005 Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference, pp.
164–171, 2005.
[14] M. N. Islam, N. I. Khan, and T. Mahmud, “ COVID-19 and black fungus:
analysis of the public perceptions through machine learning,” Health Science,
2021.
[15] A Anitha, P Padmapriya, P Preethi, T Swetha, K Banumathi , “ Fundus Image
Classification of Eye Disease Using CNN Method (Convolution Neural Network)”,
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol.8,
no.4, 2021.
[16] Chai Y, Liu H, Xu J, “ Glaucoma Diagnosis Based on Both Hidden Features
and Domain Knowledge through Deep Learning Models”, Knowledge-Based
Systems, 1- 29,2018.
[17] Dong Y., Zhang Q., Qiao Z., Yang J. Classification of cataract fundus image
based on deep learning; Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on
Imaging Systems and Techniques (IST); Beijing, China. 18–20 October 2017; pp.
1–5.

VII. REFERENCES
[1] Sushma K Sattiger, Harshith N, Dhanush Gowda N, K A Ullas, Aditya M S
“ Eye disease identification using Deep learning”, International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 09 Issue: 07 , July 2022.

[2] Jesil Mathew Aranjani, Atulya Manuel, Habeeb Ibrahim Abdul Razack, Sam T.
Mathew, “ COVID-19–associated mucormycosis: Evidence-based critical review of
an emerging infection burden during the pandemic’s second wave in India”, PLOS
Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.15, no.11, 2021.

[3] Richardson M. “ The ecology of the Zygomycetes and its impact on

environmental exposure external icon”. Clin Microbiol Infect, vol.15, no.10, pp.2-
9, 2009.

[4] Michael D.Abramoff, Mona K.Garvin, Milan Sonka, ” Retinal Imaging and
Image Analysis”, Proceedings of IEEE, vol.3, no.12, 2010.

[5] Rikiya Yamashita, Mizuho Nishio, Richard Kinh Gian Do, Kaori Togashi,
“ Convolutional neural networks: an overview and application in
radiology”, Insights Imaging 9, pp.611–629, 2018.

[6] Shruthi Bhat, Som Mosalagi, Tejal Bhalerao, Pushpak Katkar, Rahul Pitale,
“ Cataract Eye Prediction using Machine Learning”, International Journal of
Computer Applications, vol.176, no.35, 2020.

[7] Anna Skiada, Ioannis Pavleas, Maria Drogari-Apiranthitou, ”Epidemiolgy and

Diagnosis of Mucormycosis: An Update”, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing
Institute (MDPI), vol.6, no.11, 2020.

[8] Karthikeyan.S, Ramkumar.G, Aravindkumar.S, Tamilselvi.M, Ramesh.S,

Ranjith.A, ”A Novel Deep Learning-Based Black Fungus Disease Identification
Using Modified Hybrid Learning Methodology'', vol.2022, no.1, 2022.

[9] Chen Guo, Minzhong Yu, Jing Li,” Prediction of Different Eye Diseases Based
on Fundus Photography via Deep Transfer Learning”, Multidisciplinary Digital
Publishing Institute (MDPI), vol.10, no.11,2021.

[10] Jonathan Griffin, Andrea Ramirez,” Convolutional Neural Network for Eye
Tracking Algorithm”, 2018.

[11] Jerry, Chi Ling Lam and Moshe Eizenman,” Convolutional Neural Networks
for Eye Detection in Remote Gaze Estimation Systems”, vol.1, pp, 2008.

[12] B. Fasel, “ Robust face analysis using convolutional neural networks,” in

Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR 02), vol.
2, 2002, pp. 40–43.

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Artificial Intelligence based System in Protein

Folding using Alphafold
Pragya Srivastava
Department of CSE
CHRIST (Deemed to be University)
meethi7499@gmail.co m
Shreyansh Suyash N. Jayapandian
Indian Institute of Technology Department of CSE
Indian School of Mines, Jharkhand, India CHRIST (Deemed to be University)
suyash.sh19@gmail.com Jayapandian.n@christuniversity.in

Abstract— Artificial Intelligence has a high potential to solve
many real-world problems. In the recent years researchers are
dealing with one of the biggest complications in biology, which is
protein folding. With the assistance of technology, we can foresee
how proteins fold from a chain of amino acids into 3D shapes
that do life's errands. There are mainly three big problems
associated with folding of proteins. The first problem is there any
particular folding code. The second one there is a folding system.
Then the final problem is we able to determine the 3D structure
of proteins. Proteins are the microscopic machines and structural
building blocks of our cells. They carry out important functions
like breaking down foods, storing oxygen and forming scaffolds
to help cells keep their shape. Each one is built up of one amino
acid chain that folds in on itself into a mostly defined structure.
Each part of our body and in any other organism is made either
from or by proteins and this is true for every living creature,
even for viruses. The structure of very small proteins can be
foreseen using the computer method. This article is all about the
protein folding problem with more spotlights on the role of AI-
based systems in protein structure forecasts. The motivation
behind this article is to convey an overall understanding of AI-
based answers for protein folding problems.
Keywords— Artificial Intelligence; AlphaFold; Biomolecules;
Protein folds; 3D structure; Molecule
I. INT RODUCT ION
How exactly does a protein fold? This unsolvable mystery
of molecular biology has hampered almost 50 years of
advances in medication and biotechnology [1]. Presently, on
account of astounding advances utilizing AI this stupendous
test is viewed as tackled, opening the way to an altogether new
time of AI helped by computational science [2]. Proteins play
various parts in our body; they contract our muscles, digest our
food, fire our neurons and power our safe framework. All that
occurs in science nearly occurs with the contribution of
proteins. Proteins are an important component in an organism
often termed as ‘structural blocks of life’. These biomolecules
have different shapes and functions [3]. Also, these functions
are dependent on the shape of the protein molecule, yet
understanding the folding of a protein molecule in that special
shape is an undeniably challenging undertaking. Inside our
body protein folding occurs in a special compartment of a cell
called the endoplasmic reticulum [4]. This is an essential cell
process, since proteins should be accurately folded into
explicit, three-dimensional shapes for their proper functioning.
Unfolded or misfolded proteins are either fixed or destroyed by
enzymatic action. These proteins if not fixed can cause serious
disorders. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases
are some examples of neurodegenerative diseases which occur
due to accumulation of misfolded protein molecules [5].
Protein folds in four stages that are primary protein folding,
secondary protein folding, tertiary protein folding and
quaternary protein folding. The primary protein folding
structure is the unfolded polypeptide chain in which amino
acids are bonded by peptide bonds forming a structure like a
chain [6]. The secondary structure is the protein starting to fold
with the help of non-covalent interactions like hydrogen bonds.
Different secondary structures are formed in this stage, like the
alpha helix and beta sheets. In the case of alpha helix, a
particular portion of the polypeptide chain (depending on the
sequence) forms a helical structure held by hydrogen bonds.
Beta sheets are more like a two dimensional sheets formed by
adjacent amino acid chains held together by hydrogen bonds.
The tertiary structure is a protein folded into a more condensed
form where different secondary structures are held together by
different non-covalent interactions like hydrogen bonds,
Vander Waal interactions, and hydrophobic interactions and in
some cases ionic interactions and disulfide bridges are also
involved. Most of the proteins are found in their tertiary
structure only which determines their functions [7]. The
quaternary structure is the association of different protein
subunits. These subunits interact with one another forming a
more closely packed structure. The most relevant example is
hemoglobin which is present in our blood. Machine learning
plays a major role in this protein folding [8].
The change in the shape of a protein results in a
conformational change in the binding pocket of the protein and
this alteration may cause inactivation of the protein molecule,
so, if we are able to understand the folded shape of protein
targets it will help in designing the drugs as inactivation or
activation of a particular protein involving in a disease can be
done. Experimental analysis of a protein's structure requires
proteins in crystallized form, but some proteins like
hydrophobic membrane proteins are very difficult to crystallize
as they aggregate in aqueous solutions [9]. This difficulty in
sample preparation makes the experimental methods a time-
consuming process, also, the result analysis and structure
determination part is lengthy as it is based on trial and error

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using data from different methods .Unlike this, computational
methods accurately predict and visualize a protein's structures
and that too in a shorter span of time. With the introduction of
AI in the field of protein structure prediction it is being
speculated that it in future it will play very important role in
increasing the current databases of protein structures and also
in improving our understanding of relation between a protein
sequence and its 3D structures [10]. In structure prediction,
numerous accessible data sets and bioinformatics strategies can
assist with finding the variables responsible like folding and
stability of proteins and to anticipate the most favorable and
stable 3D structure from the sequence of amino acid. Mostly In
recently developed tools utilize an AI strategy named deep
learning which can foresee the s hape of proteins to the closest
atom.
Fig. 1. Different Stages of Protein Folds
The figure 1 is deliberate the different stages of protein
folds [11]. According to Christian Anfinson’s theory, a protein
3D structure can be completely determined by sequen ce of its
amino acid. This hypothesis led researchers to invest their
resources in computationally predicting the protein shapes on
the basis of on its sequence of amino acid. The major challenge
faced by the scientists working in this field was that a pro tein
can theoretically fold in numerous ways and this number can
be astronomical. An American molecular biologist Cyrus
Leventhal mentioned that if we try to calculate the number of
all possible configurations for a protein molecule. It would
consume a lot of time to complete that calculation, it is a very
time consuming process. However, this is not what happens in
nature, in a living system the proteins fold independently, few
can even fold in a less than milliseconds. This paradox then led
to a new approach of predicting folding pathways to get the
most stable conformation or native state of a protein molecule
and ever since then, scientists from all over the world have
been trying to predict these folding pathways and get the
modeled structure using advanced computational techniques
involving computer simulations in which physical interactions
between the atoms of the molecules is approximated, this helps
in understanding the folding process.
II. ST AT E OF A RT
The issues of protein folding has glimpse of tremendous
progress in recent days. New computational and theoretical
methodologies have been introduced which includes multiple-
sequence alignments, three dimensional structure databases or
web servers, highly accurate force fields. The major objective
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of researchers in computational biology has been related to the
structure of protein prediction and figuring out relations
between 3D structures of proteins and its sequence of amino
acid [12]. This could assist with speeding up the drug
discovery process as the fast and comparatively less expensive
computational method replaces slow and expensive
experimental methods. In this event different research groups
can participate and try to figure out the shapes of unknown
proteins using their own structure prediction technique. The
event organizers identify proteins which are to be solved, and
the participating groups have roughly 1 to 1.5 months to
predict their structures. In CASP1 in 1994 there were only 35
predictor groups and 24 target sequences but eventually this
number increased and in CASP7 in 2006 there were over 200
groups and 100 plus targets. If there is a mutation in a protein
of an individual, this may cause failure in protein folding due
to change in the sequence of amino acid of that particular
protein. However, mutation is not the only reason behind the
failure of protein to fold, not every time protein folds in its
destined conformation, that is success rate of protein is high but
not 100%. As protein function is dependent on its 3D structure,
the correct folding of protein is necessary. Techniques which
are used to analyze 3D structure of proteins require protein
molecules in crystallized form. Use of experimental methods to
find the shape of protein in the form 3D structure is still a
costly and complicated process. The exact 3D structure is
recognized for just a minute fraction of the proteins which are
present in the nature and are known to science. This gap in
known protein and known structure needs to be filled at the
earliest as it can be very helpful in tackling different diseases,
also, our understanding of how the living system will enhance.
At present 100 million proteins are already known to us and
this number is increasing every year. The most important point
is each protein molecule has a unique 3D structure that
determines its function.
III. PROBLEM ST AT EMENT
The process by which protein get its mature, stable and
functional tertiary shapes is called protein folding, and it
generally starts along with the translation process of mRNA. In
molecular biology many problems are unsolved [13], but the
most important problem is protein folding that is getting the
accurate shapes of protein in the form of 3D shapes from the
sequence of its amino acids [14]. There are a huge number of
collaborations between the different atoms of single protein
molecules and this is the main difficulty which arises while
modeling [15]. The total number of interactions is so large that
it is difficult even for modern computers to handle. Protein
folding is a highly sensitive process and it is affected by
various external factors which includes temperature, pH, and
chemicals present in the system and number of molecules.
These factors may alter the ability of protein molecules to fold
and attain their correct native structure or functional form.
There could be some complications in this folding process due
to genetic mutation in an individual human which changes an
amino acid sequence in the protein molecule. Generally, these
kinds of mutations are found in inherited genes, where it affects
only a particular protein molecule and its function. The three
experimental techniques are available. The experimental
techniques are highly accurate but at the same time they are
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very laborious and time taking. The shortcoming of these
techniques is that being a time taking process it restricts us to
minimize the difference between available sequence of protein
and the 3D shapes of the protein. Figure 2 is movement of
amino acid sequence to 3D structure.
Fig. 2. Amino Acid Sequence Structure
IV. PROPOSED M ET HODOLOGY
Alpha Fold is a Computational science approach which
utilizes machine learning aimed at the prediction of highly
accurate three-dimensional protein structure. The combination
of bioinformatics and physical approaches is known as Alpha
Fold. Alpha Fold is newly developed program based on
Artificial intelligence. This was designed by Google's
DeepMind and helps in predictions of 3D structure or shapes of
biomolecules (especially proteins). This program is dependent
on a deep learning system that utilizes protein’s amino acid
sequence to predict it’s in the 3D structure. It mostly achieves
high accuracy competitive with experiments. In CASP14,
Alpha Fold was the top-ranked protein structure prediction
technique by an outsized margin, predicting with high
accuracy. Alpha Fold had the foremost correct predictions of
any CASP participant in its 25-year history by a good margin.
Alpha Fold uses convolutional neural networks and has an
incredible architecture which can not only predict but also
refine the predicted structure to get the best model. An iteration
process is adopted by Alpha Fold to increase accuracy of its
predictions; it also has an internal measure. This assessment we
can check the reliability of its predictions. It is derived from an
already available metrics in protein structure prediction. The
regions with high accuracy get a high score and likewise
regions with lower accuracy are given low scores, this scoring
system does not depend on the accuracy of the whole predicted
protein model. This helps Alpha Fold to continuously improve
its predictions which results in a more accurately predicted
structure of protein molecules. DeepMind collaborate with the
European Molecular Biology Laboratory has published a
database with over 200 millions protein shapes from 21 model
organisms. This database is open source so can be accessed by
anyone and all the structures in this database have been
predicted using Alpha Fold. This database consists the very
high accuracy. Previously the number was as low as 17%,
which were obtained through experimental techniques. On
July 22,2021 the database was launched, and in such short
span of one year it has already reached the 200 million mark.
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At the time of launch the database was not this huge but
contained 3D models predicted by Alpha Fold of almost the
full UniProt proteome of humans and also of 20 different
model organisms, making the total structure, over 365,000.
With more people working in this field the number of predicted
structures is increasing every day. Alpha Fold showed us a
newer approach for structure prediction and changed the
traditional dependence on experimental techniques .
DeepMind claims to have instructed the Alpha Fold
program more than 170,000 proteins for which sequence and
structure were already known. Alpha Fold uses a deep learning
technique, the attention network which enables it to break
down the problem in small parts. The AI algorithm then
focuses on these small parts which are later put together to
obtain the overall solution. In the case of Alpha Fold a total of
100-200 GPUs power was used for the overall training. Even
with this hardware system the overall training took a few
weeks to complete after which additional few days would be
required for each protein structure. Alpha Fold 1 is not mu ch
complicated architecture; an intricate feature extraction process
initiates the complete program. Also, Multiple sequence
alignment is performed for the query sequence using an
external database. Multiple sequence alignment is performed in
order to compare the query sequences or the sequence of the
desired protein to similar protein from different species which
are descendants of a common ancestor. The basic idea of
AlphaFold1 is to take the query sequence or the desired protein
sequence and then search some external databases to obtain
some evolutionary matches in the protein sequences from
closely related species. The obtained information along with
some additional input features is then processed into a 2-
dimensional array. This convolutional network is quite similar
to the one generally used in image classification. The output
from the complete program is obtained in the form of a
distogram which contains information about the protein
molecule, the sequence of which was fed in the program for
structure prediction. Distogram contains a fixed number of
rows and columns forming a two-dimensional array which has
data of distances between amino acid residues of the protein.
This helps in determining the three-dimensional distance
between amino acid residues. A distogram can be considered as
a representation or projection of the 3D structure of the protein
in two-dimensional form. Since the distogram is dependent on
the distance between amino acid residues it does not change
with rotation or translation of the whole protein molecule. Also
as the distance between amino acids measured from A amino
acid to B will be the same as measured from B to A, the
distogram formed is symmetrical across its principal diagonal.
To convert this distogram data into 3D prediction AlphaFold1
uses Gradient Descent approach. This 3D prediction can be
observed in the form of a physical model of protein molecule
and parameterized by psi and phi angles between carbon-
carbon atom and carbon-nitrogen atom respectively. This
obtained backbone structure is refined iteratively by scoring
function which depends on both the prediction obtained by
neural network and set of physical forces. This iterative
refinement helps in obtaining the most favorable and accurate
conformation of protein molecules.
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Alpha Fold 2 follows a similar pattern but uses a slightly time span, but it falls behinds conventional / Experimental
different approach. There are three main building blocks. First Method in prediction of complex protein structure and
one is pre-processing stage - In this stage additional detection of active sites . In addition to this, AlphaFold2 will
information about the sequence to be fed is extracted from also search for structural templates. These structural templates
different external databases. All the information is used to are known protein structures, the sequence of which is similar
perform the multiple sequence alignment. Second one is to the query sequence. The information’s from the MSA of the
mapped MSA and a pair representation are then refined by an input sequence and from the template structures are then
unique system, Evo former. Evo former is a transformer-like integrated into MSA representation and pair representation.
network which is 48-layer deep and uses attention mechanisms These information’s are further refined multiple times before
to refine and update the MSA and pair representations. Final passing on to the structure module. Before being forwarded to
component of Alpha Fold is generally called the structure the structure module, the MSA and pair representations are
module. It is fed with the outputs obtained from Evo former passed to the Evo former. Evo former has 48 layers and helps
and transforms that into three-dimensional coordinates of the with the refinement of information; each block has an MSA
protein molecule. Like AlphaFold1, AlphaFold2 also initiates and a pair representation as input as well as its output and it
with creating multiple sequence alignment of the fed protein processes them with several layers. The Alpha Fold not only
sequence. predicts the positions of each residue in the protein, but it also
shows how certain the program is about the predicted structure
Table I: Conventional Method Vs Alpha Fold
and this is represented through different color gradients. Alpha
Fold was first trained using all the available protein structures
Conventional
Parameters Alpha Fold in the Protein Data Bank but then it predicted the structures of
Method
roughly 300,000 additional proteins with unknown structures
and recently this number is increased to 200 million; the
Tools XRD, NM R and AI/M L
predicted structures in training stage were added back to the
CryoEM
training dataset for further training and refinement out of these
Duration Takes relatively more M uch less time is added predicted structures only the ones that Alpha Fold is
time required more certain of correct prediction with high precision were
used for further processing. To increase the depth and to refine
M anual input For sample No manual input is each model the prediction outputs were fed back into the same
preparation manual required module multiple times. Alpha Fold is able to predict protein
input is required structure accurately even with some odd cases like intertwined
homomers or complex protein structure which is dependent on
Accuracy Highly accurate Recent study suggests non-protein molecules for folding. Alpha Fold has made it is
it to be relatively more possible to design many more life-saving drug therapies by
accurate targeting proteins. Alpha Fold has some limitations like it is
difficult to interact with protein and multimer that are not
Prediction of Comparatively more Accurate prediction of present in the protein database bank. Alpha Fold is designed by
protein complex reliable protein complex using the Convolutional Neural Network. The architecture of
structure is a bit Convolutional Neural network is Alex Net. Alex Net
difficult architecture are used for image detection task. Alex Net has 8
layers in which there are 5 connected layer and 3 fully
Based on Chemical Database of known connected layer. Pooling layers are reducing the size of images.
composition of the structures and For images detection we can use the ANN i.e., Artificial
protein molecule evolutionary relation Neural Network but Artificial Neural Network has some
disadvantages like it required too much computation. In Alpha
Post translational NM R can identify Alpha Fold does not
Fold we need a less computation time for image detection or
modifications effects of PTM s consider impact of shape detection for numbers of proteins. In Convolutional
(PTM s) PTM s on protein
Neural Network connections sparsity reduce overfitting. With
structure
the help of convolutional neural Network and pooling gives the
Database size Number of protein Increasing at an location invariants features detection. Convolutional Neural
structure increasing enormous rate Network helps in Parameter sharing which means parameter of
but slowly A filter can be apply in the entire images. With the help of
information or data Alpha Fold able to design or construct a
Active site Detects and Not much effective in graph of similar related to amino acid. Alpha Fold is a kind of
characterize protein detection of active sit deep residual neural network. AlphaFold is an example that
ligand binding technologies like AI (Artificial Intelligence) are often very
useful in bioscience. Alpha fold software has two version that
is Alpha Fold 1 that launched in 2018 and Alpha Fold 2 that
The table I is the comparison of conventional method and launched in 2020. Alpha Fold after making the database public
Alpha Fold method. This table indicates that Alpha Fold is and providing the colab version gained immense attention not
better at providing highly accurate protein structure in shorter only from researchers but also from entrepreneurs and it is

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highly expected that there will be a rise in both biotech
research and startup ecosystem utilizing this incredible AI
system. Two major fields where AlphaFold is very useful are
drug discovery and protein designing.
structure determination using different tools and techniques. It
was established in 1994. This community conducts a
competition for protein structure prediction every 2 years. In
recent years integration of AI in protein structure prediction
tools has increased. Deep Mind's AlphaFold and AlphaFold 2
are prime examples of this. Both these versions of AlphaFold
won the last two CASP events in 2018 and 2020 indicating this
AI integration in protein structure prediction to be successful.
Table II is provide the comparison AlphaFold and AlphaFold2.
Table II: Comparison of AlphaFold Vs AlphaFold2

Details AlphaFold AlphaFold2

Releases AlphaFold released on AlphaFold 2 released

date July 2018 on July 22,2020

Availability Data is available freely Predictions are freely

for both commercial use available for the
and educational use. scientific community.
Source code is available Google colab version is
on Github also available.

Limitations AlphaFold can predict AlphaFold 2 are not

the shape or structure of able to accurately
protein; only the similar predict the protein
Fig. 3. Proposed Flow Model of 3D Structure structure of proteins is complex structure.
available in the protein
As Alpha Fold is able to predict a large number of protein
database bank.
structures in much less time it has made it possible to work
efficiently in different fields like biotechnology, food CASP In CASP 13 AlphaFold In CASP 14 AlphaFold
technology, drug development and agriculture. Understanding secured the first rank in secured the first rank in
the structure and function of a protein molecule has got a new overall ranking. the overall ranking.
and effective approach and using these approach researchers
are now able to predict protein structures from different Package AlphaFold does not have AlphaFold 2 has a pre-
organisms including the newly discovered SARS-Cov-2 virus. a pre-processor pipeline. processors pipeline.
AlphaFold is the best example that defines the power of With the help of a
Artifical Intelligence in life Science. AlphaFold is an important pipeline we can execute
tool for biopharma research. The structure of AlphaFold is try the number of
to disclose the cause of rare genetic diseases. With the help of programs for executing
AlphaFold helps in discovery of drugs and it also help scientist the database query.
to find potential medicines. With the help of Alpha Fold one of
the fiendish puzzles solve in biology that is nuclear pore Table III: Comparison of Finest Prediction
complex. AlphaFold prediction helps in to interpret and
complete any areas that are unclear. Data Set Name AlphaFold AlphaFold2
Data Set 1
V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 23 35
(43 protein targets)
AlphaFold is predicting only the single state. It is very
Data Set 2
difficult to figure out the state of protein which is captured by 41 48
(55 protein targets)
Artificial Intelligence. AlphaFold 2 is an advanced version of
AlphaFold 1 with better accuracy or efficiency. The size of the Data Set 3
53 62
database is increasing at a very high rate and has already (68 protein targets)
surpassed the experimental database. Last year the size of the Data Set 4
database was around one million but this year the size o f the 68 75
(80 protein targets)
database is over 200 million. In the future it is expected to Data Set 5
increase furthermore. In AlphaFold and AlphaFold2 no manual (97 protein targets) 79 88
input is required. For input AlphaFold uses the similar
sequence and from the similar sequence get the information or
data with the help of a neural network. For the design or The table III and figure 4 is deliberate the finest prediction
production of the structure, pass the information to another accuracy levels. This will indicate the performance of the
neural network. CSAP is a community focused on protein AlphaFold2. The average finest prediction level of AlphaFold

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is 52, at the same time AlphaFold2 finest prediction level is 61.
So nearly 10% of improvement is there in AlphaFold2.
mainly in increasing the accuracy of the prediction. This AI
system is expected to update and improve in future for better
prediction with high accuracy. Also, AlphaFold was trained
using a dataset of naturally occurring proteins for which
structures were already available, so, it's difficult to assume
that AlphaFold can also predict de novo protein structures with
high accuracy. But with constant growth and improvement of
AI technologies in recent years it is very much possible for
researchers to reduce the limitations associated with Alpha
Fold. Beside the mentioned shortcomings it is also a fact that
this is doubtless one of the most impactful Machine Learning
models of this decade.

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[1] Giwa, S., Lewis, J. K., Alvarez, L., Langer, R., Roth, A. E., Church, G.
M., ... & T oner, M. T he promise of organ and tissue preservation to
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Fig. 4. Accuracy level of Finest Prediction
[2] Nikitha, M. A., Swetha, S., Mantripragada, K. H., & Jayapandian, N.
T he Future Warfare with Multidomain Applications of Artificial
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International Conference on Sustainable Expert Systems (pp. 329-341).
Data Set Springer. (2022)
AlphaFol d AlphaFol d2
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Data Set 2 62 89 [4] Ma, W., & Mayr, C. A membraneless organelle associated with the
Data Set 3 69 91 endoplasmic reticulum enables 3′ UT R-mediated protein-protein
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[5] Johnston, H. E., & Samant, R. S. Alternative systems for misfolded
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[6] Biswas, G., Ghosh, S., Basu, S., Bhattacharyya, D., Datta, A. K., &
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[7] Skolnick, J., & Gao, M. T he role of local versus nonlocal
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[8] Sree, S. R., Vyshnavi, S. B., & Jayapandian, N. Real-world application
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[9] O’Keefe, S., Zong, G., Duah, K. B., Andrews, L. E., Shi, W. Q., & High,
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[10] Jumper, J., Evans, R., Pritzel, A., Green, T., Figurnov, M., Ronneberger,
Fig. 5. Median Score Levels O., & Hassabis, D. Highly accurate protein structure prediction with
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The table IV and figure 5 is discussed about median score. [11] Maguire, J. B., Haddox, H. K., Strickland, D., Halabiya, S. F., Coventry,
The median score indicates the performance of both models. B., Griffin, J. R., & Kuhlman, B. Perturbing the energy landscape for
The average median score of AlphaFold is 65.8, similar to that improved packing during computational protein design. Proteins:
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getting the better performance in AlphaFold2. [12] Marx, V. Method of the year: Protein structure prediction. Nature
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VI. CONCLUSION [13] Das, S., Vera, M., Gandin, V., Singer, R. H., & T utucci, E. Intracellular
mRNA transport and localized translation. Nature Reviews Molecular
Alpha Fold is an engineering masterpiece developed by one Cell Biology, 22(7), 483-504. (2021)
of the most exceptional minds working at Deep Minds. This [14] Smys, S., and Jennifer S. Raj. "Future Challenges of the Internet of
integration of AI in biological studies is going to improve the T hings in the Health Care Domain-An Overview." Journal of T rends in
existing computational biology approach and will become an Computer Science and Smart T echnology 3, no. 4, 274-286 (2022)
integral part of different fields in biological sciences including [15] Hariharakrishnan, Jayaram, and N. Bhalaji. "Adaptability Analysis of
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pathways. However, there is still some scope of improvement Journal of ISMAC 3, no. 02, 69-81, (2021).

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)

Online Voice based Smart Security and Automation

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

System for Real Time Application using Artificial

Intelligence
M.Bhavani R.Brinda P.S.Manoharan
Department of EEE, Department of EEE, Department of EEE,
Government College of Engineering, Government College of Thiagarajar College of
Srirangam Engineering, Srirangam Engineering, Madurai
bhavani.shravantika@gmail.com rbrinda7971@yahoo.co.in psmeee@tce.edu

S.Ramalingam
Department of ECE,
Sri Eshwar college of
Engineering, Coimbatore
ramece74@gmail.com

Abstract— Nowadays, security is a major issue everywhere,
and as a result, there are numerous assets available to resolve
this controversy. Most security systems have several
vulnerabilities that can be resolved to access the desired
location, home and environment. Furthermore, theft and
unauthorized access to places have become severe problems.
To this end, the design and prototype of an online digital
password lock and automation system were awarded in this
work. This research work will propose the design and physics
of a basic online security and digital surveillance system. The
system employs an integrated nodeMCU wireless protocol for
remote security testing via an Android smartphone running
the IoT app. This framework is applied with the standard local
voice command transmitted to the Google Assistant through
IFTTT and BLYNK platforms. The Voice secret word orders
are then sent to the NodeMCU and control the transfers to kill
on or the gadget associated with the individual hand-off in line
with the client to the Google Assistant. Wi-Fi is used for
communication between the ESP32 and the cloud and
applications. The digitally intelligent safety system is a special
amalgamation that offers an unquestionable remedy to the
safety issues of the various safety functions mentioned above
from that point on. The device was efficiently implemented and
the purpose was performed except for deviations. This study
has much future space because of its security capabilities.
systems have been shown to be inefficient for alternatives,
low-cost replication, and necessary interruptions [2]. The
bank's rooms, houses, shops, and vital stores are seen to
have security penetrates that lead to disastrous impacts that
cause a huge monetary calamity. Furthermore, it likewise
prompts the loss of delicate and private data. Conventional
locking instruments are sufficiently alarming to analyze
traded-off access, and security penetrates and does not give
a solid verification strategy. Electronic locking frameworks
are intended to improve security and verification. The
scrambled and secure shrewd locking framework can be
associated with GSM and Bluetooth [3]. The cell phone is
currently best in class for a few applications contrasted with
calls and messages. The bank's voice lock frame and various
applications can be remotely screened in real time using a
portable work frame and an internal application.Fig.1 shows
that IFTTT architecture for intelligent homes is given
below.

Keywords—Internet of Things, Automation, Webhook,

Google Assistant, BLYNK Server, Security,
Authentication
I. INTRODUCTION
Security is a top priority in today's competitive
world, and people can't figure out how to protect their assets
on their own. Instead, find an alternative that can offer
complete and atomized security [1]. In the ubiquitous
networking network, where individuals can without much of
a stretch, access their data whenever, anyplace, individuals Fig.1 shows the IFTTT architecture for smart home security and
likewise chance to have the option to get to that data automation
whenever, anyplace. Because of this hazard, there is an Day after day, we advance ourselves and our environment to
enthusiasm for individual ID innovation, which can separate outline ourselves as developed. Many years ago, when the
between enrolled real clients and impostors. As of now, a technology was first introduced, i.e., When the first
secret phrase, government disability number, or character computer was created, no one imagined the system being
card is utilized for individual ID. controlled by voice commands.
Everyone needs a locking system. The locking Since we understand that voice transmission is a tremendous
system is traditionally a mechanical lock with a key. These means of communication with less effort, ideas can be easily

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
defined and executed. In the current scenario, the rigor of
electrical energy is one of the primary issues we face in our
everyday lives [4]. This can be serious in the future if we do
not focus on it as it is. Since we understand that assets are
not available in massive quantities, we must use them as
needed and keep them for future use because if we lose
them, they will expire soon and everything will be useless.
Therefore, to overcome this situation, a system is proposed
that will only work when it is to be used. In any other case,
it will go into energy-saving mode. Controlling or switching
units away from the person can be difficult, so we have
developed our proposed system until it can be used remotely
by voice [5]. With this functionality, our gadget thus
becomes applicable and environment friendly with an
economical budget. This could be a pleasant way to keep
energy. Many strategies have been introduced to achieve the
above objectives
A. Objective
The goal of this work is to alleviate the existing
difficulties and inconveniences experienced by seemingly
frail individuals in lock systems. By using voice passwords
for Android apps, it also improves physical security. The
aim of the proposed work contribution in,
 Internet of thing Blynk IoT platform
 IFTTT -Google Assistant and webhook
 Voice control- Long-range communication
 High security and low-cost automation
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Voice recognition is the interdisciplinary area of
computational etymology that creates advances and
techniques for perceiving and deciphering words expressed
via PCs into the content. Market contemplation and
perceived market data confirmed that 4 million home
robotization items were sold in 2013. By the end of 2017, 90
million computerized goods were purchased domestically,
according to a similar association [1]. Mechanization is
characterized as a programmed endeavor of the framework
without the help of human communication. The electrical
switch is situated in more than a few rooms of the house,
making it difficult for the people from the house, especially
those with physical inabilities. A mechanized framework
was, in this way, propelled available [2-3].
Existing computerization advances include of
Blue-Tooth and Zigbee described in paper [4-5]. The
biggest drawback of Bluetooth and Zigbee-based
technologies is how close humans can actually receive data.
Three essential components are needed to solve this issue:
an internal network with wired or wireless communication
over the Internet (WC), intelligent control, and automation
has been described in paper [6]. An IoT application, by and
large, is associated with the sensors such as Humidity and
room temperature for observing the network. With the goal
that the computerization strategy is reasonable to specific
circumstances and thus it makes agreeable for the client [7-
9].
Since 2000 years ago, we have been using locks
and keys. The electronic locking system on the keypad is
notable. This system uses a password and a password to
lock the system, so no key is required. However, there are
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numerous disadvantages, such as forgetting the password,
being able to crack the password, or being unable to open
the door when the power is turned off. A biometric system is
a technological system that uses personal information to
identify a person. Biometric authentication systems such as
face authentication, fingerprint authentication, and iris/retina
authentication are used for security [10-14]. Ramalingam et
al. proposed smart WSN and IoT based data collection and
monitoring system for waste management, agriculture and
WSN application [15, 16]. Karupasamy and krishnaraj
presents the IoT based smart human health monitoring
system using Blynk Server [18, 19].
A. Fingerprint Verification
The biometric fingerprint lock system allows you to
accumulate ID points. Despite its high security, this system
can be cloned.
B. Face Recognition
A facial recognition system is a logical piece of
technology that links particular facial images with labeled
facial expressions. However, alterations in human
appearance, such as hair, age, ambient light, and facial
expression, have an impact on 2D human face recognition.
C. Retina
The bio - metric iris recognition method was used
for real-time security applications. However, it has a high
cost, is time-consuming, and is complex. However, these
systems are not perfect. To address these issues, we
considered a voice password-based security lock system
using a Smartphone voice app.
III. PROPOSED METHOD
This work proposes an online voice-based security
and automation system. Here the system was designed and
implemented by new IoT esp32 devices. It has low power
and lost devices. Its operating voltage is 3.3v. This work
proposed IFTTT technology to integrate Google Assistant
and webhook. Google Assistant sends the voice code word
via the internet and webhook is used for security
applications. In IFTTT, the India network IP address was
programmed to connect the system and person. The relay
circuit is interfaced with esp32 and triggered by IoT. The
voice code word is sent via Google Assistant and the
corresponding Relay pin is initialized by webhook 1 or 0. If
the password matches the corresponding GPIO pin, it
triggers the Output Devices. If the voice code word is
correct, it automatically replies to the corresponding status
of output devices through Voice command using Artificial
intelligence. The JSON application code was used in IFTTT.
The system contains three modules: android
Devices, Esp32 unit, and relay control circuit. The BLYNK
platform generated a specialized authentication token. This
token was written into a webhook using IFTTT. Blynk app,
IFTTT and the Google Assistant apps were integrated into
the Android device. The control unit includes the
NodeMCU microcontroller and the four-channel driver
control circuit. The signal is sent via Google Assistant Voice
command, automatically triggering security lock and load in
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an intelligent home. The suggested system was utilized for
automation and security purposes applications. The
proposed block diagram is given in figure.2.
A. Block diagram
3.2.2 Relay
Relay act as an electrically operated switch. It can
be interfaced with an esp32 device. All smart home devices
and lock mechanism is controlled by relay using IFTTT.
The voice code word is sent through Google Assistant. It
automatically sent the binary signal 1 or 0 to Esp32 devices
via the internet. Fig.4 shows the proposed circuit diagram.

Fig.2 Proposed Block diagram

Fig.4 Relay board
IV. WORKING PRINCIPLE:
VI. IFTTT
The system functions by transmitting a voice
Fig.5 presents the controlling mechanism of
password to the ESP32 device. This mobile app uses Wi-Fi
IFTTT. It means "if this, then that" This site and android
to connect to esp32 devices. The power supply will be sent
application were propelled in 2010. It is generally used to
to the Arduino device, which positions and enters the
defeat any obstruction between the Google Assistant
password. Google Assistant is used to familiarize with
requests and the Blynk application. Webhook and Google
password status information. The esp32device in which the
Assistant facilitate is used to interact with IoT and User
password is already programmed compares the signal given
using Authentication token. The message is communicated
with the stored signal. To lock/unlock the workbench
to user via Internet. Here, we need to make an applet and a
cabinet, a relay control circuit is used. If the passwords
short time later, "This," for example, is the trigger; in this
match, the block is confidential; otherwise, a status message
case, we choose Google Assistant. Next, we type the
is sent to the authenticated person's mobile number via the
commands we want the Google Assistant to carry out in
IoT module, and the block remains unchanged via IoT.
response to those commands, such as controlling the
V. ESP32 relevant machine or movement. In a similar fashion, the
Google Assistant response request can be created as needed.
ESP32 is a dual-core processor and peripherals
The IP address of the Blynk server is currently
inbuilt Low Cost IoT devices. It has an inbuilt temperature
typed in the URL, followed by the authentication token sent
sensor, i2c, SPI, and more ADC. The data communication
by Blynk, and then the pin number of the microcontroller
between the device and the cloud through Wi-Fi. It operates
that is connected to the device that needs to be controlled.
in four modes: active mode, Sleep mode, hibernates mode
and idle mode. The operating voltage of esp32 is 3.3v.It
comsume only minimum power. It has been programmed by
Embedded C using Arduino IDE 1.8.10. Fig.3 shows the
esp32 model chip

Fig.3 ESP32 Board

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provides historical data visualization, automation control,

and email notification features.

VIII. RESULT ANALYSIS

Fig.5 controlling mechanism of IFTTT

Fig.7 Implementation hardware

We choose the webhook technique, "PUT," with
the substance type set to "Application/JSON," and the body
set to "Compose 1 represents ON and 0 represents OFF."
Every action it takes has an impact on how the Blynk app or
associated devices operate. Last but not least, add to esp32
the tasks that must be completed after obtaining the
signature from the Blynk app. In order to do this, Blynk and
the microcontroller had to communicate, and they did so via
the Internet of Things.
Fig.7 shows the implementation of Smart home security and
automation hardware. It was developed by ESP32 and relay
circuit and power supply circuit. The power supply circuit
provides 3.3V for nodeMCU and 12V for control circuits.
The ESP32 device receives the command password
thoroughly online using the IFTTT method.

VII. BLYNK IOT P LATFORM

Blynk is an open-source IoT platform that acts as a
Local Server. A specialized Home security and automation
app was built through the BLYNK platform. All nodeMcu
and raspberry/pi controllers were integrated into the Blynk
server. Ethernet, USB and Wi-Fi connect the device and IoT
cloud Server. In the Blynk App, the authentication token
was generated to communicate the device through the
Internet. The data visualization has been designed via Blynk
IoT platform. This authentication token is inbuilt with
IFTTT to communicate between the device and person via
voice command. IFTTT is a cloud platform for IoT Fig.8. Output of Google Assistant voice command
application. The data monitoring and control process is
developed via IFTTT using Webhook and Google Assistant.

Figure.6 Blynk cloud architecture

Fig.6 describes the architecture of BLYNK. It

supports all API and UI for hardware devices connected
via Wired or Wireless medium. This BLYNK App
Fig.9.Webhook Control Setting In IFTTT

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Fig.8 and 9 show the result of the IFTTT password setting Android App. The proposed enlistment method encourages
process and Google Assistant voice command. Suppose the clients to arrange smart homes, mainly in-house
password sends through Google assistant via the internet. proprietorship trading safely. The validation convention
The ESP 32 device receives the password and turns on the joins various components: client's memory (secret key), past
locker, any load fan light, etc. The AI algorithm has been meeting key, sequential number and equipment address of
done through IFFFT efficiently. It has no time delay and the home portal, to commonly check the actual
efficient recognize the command using Google assistant and correspondence substances. The proposed framework shows
webhook. that our plan accomplishes preferable security and
protection over existing plans. The execution examination
result uncovers that the proposed scheme is reasonable for
A. Software description
usage. In future work, highly secured communication
 Arduino IDE 1.8.10 protocol will be designed to improve the security using
 Blynk IoT platform artificial intelligence and security mechanism.
 IFTTT -Google Assistant and Web hook
 Embedded C Programming
REFERENCES
 Embedded C Programming
[1]. M. A. Khan and K. Salah, ”IoT Security: Review, Block chain
Solutions, and Open Challenges”, Future Generation Computer
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 Simple to implement [2]. Michael Shanler, "Predicts 2015: The Rise of Digital R&D
Innovation for Manufacturers",
 Anywhere to observe and manage Available:https://www.gartner.com/doc/2941518?ref=SiteSearc
 Helped speed h\&sthkw=a\%20typical\%20family\%20home\%20could\%20c
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by\%202022\%2C\&fnl=search\&srcId=1-3478922254.
[3]. Katherine Albrecht, Liz Mcintyre "Privacy Nightmare: When
C. Application Baby Monitors Go Bad" IEEE Technology and Society
Magazine, vol. 34, no. 3, pp.14-19, 2015.
 Home security applications [4]. Brian Barret, "Hack Brief: Hacker Strikes Kids’ Gadget Maker
 In banks, industries, and so on VTech-childrens gadget-maker-hack-5-million-accounts/.
[5]. B. Baruah and S. Dhal, "A Two-factor Authentication Scheme
 In laptops to keep information private. against FDM Attack in IFTTT Based Smart Home System,"
 Smart home COMPUTERS & SECURITY, vol. 77, pp. 21-35, 2018.
 Smart street lighting system [6]. "Smart Home Market by Product (Lighting Control, Security &
Access Control, HVAC, Entertainment, Smart Speaker, Home
 Industrial Healthcare, Smart Kitchen, Home Appliances, and Smart
 Shopping mall Furniture), Software & Services, and Region - Global Forecast
to 2024".
 Library [7]. B. Ali and A. Awad, "Cyber and Physical Security Vulnerability
 Office automation Assessment for IoT-Based Smart Homes", Sensors, vol. 18, pp.
1-17, 2018.
 College auditorium [8]. Q. Do, B. Martini, K.-K. R. Choo, "Cyber-physical Systems
Information Gathering: A Smart Home Case Study," Computer
Table.1 Result performance using AI Voice Command Networks, vol. 138, pp. 1-12, 2018.
[9]. B.-C. Chifor, I. Bica, V.-V. Patriciu, F. Pop, "A Security
S. Voice Nodemcu Relay output Output Authorization Scheme for Smart Home Internet of Things
No Command Output Response devices," Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 82, pp.
1 Light ON D1=1 Relay1= ON Lamp1=ON 740-749, 2018.
[10] J. Shen, C.Wang, T. Li et al., "Secure Data Uploading Scheme for
2 Light OFF D1=0 Relay1= OFF Lamp2=OFF
A Smart Home System," Information Sciences, vol. 453, pp.
3 Hall Light D2=1 Relay2= ON Lamp3= ON 186-197, 2018.
ON [11]. G. - J. Ra and I. - Y. Lee, "A Study on KSI-based Authentication
Management and Communication for Secure Smart Home
4 Hall Light D2=0 Relay2= OFF Lamp3 = OFF
Environments," KSII TRANSACTIONS ON INTERNET
OFF AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 892-
5 Locker D3=1 Relay3= ON Locker= Open 905, Feb. 2018.
Open [12]. Y. Ashibani, Q. H. Mahmoud, "An Efficient and Secure Scheme
for Smart Home Communication using Identity-Based Sign
6 Locker D3=0 Relay3= OFF Locker-= encryption," in Proc. IEEE 36TH international performance
Close Close computing and communications conference (ipccc), 2017.
[13] V. Sivaraman, H. Habibi, Gharakheili et al., "Smart IoT Devices
IX. CONCLUSION in the Home Security and Privacy Implications" IEEE
technology and society magazine, pp. 71-79, Jun. 2018.
This work implemented an online password-based [14]. M. Wazid, A. k. Das, V. Odelu et al., "Secure Remote User
intelligent home automation and security system using Authenticated Key Establishment Protocol for Smart Home
Environment," IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure
IFTTT and Google Assistant. The door, fan, light and all Computing, pp. 1-15, 2017.
devices are controlled by Voice Command using IFTTT. [15]. S. Murugesan, S. Ramalingam, P. Kanimozhi, Theoretical
These methods provide high security for intelligent home modeling and fabrication of smart waste management system
and online password-based security and automation system. for clean environment using WSN and IoT, Materials Today:
Proceedings, Volume 45, Part 2, 2021, Pages 1908-1913.
It also gives the status of output devices locker or any [16]. S. Ramalingam, K. Baskaran and D. Kalaiarasan, "IoT Enabled
device by artificial Intelligence using Google assistance Smart Industrial Pollution Monitoring and Control System

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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Using Raspberry Pi with BLYNK Server," 2019 International

Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems
(ICCES), 2019, pp. 2030-2034, doi:
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[17]. Karuppusamy, Dr P. "A Sensor based IoT Monitoring System for
Electrical Devices using Blynk framework." Journal of
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[18] Krishnaraj, N. "Implementation of a Human Activity Monitoring
System through IoT Sensor and Blynk Cloud Platform."
Journal of Information Technology and Digital World 4, no. 2
(2022): 105-113.

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases by
Gait Analysis using Triblock CNN and Deep
RQA Techniques
Vajiha Begum S.A1*
Research Scholar
Department of Computer Science,
Mother Teresa Women’s University,
Kodaikanal, TamilNadu, India.
vajihabegum7391@gmail.com
Abstract— Neurodegenerative diseases are one of the most
concerning medical disorders worldwide. Millions of global
deaths and suffering could be averted through early diagnosis of
neurodegenerative diseases necessitating the crucial need for
technological innovations. Therefore, novel techniques are
required urgently for this international humanitarian cause
potential to saving numerous lives every day. With this in mind,
a new technique based on Deep learning and Machine learning
models has been presented. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDD)
are caused by brain dysfunctions, triggering severe walking
abnormalities. Human gait analysis distinguishes people using
their walking style, which indicates the unique walking pattern
of an individual. Personal examinations are vital in individual
disease identifications, however intelligence-based systems are
proficient in precise diagnosis of distinct Neurodegenerative
Diseases than conventional approaches. The study data
comprises gait patterns of Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's
Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral S clerosis and healthy control
subjects. The proposed system recognizes gait patterns with
utmost precision, distinguishing NDD using a remarkable gait
analysis method. Hence, to extract optimal gait features
ensuring accurate disease identification, this study proposes
Triblock Convolutional Neural Network architecture and
compact Deep Recurrence Quantification Analysis
(TBCNN_DRQA) techniques. The Machine learning classifier
helps in the categorization and disease diagnosis using feature
vectors of TBCNN_DRQA. The TBCNN_DRQA technique with
random forest classifier, achieves in identifying NDD with
99.96% higher accuracy. The results certain the precision and
reliability of the proposed technique, thereby effectuating
advanced identification of disease types thereby aiding doctors
to start effective early treatment and rehabilitation.
Keywords- Convolution Neural Network; Gait Pattern; Machine
Learning Techniques; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Recurrence
Quantification Analysis.
I. INTRO DUCTIO N
With a global population of more than 7.9 billion people,
about one in six humans of the world’s population suffer
from neurodegenerative diseases and over 6.8 million people
are dying from its conditions [10]. The risk of complications
and increased suffering can be vastly reduced, if accurate
early diagnosis is possible with subsequent medical
intervention. The diagnosis and disease identification can be
effective through analysis of human gait patterns.
Human gait is the locomotion or walking pattern of the
human body. Each individual human being has a unique
walking pattern. If an individual is affected with any brain
disorder, it results in abnormal walking. Analyzing the gait
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Pushpa Rani M 2
Professor & Head
Department of Computer Science,
Mother Teresa Women’s University,
Kodaikanal, TamilNadu, India.
drpushpa.mtwu@gmail.com
pattern will pave a way in identifying the type of brain
disorder of the individual [1]. Thus, clinical gait analysis is a
type of computer-based technology which helps doctors
identify accurate diseases [7].
Most people in the world are affected by
neurodegenerative disorders upon ageing. Parkinson's
disease, Alzheimer's, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, cerebral
palsy and Huntington's Disease are the most common
neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) [3]. NDD are caused from
nerve cell damage of the brain or loss of central nervous
system functions. Ageing population are highly vulnerable to
such diseases [4]. Individuals affected by neurodegenerative
diseases exhibit corresponding symptoms including tremor,
abnormal walking and muscle weakness [4].
Parkinson's disease (PD) is stimulated owing to the
dopaminergic neuron deprivation in the midbrain, reflecting
in motor and non-motor impairments [15]. The symptoms of
Parkinson's include slow movement, shaking of hands, legs,
jaws and face, stiffness of the limbs, tremors, and difficulties
in speech [2,11,13]. Huntington disease (HD) is another type
of progressive brain disorder that usually affects people with
involuntary movements and depression symptoms in the age
group of 30 to 40 [4]. The weakening of motor neurons in the
brain causes Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) disease.
Eventually, the brain loses its ability to control voluntary
movements [7]. Neurodegenerative diseases cannot be cured
as the symptoms of this disease gets initiated gradually and
will increase over time. Early diagnosis of the disease helps
one start treatment early on, avoiding dire health
consequences.
Thus, observing the gait dynamics of individuals gives
gait clues to diagnose the accurate disease. Detecting these
movement disorders is possible at an early stage by
scrutinizing the Individual’s gait [14]. Since ALS, PD and
HD show correspondingly similar gait patterns, accurate
identification of these diseases is crucial. In recent years, the
convolutional neural network (CNN) involved in most
studies has accurately recognized speech, gesture, biometric
and other computer vision fields [13,21].
The gait parameters are studied based on spatial and
temporal features. The temporal gait features are observed in
this study. The temporal features are non linear, non
stationary and requires new methods to meticulously identify
ND diseases. In our previous work [20], we proposed a new
technique based on twin layered CNN and Statistical
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approach which works well in NDD identification and got
99.89% accuracy. Since gait data is non-linear, we need more
specific non-linear quantification technique. In order to
increase accuracy and reduce complexity in classification
task, more specific features need to be extracted from the
input nonlinear gait signals, hence we pilot new combination
of CNN and Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA)
techniques in this work.
The proposed method comprises the two-dimensional
Triblock Deep Convolution Neural Network (TBCNN) for
automatic extraction of prominent deep features along with
Deep Recurrence Quantification Analysis (DRQA) method
which acts as an enhancer to retrieve nonlinear deep features
with TBCNN deep signals. The concatenated deep TBCNN
features and DRQA handcrafted features is fed to Machine
Learning algorithms that recognize NDD and healthy
subjects accurately. This paper has been systematized as
follows. Section II highlights the previous related works in
the literature. The materials and methods developed in this
study are presented in Section III. Section IV provides the
discussions and experimental result in the classification of
each NDD group. Section V concludes the proposed work.
II. RELAT ED W ORKS
Some of the literature's related works to recognize and
classify gait signals with different gait feature extraction
techniques are highlighted. Eckmann [18] introduced the
recurrence plot (RP) in 1987, which provides a visualized
description of states recurrence of deterministic dynamical
structures. Webber and Zbilut [12] proposed Recurrence
Quantification Analysis (RQA) by calculating an array of
recurrence variables quantifying the Recurrence Plot's (RP)
dynamical structure. RQA technique is compatible with non-
stationary, non-linear and short signals. P.Prabhu et al. [7]
implemented RQA technique to measure the non-linear gait
patterns. The Support Vector Machine and Probabilistic
Neural Network were applied to classify diseases. The SVM
produces classification accuracy of 96% for AC and 100%
for other subjects.
Qiang Ye et al., [3] projected the Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy
Inference System (ANFIS) to classify neurodegenerative
diseases. ANFIS model was framed by the neural network
adaptive technique and qualitative fuzzy method. The particle
swarm optimisation (PSO) system was applied with ANFIS
model to learn its parameters. Nandy [16] presented the
statistical approach for recognizing Parkinson's disease using
the Fisher Discriminant Ration (FDR) method to select the
most discriminative statistical features. The experimental
result shows, Bayes classifier achieves accuracy up to
95.83% in classification.
Vasquez-Correa et al., [15] presented the multimodal
evaluation of parkinson's disease based on Deep learning
algorithm. The gait, handwriting and speech data were
recorded for parkinson's and healthy subjects. The 2D-CNN
and 1D-CNN were applied for feature extraction from these
three types of data and fused into one feature vector. Finally,
the SVM classifier achieves 97.3% accuracy in classification
of PD subjects. Lin et al, [17] proposed a deep learning and
recurrence plot feature extraction method in identification of
NDD which achieves accuracy of 98.91%. Fraiwan et al. [5]
presented various ensemble decision trees classifiers in
identification of NDD with gait signals by measuring
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statistical measures. AdaBoost model got accuracy of 99.17%
in classification of normal and disease group using VGRF
data.
Since ALS, PD and HD show some similar gait patterns,
accurately identifying these diseases is critical. This study's
vision is to develop a novel technique to extract the most
prominent gait features to achieve absolute accuracy in
identifying NDD compared to existing techniques in
literature. This proposed work includes concatenating deep
Triblocks CNN architecture and Deep RQA technique to
generate optimal gait feature vectors and thereby applying
machine learning classifiers to achieve accurate disease
classification.
The commitments of the proposed work are:
• This work utilizes a 2D convolution neural network
framed as Triblock CNN (TBCNN) to automatically
extract the most prominent deep features.
• This work also employs nonlinear feature extraction
technique by implementing the recurrence quantification
analysis method in the form of Deep RQA with deep
CNN short signal data to notably scale classification
performance.
• This hybrid method combines TBCNN deep features and
nonlinear Deep RQA (DRQA) features exploit accurate
classification of NDD using supervised machine learning
techniques.
• The proposed model (TBCNN_DRQA) has higher
accuracy rate in classification of NDD using less
computational intricacy than former models.
Fig. 1. The stride intervals of PD, HD, ALS and Healthy
subjects taken from Physionet database [9].
III. M AT ERIALS AND M ET HODS
A. Gait Dataset
The Physionet public database is hereby deployed to
accumulate the dataset of Gait neurodegenerative disease
[10,17], which enumerates the severity of NDD in individual
subjects. The delicate force resistors were used to record the
step dynamics by noticing the force beneath each subject's
foot. The eight sensors were attached to the foot of every
individual and assessed the vertical ground response force.
The gait dynamics recorded were within real efforts
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for each male and feminine subject. This data
Fig. 1. Flow diagram of the proposed (TBCNN_DRQA) work
with subjects like Parkinson's Disease (PD=15), Huntington's
Disease (HD=19), Amyotrophic Lateral sclerosis (ALS=13)
and healthy controls (CO)=16) persons. Gait boundaries such
as stance interval, swing interval, stride interval and double
support intervals of left and right foot are specified for
every subject which are 1D signal data. The format of dataset
is timeseries (.ts) file and size is 17.9 MB [9].
B. The Proposed Work (TBCNN_DRQA)
In this work, the Triblock CNN Architecture (TBCNN)
and the compact representation of Deep signals with
Recurrence Quantification Analysis (DRQA) are framed to
gather prominent gait features from the input gait signals.
The classification of Neurodegenerative disease group (ALS,
HD, PD) and healthy control is done by machine learning
classifiers using TBCNN_DRQA trained features. Fig.1,
exhibits the flow chart of the proposed architecture. The
techniques of the proposed architecture are explained in the
following sections.
1) Triblock CNN (TBCNN) Architecture:
A Convolution Neural Network (CNN) is a form of
feedforward neural network with multiple hidden layers,
usually called Deep CNN. The CNN algorithm is
predominantly applied in present-day studies. Deep CNN
helps automatically extract the most informative features
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set incorporates
with a sequence of filters automatically [13]. In this work,
two-dimensional convolution neural network (2DCNN) is
applied to extract most influential features for accurate
classification. The Triblock CNN architecture is mounted
with three separate CNN structures and input is fed through
each CNN block. Each block of CNN is framed with a
different kernel size. The raw input gait signals considered in
this study consists of stride, stance and swing time series
signal parameters of both feet. Instead of using raw gait
signals as input, Absolute Differences (AD) of left and right
foot are calculated for each gait signal parameters (stride,
stance, swing) for every subject, defined by the matrix shown
in Eq. (1).
𝐴𝐷𝑖,𝑗 (𝜀) = (1 − 𝑀𝑖 −𝑁𝑗 ), 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, … , 𝑛 (1)
Where M i is the left leg gait signal and Nj is the right leg
gait signal. Correspondingly, the absolute difference is
calculated for individual subjects with stride, swing and
stance intervals. Fig.2 shows the (i) actual and (ii) absolute
difference of gait intervals for one of the Parkinson patients
for (a) Stride, (b) Swing and (c) Stance. This absolute
difference of stride, swing and stance such as 1860 gait signal
data is fed as input to each 2D CNN block separately in the
Triblock Convolution Neural Network (TBCNN)
architecture. Three blocks of CNN is structured with different
kernel sizes to derive multifarious informative feature maps
on the input gait signals.
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Triblock CNN Layers: Each CNN block consists of two
convolutional layers, one Rectifier Linear Unit (ReLU)
activation function layer, one cross channel normalization
layer and one pooling layer. The input of 1D gait signals is
converted to two-dimension in each CNN convolution layer
which performs 2D convolution with the input. In
convolution layer, the number of kernels, size of the kernels
and stride are the parameters to be determined. The input size
of 1×1860×1 gait data is given to three CNN blocks
separately, which performs 2D convolution, where the
number of convolution kernels is set as 64 and 32 for two
convolution layers in each block. Size of convolution kernels
in first block is set as 1x64, 1x32, second block positioned to
1x32 and 1x16, and the third block as 1x128 and 1x64. The
convolution layer uses the local connection, weight and bias
as its output is computed as shown in Eq. (2).
Zi,j = ∑ wi . xi,j + b
Where xi,j =ADi,j (absolute difference), w is weight, b is
bias and Zi,j is output of convolution layer. The feature map
of 1×1860×64 is the output from the first convolutional layer
where each block is applied with the non-linear activation
function. Some of the common nonlinear activation functions
used in most studies are rectified linear units (ReLU),
exponential linear units and leakage rectified linear units. The
CNN is linear in nature, thus maintaining non-linearity and
improving network accuracy requires assigning weights and
kernel size, hence ReLU activation function is used in this
CNN block. The ReLU layer does not change the input size
and performs a threshold operation to each input element by
changing the less than zero value to zero. ReLU function that
applies max(0, Zi,j ) to each of the inputs which are
represented by Zi,j as in eq. (3)
ReLU = max (0, Zi,j )
The transformation of output from ReLU layer is given as
input into the Cross-Channel Normalization layer. The
purpose of normalization is to efficiently organize gait data
by ensuring data dependency while eliminating redundant
data. This layer helps create a local response normalization
layer for each element based on the number of channels and
window size. In first two CNN blocks, a window of 4
channels normalizes each input element and 5 channel
normalizes in third CNN block. Thereafter, the pooling layer
is applied following normalization layer with 1×1860×64
feature maps to reduce the number of parameters and
computation. Pooling layer helps in reduction of dimensions
of each feature map done as Z=max{z}. Here max pooling
layer with a kernel size 1×2 and stride value of 2 is applied in
each block, which calculates the maximum value in each
feature map channel.
The feature map of 1×930×64 with optimal features is the
output of max-pooling layer. The output of max-pooling
layer is given to the second convolutional layer in each block.
Thereby the output feature maps of three CNN blocks are
added element-wise and gathered 1×930×32 feature maps,
which is shown in Eq. (4).
A = CNN1 (AD) + CNN2 (AD) + CNN3 (AD) (4)
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CNN1, CNN2 and CNN3 are first, second and third CNN
blocks respectively, AD is the absolute difference of input
signal and A is the added result of each CNN block. After the
addition of three CNN blocks, one ReLU, cross
normalization, max pooling and fully connected layer
follows. The output of max-pooling layer is reduced to
1x465x32 feature map, which will be subsequently provided
as input to the Fully connected layer. Also, output features
from the max-pooling layers which are non linear compact
deep signals are processed using the Recurrence
Quantification Analysis (RQA) technique for further feature
extraction. The fully connected layer flattens 1x465x32
feature map to a single vector of 1024 features. Finally, 1024
prominent compact deep CNN features are automatically
extracted from TBCNN architecture, which will be utilized as
input for classification process.
(2)  Selecting the CNN Parameters and Training Process:
The hyperparameters have to be chosen carefully to extract
the best features for improving the convolutional neural
network's performance. The two types of hyperparameters
chosen for CNN are (i) hyperparameter for network and (ii)
hyperparameter for training. The hyperparameter for the
network such as kernel size, number of kernels and the input
size. The hyperparameters for training the system such as
momentum, minibatch size, maximum epochs, number of
iterations per epochs and learning rate, is determined. In this
work, we focus on the number of CNN layers and
hyperparameters for the Triblock CNN (TBCNN)
architecture to improve its performance. In our several
experiments through the trial-and-error process, we run the
system by varying values of hyperparameters to get accurate
results using the proposed network.
2) Deep Recurrence Quantification Analysis (DRQA): Gait
signals are habitually noisy, non-linear and nonstationary.
(3) The non-linear nature is because of the way gait dynamics
are facilitated by coordinated activities of the brain. Henry
Poincare [6] presented the idea of recurrence, this can be
understood that any chaotic framework displaying
inconclusive movement of directions can repeat. In view of
this reality, one can induce that the chaotic behaviour of gait
dynamics is recurring in nature. Recurrence Quantification
Analysis (RQA) can investigate this recurring character of
gait.
To improve the performance of the proposed system in
classification phase, we implemented Deep RQA method
using the input which is the compact representation of deep
CNN gait signals which are nonlinear. The RQA technique
maintains non linearity in the input data and afford useful
information concerning the pattern even for short interval
data [18]. Deep RQA technique is used in this work as an
additional feature extractor to make precise diagnosis of
NDD. The gait signals are transformed into deep compact
representation of signals by implementing the triblock CNN
(TBCNN) architecture. The output from the seventh max
pooling layer of TBCNN is the compact deep signals of
length 1x465x32, which is averaged and acquired 465 deep
compact signals. These deep signals are computed with the
RQA technique to compute deep RQA (DRQA) features.
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Eckmann.et.al.[18] developed a technique called the the associated feature maps [8], which is represented in Eq
Recurrence Plots (RP), which illustrates a dynamical system's (4).
deterministic property. The RP matrix visualizes orbits xi's 𝑅𝑃𝑖 ,𝑗 (𝜀) = 𝐻 𝜀 − 𝑎𝑖 −𝑎𝑗 , 𝑖. 𝑗 = 1, … , 𝑁 (4)
time-dependent behavior in the phase space [19]. The RP
matrix [12] depicts spatial and temporal correlations among Where, N=L-(m-1)τ is the number of state 𝑎𝑖 , ε is the
threshold value (ε = εi ), and H is the Heaviside function.

Fig. 2. Time series plot represents the (i) actual Interval and (ii) absolute interval difference of (a) stride, (b) swing and (c) stance
data of Parkinson patient.

In this work, RP with a fixed number of nearest neighbours Recurrence Rate signposts the ND disease whereas lower RR
(FAN) is implemented. For each state 𝑎𝑖 (i=1,…, N) the confirms the controls subjects [8]. The recurrence rate is
threshold value εi alters to certify the same recurrence density defined in Eq.(5).
in all columns of the RP (i.e., RR= Nn /N). In this work,
visualizing the RP with FAN parameters are constructed with 𝑅𝑅 = 1 𝑁 2 𝑁
𝑖,𝑗=1 𝑅𝑃𝑖 ,𝑗
(𝜀) (5)
utmost care by observing RP's result. The parameters of RP
applied are as follows, the input for x is 465 deep compact The Determinism (DET) [8] measures the correlation of
signals from Triblock CNN architecture (N=465), the RP that forms the smallest diagonal lines of length𝐿𝑀𝑖𝑛 . The
embedding dimension m=40, delay time τ=5, nearest DET is measured as shown in Eq. (6).
neighbours Nn =40 and the index as one depicts the maximum 𝑁
𝐿 =𝐿𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑝 ( 𝐿)
distance. The DRQA features are calculated from the RP The 𝐷𝐸𝑇 = 𝑁 𝐿𝑝 ( 𝐿) (6)
𝐿=1
features observed from DRQA are Recurrence Rate, Entropy, Where L is the length of slanting line and the histogram is
Determinism and Average Diagonal Line [8,] which are denoted by 𝑝 (𝐿 ). The extended diagonal lines formed due to
calculated below: The recurrence rate (RR) [8] quantifies the periodic signals will indicate the diseases while short lines
density of each points in a recurrence plot (RP). Increase in

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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will denote the healthy subjects [8]. The average diagonal
line (AL) is the average of successive 1's which are parallel
to each other in Recurrence Plot. The Average Diagonal Line
defined as shown in Eq. (7).
𝑁
𝐿 =𝐿𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑝 ( 𝐿)
𝐴𝐿 = 𝑁 ( )
(7)
𝐿 =𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑝 𝐿
Entropy (E) is the rate of existence of all diagonal lines
whose length is more than 𝐿𝑀𝑖𝑛 . Smaller the measure of
entropy indicates the healthy subjects and larger shows the
gait disorders. It is noted that recurrence of gait pattern is
more in ALS patients. The measure of Entropy is shown in
Eq.(8).
𝑃 ( 𝐿) 𝑃 ( 𝐿)
𝐸 =− 𝑁 𝐿 =𝐿𝑀𝑖𝑛 ( )𝐿𝑛( ) (8)
𝑆 𝑆
Where, 𝑝 (𝐿 ) indicates the possibility of diagonal line’s
recurrences in RP’s, S is the sum of diagonal lines and L is
the diagonal line length. These DRQA features and Triblock
CNN features were concatenated as a feature vector and fed
as input to machine learning classifiers for the classification
of neurodegenerative diseases to minimize computational
complexity.
C. Classification using Machine Learning Algorithms
The features gathered from the Triblock CNN and DRQA
were concatenated as an optimal feature vector and used for
the classification purpose. In this study, the machine learning
(ML) classifiers such as Random Forest (RF), K Nearest
Neighbor (KNN), Decision Tree and Multi Support Vector
Machine (Multi-SVM) are involved in the classification task.
The Triblock CNN and Deep RQA (TBCNN_DRQA)
combined feature vectors are given as input to each machine
learning classifiers separately in order to classify
Neurodegenerative disease and healthy controls [8]. The
classification accuracy is compared for each ML classifiers.
The Random Forest algorithm picks the TBCNN_DRQA
features randomly for generating a group of decision trees.
The decision tree's forest is designed by identifying the tree's
root node and splitting each node's features, which will run
randomly and classifies each group. KNN algorithm
calculates the Euclidean distance between the test data and
the trained feature vectors. The Kth least distance is sorted to
fix the nearest neighbors and the primary class of nearest
neighbors is projected as one group.
Decision Tree classifier predicts the label of each input
class data from the tree root. Based on comparing the feature
values of root with the record's features, the branch follows
that values and moves to the next node. The prediction of
class value continues by comparing the root feature values
with the record's features and the branch follows those values
and jumps to next node until reaching the leaf node. The
Multi SVM classifier with Radial basis function kernel is also
utilized in identification of each NDD with the trained
TBCNN_DRQA features. Since SVM is a binary
classification method, the multiclass classification i.e Multi-
SVM is done here by comparing any two groups and then the
result is compared with the other group consecutively.
Likewise, these ML classifiers are involved in the
classification task and the classification accuracy is
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compared. In this work, the Random Forest classifier is
profound and accurately classifies the disease compared to
other classifiers with the features gathered from
TBCNN_DRQA technique.
IV. EXPERIMENT AL RESULT S AND DISCUSSION
A. Performance Evaluation
Initially, from the feature extraction of TBCNN_DRQA
architecture, 70% gait features is taken for training and 30%
data is left for testing. The classification performance of each
Machine Learning classifiers is evaluated by the leave one
out cross validation (LOOCV) method. LOOCV technique
randomly picks only one feature for the validation purpose
leave the rest for training. The training procedure continues
several periods by picking diverse features for the validation,
and finally, the performance of each ML algorithms is
evaluated. The performance metrics such as Accuracy,
Sensitivity, Specificity and Precision are observed by
LOOCV method for validation of each machine learning
classifier individually with TBCNN_DRQA features. The
confusion matrix is calculated in the classification of diseases
for the machine learning classifiers. The confusion matrix
values are the sum of True Positives (TP), True Negatives
(TN), False Positives (FP), and False Negatives (FN)
measured for performance evaluation [8]. The loss function
computes the distance between the current output of the
model and the expected output. The Performance metrics
measured for ML classifiers are as shown below: These
metrics are very important loss function to measure the
proposed model performance.
𝑇𝑃 +𝑇𝑁
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 = (9)
𝑇𝑃+𝑇𝑁+𝐹𝑁+𝐹𝑃
𝑇𝑃
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = (10)
𝑇𝑃+𝐹𝑁
𝑇𝑁
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = (11)
𝑇𝑁+𝐹𝑃
𝑇𝑃
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (12)
𝑇𝑃+𝐹𝑃
B. Experimental Results of Proposed Work
The proposed experiments were implemented using a
software called MATLAB 2019 and tested on an Intel Core
i3 2.0 GHz computer with 4 GB RAM. The gait dynamics
dataset of individuals with Parkinson’s, Huntington’s,
Amyotrophic Lateral sclerosis and healthy subjects were
taken from the physionet gait database. The gait attributes
such as stance, swing and stride intervals of both feet were
taken as input for the feature extraction phase [9]. With these
gait dynamics, each parameter's absolute difference is
calculated and fed into the Triblock CNN (TBCNN)
architecture. The optimal deep compact features from the
TBCNN architecture are automatically extracted. To enhance
the performance of the system the max polling layer output
of TBCNN is fed as input to the Recurrence Quantification
Analysis (RQA) method for acquiring additional features.
The Triblock CNN features and deep Recurrence
Quantification Analysis (RQA) features are fused into a
feature vector for disease classification. In the Classification
phase, the machine learning algorithm such as KNN,
Random Forest, Decision Tree and Multi SVM are applied
individually with TBCNN_DRQA combined feature vector.
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The RQA features assists as a supporter to triblock CNN
features for the accurate classification of disease. The
training process of the proposed TBCNN network applies
Stochastic Gradient Descent with Momentum (SGDM)
algorithm. The training parameters such as mini-batch size is
set as 1, max-epochs as 5, the iteration number per echo as 47
and learning rate as 0.004 in TBCNN network which takes
3.17 minutes for training. In this proposed work, the random
forest classifier achieves maximum accuracy of 99.96% in
the classification of NDD and healthy subjects with
TBCNN_DRQA features. The classification result of each
NDD group with healthy subjects is explained below.
1) Classification of Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDD) vs
Control Subjects: The classification of Neurodegenerative
diseases (ALS, HD, PD) group vs healthy controls is done
with Machine Learning classifiers (ML) using
TBCNN_DRQA features. At this stage, Random forest
classifies the NDD group with 99.96% accuracy. The KNN,
Decision Tree and Multi SVM classifies the NDD group with
an accuracy of 88.24%, 85.29% and 88.24% respectively.

TABLE I. P ERFORMANCE OF ML CLASSIFIERS WITH T BCNN_DRQA METHOD FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF NDD VS CONTROL GROUP S

Pe rformance Metrics Random Forest KNN De cision Tree Multi SVM

Accuracy 99.96% 88.24% 85.29% 88.24%
Sensitivity 95.83% 79.17% 70.83% 75%
Specificity 98.08% 91.61% 89.69% 90.91%
Precision 95% 79.17% 74.17% 65%

TABLE II. P ERFORMANCE OF ML CLASSIFIERS WITH T BCNN_DRQA METHOD FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF TWO - GROUP S

ALS vs Healthy Control PD vs Healthy Control HD vs Healthy Control

Classifie rs
Accura Sensitiv Specific Precisi Accura Sensitiv Specific Precisi Accura Sensitiv Specific Precision
cy ity ity on cy ity ity on cy ity ity

RF 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

KNN 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

De cision 85.71% 83.33% 83.33% 90% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Tre e

Multi SVM 100% 100% 100% 100%
Table I summarizes the performance of ML classifiers in the
classification of NDD and control group. The proposed
TBCNN_DRQA technique with Random Forest classifier
achieves maximum accuracy than other classifiers in
categorization of NDD.
2) Classification of Two Groups: The classification of two
groups such as ALS vs healthy controls, Parkinson’s vs
healthy controls, and Huntington’s vs healthy control subject
is performed separately using the proposed technique. The
performance of machine learning algorithms with
TBCNN_DRQA features is analyzed on metrics of accuracy,
sensitivity, specificity and precision. The optimal features
obtained using the proposed TBCNN_DRQA technique helps
the Machine learning classifiers achieve 100% accuracy in
classifying each disease group separately.
The performance of two group classification with ML
classifiers is summarized in Table II Random forest, KNN
and multi SVM works well with TBCNN_DRQA features
and classifies all two group with 100% absolute accuracy.
Decision tree classifies ALS and healthy controls with
85.71% accuracy and achieves 100% accuracy in other two
group classification.
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
NDD dataset for classification of NDD vs control. The
proposed Triblock CNN and Deep RQA technique with
Random forest classifiers (TBCNN_DRQA_RF) classifies
neurodegenerative diseases with 99.96% improved accuracy.
Table III represents the assessment of proposed work with
the previous works based on accuracy, sensitivity and
specificity. The result of Qiang Ye et.al [3] present the
accuracy of 90.63%, Fraiwan et al. [5] work gives 99.17%
accuracy, Beyrami et.al. [19] work shows 99.57% accuracy,
Che-Wei Lin [17] gives 98.9% accuracy, while our proposed
work gives an improved accuracy rate of 99.96% compared
to others in the classification of NDD.
The results of two group classification are also compared
with other related works which is tabulated in Table IV and
represented in Fig.3. The work of Qiang Ye et al. [3] showed
an accuracy of 93.10%, 90.32%, and 94.44% for the
classification of ALS, PD and HD against healthy control
(CO) subjects. P. Ghaderyan et al. [11] work shows 98%,
97%, and 95% accuracy in classification of ALS, PD and HD
against control subjects. Saljuqi et al. [2] work gives
accuracy of 94%, 97% and 93% for ALS, PD and HD
classification against control group.

C. Comparison of proposed work (TBCNN_DRQA_RF)

with other related works

The proposed work's performance is compared with other

related works in literature using the same Physionet gait

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
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proposed to extract the optimal features from the gait signals
for accurate neurodegenerative disease identification and
TABLE III. ASSESSMENT OF P ROP OSED WORK WITH OTHER WORKS precise classification. The combination of TBCNN and
(NDD VS. CONTROL SUBJECTS)
DRQA techniques substantially performs in automatic
Works Accuracy Se nsitivity Specificity
feature extraction and is well suited for the accurate
classification of disease with machine learning algorithms
T BCNN_DRQA_RF 99.96% 95.83% 98.08% which also reduces computation complexity than other
(Propose d Work) former models. The Random Forest ML classifier with
Qiang Ye et.al., [3] 90.63% 91.67% 87.50% TBCNN_DRQA technique achieves 99.96% improved
accuracy in classification of NDD vs healthy subjects and
Fraiwan et al. [5] 99.17% 98.23% 99.43% attained 100% accurate result in two group classifications.
Beyrami et.al. [19] 99.57% 99.71% 99.14% Thus, the proposed TBCNN_DRQA architecture with
Random Forest classifier has accomplished outstanding
Che-Wei Lin [17] 98.9% 99.0% 98.5% performance and is reliable in classification and diagnosis of
NDD using gait signals compared to existing methods. This
TABLE IV. ASSESSMENT OF PROPOSED WORK WITH RELATED P REVIOUS machine intelligence-based approach helps physicians to
WORKS IN TWO - GROUP CLASSIFICATION ( IN TERMS OF ACCURACY ) effectively diagnose specific neurodegenerative disease, to
Two Group Classification ALS vs CO HD vs CO PD vs CO start early treatment and rehabilitation process. In future, this
T BCNN_DRQA_RF 100 100 100 proposed architecture can be applied with more real-time
(propose d work) data and can be incorporated in other applications to observe
Qiang Ye et al. [3] 93.10 94.44 90.30 the performance.
P. Ghaderyan et al. [11] 98 95 97
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Secured IoT Malware Detection Framework

using AI based Fuzzy Logic Systems
1*V. S. Saranya, Research
Scholar, Department of
Computer Science and
Engineering, Annamalai
University, Annamalainagar –
608002, Email:
lord.shivam1988@gmail.com
2*Dr. G. Ramachandran, 3*Dr. S. Chakaravarthi,
Associate Professor, Dept. of Professor Department of
Computer Science and Computer Science and
Engineering Annamalai Engineering, Bharath Institute
University, Annamalainagar – of Higher Education and
608 002, Email: Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
gmrama1975@gmail.co, India, Email:
chakra2603@gmail.com.

Abstract-- Internet of Things (IoT) system is emerged

enormously today and it is utilized in all the applications
of human lives. Security of IoT systems seem more
challengeable in terms of malicious software’s which are
referred as malwares. IoT malwares are also evolved with
the employment of advanced obfuscation and evading
techniques. It is a very challengeable job for the security
analysts as well as security providers. In this paper, an
enhanced IoT malware detection framework is proposed
by making use of AI based Fuzzy Logic Systems (AIFLS)
by considering the shortcomings of existing recent
detection methods. Fuzzy rules are generated
automatically without any human intervention. Further,
Fuzzy Pattern Trees (FPT) are generated and utilized for
fastening classification of IoT malwares and enhancing
detection accuracy. Experimentation results provide
better results.
Keywords – IoT malware, Fuzzy Logic Systems, Fuzzy
Pattern Tree, Artificial Intelligence, Security
I. INTRODUCTION
IoT security market value is projected as $40.3
billion by the year 2026 while IoT market worth is
predicted as $1102.6 billion for the same year on the
basis of current research report [1]-[2]. IoT
securitymarket is evolved with 22.1% Compound
Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) from the year 2021.
Google, Microsoft, AWS, Cisco, IBM, Ericson and
Thales are playing key roles in the market of IoT
security. While considering the application areas of
IoT, banking and financial services are on the top of the
list followed by IT services. It is observed that even
healthcare and government related applications also
hold more percentage of market value. Massive
connectivity through billions of devices in IoT
ecosystem requires secure end to end communication
without any issues related to security and privacy.
McKinsey Global Institute projected that 64
million IoT devices will be used globally in 2025 which
implies that per second 127 new connected devices will
be available in the IoT ecosystem [3]-[4]. Vast
utilization of IoT devices lead to the enormous amount
of attacks now days [5]. It is important to combat
strongly against their exploitation to avoid infections.
IoT malware detection and prevention mechanisms
need to be implemented effectively and efficiently
where classical systems failed to fight against advanced
malwares and their techniques.
Each and every devices and equipment’s in the
IoT ecosystem should be switched on for all time which
makes attackers easy to investigate power mode of the
devices any time. Further, IoT ecosystem is made of
interconnected devices and equipment’s which will
allow attackers accessing those interconnected devices.
IoT malwares impair IoT ecosystem because of
improper encryption features and weak authentication
methods of interconnected devices. In addition, all the
interconnected devices require full time internet which
will allow attackers to perform vulnerable attacks to
IoT. Appropriate security measures need to be
incorporated in the interconnected devices of IoT for
combating against attacks by considering the issues
related to security, confidentiality and privacy.
Characteristics and attributes of malware may vary for
one device and other. IoT applications based cyber
attacks can be either as internal attack or external attack
or both. Attacker comprises node of the network during
inside attack where as in outside attack attacker is out
of network. Different types of IoT attacks taxonomy is
depicted in Fig.1.

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(1) AI based Fuzzy Logic System is utilized for

Node
tampering
RF
interface
Physical
Impair
designing the proposed IoT malware
Physical IoT
attacks
detection framework.
Node jamming Social
& attack engineering
(2) Recent research works on IoT malware
Code Buffer
detection are studied in detail and the shortcomings are
Phishing
injection overflow
considered for the development of proposed
IoT Software IoT
attacks attacks Data privacy Malware
Side channel framework.
breaches attack

(3) Automatic fuzzy rules generation system is

RPL Attacks
Man in the Selective
Middle forwarding
Network IoT Sinkhole
attacks attack
Hello flooding
DDoS
attack
Fig. 1 Types of IoT Attacks
Based on SonicWall, amount of IoT malware
attacks is enlarged by 30% with the size of 32.4 million
in 2020 [6]. IoT devices require more advancement in
security aspect for avoiding IoT attacks. In the mid of
2020, Linux malware Kaiji is identified. It is entirely
developed by making use of Golang for targeting IoT
devices by applying brute force attacks in Secure Shell
(SSH). Similarly another malware Mirai is the
dangerous one which involves in 40% of malware
assaults. In 2016, it is developed by kids for performing
online services based DDoS attacks. Self replication
method is used for contaminating IoT devices and their
Command and Control (C&C) severs and Industrial IoT
is affected heavily with advanced Mirai malwares.
Further, Mirai botnets are also developed by employing
Trojans.
Palo Alto Networks identified Muhstik botnet in
the beginning of 2020 which implements authentication
based brute force attacks towards tomato routers.
Likewise, another malware Mukashi Mirai is
discovered by the same Palo Alto Networks which
execute brute force attacks in C&C server. These kinds
of IoT malwares are very hazardous which are intended
to impair IoT devices and ecosystem. Secured and
strong resistance system is required for avoiding and
combating against IoT malwares and many security
analysts and providers are working on it. Multi factor
authentication based security systems are recommended
by several analysts.
The key contributions of the work are summarized
as follows:
implemented for enhancing the effectiveness of the
system and it is validated with the performance metrics
Black hole
attack True Positive Rate (TPR), False Positive Rate (FPR),
Warmhole
False Negative Rate (FNR) and Classification Rate
attack (Accuracy).
Sybil
attack (4)Fuzzy Pattern Trees are too used for improving
detection efficiency of the proposed framework.
The remaining sections of the paper is arranged as
following: Section II explains the existing and recent
research works in detail with the summary table,
Section III describes about AI based Fuzzy Logic
System in comprehensive manner, Section IV provides
the details of proposed IoT malware detection
framework and at the end the conclusion of this
proposed research work is provided.
II. RELATED WORK
This section details about the recent research
works of IoT malware detection whereas multiple
research works are carried in order to ensure the
security of IoT devices as well as IoT ecosystem.
Summary of the recent research works is presented in
Table 1.Power consumption prototypes are used for
detecting crypto ransomware in IoT environment along
with ML techniques [7]. KNN affords better
performance in accurately detecting malwares by
considering the time and similarity based metrics than
other ML techniques like Random Forest, SVM and
Neural Networks. Result is shown with 95.65%
detection rate and 89.19% precision.
Deep Eigenspace learning based IoT and Internet
of Battlefield Things (IoBT) malware detection method
is proposed [8]. Operational Code (OpCode) sequence
of the devices is utilized and they are converted into
vector space. Graph is generated using selected
features. Afterwards deep eigenspace learning
technique is applied for classifying malwares and
benign files. As per experiment results, 99.68%
accuracy, 98.59% precision and 98.37% recall are
attained. To detect IoT malwares effectively, dynamic
programming algorithm is proposed on the basis of
control flow features [9]. It concentrates on polynomial
time O(n2) in which N describes basic blocks of
decompiled exe codes. While applying this algorithm in

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IoT datasets, better results are achieved which are
99.05% accuracy, 1.31% TPR and 0.66% TNR.
Blockchain and ML techniques are combined to
detect android IoT malwares. Malware information is
extracted using clustering and classification methods of
ML and blockchain is used for information storing [10].
Clustering algorithm enhance feature selection by
computing weights for every feature set, developing
optimized parametric study and reducing unwanted
features repeatedly. Multi-purpose Naïve Bayes
classifier is used for classification purpose with more
accuracy. Accuracy of 98% is achieved with 0.98 F
measure according to the results.
In information centric IoT environment, advanced
persistent threats detection scheme is proposed by
making use of domain graphs [11]. Relations between
malicious domains and their corresponding IP addresses
are discovered. Subgraphs with more links are
incorporated for acquiring domain graph. Dataset of
257535071 DNS requests and 73136 domain names is
processed to analyze the performance.
Intelligent and dynamic analysis based IoT
malware detection scheme is proposed in order to detect
familiar as well as novel IoT malwares [12].
Convolution Neural Network (CNN) model is utilized
for performing dynamic analysis in the IoT
environment. Feature extraction involves with the
features like network, memory, process, system call and
Virtual File System (VFS). Behavioral images of IoT
malwares are generated after converting extracted
behavior data. CNN model is trained with the
behavioral images of malwares. Based on the
experimental results, 99.28% accuracy is attained.
ML methods are utilized for effective malware
detection and classification. Byte sequences of
executable program files are discovered for detection as
well as classification [13]. With the 7 CPU
architectures, large sized dataset is utilized which is
comprised with 111K benign samples and 111K
malware samples. Experimental results are depicted
with 99.96% accuracy and 98.47% accuracy for
malware detection and malware family classification
respectively. Further, Support Vector Machine (SVM)
is combined for enhancing performance.
Two levels IoT malware detection mechanism is
proposed by considering node level and network level
[14]. Light weighted runtime malware detector is
deployed at node level to detect malwares which
utilizes Hardware Performance Counter (HPC) values.
Information of node level malware and malware
propagation are combined together without obstructing
the performance of network. In addition, multi-attribute
graph translation is proposed to range and predict the
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topology size of network and it attained 5.88 Root
Mean Square Error (RMSE).
RGB images based feature representation
technique is applied for proposing enhanced malware
visualization scheme for detecting IoT malwares by
making use of CNN [15]. Created image includes
information of binary, assembly and string. CNN model
is utilized for combining self attention mechanism with
spatial pyramid pooling. Spatial pyramid pooling helps
in avoiding information loss though IoT files are
received in various sizes and it increases detection
accuracy and efficiency. For experimental purpose,
above 10K malware samples of 25 families are utilized
and 98.57% accuracy achieved.
Large scale IoT malware and family classification
is performed on the basis of characteristics and
relationships among malwares [16]. More than 70K
recent malware executable files including Covid related
malware samples are utilized for analysis purpose.
Multi level strings based similarity analysis technique is
applied for classification by considering difficulties in
binary obfuscation of malwares. Features such as rival
IP addresses and malware specific strings are
considered for performing reverse engineering.
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) malware
detection architecture Fed-IIoT is presented which is
based on federated learning [17]. Fed-IIoT concentrated
in the detection of malicious android applications of
IIoT. It is included with 2 parts which are participant
and server. In participant part, data triggering is
performed with 2 dynamic poisoning attacks on the
basis of Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) and
Federated Generative Adversarial Network (FedGAN).
In server part, global model monitoring and robust
training model modeling are aimed for avoiding
Anomaly in Aggregation by GAN Network (A3GAN).
Fed-IIoT ensures secure communication without
privacy related issues. Proposed method is validated
with 3 IoT datasets. It is observed that Fed-IIoT
provides 8% better accuracy than earlier methods.
DL based multi-dimensional classification
approach is proposed to secure future networks like 5G
by considering the issues of IoT malware obfuscation
[18]. For feature extraction, executable binary files are
represented in strings and image formats. More than 70
thousand samples of IoT malware are analyzed and
99.78% accuracy is achieved for familiar malware
families. Further for unknown malware samples, IoT
tailored method is used.
TABLE 1
Summary of Recent Works
Proposed Performanc
Paper Features
Model/Algorith e results
773
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m Nghi Phu Control flow Dynamic 99.05%

et al features, programming accuracy,
Dib et al Binary files, DL based multi- 99.78% (2019)[9] polynomial 1.31% TPR
(2021) IoT tailored dimensional accuracy time and 0.66%
[18] method classification TNR
approach Azmoode Sequence of Deep 99.68%
Taheri et Federated Fed-IIoT 8% better h et al opcodes, IoT Eigenspace accuracy,
al (2021) learning, accuracy (2018) [8] and IoBT learning 98.59%
[17] FedGAN malware precision
and 98.37%
Torabi et Characteristic Multi level 86.6% recall
al (2021) s and strings-based detection
[16] relationships similarity Azmoode Power KNN 95.65%
amid analysis h et al consumption detection
malwares approach (2018) [7] prototypes rate and
89.19%
Li et al RGB images, CNN 98.57% precision
(2021) binary, accuracy
[15] assembly and
string III. AI BASED FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEMS
information Fuzzy logic system is based on rules which in the
form of multiple values where the truth values related
Dinakarra HPC values, Two level IoT 5.88 RMSE to the variables lie amid 0 and 1. It will be considered
o et al multi- malware as AI’s subset and applied mainly for decision making
(2020) attribute detection process. In real time environment, there will be some
[14] graph complicated situations where unable to state if it is true
translation or false. In such situation, fuzzy logic makes decision
Wan et al 7 CPU ML, SVM 99.96% making simple. Truth values of Boolean system are
(2020) architectures, accuracy displayed with fixed truth value 1 and false value 0
[13] Byte for where as in fuzzy logic system no logic is applied for
sequences of malware, fixed truth and false value and it is comprised with in-
exe 98.47% between values which are utilized for displaying partial
accuracy true and false values. Further in fuzzy logic system,
for membership functions are utilized for mapping values
malware in between 0 and 1 with graph representation.
family Fuzzy logic algorithm considers all the offered
Jeon et al Network, CNN 99.28% data for resolving problem. Further, finest feasible
(2020) memory, accuracy decision is obtained from the specified input. FL
[12] process, resembles the decision making process of human being
system call which focuses each and every possibilities amid T value
and VFS, and F value. Fuzzy logic concept is learned from 1920s
behavioural and its term is initially used by Lotfi Zadeh in the year
images 1965 where conventional computer logic is observed by
him for data manipulation.
Ma et al IP address, Large-Scale 257535071
(2019) APT Domain Graph DNS While considering the characteristics of Fuzzy
[11] detection in requests Logic, it seems flexible for machine learning, resembles
IoT, Domain and 73136 human decision process, two valued solution
graph domain representation, appropriate for approximate reasoning
names and permits to develop non linear functions. Fuzzy
Logic System is designed with 4 important components
Kumar et Android Multi-purpose 98% which are depicted in Fig. 2.
al (2019) malware in Naive Bayes accuracy,
[10] IoT, Block 0.98 F Rule Base: It includes all rules where experts
chain & ML measure offer conditions on the basis of If-Then to influence
decision making process. Recent fuzzy theory offer

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several techniques to design and altering fuzzy
controllers. This updated system decrease number of
rule sets.
Fuzzification: Inputs are converted in
fuzzification stage. Crisp numbers are transferred into
fuzzy sets. After that computed crisp inputs of sensors
are conceded towards control system.
Inference Engine: It facilitates the selection of
appropriate match amid rules and fuzzy input. Match is
measured in terms of % and based on that rules to be
implemented are decided for the input given. Then
related rules are integrated for developing control
actions.
the important components of framework are explained
as follows.
Debugging
UNSW-NB15 and Bot-IoT datasets are used in
which 80% of records of both datasets are applied for
training and remaining 20% records of both datasets are
utilized for validating the proposed framework. It will
help to analyze and train the behavioral features of IoT
malwares. IoT malware detection is performed by
executing all the executable files in real time
environment which includes both benign and malware
samples. After that, debugging is performed over the
accomplished files.

Defuzzification: It is the last stage where fuzzy Feature Processing

sets are converted into crisp values by using various After debugging step, feature processing is
available methods. Based on the requirements, suitable implemented. Feature processing is performed in two
techniques are utilized by an expert system. stages which are feature preprocessing and feature
extraction. Feature preprocessing involves cleansing of
unwanted or not required features for malware
detection. During feature extraction all the available
Rules
behavioral features are analyzed for IoT malwares from
the datasets provided by considering all the attributes of
both benign files and malware files. Output of feature
processing is forwarded as the input for feature
Crisp
Input
Fuzzifier Defuzzifier
Crisp
Output
selection.
Feature Selection and Classification
Fuzzy Fuzzy
input
set
output
set In feature selection, appropriate feature is selected
Intelligence for categorizing benign and malware files in IoT
ecosystem. AI based Fuzzy Logic System (AIFLS) and
Fig. 2 Fuzzy Logic System
Fuzzy Pattern Tree (FPT) is utilized in feature selection
Fuzzy Logic Systems provides simple and classification stage to improve detection rate
understanding, accurate reasoning, controls machines, effectively.
highly robust and effectively resolves complex issues. AI based Fuzzy Logic Systems
Further, it is applied into various fields like anti-lock AIFLS is a rules based system used for effective
brakes, auto transmission, auto engine, dishwasher, decision making. Automated fuzzy rules generation is
elevator control, microwave oven, fitness management, implemented with effective learning. Fuzzy rules are
palmtop computer, plasma catching and so on by the provided by experts by analyzing the malicious
various familiar companies like Nissan, Canon, Honda, behaviors usually and for large scaled data with more
Matsushita, Fujitec, Mitsubishi Electric, Toshiba and attributes. It is hard to define fuzzy rules manually. One
others. length of frequent items of attributes are identified from
utilized UNSW-NB15 and Bot-IoT datasets by making
IV. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK use of Apriori mining algorithm by considering only
Comprehensive view of proposed IoT malware two classes benign and malware. Appropriate attribute
detection framework is presented in this section. It also selection of rule generation is implemented because all
includes the details of utilized datasets and performance attributes need not to be utilized for effective detection.
metrics utilized for validating security performance. Suitable attribute selection will enhance the process of
Input of the framework includes both benign and classifying benign and malicious records. Deviation
malware files. method is utilized for suitable attribute identification by
using one length frequent items. One length frequent
A. Proposed Framework
items of every attribute are carried out as a vector of
Proposed framework is categorized into various two classes (i.e class1 for benign and class2 for
stages which are debugging, feature processing, feature malware) and it is defined as
selection and classification. It is portrayed in Fig. 3 and

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Ci = [V1,V2,….Vn] are discovered. Definite and indefinite rules are

developed using 2 intersection points. If-Then condition
is applied for deciding whether the data is benign or
Where for benign, i is assigned as 1 and for
attack. Based on range, various rules are generated and
malware i is assigned as 2. Every vector (Vj) includes
in some cases two rules only generated. Generated
frequent items and frequency should be maximum than
rules are filtered for effective designing of classification
minimum support.
system by considering two conditions. First condition is
Vj={fi;1<=i<=m};support(fi)>=min_support.
about reducing more number of possible fuzzy rules
Afterwards for every attribute, frequent item’s
where second condition is about shortening if section in
deviation range {max, min}is computed by performing
fuzzy rules. Definite rules are used for making fuzzy
the comparison in available frequent items of vector
rules. Numerical variables of definite rules are
and it is formulated as follows.
fuzzified. So that effectiveness of the proposed system
Dv(j)={fmax, fmin} where fmax=Max(fj) and is improved.
To find a suitable classification from test input,
fmin=Min(fj)
test dataset is provided for developed fuzzy logic
system. Fuzzifier transfers attributes as linguistic
For identifying appropriate attribute, one to one variable by making use of triangular membership
comparison is applied for both max and min classes. function. Resultant of fuzzifier is provided for inference
Attributes without similar range are selected for engine which evaluates specified input using rule base.
appropriate attribute which will improvise the detection Rule base is defined as knowledge base which includes
and classification of the system. Appropriate attribute set of rules acquire by definite rules. Outcome of
selection is defined as follows: inference engine is in the form of linguistic values with
the set {Low & High} after that defuzzifier converts
Ci=[V(1), V(2), V(3),…. V(j),… V(k)] where k<=n
into crisp values. Crisp value of fuzzy inference engine
is ranged from 0 to 1 where ‘0’ defines data as entirely
During rule generation, valuable attributes
benign and ‘1’ defines data as entirely malicious.
selected from earlier stage are used which are resultant
of {max, min} deviation. Deviation range is compared
amid benign and malicious data and intersection points
Fuzzy processing
iteration while implementing iterative method. Pattern
AI based
tree with minimum prediction error is considered as
Feature Fuzzy
Dataset
preprocessing
Fuzzy Logic
Systems
Pattern
Tree (FPT)
best pattern tree. Datasets are applied with fuzzy pattern
(AIFLS)
tree for IoT malware detection with instance vector
Malware Benign
Feature
extraction
X=(x1,x2,…...,xn) 𝟄 X1xX2x…xXn where Xi is defined
as the ith attribute of every domain.
Feature Malware detection
selection

Debugging
Feature
processing
Fuzzy partition Fi is described by descretizing the
value of Xi which is defined as Fi={F(I,1),….F(I,di)}
Classification
Malware
and fuzzy subset Fi,j is defined as Fi,j=Xi→[0,1]
(j=1,….di) and ∑𝑑𝑖 𝑗=1 𝐹𝑖, 𝑗(𝑥𝑖 ) for all x 𝟄 Xi. Fi,j
Benign
describes the unary fuzzy predicator as attribute which
are defined with the labels ‘large’ or ‘small’.
Fig. 3 Proposed Framework
On other side, every instance is also related with
label benign or malware for output space Y {benign,
malware}. Fuzzy partition Fi,j links each and every leaf
Fuzzy Pattern Tree nodes.
Fuzzy pattern tree is also employed for fastening
Fuzzy pattern classifier is defined as a set of
IoT malware detection effectively. It is included with a
Fuzzy Pattern Trees (FPT). FPT is defined as FPT =
tree like structure where fuzzy logic arithmetic
{FPTi|i =1,..,k} and every FPTi is related with class yi
operators are considered as inner nodes and input
attribute based fuzzy predicates are considered as leaf 𝟄 Y. To classify fresh instance x, prediction is done on
nodes [19]. Fuzzy pattern tree is depicted in Fig. 4. the basis of class of the tree with maximum score which
Bottom up induction is applied for fuzzy pattern tree in is defined as follows
which values of leaf nodes are combined by making use y^ = argmax(PTi(x)) for yi𝟄 Y
of fuzzy operators. At the end, output is presented to its
ancestor. Various pattern trees are created in every

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Prediction Error of a pattern tree at every iteration malware execution. Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show the
is computed for selecting best pattern tree. It is performance analysis plot of the proposed framework.
computed as follows

𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟(𝐹𝑃𝑇𝑧) = 1/𝑁√∑(𝑦 𝑗 − 𝑃𝑇𝑧( 𝑥 𝑗 ))

𝑗=1

Percentage of
metrics
IoT
malware
precision Time
precision f1-score

Fig. 5 Performance Metrics of the Proposed Model (Iteration1)

Fuzzy AND

Feature 1

percentage of
metrics
Fuzzy OR

Time
precision recall f1-score
Feature 2 Feature 3
Fig. 6 Performance Metrics of the Proposed Model (Iteration2)
Fig. 4 Fuzzy Pattern Tree
C. Security Validation
Proposed framework is validated with the
B. Datasets Utilized following performance metrics TPR, TNR, FPR, FNR
UNSW-NB15 and Bot-IoT datasets are utilized and classification rate.
for the proposed IoT malware detection framework. True Positive Rate (TPR):
UNSW-NB15 dataset contains 257673 data records
which are based on network intrusions [20]. Further, it It is computed with the ratio amid appropriately
describes about 9 different attacks including trojans, forecasted IoT malware count and completely predicted
DDoS, DoS, worms, backdoors and fuzzers. IoT malware count. TPR value will be 1 while all the
malwares are detected and it is very rare. TPR is called
Bot-IoT dataset is related to real time dynamic in other words as the Sensitivity or Detection Rate
network environment [21-24]. It is included with (DR). It is formulated as follows.
72000000 records and size of Bot-IoT dataset is 69.3
GB of pcap files. It is available in csv format too for 𝑇𝑃
𝑇𝑃𝑅 =
downloading in 16.7 GB size. DDoS, DoS, OS and 𝑇𝑃 + 𝐹𝑁
service scan, data exfiltration and keylogging are the
different types of included attacks of the dataset. True Negative Rate (TNR):
Experimental Setup and Results A true negative is an outcome where the model
The proposed framework is experimentally tested correctly predicts the negative class. It is formulated as
in a secured lab setup. The server runs in Ubuntu server TN/TN+FP.
automated using kubernetes for deployment. The False Positive Rate (FPR):
kubernetes is configured to automate the data
It is computed with the ratio amid the number of
processing and deployment. The experimental
benign samples wrongly classified like an attack and
validation is performed in the basis of two situations 1)
the total number of benign samples. It is formulated as
with malware executed environment and 2) without
follows.

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𝐹𝑃
𝐹𝑃𝑅 =
𝐹𝑃 + 𝑇𝑁
False Negative Rate (FNR):
False negative is referred as while a detection
system fails to recognize a variance and categorized as
benign. It is expressed as follows.
𝐹𝑁
𝐹𝑁𝑅 =
𝐹𝑁 + 𝑇𝑃
Classification Rate (CR) or Accuracy:
CR is computed by measuring how the detection
system accurately detects IoT malwares and it is also
described in terms of percentage of correctly detected
IoT malwares from the entire dataset.
𝑇𝑃 + 𝑇𝑁
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 =
𝑇𝑃 + 𝑇𝑁 + 𝐹𝑃 + 𝐹𝑁
V. CONCLUSION
IoT ecosystem is vast and it is emerged with
enormous volume of data, devices and equipments
where all are interconnected through internet. This
kind of interconnectivity increases the possibility of
more types of attacks of malicious attackers who are
eagerly aiming the security shortcomings related to IoT
ecosystem as well as devices. Number of attack
instances reached its apex level in the back to back
pandemic periods of Covid 19. In this work, secured
malware detection framework is presented for IoT
ecosystem on the basis of AI based Fuzzy Logic
Systems (AIFLS). Automatic fuzzy logic rules
generation is implemented. In addition, IoT malware
classification is fastened and accurate by adopting
Fuzzy Pattern Trees (FPT). UNSW-NB15 and Bot-IoT
datasets are employed for validating proposed
framework and its performance is assessed by making
use of the standard performance measures like TPR,
FPR, FNR and classification rate. Experiment results
depict that improved results are attained by the
proposed framework while comparing with existing
recent research works.
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Supply Chain Marketing System,” Journal of Enterprise
and Business Intelligence, pp. 14–26, Jan. 2021.
[12] T. Nghi Phu, N. Dai Tho, L. Huy Hoang, N. Ngoc Toan
and N. Ngoc Binh, “An Efficient Algorithm to Extract
Control Flow-Based Features for IoT Malware Detection”,
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2019, doi: 10.1093/comjnl/bxaa087.
[13] R. Kumar, X. Zhang, W. Wang, R.U. Khan, J. Kumar, A.
Sharif, “A multimodal malware detection technique for
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Epidemics”, IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 138508-138528,

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
Corneal Ulcer Feature Extraction and Image
Classification using a Deep Convolutional
Network and the VGG 16 Model
S.Janet Grace Susila
Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science and
Applications, St. Peter’s Institute of Higher Education and
Research,
Chennai, India.
Abstract— The most common kind of corneal issue is
keratitis, an infection of the cornea commonly referred to
as a corneal ulcer. In order to minimize the overall problem
of visual heaviness that happens throughout the many
phases of ulceration and the consequences, such as
permanent vision loss or blindness, a technical solution that
permits a distinction to be formed is needed. An image
categorization technique using Deep Convolution Neural
Networks is described in this article. This technique allows
for the diagnosis of a wide variety of corneal ulcers using
the data from ulcer images. The suggested technique is very
useful and permits the automated extraction of crucial
traits, which has significant ramifications in both the
theoretical and practical arenas. The VGG16model
integrates the two goals, serving as both a method and a
high-throughput network for the categorization of a large
number of photos for investigating CUs data processing
problems. By expediting the reduction of provocative
application and induction monitoring of customized
medical treatment, we provide a contribution to the area of
information technology-based healthcare. Early corneal
ulcer identification helps to achieve this. There are two
different employment categories to choose from. Data
preprocessing is used to extract features and classify data
during the initial phase of the process. DCNN is used in the
second assignment to extract features from the data.
According to the results of experimental research, the
classification accuracy obtained using features produced
from DCNN is only slightly better than that obtained using
features from neural networks. classification on DCNN.
Keyword: Feature Extraction, Deep Convolution Neural
Network, VGG16 model.
I. INTRODUCTION
An estimated 1.5 to 2.5 million new instances of
monocular blindness are reported each year. [Reference
required] The main cause of corneal erosion, which may
result in blindness, are corneal ulcers, commonly known
as CUs [1, 2]. A spherical form has been used to describe
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
Dr.D. Kavitha
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and
Applications, St. Peter’s Institute of of Higher Education and
Research, Chennai, India.
janetinba1980@gmail.com
how CUs manifest clinically. economies that have
undergone industrialization and still-developing
economies [1,3,4]. It was reported that there were around
65,000 early-onset CU cases in the United States of
America [3]. Since corneal abrasions are often the first
sign of an eye injury, treating corneal blindness in patients
who have them is much more difficult.
the advanced surgical technique being used on the
present patients' Treatment for corneal blindness is
possible, but only with the help of skilled medical
personnel and cutting-edge equipment. Manual visual
appraisal, on the other hand, takes a long time and has
limited treatment options. Furthermore, human visual
appraisal of the frequently employed feature extraction was
based on assumption and clinical awareness rather than an
evidence-based study [7] formational data analytics were
particularly relevant [8]. The impressive advancements in
medicine, particularly in terms of automated sickness
detection and prevention, have been greatly aided by the
recent surge in funding for research into healthcare
systems[8-15].
Deep Convolution Neural Networks (DCNNs) have
proven itself as a successful solution in image processing
tasks, particularly due to their high routine [16-20], which
is especially relevant in the healthcare arena [8].
One of the main advantages of DCNNs [18,20] is the
automated extraction of vivid and discriminative
characteristics. Several attempts have been made to use
machine learning techniques to automate the detection of
CUs, but none have been successful. They're Either draw
conclusions based on a relatively tiny sample size, or don't
make any distinctions between the different forms of
disease, or don't have enough precision to be used in
healthcare [9, 21-23].
This problem is addressed in this research by
introducing a feature extraction-based DCNN-based
classification system.
This is how the paper is structured: First, we provide
our research history, which includes relevant work on
automated CUs examination, emphasizing the importance
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of our technique. Then we go over the basics of The pictures have been kept there JPG format with a
methodology, such as our model design, evaluation data, resolution of 2592*1728 pixels and a 32-bit RGB colour
and preprocessing. The reregulation of our CU palette.
categorization mode is then presented. Following that, we
discuss the findings before establishing boundaries and Corneal ulcers are divided into three categories based
on their appearance and location.:
making recommendations for future work.
II. RESEARCH BACKGROUND TABLE 1.CLASSIFICATION SPECIFICATIONS FOR
DATASETS
A. Corneal Ulcer Manifestations. ________________________________________
Identifier category number Proportion
CU is the most prevalent symptom of corneal disease
0 point-likecornealulcers 358 50.28%
(also known as keratitis).CUs are induced by a variety of
reasons and often result in mild to severe ocular discharge 1 point-flakymixedcorneal ulcers 263 36.95%
as well as decreased vision[1,2,]. In humans, late 2. flaky corneal ulcers 97 12.78%
diagnosis or insufficient treatment can result in
irreversible vision loss or even blindness [1, 2, 7]. To ______________________________________________
diagnose corneal illnesses and avert visual impairment,
medical diagnostics are critical[1].
B. Preset Examination of Corneal Ulcer IV. DATAPREPROCESSING
A variety of semi-automated and fully-automated
developments in CU examination have been expected. The following pre-processing techniques were used to
Rodriquezetal.[24] employed digital image analysis to improve the classification performance of the network.
extract the CU region of interest, whereas Chantal.[25] These strategies were used throughout the network's
and Petersonetal.[25] built a colour extraction technique. training period. Figure 1 may display the three various
Based on manual CU area segmentation, Deng et al[23] types of corneal images that were processed.
also anticipated automatic progress. Sun et al.[22] and
Loo et al. [17] created innovations based on deep Place a mask over the images to do information
learning with a view to market segmentation. CU region filtering and identify the primary site of the corneal ulcer.
in the setting of completely automated advances.
To boost contrast and allow for additional information
Furthermore, DCNNs were employed by Akram and
on cornea images, adaptive histogram equalisation (AHE)
Debnath [19] to locate the ulcer region and define a
[24] should be utilised.
perimeter around it.
To speed up the network's convergence time, all of the
However, although all of these research point to
cornea pictures are scaled to the same size and averaged.
advances in CU segmentation, Specifically, they do not
allow for the classification of several distinct CU pattern In 2017, Google and CMU [25] partnered on a work
types, as we propose and which is feasible without the that showed that deep learning efficiency in visual
need of a detection breakthrough. problems requires a lot of marker data. In this study, we
use a range of techniques to enhance the data operations
Kuo et al. [21] The development of a deep learning-
including miscue transformation, scaling, angle rotation,
based corneal image model for the aim of differentiating
and random roll off, among others. When more data are
between the various forms of microbial keratitis is one
made accessible for the model's training, the model's ability
of the most recent developments in the area, as well as
to generalise is enhanced.
the one that is most equivalent to the work that we have
done. The average level of diagnostic accuracy is 69.5
percent, which is good but falls short of the high level of
precision anticipated in the healthcare industry [16].
All of the technologies that were discussed have had
positive effects in terms of identifying sickness and
preventing it. Automated CU assessment, which use
images of the cornea and fluoresce in staining, is used to
get these findings. On the other hand, the projected
models prove to be inaccurate and ineffective at
achieving the desired results.
III. DATASET
A total of 512 Patients with various degrees of corneal
ulcers were given fluorescein-staining pictures of the
Figure-1 Three types of corneal images
eyeball's surface at the SunYat-sen Eye Center at SunYat-
sen University. These photos were taken by patients. [10].

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V. FEATURE EXTRACTION USING DCNN fluorescein staining images and a range of datasets (e.g.,
An artificial neural network called a deep SUSTech-SYSU), all of which add to our model's routine
convolutional neural network (DCNN) collects features and strength.
from input and classifies high-dimensional data. The
DCNN algorithm is a two-dimensional form rearranging
technique that is very resistant to changes, scaling,
skewing, and other imperfections. Feature extraction,
feature mapping, and sub sampling layers are among the
layers in the structure.
A DCNN is made up The third level, which is an
entirely connected output layer, comes after the first two
levels, which are made up of several convolution and
subsampling processes. Multilayer Neural Networks are
physically relocated variations of Deep Convolution
Neural Networks [6]. [3] based on the experiments. Each
cell has a receptive field, which is a small part of the
diagram fields. According to [4] separates cells into two
categories: both simple and complex cells. Complex cells
are able to acquire a large portion of these geographically
specific properties, while simple cells can only extract
local attributes. from a geographic perspective
surrounding. DCNN aims to apply this structure by
aggregating information from the input space in a similar
way, then staging the classification. Figure 2 Active corneal ulcer scar of VGG16 model

Unlike traditional methods, which extract features

physically and feed them to the model for classification
[3], this method does not rely on physical extraction. VII. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT
As a 1024-dimensional vector, a 2424-color image
can be represented. A 4096-pixel vector is a more precise Multiple assessment indicators were utilised to assess
description of the image. considering distinct color the VGG16's classification performance in this paper, a
values (R, G, and B) (dimensions). Shallow networks model True positives (TP), false positives (FP), false
may mimic such high-dimensional data but need negatives (FN), and true negatives (TN) are the four
estimations for a large number of parameters. Unless you different categories of true positives (TN). The
have a substantial quantity of training data. VGG16model displays positives (FP), false negatives (FN),
and true negatives in the network (TN).
VI. PROPOSED VGG MODEL
TABLE II CLASSIFICATION PERFORMANCE OF VGG16
MODEL [23]
Utilizing the pre-trained DCNN-based VGG16
model provided by Simonyan et al. [25] and the transfer
learning approach, As a common network approach for
investigating CU segmentation difficulties, the VGG16
model has been developed [22]. It is a high-performance
network that was extensively constructed to provide
services.
The VGG16 model provides a significant amount of
initial network data that may be used to match the
analysis of fluorescein staining images and a variety of
datasets (such as SUSTech-SYSU), all of which improve
the consistency and robustness of our model.
Simonyan et al. [25] created a DCNN-based VGG16
model that was used to apply the transfer learning
technique. The VGG16 model was created as a typical
network technique for CU segmentation study [22]. It's a
high-performance network for processing huge amounts
of data.
The VGG16 model provides a huge quantity of initial
network information that may be utilised to match

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VIII. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
[1]
A deep learning framework was employed in this
experiment. IntelCorei7-8750HCPU@2.20GHz and
NIVIDIA GeForceGTX1050Ti graphics card with 4G [2]
memory were used to train the networks. During the
training The dataset was randomly split into the training
dataset and the verification dataset during the whole
process of constructing the model. a 4:1 ratio. The input [3]
network's picture size in the experiment was 256*256*3.
The optimizer was Adam, and he was the one who chose [4]
the learning rate bto 0.0001.
[5]
IX. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
VGG 16 on corneal ulcer classification VGG16's two
layers with 4096 The nerve nodes were eliminated and [6]
replaced with a complete connecting layer that included
512 nerve nodes. A This was followed by the addition of
a dropout layer and a SoftMax classification layer. As a [7]
direct result of this modification, the other VGG16 model
parameters have There was no change. Weighed were
[8]
images that had been altered before to this investigation
and were used in the course of it. The accuracy curves of
the various models that were included in the verification [9]
dataset were computed using experiments. These curves
may be seen. in Figure
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
. A.Geerards, and A.Kijlstra, “Incidence of contact-lens- associated
Figure 3. Accuracy curves of corneal ulcer in verification dataset. [15]
Table.3. TRAINING RESULTS OF VGG16 MODEL [16]
Models Params Accuracy Sensitivity Precision f1score
[17]
VGG16 81,825,603 86.81% 66.67% 57.87% 61.60%
___________________________________________
[18]
An appropriate number of parameters generated from
Table 3 were considerably simplified by the VGG 16
model. Meanwhile, the VGG16 model had the best [19]
accuracy of 86.81 percent, sensitivity of 66.67 percent,
precision of 57.87 percent, and F1score of 61.60 percent. [20]
On all evaluation metrics, the VGG 16 model
outperformed the other models.
[17]
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K.H.Cheng,S.L.Leung,H.W.Hoekman, W.H.Beekhuis, P.Mulder,
microbial keratitis and its related
morbidity,”Lancet,vol.354,no.9174,pp.174–175,1999.
G. Amescua, D. Miller, and E. C. Alfonso, “What is causing the
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Intelligent Deep Residual Network based Brain

Tumor Detection and Classification
K.Kartheeban,1 Kapula Kalyani,2 Sai Krishna Bommavaram,3 Dr. Divya Rohatgi,4 Mathur Nadarajan Kathiravan,5
Dr. S. Saravanan. 6
1
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education,
Anand Nagar, KrishnanKoil, Srivilliputtur, Tamilnadu, India, k.kartheeban@klu.ac.in
2
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Aditya College of Engineering and Technology, Surampalem, Andhra Pradesh, India,
kalyani.kapula@acet.ac.in
3
Student, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineerin g, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana,
India, sanjurao2000@gmail.com
4
Associate Professor, Department of CSE, Amity University, Maharashtra, India, divi.rohatgi@gmail.com
5
Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. N.G.P Arts and Science College, Kalapatti Road, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India,
kathiravanmn@drngpasc.ac.in
6
Assistant professor, Department of Commerce, Dr. Ambedkar Government Arts College, Vyasarpadi Chennai, Tamilnadu,
India, prof.s.saravanan@gmail.com

Abstract—Brain tumor has an impact on people in every age
group and considerably raise the global mortality rate. A tumor
is comprised of tissue from collected abnormal cells. The benign
brain tumor is non-destructive and is not cancerous. S everal
brain MRI scans are widely required for classifier technique of
machine learning (ML) for the segmentation of brain tumors. In
optimal classification model, the factors that are to be deliberated
include computational resources, classification accuracy, and
algorithm performance. This study emphasizes the design of
Intelligent Deep Residual Network based Brain Tumor Detection
and Classification (IDRN-BTCC) approach. The presented
IDRN-BTCC method majorly aims to recognize and classify the
presence of BT or not in the medical images. To do so, the
projected IDRN-BTCC model follows two subprocesses namely
feature extraction and classification. Primarily, residual network
(ResNet) model is exploited as a feature extractor which helps to
generate feature vectors. In addition, multilayer perceptron
(MLP) module is exploited to categorize the medical images into
distinct classes. The hyperparameter tuning of the ResNet model
takes place using chicken swarm optimization (CS O) algorithm.
For examining the enhanced performance of the suggested
IDRN-BTCC module, an experimental validation process is
tested using benchmark data set and the result highlights the
enhancements of the IDRN-BTCC approach over recent
methodologies.
Keywords— Brain tumor, Deep learning, Intelligent models,
Medical imaging, ResNet model
I. INT RODUCT ION
Clinical centers offer numerous choices to help patients in
discovery of medical conditions. Late advances in PC research
acquired numerous novel thoughts in the field of robotized
clinical and emotionally supportive networks [1]. New
magnifying lenses are utilized to notice tissues and organs.
Sight and sound frameworks help in assessments [2].
Consequences of screenings and sweeps are assessed on
screens which gives great show support in point by point
assessments. With PC strategies, complex advanced pictures of
physiological designs can be handled and controlled to assist
with envisioning stowed away indicative elements that are
generally troublesome or difficult to recognize utilizing planar
imaging techniques [3]. A brain tumor (BT) is a dangerous or
non-carcinogenic development of strange cells in the brain,
which prompts harmless or threatening BTs [4]. The majority
of the analysts are participating in the essential kind of tumors
like Gliomas. Gliomas is treated through chemotherapy,
radiotherapy, and medical procedure. Robotization by PC
helped gadgets can be utilized to get vital clinical information
like tumor presence, area, and type [5]. Be that as it may, it is
as yet an extremely difficult errand in surveying their shape,
volume, limits, tumor recognition, size, division, and
arrangement. Likewise, BT force shifts from one person to
another. MRI is liked over other treatment and finding
strategies since it gives unrivaled picture contrast in delicate
tissues and has painless properties [6].
The moving errand in BT is because of high changeability
and innate MRI information qualities [7], e.g., fluctuation in
tumor sizes or shapes, tumor location, region estimation,
division, grouping, and tracking down vulnerability in
sectioned districts. The main assignment in picture
understanding is picture division since it helps highlight
extraction, region computation, and importance in some
genuine applications [8]. It tends to be utilized, for instance,
assessment of tumor volume, tissue grouping, platelet outline,
restriction of tumors, matching of a map book, careful
preparation, and picture enlistment [9]. For checking oncologic
treatment, the exact and morphology evaluation of tumors is a
basic undertaking. Be that as it may, broad scale work has been
acted out in this field; yet at the same time; clinicians rely upon
manual assurance of tumors, because of absence of connection
among scientists and clinicians [10].
This study emphasizes the design of Intelligent Deep
Residual Network based Brain Tumor Detection and
Classification (IDRN-BTCC) method. The presented IDRN-
BTCC approach majorly aims to recognize and classify the
presence of BT or not in the medical images . To do so, the
projected IDRN-BTCC model follows two subprocesses

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namely feature extraction and classification. Primarily, residual images. To do so, the projected IDRN-BTCC model follows
network (ResNet) module is exploited as a feature extractor two subprocesses namely feature extraction and classification.
which helps to generate feature vectors. The hyperparameter
A. Feature Extraction and Classification
tuning of the ResNet model takes place using chicken swarm
optimization (CSO) algorithm. In addition, multilayer ResNet applies residual block (RB) to resolve the
perceptron (MLP) module is exploited to classify the medical degradation and GD problem existing in common CNN [17].
images into distinct classes. For examining the enhanced The RB isn’t depending on network depth and improves the
performance of the suggested IDRN-BTCC module, an process of the system. It is noted that ResNet networks have
experimental validation process is tested by utilizing given effective outcomes in ImageNet classification method:
benchmark dataset. ( ) ( )
In Eq. (1), indicates the input of RB; denotes the
II. RELAT ED W ORKS weight of remaining block; indicates the consequence of RB.
In [11], the author modelled a method that employs deep ResNet network has various RB in which convolutional kernel
TL to automatically categorize abnormal and normal brain MR sizes of convolutional layers is different. The conventional
images. CNNs related ResNet34 method was employed as a structure of ResNet encompasses ResNet101, RetNet18, and
DL method. The author has employed current DL methods like RestNe50. Here, ResNet50 is applied as a feature extractor.
fine-tuning, optimal learning rate finder, and data augmentation Fig. 1 illustrates the framework of ResNet technique.
for training the method. Gull et al. [12] presented a unique
classification and segmentation structure related to effective
TL. In this structure, threshold and fast bounded box
approaches were employed for segmenting purposes. The two
pre-trained CNNs VGG-19 and AlexNet were employed for
categorization utilizing TL. In pre-trained techniques, 2 TL
methods fine-tuning and stochastic gradient descent with
restarts (SGDR) can be enforced via MRI through Figshare and
Kaggle data.
In [13], the Grab cut technique was implemented for
precise segmentation of actual lesion symptoms whereas TL
method visual geometry group (VGG-19) can be finely tuned
for obtaining attributes which can be concatenated with hand
crafted (texture and shape) features with the use of serial-
oriented technique. Such features will be optimized by using
entropy for fast and accurate classification and the fused vector
was dispersed to classifiers. In [14], the author leverages brain
contrast-enhanced MRI (CE-MRI) benchmark datasets for
categorizing 3 kinds of brain tumors (pituitary, glioma, and
meningioma). Owing to the small number of trained data, this (A)
classifier systems assess deep TL for extracting feature through
9 deep pre-trained CNNs structures. The work, mainly intends
to rise the classifier precision, speed the training period and
evade overfitting.
Asif et al. modelled a robust and efficient technique related
to TL approach to classifying brain tumors through MRI. To
boost brain tumor diagnostic system, the popular DL structures
were used in this study [15]. The pre-trained techniques like
InceptionResNetV2, Xception, DenseNet121 and NasNet
Large were leveraged for the abstraction of the deep features
from brain MRI. The experiments were executed with the help
of 2 benchmark data that are openly available on the web.
Images from the datasets are initially augmented, cropped, and
preprocessed for fast and accurate training. Arbane et al. [16]
devise a DL approach for classifying brain tumors from MRI
images with the use of CNNs depending upon TL. The
enforced system would explore a number of CNN structures, (B)
such as MobilNet-V2, ResNet, and Xception.
Fig. 1. (A & B) Basic Block diagram and Structure of ResNet
III. THE PROPOSED M ODEL
In this study, a new IDRN-BTCC method majorly aims to Features attained as ResNet architecture are set in MLP
recognize and classify the presence of BT or not in medical layer for the classification of images. MLP method
encompasses three mechanisms such as output, input, and
hidden layers [18]. The MLP module comprises different

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hidden layer that allows the system to have processing and
computation abilities to produce the output:
∑ ( )
In Eq. (2), indicates the input variable, indicates the
weight amongst the input variable and neuron , and
indicates the input parameter bias term.
( ) ( )
In Eq. (3) indicates the sigmoid function for neuron and
denotes the sum of weights. Finally, the output neuron is
defined as:
demonstrates the place of mothers of the chicks.
implies the arbitrary variables which represent that the
chick is followed by its mother to search for food. Assume
separate differences, the of all chicks will be in interval of
zero and two.
IV. RESULT S AND DISCUSSION
The result analysis of the RDCN-MLDR model is tested on
the benchmark Kaggle dataset which holds images under five
classes.

∑ ( )

where is the output of neuron , is the weight among

the output parameter and neuron , denotes the bias term
of the output parameter and indicates the activation function
for neuron .
B. Hyperparameter Tuning
The hyperparameter tuning of the ResNet model takes
place using the CSO algorithm. CSO can be referred as a SI
optimized method established by Meng et al. [19]. This method
Fig. 2. T ACC and VACC analysis of IDRN-BT CC system
separates chicken flock as to hen, chick, and rooster groups
according to separate fitness values of chicken flocks. Then, The TACC and VACC of the IDRN-BTCC approach are
the hen, chick, and rooster exploration from the solution space considered on BT performance in Fig. 2. The figure is implicit
in particular method. Each particle in the method represents a that the IDRN-BTCC method has shown enhanced
feasible solution to problems. At last, the fitness value of 3 sets performance with improved values of TACC and VACC. It is
is extremely related to identifying the global optimal particles observable that the IDRN-BTCC system has reached maximal
and global optimal value. The rooster equivalents separate TACC outcomes.
from best fitness values in flocks. The position upgrading
respective to rooster was provided under.
( ( )) ( )

{ [ ]
( )
( )
( ) implies the Gaussian distribution with mean
of and standard deviation (SD) of represents the lesser
constant in computation. For preventing failures in separating
by 0, implies the label of roosters arbitrarily selected in
rooster populations. stands for fitness respective to . The
place of hens is upgrading as:
( )
Fig. 3. TLS and VLS analysis of IDRN-BTCC system
( ) ( )
(( ) ( ( ) )) ( ) The TLS and VLS of the IDRN-BTCC method are tested
( ) ( ) on BT performance in Fig. 3. The figure inferred that the
In which signifies the arbitrary value in zero and one. IDRN-BTCC P model has revealed better performance with
indicates the label of roosters arbitrarily selected in the least values of TLS and VLS. It is evident that the IDRN-
populations as spouse of hen. defines label of chicks BTCC approach has resulted in reduced VLS outcomes.
arbitrarily selected, and and , thus Table 1 reports the comparative analysis of RDCN-MLDR
If , it determines that hen is merely methodology with current algorithms.
taking food from another chick [20]. The place of chicks is
upgrading as:
( ) ( )

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T ABLE I
COMPARAT IVE ANALYSIS OF RDCN-MLDR MET HOD WIT H
RECENT T ECHNIQUES

Me thods Sensitivity Specificity Accuracy

IDRN-BT CC 97.17 98.77 98.07
D-CNN Model 96.58 96.14 97.31
FBGBT DS-ANFIS 96.20 95.10 96.40
SGT -CNN 91.20 93.40 93.30
BT S-MRI-CNN 94.20 94.40 94.60
Multi-Modal BT S 92.60 93.00 93.30
Multifractal T E-
DSBT 94.30 95.10 95.90

Fig. 5. analysis of RDCN-MLDR approach with recent algorithms

Fig. 4. analysis of RDCN-MLDR approach with recent algorithms

Fig. 4 exhibits an overall assessment of the IDRN- Fig. 6. analysis of RDCN-MLDR method with current approaches
BTCC model with other classification models. The figure
represented that the SGT-CNN model has exhibited worst Fig. 5 shows an overall assessment of the IDRN-
performance with of 91.20%. Next, the multi-modal BTCC model with other classification models. The figure
BTS model has depicted slightly improved of 92.60%. represented that the Multi-Modal BTS model has exhibited
In contrast, the multifractal TE-DSBT model has exhibited worst performance with of 93.00%. Subsequently, the
considerable outcomes. Although the D-CNN and FBGBTDS- SGT-CNN approach has depicted slightly improved of
ANFIS models have demonstrated reasonable performance 93.40%. In contrast, the FBGBTDS-ANFIS model has
with values of 96.58% and 96.20% respectively. But the exhibited considerable outcomes. Although the Multifractal
IDRN-BTCC model has shown enhanced results with supreme TE-DSBT and D-CNN techniques have established reasonable
of 97.17%. performance with values of 95.1% and 96.14%
correspondingly. But the IDRN-BTCC method has shown
enhanced results with supreme of 98.77%.
Fig. 6 exhibits an overall assessment of the IDRN-
BTCC model with other classification models. The figure
represented that the SGT-CNN model has exhibited worst
performance with of 93.30%. Followed by, the Multi-
Modal BTS model has shown slightly improved of
93.30%. Conversely, the Multifractal TE-DSBT approach has
exhibited considerable outcomes. Although the Multifractal
FBGBTDS-ANFIS and D-CNN methods have established
reasonable performance with values of 96.4% and
97.31%% correspondingly. However, the IDRN-BTCC
approach has revealed improved results with supreme of
98.07%.

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At last, a detailed study of the IDRN-BTCC method is
made with respect to CT in Fig. 7 and Table 2. With respect to
CT, the IDRN-BTCC system has gained least CT of 19.99s
whereas the D-CNN, FBGBTDS-ANFIS, SGT-CNN, BTS-
MRI-CNN, Multi-Modal BTS, and Multifractal TE-DSBT
techniques have reached increased CT of 51.61s, 56.60s,
57.10s, 40.72s, 31.22s, and 23.33s correspondingly.
T ABLE II
CT ANALYSIS OF IDRN-BT CC APPROACH WIT H RECENT
ALGORIT HMS
Me thods Computational Time (sec)
IDRN-BT CC 19.99
D-CNN Model 51.61
FBGBT DS-ANFIS 56.60
SGT -CNN 57.10
BT S-MRI-CNN 40.72
Multi-Modal BT S 31.22
Multifractal TE-DSBT 23.33
Fig. 7. CT analysis of IDRN-BT CC approach with recent algorithms
V. CONCLUSION
In this study, a new IDRN-BTCC method majorly aims to
recognize and classify the presence of BT or not in medical
images. To do so, the projected IDRN-BTCC model follows
two subprocesses namely feature extraction and classification.
Primarily, ResNet module is applied as a feature extractor
which helps to generate feature vectors. In addition, MLP
approach was exploited to classify the medical images into
distinct classes. For examining the enhanced performance of
the suggested IDRN-BTCC module, an experimental validation
process was tested ny utilizing benchmark dataset and the
result highlights the developments of the IDRN-BTCC model
over recent methodologies.
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deep CNN features via transfer learning. Computers in biology and
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[2] Amin, J., Anjum, M.A., Sharif, M., Jabeen, S., Kadry, S. and Moreno
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[20] Ci, Y., Wu, H., Sun, Y. and Wu, L., 2022. A prediction model with
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A Systematic and Bibliometric Review on Face

Recognition: Convolutional Neural Network

Aakanksha Gurpreet Singh Jaspreet Singh Deval Verma

Scholar Data Science Department of CSE Department of CSE Department of Mathematics
Chandigarh University Chandigarh University Chandigarh University Chandigarh University
Mohali, India Mohali, India Mohali, India Mohali, India
aakankshagoel46@gmail.com aiet.cse.gurpreet@gmail.com cec.jaspreet@gmail.com deval.e11601@cumail.in

Abstract—CNN (Convolution Neural Network) has boosted

computer vision research by delivering outstanding outcomes
in a variety of domains, including voice recognition, activity
recognition, classification as well as segmentation of images, video
analysis, as well as object recognition. In addition, the availability
of cheap technology and massive volumes of data has created new
possibilities for research for CNN. Alternative transfer functions,
regularization, parameter optimization, including architectural
enhancements, are a few inspiring ideas that have been re-
searched for the advancement of CNN. Additionally, attaining
architectural advancements leads to a significant increase in the
deep CNN’s capability. This paper has a primary focus on a depth
study of CNN (convolution neural network) on its activation
functions and architecture for convolution neural networks.
Furthermore, the bibliometric analysis has been done by using
Scopus and Web of Science databases processed in VOSviewer
software, by which researchers have ideas towards this domain.
The findings of this paper will contribute to knowledge and Fig. 1. Web of Science Core Collection for: Deep Convolution Neural
practice of researchers working in this field by increasing their Networks
understanding of convolution neural networks.
Index Terms—Convolutional Neural Network, Architectures
for CNN, Activation Functions in CNN, Image Recognition
that are spatially dependent. This breakthrough has pushed
researchers and developers create both larger models in order
I. I NTRODUCTION to perform difficult tasks, which was not achievable with
The component of machine learning that has gained the classic ANNs. A Convolutional Neural Network is a specific
greatest attention in current research and development is kind of Artificial Neural Network that is used to process pixel
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Machine learning is data in image recognition and processing. A Convolutional
the idea that a computer can comprehend the structure of Neural Network that typically analyses visual pictures using
data using a mathematical or statistical model. Convolutional grid-like data processing. ConvNet is another name for it,
neural networks, on the other hand, require more processing to teach an algorithm how to recognize items in images, A
than standard methods because they deal with intricate Convolutional Neural Network is used for object detection
patterns in vast amounts of data. In its execution process, and classification in an image, 3,628 results from Web of
it uses a variety of methodologies, including supervised Science Core Collection for: Deep Convolutional Neural
learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Networks (All Fields) and computer vision (All Fields) web
Communities are still exploring and accepting research of science. It shows the use of this technology with other
on neural network algorithms as of right now. In the last field, most of research has been done in this field as shown
ten years, convolutional neural networks have achieved in figure 1.
ground-breaking results in a range of pattern recognition
applications, from image processing to voice recognition. The Their names are derived from one of the network’s most
decrease in ANN’s parameter count is one of CNNs’ most crucial operations: Convolution. The brain is the inspiration
advantageous features. The most crucial premise regarding behind convolutional neural networks, because it can recognize
issues that CNN solves is that they shouldn’t include features objects in pictures. They are helpful in medicine because of

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Fig. 2. Citations and Publication Report: Deep Convolution Neural Networks
this ability. for MRI diagnosis, as an illustration. CNN is also
useful in the farming industry. Figure depicts that cititaions and
publications report for deep convolutional‘ neural networks
(All Fields) and computer vision (All Fields), survey from
Web of Science Core Collection data base that shows in 2021
have highest numbers in citation and publications as given in
figure 2.
1) ConvNet Layers: These are incredibly cognate to regular
neural networks, which can be represented as a group of
neurons and put in order of an acyclic graph [1]. With a
neural network, the major distinction is, if just a portion
of neurons in the covered layer are linked neurons from
the preceding layer.
2) Convolutional Layer: The foundational layer of the
ConvNet is where the majority of the computation. It
is an arrangement of the feature maps with neurons.
A collection of learnable filters, or kernels make up
the layer’s parameter. In order to create the separate 2-
dimensional activation map, these filters are convolved
with the feature map. This map is then layered through
the depth measurement is to create the out-turn extent.
Sharing parameters among neurons in the paired feature
map reduce the convolution of the network by limiting
of parameters [2].
3) Pooling Layer: Basic ConvNet architecture alternates
between Convolutional layers and Pooling layers, with
the bottommost serving to lower the structural dimension
of the activation maps and the amount of the framework
in the network, hence lowering the extensive figuring
intricacy. This resolves the issue of Overfitting. The
requirement for various ConvNet section is questioned in
the study of Alexey Dosovitskiy et al. [3], who discov-
ered that conv layers swap max pooling layers. And this
primarily applies to basic nets with outperformed various
complicated current architectures depicts in figure 3.
4) Fully Connected Layer: As in a typical neural network,
all of the neurons in the preceding layer are completely
linked to the neurons in this layer. This involves using
complex logic. A conv layer unable to come after a
fully linked layer since the neurons are not entirely
ordered. The latest developments have seen some
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Fig. 3. Pooling Layer: Deep Convolution Neural Networks[1]
architectures alter their completely linked layer with
a universal norm pooling layer, as in Lin et al. [4]
“Network in Network” (NIN)
f (x) = max(0, x) (1)
5) Loss Layer: The final completely linked layer serves as a
loss layer, which assess the loss or error especially fine
for the difference between desired and actual output.
Out of K exclusive classes that are mutually exclusive,
Softmax loss is utilized to forecast one class. As a
loss function, it is frequently employed. It is essentially
multinomial logistic regression. In order to obtain a
probability distribution over classes, it normalizes the
prognosis and transfers them to non-negative values.
Hinge loss is used to train the Support Vector Machine,
a large margin classifier. Euclidean loss can be applied
while revert to labels with real values.
II. ACTIVATION F UNCTIONS
A single number is taken on by activation functions, which
are discontinuance and performs various mathematical opera-
tions on it. Such functions are numerous and the most popular
ones are covered here.
Sigmoid: As stated in equation (1), the non-linearity accepts
a real-valued functions as input and produces the numbers
which lie between 0 and 1. it is frequently applied in the field
of neural networks, however with CNN it has two significant
flaws-
• Saturate and vanishing gradient.
• Sigmoid output are not zero-centered leading gradients to
swing between positive and negative values.
1
f (x) = (2)
1 + e−x
Tanh: Equation (2) makes it evident that Tanh, which produce
values between -1 and 1, can be viewed as an advanced
adaption of the sigmoid. Although this function also has the
saturating gradients issue, the second issue mentioned above
is resolved because the outputs are zero-centered. Tanh is
therefore practically favored to sigmoid.
tanh = 2f (2x) − 1 (3)
ReLU: According to Equation, it is a linear activation
function with a threshold at zero (3). By using ReLU,
792
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Fig. 4. Country-wise Survey for Convolution Neural Networks
Fig. 5. Survey for Convolution Neural Networks from Scopus database
gradient descent’s convergence can be hastened.
rect(x) = max(0, x) (4)
Leaky ReLU: One of the primary issues with deep networks is
the issue of being too snug. Regularization is a strategy used to
a solution to this issue. DropConnect [6] and Dropout [5] the
two primary regularization methods. As seen in the figure of
convolutional layers, it depicts a common neural network and
applying Dropout is equal to sampling a network of neurons.
Px
f (x) = 0.01x x <= 0 otherwise (5)
III. R ELAED W ORK
The literature survey briefly addressed the CNN technology
with description along with error rate shown in given table 1.
Scopus data:4,942 document results deep convolutional neural
networks given in figure describe that country-wise research
done on this field. China top most country that work according
to given data from scopus database given in figure 4 and 5.
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Fig. 6. Architecture for Neocognitron: Convolution Neural Networks[5]
IV. N UMEROUS A RCHITECTURES FOR C ONVOLUTIONAL
N EURAL N ETWORKS
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are a family of
artificial neural networks that are most frequently employed
for image analysis in the field of deep learning. Since its
creation, CNN designs have evolved quickly, and recently
they have produced results that were previously thought to be
only attainable through human execution or assistance. Various
architectures are available today, depending on the task at hand
and the related constraints. Perhaps the earliest forerunner of
CNN.
Neocognitron: Neocognitron was the first architecture of
its type. In the neocognitron, recognition or classification was
proposed as the penultimate step after the concepts of feature
extraction, layer pooling, and convolution in a neural network
were presented [11]. The visual nerve system of vertebrates
served as an inspiration for the structure of the. The feature
extraction by s cells and positional shift tolerating by c cells
processes were performed throughout the entire network with
its alternate levels. Local features obtained in earlier rounds of
this procedure are eventually combined with additional global
features. It was listed under tasks requiring the recognition of
handwritten characters and other patterns. and furthered the
development of the convolutional neural network shown in
figure 6.
Lenet-5: The Lenet was created by Yann Lecun and his
crew, and that is where the name Convolutional Neural Net-
work actually came from (paper). It was primarily developed
for the handwritten digital recognition problem between 1989-
1998 [12]. It has been demonstrated that CNN. It replaces
the necessity for manually created feature extractors. This
paper introduces a gradient-based learning method for graph
modified networks. It examines million of personal and bank
checks each day commercially and delivers and accurate
information on both type of checks shown in figure 7.
AlexNet: Researchers continued to work on the CNN model
throughout the 1990’s and the first part of the 2000’s. Follow-
ing a CNN dubbed AlexNet state of-the-art performance la-
belling images in the ImageNet competition, CNN experienced
793
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TABLE I
L ITERATURE S URVEY RELATED TO CNN T ECHNOLOGY

Authors Model Brief Description Error (%)

Srivastava et al.,(2015) Highway Networks Learning gate mechanism for regulating 0.45
DCNN information flow
Stollenga et.al(2014) Deep Attention Selective Net DCNNs with feedback .34
He et al.,(2016) Deep Residual Net- Residual blocks with identity mappings .22
works
Schmidhuber et.al,(2014) Stochastic Pooling Stochastic rather than deterministic 0.47
pooling procedure
Romero et al.,(2015) FitNets Thin, deep networks with intermediate- 0.51
level hints to guide training
Ciresan et al.,(2012) Multicolumn DCNN Multicolumn DCNNs, with data aug- .23
mentation
Ranzato et al.,(2006) Pretrained DCNN Energy-based unsupervised pretraining, .60
followed by DCNN
Graham et.al,(2014) Fractional max pool- Fractional stochastic version of max .26
ing pooling
Wan et al.,(2013) DropConnect Ensemble of DropConnect networks, .21
with data augmentation
Liao Carneiro,(2016) MIM Maxout network in Maxout network .35
Lin et al.,(2013) NIN MLP integrated into DCNN architectur .47
Jarrett et al.,(2009) DCNN-NN Dual CNN feature extractor followed .53
by dual neural network
Liang Hu et.al,(2015) RCNN Recurrent connections in convolutional .31
layer

VGGNet: A new architecture known as the VGGNet was

Fig. 7. Architecture for Lenet-5: Convolution Neural Networks[6]
a large increase in popularity around 2012. AlexNet which
was evidently trained on the ImageNet Dataset, comprises
a total of 8 layers, including 5 convolutional layers and 3
fully connected layers. The first normalization layer introduced
was the response normalization layer. It standardized all the
values for a specific place, across all the channels in a specific
layer [13]. Additionally, the rectified linear unit (ReLU) was
introduced as an activation function, it has roughly 60M
parameters. Surprisingly, only around 5% of the parameters
also contained in the convolutional layers, which together
account fot 90-95% of the processing.
ZFNet: The very next year 2013, ZFNet was named the Im-
ageNet LSRVC champion, Although ZFNet’s architecture was
similar to Alexnet’s, a few hyperparameters had been altered.
In this study, they tested very deep Convolutional networks
for large-scale picture categorization (up to 19 weight layers).
It was shown that representation depth improves classification
accuracy, and that utilizing a traditional ConvNet architecture
with significantly increased depth [14].
introduced in 2014, which was one of the year’s most
significant contributions (paper). Visual geometry Group’s
(VGGNet) invention is a (arcade) architecture (at Oxford
University). In order to solve issues better and achieves a
reduced error rate on the ImageNet classification challenge, it
was proposed that CNN should be made deeper. As depicted
in figure, numerous structures of various depths were tested.
This architecture primary distinguishing feature is its better
network wide usage of computing resources. We enhanced
the network’s depth and width while maintaining a fixed
computing budget by carefully crafted the design. The Hebbian
principle and the multi-scale processing heuristic were used
to guide architectural decisions [15]. Additionally, VGG-19,
a deeper variation, was created. In comparison to VGG-16 it
was only slightly superior. Accordingly, performance increased
with depth until VGG-16, but it seemed to peak at a specific
depth.
GoogLeNet: Google unveiled GoogLeNet in 2014(Paper).
GoogLeNet once more emphasized deeper networks, but this
time with the aim of improving efficiency to lower parameter
count, memory utilization and processing. We test residual nets
on the ImageNet dataset that have a depth of upto 152 layers,
which is eight times deeper than VGG networks but still has a
lower these residual nets. On the 2015 ILSVRC classification
task [16], this outcome took home the first prize. A significant
advancement in the strategy was the inception module. The
network used this module/block numerous times in place of
convolutional layers. The name “inception” comes from its
role as the building block for the architecture given in figure

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Fig. 8. Architecture for GooLeNet: Convolution Neural Networks[16]

8. The structure is additionally known as inception-v1.

ResNet : A stack of several blocks is a residual network. Fig. 9. Block Diagram Convolution Neural Networks[17]
Two 3*3 convolutional layers are present in each residual
block (as shown in fig.). The group popularized skip connec-
tions and proceeded even deeper, adding 152 layers, without
sacrificing the generalization ability of the mode [17]. Effi-
ciency was increased by using a “bottleneck” layer for deeper
networks as similar to GoogLeNet. ResNet took first place
in ILSVRC and COCO 2015 contest, and has since been a
popular option for many applications.

V. C ASE S TUDY OF FACE R ECOGNITION

A. Machine Learning Implementation in Face Recognition
: Face recognition is the operation of perceiving a char-
acter’s face by way of observation system. In view of the
fact that its implementation in various security systems such
as video surveillance systems, security platforms and even in
commercial areas. The earliest research on face recognition
may be found in the engineering literature from the 1960s
and the least the 1950s in the psychology. Darwin’s research
on face expression and emotions is among the oldest inves-
tigations. However, after kanade’s ground breaking discovery,
research on automatic machine facial recognition began in the
1970s [18]. A comprehensive overview of facial recognition
technologies at the time was provided in a review paper from
1995 [19]. A. S. Dhavalikar and R. K. Kulkarni” has been
proposed an Automatic Facial Expression Recognition System
(AFERS) has been proposed [20]. In terms of performing op-
erations while recognizing faces deep learning methodologies
had performed far better than orthodox ML mechanism. As
the evolution of artificial intelligence has caught speed, face
recognition came into picture. Along with its fascinating way
of proceeding in terms of verifying an individual it was and
is one of the most accurate way of confirming the identity
of a human being. Deep learning operations can extract far
more synthesized facial utterance of human being. There are
several deep learning affairs such as CNN (Convolution neural
network), SAE (Stacked auto encoder) and DBN (Deep belief
network). We use CNN because of its high efficiency in face
recognition and also in image classification.
Fig. 10. Case Study of Face Recognition: Convolution Neural Networks[19]
B. Mechanism
CNNs are basically multilayered neural network which
indulges multiple neurons along with their weights. CNN
architecture embodies various layers of Convolution layer,
pooling layer, ReLU (Reflected linear unit) and at the end
one fully connected layer as shown in figure 9.
C. Dataset
Dataset that we are using contains 4 images of different
individuals that has taken at different times. Each one in
the dataset presented by multiple colored images with the
background which is cluttered and having a resolution of 640
pixels as given in figure 10. Images shows inclined faces and
frontal with different condition such as scale and lightning.
MatConvNet software tool Beta23 version has been used while
designing this CNN model. After pre-processing size of each
image has been reduced. Distribution of dataset is done in two
sets one training set where we are putting 70% data and other

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Fig. 11. Top-1 Error Rate: Convolution Neural Networks[19]
Fig. 12. Top-5 Error Rate: Convolution Neural Networks[20]
test set 30% of data. By implementing multiple changes in
learning rate, frequent changes in batch size and after making
a change in image size also and performs so many tests on
dataset. Error rates are shown in figure 11. Top-5 error rate is
lowest with 3 channels was achieved from all images. Error
rates are shown in figure 12. Top-5 error rate is lowest with 3
channels was achieved from all images.
VI. CONCLUSION
A distinct variety of neural networks termed as deep con-
volutional neural Network (CNN) recently performed in a
number of computer vision challenges. Deep CNN uses many
extracting features to automatically learn representations from
the data, which contributes to its strong learning capabilities.
This research aims to demonstrate the efficient utilization of
convolution neural network technology in computer vision.
This analysis used bibliometric analysis to establish the users
’ preferences in convolution neural networks connected to
computer vision. Several factors were properly considered,
including citations and published reports. This article also
provided a face-recognition case study, which illustrated how
this technology could be utilized to change relationships and
improve efficiency.
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978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
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10.1109/ICCSP.2017.8286426.
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1193-1198). IEEE.
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[14] Singh, J., Singh, G. and Verma, A., 2022, March. The Anatomy of Big
Data: Concepts, Principles and Challenges. In 2022 8th International
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(ICACCS) (Vol. 1, pp. 986-990). IEEE.
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Artificial Intelligence based Smart Cosmetics

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Suggestion System based on Skin Condition

Kavyashree N
Department of MCA
Dr.Ambedkar Institute of Technology,
Bangalore
kavyashree1283@gmail.com
Dr.Rahul Jalindar Jadhav
Department of Computer Application
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be
University) Yashwantrao Mohite
Institute of Management,Karad
rahul.jadhav@bharatividyapeeth.ed
u cinderallacynthia@gmail.com
Rama Satish K V Prasanna Rajaram Rasal
Department of AIML Department of Computer Application
RNS Institute of technology, Bengaluru. Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be
ramasatish.k.v@rnsit.ac.in University) Yashwantrao Mohite
Institute of Management,Karad
Dr. M.Saidireddy prasanna.rasal@bharatividyapeeth.
Department of CSE edu
Computer Science and Engineering
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education K G Kharade
Foundation Department of Computer Science
msreddy33@klh.edu.in Shivaji University Kolhapur
Maharashta

Abstract— Today, cosmetics have a big impact on how
people look. Customers can access a range of products and
conduct e-commerce on the website. Choosing the best product
for our skin might be challenging. It offers a prediction
approach so that individuals can select the goods that are
suitable for their skin type. Configuration concepts perform
better than conventional methods. It uses deep learning
technology to streamline the complex procedures in the IT
industry for cosmetics and beauty care. Along with its clients
and product offerings, the beauty sector has grown over time.
With the expansion of products and consumers, selecting the
right cosmetics becomes more and more important. Due to the
substantial influence that cosmetics have on a person's
appearance, the client should choose the best cosmetics for
themselves based on personal factors (skin type). Given that
every person has a distinct type of skin, choosing cosmetics that
suit the person may be difficult. The composition depends on
whether the client has oily, dry, or neutral skin. Even the
product the user is looking for can have an extremely difficult
skin condition; AI algorithms are perfectly suited to address
this problem since they can evaluate massive amounts of
unstructured data and generate insightful results.
Keywords— Deep learning Technology, Consumers,
Artificial Intelligence, Skin Type
I. INTRODUCTION
A skin care regimen is a method for taking care of your
skin. To make sure that the skin is healthy and in good
condition, this process is crucial. It should take different
routines into consideration depending on the skin type. It
must comprehend your skin's health and symptoms in order
to establish the skin type. As a result, determining one's own
skin type might be challenging for those who are unfamiliar
with their own skin. Skin type can be established using a
variety of factors, such as gender, age, amount of sleep, and
skin condition. Four categories of skin exist: mixture skin,
normal skin, oily skin, and dry skin. Dryness has an eerie
resemblance to rough, scaly, or scaly skin.
Shiny, oily, or potentially big pores are signs of the oily
condition. It possesses qualities that are in the middle.
Combination skin, as opposed to normal skin, is skin that is
oily in some places and dry in others. There are no resources
available to assist non-experts in identifying their skin type.
Visit a beauty salon to receive guidance on skincare
practices and supplies. As a result, it could be challenging
for the general public to keep up a healthy routine and select
the appropriate products for their skin type.
II. RELATED WORK
Numerous applications of deep learning exist, including
speech recognition, computer vision, and natural language
processing (NLP). I incorporate it into my recommendations
as well. Recent applications for session-based suggestions,
music recommendations, and news recommendations are
noteworthy [1]. Tingting Li, Ruihe Qian, and colleagues
suggested a Deep Generative Adversarial Network to
transfer cosmetics from one image to another.
Rio Iwabuchi, Yoko Nakajima, and others suggested a
system for making recommendations that is based on user
feedback and cosmetic ingredients. Her research focuses on
identifying cosmetics that include lots of ingredients that
make people look beautiful using user feedback. In essence,
they created a group of individuals with equivalent skin-
extracted user characteristics (such as age and skin quality)
selected by the individuals during registration. For every
cosmetic product, we create lotions with a high percentage
of beauty effect tags. To determine this threshold, they
employed natural classification techniques. For component
extraction, they applied the TF-IDF concept, which is
intended to pinpoint the words that best capture the meaning
of a text. Values from the IF-IPF calculation were sorted.
The recommendations are based on the IF-IPF values' top
components after sorting [5].
Yuki Matsunami et al. created a tag-recommendation
approach for evaluating cosmetics in a recommendation
system. This study aims to draw attention to the review text.
An automatic scoring system was used to assign scores to
the review text. To determine the review's score, the
algorithm reads the text, rates the sentences, extracts k units
from the review text, rates the sentences, and adds up all of
the components. After that, the machine recommends high-
scoring tags to assess the expression [6]. Asami Okuda et al.
suggested a technique to discover comparable users based
on preferences across cosmetic clusters

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III. SKIN CARE ROUTINE
Skin care routine is a set of processes to take care of
individual skin. Different types of skin have a different
routine and procedure to be followed. In this section will
discuss skin type determination, skin routine and chemicals
that need to be avoided by the user.
the Kaggle website. There are 120000 records in the data
collection overall (80% training records and 20% testing
records). The epoch in this situation denotes how many
times the loop has finished. An entire data collection cannot
be given to a neural network at once. The training data set is
then used to build a stack.

3.1. Skin Type Determination

A person's skin care regimen entails numerous phases.

There are different procedures and regimens that should be
used for various skin types. This section will teach you how
to identify your skin type, how to take care of it, and what
products to stay away from determining one's skin type.
This study takes into account four different skin types:
normal skin, oily skin, dry skin, and combination skin.
skilled cosmeticians 1, [14]–[16] frequently discuss choice.
Sensitive skin is not taken into account because it is prone to
allergies and skin problems [3], [17], as well as other
medical factors such food, chemicals, dust, and family
history. Skin type is determined by responses, illnesses, and
symptoms [20]. However, other elements like exercise, the
environment, and sleeping patterns might also have an
impact on skin type.

It can treat a variety of skin problems for dry skin, including

tightness, redness, roughness, and itching. The majority of
skin care regimen websites concur that roughness and
irritation are traits of dry skin. If adequate skin care
practices are not followed, aging can result in dry skin. As a
result of the sebaceous glands' excessive activity, oily skin
is characterized by an increase in surface lipids. The skin
typically appears glossy and thick, and pores are frequently
enlarged. It mainly affects teenagers and young individuals
and frequently produces blemishes like blackheads.
Hormones, stress, and humidity all have an impact.

People with combination skin may experience dry patches

on their bodies and oily patches. The cheeks and the area
around the eyes (nose, forehead, chin) may become dry in
addition to the T-sebum zone's production. Different skin
care regimens are needed for oily and dry skin. This kind of
skin is relatively typical.

IV. METHODOLOGY

The proposed method(Fig1) creates appropriate cosmetic

setups using AI architecture (convolutional neural
networks). In the suggested automatic characteristic learning
approach, input attributes like skin type and product
component compatibility are transmitted to the input layer
and subsequently to the hidden layer. Finally, the cosmetics
combination is displayed in the output layer. Alternative
composition techniques are better than traditional ones.
4.1. Dataset
This helps in retaining the “spatial” properties of images. So
here different types of skin datasets which consist of four
categories are used. In this study, the primary method of
data gathering is used. The information was collected from
Fig. 1 Flow Diagram of Cosmetic Suggestion System
4.2 PreProcessing
A resizing, patching, and expanding procedure was used
during the preprocessing stage. Normalizing the size of the
input image is the first step in the preprocessing procedure.
The majority of the images were rectangles with various
heights (median matrix size: 1,800). As a result, it will
maintain the aspect ratio while converting every image to a
consistent 224224 pixel square. The input photographs were

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5
initially preprocessed with a second-stage processing patch
since the input data is required to assess the effectiveness of
deep learning (a cropped portion of each image). In order to
verify that the patches had adequate segmentation for
analysis, patches were obtained using bounding boxes.
Then, using mirror images that had been rotated 30, 10, 10,
and 30 degrees and had been turned from right to left, data
augmentation was carried out exclusively on the training
dataset is illustrated in Fig.2
Fig. 2 Data Preprocessing
4.3. Feature Extraction
Fig 3. Feature Extraction [20]
When processing needs to be done quickly and efficiently
without sacrificing crucial or pertinent information, feature
extraction is a good strategy as shown in fig 3. Feature
extraction can reduce the amount of duplicate data for a
particular test. The learning and generalization stages of the
machine learning process are also accelerated by data
reduction and machine effort to construct combinations of
variables (features).
4.3. CNN
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are a unique kind of
deep neural network used in deep learning that analyze data
sets and extract knowledge from them. CNN may use
media, including images for data extraction. A CNN
essentially comprises three elements. Priority is given to
local receptive fields, then shared weightings and biases,
and last activations and bundling. A neural network must
978-1-6654-6084-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
initially be trained on a lot of data in order for it to extract
input features.After receiving input, an algorithm first does
image preprocessing, then features are extracted using the
saved dataset, followed by data classification, and lastly
output.
Only inputs for which a CNN has been trained and data
stored can be processed by a CNN. They are employed in
image recognition, classification of images, medical image
analysis, and recommendation systems.
4.4. Image Labeling and Dataset Distribution
Each subject was ranked separately using four sets of
photos. In the Image Archive and Communication System
(PACS), the annotations were first scored on the original
images and then again on the shrunk-down images utilized
for the actual training data. Internal and temporary data sets
were used to score the tests. The internal dataset was
separated into subgroups for training (70%), testing (15%),
and validation (15%) as shown in Fig.4
Fig 4. Image Labeling
V. RESULT AND IMPLEMENTATION
Utilizing the web application, the system has created the
suggested solution effectively. Tests are still being
conducted, though. Public and expert testing are conducted
in each of his two types of contexts. In preparation for open
testing, user knowledge will be evaluated both before and
after system use. But models and laws are put to the test for
professionals. Inputs, outputs, and data from the suggested
solution are displayed in this test of the system. The step by
step process of web application and cosmetic suggestion
system is displayed as shown Figure 5-Figure 9.
799
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DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Fig. 5. Choosing skin type

Fig 6. Skin type

identification with one
product

In Figure 4 and Figure 5, a trained data set identifies the

customer's skin type such as normal, oil, dry or combination
skin. Based on the skin type of the customer the product
such as cleanser (Fig.6), Sun Protect(Fig.7) and Eye cream
(Fig.8) is recommended.

Fig. 9. Training and Validation Accuracy

Figures 10 illustrate the training loss after the model was

trained using the dataset. Loss is plotted along the Y axis,
Fig. 7. Recommended Cleanser while epoch is plotted along the X axis.
Fig. 7. Recommended Sun Protect

Fig. 10. Training Loss

Fig. 8 Recommended Eye cream
The graph of training & validation of accuracy and training
& validation of accuracy is shown below Figure 9.
VI. CONCLUSION
Making decisions in the modern world is more difficult than
it was in the past, particularly for customers who are now
faced with a wide range of options for numerous brands and
product categories. Based on different skin types, this
method provides the composition (i.e. dry, oily or natural).
The improvement of cosmetic product composition is our

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems (ICACRS 2022)
DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

primary goal. A better composition of cosmetic items will

undoubtedly result from using the proposed system.

A few areas that can be improved upon by this system and

are being considered for future work include expanding the
dataset, expanding the system to recommend for both men
and women, learning the knowledge base rules directly from
the labeled data, and adding more templates and colors to
the makeup synthesis library to recommend more styles.

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[11] Yun Fu, Shuyang Wang. “System for the beauty, cosmetics and
fashion”. United States Patents US 20170076474A1, 2017.
[12] Sid Salvi, Meghan Maupin, Nava Haghighi. System and methods for
formulizing personalized skin care product. United States Patents US
20190237194A1, 2019.
[13] Alexandros Karatzoglou and Balázs Hidasi. “Deep Learning for
Recommender Systems”, RecSys’17, August 27– 31, 2017.
[14] Weiwei Guo, Huiji Gao, et al, “Deep Natural Language Processing
for Search and Recommender Systems”. KDD ’19, ACM, 2019.
[15] Taleb Alashkar, Songyao Jiang et al, “Examples-Rules Guided Deep
Neural Network for Makeup Recommendation” Association for the
Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, AAAI, 2017.
[16] Tingting Li, Ruihe Qian et al, “BeautyGAN: Instance-level Facial
Makeup Transfer with Deep Generative Adversarial Network”,
Multimedia (MM, 2018), ACM, 2018.
[17] Songsri Tangsripairoj, Kwanchanok Khongson et al, “SkinProf: An
Android Application for Smart Cosmetic and Skincare Users”,
International Joint Conference on Computer Science and Software
Engineering, JCCSE, 2018.
[18] Florian Strub, Romaric Gaudel et al, “Hybrid Recommender System
based on Autoencoders”, DLRS ’16, September 15 2016, Boston,
MA, USA, ACM, 2016.
[19] Valeriy Gavrishchaka, Zhenyi Yang, Rebecca Miao, and Olga
Senyukova. “Advantages of Hybrid Deep Learning Frameworks in
Applications with Limited Data”, International Journal of Machine
Learning and Computing IJMLC, 2018.
[20] Najm, Hayder, Hayder Ansaf, and Oday A. Hassen. "An Effective
Implementation of Face Recognition Using Deep Convolutional
Network." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 54, no. 5 (2019).

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Indian Agriculture Supply Chain Management

using Blockchain Technology and CNN

Dr. D.N.V.S.L.S.Indira1 M. Hema Reddy1 G. Sri Jyothi2

Department of Information
Technology, SR Gudlavalleru
Engineering College, Gudlavlleru,
Andhra Pradesh, India-521356
indiragamini@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1631-
1156
K. Rohith3
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering,
SR Gudlavalleru Engineering
College, Gudlavlleru, Andhra
Pradesh, India-521356
rohithkakumanu@gmail.com
Department of Information Technology,
SR Gudlavalleru Engineering College,
Gudlavlleru, Andhra Pradesh, India-
521356
hemareddymuppidi@gmail.com
K. Sravya4
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering,
SRKR Engineering College,
Chinnamiram, Bhimavaram, Andhra
Pradesh, India- 534204
sravyakakumanu2020@gmail.com
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering,
SR Gudlavalleru Engineering College,
Gudlavlleru, Andhra Pradesh, India-
521356
srijyothiraogoriparthi@gmail.com
G. Jahnavi4
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering,
SRKR Engineering College,
Chinnamiram, Bhimavaram, Andhra
Pradesh,India-534204
jahnaviraogoriparthi@gmail.com

Abstract—India is a key player in the global food production I. INTRODUCTION

industry. Indians have been cultivating land since the Indus
Valley Civilization. Although historically significant, this
country's farmers are starving to death while their
counterparts in other countries receive the benefits of their
labour to the tune of billions. Lack of proper supply chain
management is a contributing factor. It's common knowledge
that poorly cared-for farming machinery quickly deteriorates.
However, current methods of supply chain management do not
enable farmers to track the whereabouts of their commodities,
even though the government supplies them with storage
facilities. Since no system is in place, they have no idea where
their packages are at any one time during the shipping process.
Therefore, there is a need for more stringent supply chain
management, including checks at each level and double-
checking by farmers and government officials to ensure the
integrity of goods. This study suggests implementing
Blockchain technology, which allows for more transparent
information on the status of commodities, to enhance the
relationship between producers and consumers. By recording
this information on the blockchain, all of the farmers and
government employees involved in the shipping process can
stay apprised of the operation's finer points. Records can be
kept forever in an immutable format.
Keywords: Supply Chain Management, Blockchain Technology,
Ledger, Agriculture
The agricultural sector in India is vital since it
contributes 18% to the GDP and 50% to employment.
Pulses, rice, wheat, spices, and spice products are all areas
in which India excels. Inefficient middlemen slow the
movement of agricultural items from the farmer to the
consumer in India. The farmer and consumer in the middle
do not have the same access to market information like
prices, supplies, and stock levels. Problems with
communication, trust, and centralized control persist despite
the availability of several planning and management tools
such as Material Requirements Planning, Enterprise
Resource Planning, and Advanced Supply Chain Planning
and Optimization.
Governments at the federal and state levels have
unveiled a slew of new supports intended to improve and
secure farmers' livelihoods. There are only a limited number
of resources available to help farmers with the cost of
planting and storing their crops. Growers can maximize
their earnings by preserving their products for later sale
when demand is highest. Due to a lack of storage facilities,
very few farmers were forced to make the long trek from
their homes to the nearest facility. If farmers wanted to
maximize their profits, they had to ship their produce far
away. Since more time is needed for farming, small farmers
have less time for marketing and distribution. The current
situation when farmers keep their goods in government
godowns lacks any means for them to track the whereabouts
of their stored goods. Due to a lack of knowledge about their
goods' current condition and the state of the market, many

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farmers may be duped by agents into paying less than they
are worth.
To address these problems, the blockchain-based
agricultural supply chain management venture FARmer was
created (Farmer And Rely). Farmers are increasingly
adopting Blockchain Technology (BCT) to manage supply
chains in the agriculture sector due to its rising popularity in
recent years. Information from a supply chain can be safely
stored using Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), which
is used in conjunction with Blockchain. A hash and a pre-
hash Signature Value link one block to the next. As part of a
decentralized network, servers all over the world process
transactions. Once the information has been input or
committed, no modifications can be made. No piece of
information is ever compromised. Agriculture has a lot to
gain from using blockchain technology, and so do
customers. Thanks to cryptography and peer-to-peer
architecture, all participants may rest certain that their data
will be secure and unchangeable in the event of a breach,
and that all transactions will be open for scrutiny by all
parties involved. Its allure cannot be denied. The blockchain
improves distributed networks' efficiency, openness, and
trustworthiness [7,11,15].
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
A. Blockchain
The use of blockchain technology for the storing and
movement of data has enormous potential to improve
agricultural operations. This innovation can benefit both
industrial farming and home gardens. Using cryptography to
secure data integrity and permanence, a peer-to-peer design
that eliminates the need for middlemen, and collective
governance principles that allow any participant to witness
transactions and verify their legality give Bitcoin an obvious
attractiveness[17,18]. Therefore, blockchain promotes
openness, transparency, and efficiency in multi-party
systems. In this piece, we'll discuss how supply chain
management, insurance, smart farming, and the purchasing
and selling of agricultural products can all benefit from
blockchain technology. Smallholder farmer financial
transaction tracking and the application of blockchain
technology in the food and agricultural industries are two
further research foci [10,14].
Fig 1: Model representation of Blockchain
B. Smart Agriculture
The backbone of Agri-food systems is the collection of
vital data and information on the natural resources necessary
for the continuation of all types of farming. The flow of
money is from outputs to inputs, but the flow of information
and data is the other way around, via intermediary value-
adding phases. Many different people and organizations,
each with their own unique set of resources and expertise,
contribute to the development and upkeep of databases and
bodies of knowledge. These days, "smart agriculture" also
uses ICT and the IoT in the form of unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs), sensors, and machine learning to collect
and analyze data [5].
The development of a comprehensive security system
that allows for the use of data and provides support for its
administration is a vital step toward the realization of smart
agriculture. Due to their centralized nature, conventional
approaches to data management are vulnerable to issues

Fig 2: Model representation of Blockchain

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such as inaccurate information, distortion, improper use, and depriving them of their due portion of earnings [4].
even cyber attacks. For instance, government agencies with
a vested interest in environmental monitoring data are more
likely to archive that data for posterity. They can affect data-
based decision-making [11,16].

III. EXISTING SYSTEM

A. Food Supply Chain
Supply chains for food are increasingly lengthy and
complex as a result of rising globalization and cutthroat
market competition. Challenges to society, the economy,
and human health can be broken down into several
categories, including food supply chain inefficiencies, lack
of faith in food, lack of food traceability, and food safety
and quality all rank high [1,9].
Fig 3: Supply chain management in an agricultural nation
By releasing information about individual items within
the blockchain, blockchain technology allows manufacturers B. CNN Operation
to increase the credibility of their products and foster a There must be a robust first convolutional layer in any CNN
reliable relationship with their customers. One strategy for a architecture. Convolutional kernels, or filters, are employed
company to gain a competitive edge is to improve the extent in sequence to create a feature map from an input image (N-
to which customers may benefit from its products and dimensional metrics). Convolutional Neural Networks
services. This would make it impossible for dishonest (CNNs), also known as ConvNets, are a type of Artificial
companies or those who send subpar goods to remain in Neural Network (ANN) with a deep feed-forward
business, and it would put pressure on all agricultural and architecture and outstanding generalizing capacity compared
food suppliers to raise their standards [7]. to other networks with FC layers, making them ideal for
learning highly abstracted aspects of objects, especially
It tracks the origins and destinations of food, and
spatial data. Different features can be abstractly learned by
blockchain technology is useful to consumers. It aids in
the various processing layers of a deep convolutional neural
addressing customers' worries about food safety,
network (CNN) model (such as an image). The first few
sustainability, and quality. With the help of blockchain
layers are responsible for learning and extracting high-level
technology, the complicated process of food production can
features (with less abstraction), while the latter levels are
be broken down into manageable steps, and consumers may
responsible for learning and extracting low-level features
have a deeper understanding of how their food is made.
(with more abstraction) (with higher abstraction). In fig. 4,
Lowering transaction costs, strengthening customer
we saw the overarching idea of CNN; in the following
connections, and reassuring shoppers about the quality of
sections, we'll take a closer look at its component layers [6].
their food, benefit consumers. There are a variety of ways in
which this helps consumers. By using distributed ledger
technology (Blockchain), regulatory bodies can get reliable
and accurate data on which to base quick, effective
decisions [3].

There is no system of accountability or traceability

within the current paradigm of supply chain management.
Intermediaries have the power to unilaterally raise prices
without repercussions to either farmers or consumers.
Modern supply chains are plagued by widespread
dishonesty and corruption. Customers have no way of
knowing the degree of quality of the things they buy. Fig 4: Model of CNN [19]
Intermediaries benefit at the expense of farmers by
First, you must understand the format that CNN expects
inputs to be in. Unlike conventional neural networks, which
take input in vector format, CNN takes in multi-channel
images as its input (e.g., for RGB image as in fig: 4, it is 3
channeled, and for Gray-Scale image, it is single
channeled). The convolution process is now shown using a

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4x4 grayscale image and a 2x2 kernel with random weights
(see Fig: 5). Convolution involves sliding the 2x2 kernels
across the full 4x4 image horizontally and vertically,
multiplying the corresponding values of the kernel and input
picture to get the dot product, and then summing those dot
products to produce the scalar value in the output feature
map. The process should be repeated until the kernel is
immobile. A feature map will be produced when the full
convolution method has been executed.
Fig 5: 4x4 Grey Scale Image and Kernal of size 2x2
With no padding and a stride (the size of the steps along the
horizontal and vertical axes) of 1, a convolution operation is
performed on the input image. However, in a convolution
process, the stride value need not equal 1. As the step size of
the convolution process grows larger, the shrinking of the
feature map becomes more noticeable. Specifically, without
the padding, the input image's border-side details are lost
too quickly, thus it's crucial to employ it to give the border
size information greater weight. Padding increases the size
of the input image and thus the size of the resultant feature
map [8].
C. Role of Activation Function
A neuron's input value is computed by summing the values
of its 10 inputs and then biasing this sum by some amount;
the primary role of an activation function in a model based
on neural networks is to map the input to the output (if there
is a bias). Simply expressed, the activation function
determines whether or not a neuron fires in response to a
specific input. CNN’s utilize non-linear activation layers
after each educible layer (weighted layers such as
convolutional and FC layers). Due to the non-linear nature
of these layers, the CNN model has the potential to learn
more nuanced data and map inputs to outputs on the fly.
When training a model, error backpropagation relies on the
activation function's capacity to discriminate between
different inputs. These are the most popular activation
functions for usage in DNNs (including CNN) [2,8].
quality and condition. Assuring that only the correct items
are transported requires this level of scrutiny. The smart
contract in the blockchain is in charge of checking
everything out. A computer application will include the
smart contract's stipulations. A new transaction is generated
once the smart contract verifies the user interface parameters
as accurate. Following a predetermined amount of time, the
generated transaction is mined into a block. Thus, the
product records are now stored in a decentralized,
immutable ledger known as Blockchain [12,13].
We used the Deep Learning Method and the cotton and
plant-village datasets to train and verify the CNN model. To
create this model, we used a 70%-30% split between
training and validation, yielding 4200 training shots and
1800 validation photos from the Plant Village and Cotton
Dataset. Sometimes abbreviated to "CNN," Convolutional
Neural Networks are a sort of deep learning model that takes
in data and assigns weights to the different features of that
input. As a type of neural network, the Convolutional
Neural Network (CNN) sees widespread application in
image-centric datasets [6].
Our convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture
consists of a dropout layer, an activation function called
ReLU, a maximum pooling layer, and four basic
convolutional layers with filter sizes of 32, 64, 128, and 128.
The softmax activation function shows which class has the
highest probability and comes after the convolutional layers,
the flattening layer, and the dense layer. This step is
performed after the convolutional layers have been applied.

V. PROPOSED SYSTEM

A. Farm-based Blockchain protocol

Whenever agricultural commodities are moved from a
farmer's location, data on the quantity and quality of the
items (size, color, defect-free, natural/manure-free/organic,
time of cultivation, humidity, current market price, etc.) is
recorded in the Blockchain. A form is used to gather all the
important information about the product. The information
gathered in this manner is then compared to the
predetermined standards of the smart contract. Before
anything can be shipped, it usually needs to be tested for Fig 6: DApp Strato Architecture

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and condition of the items before transporting them.

The purpose of this check is to guarantee that only
authorized items are shipped. The smart contract in a
Blockchain network performs this validation
automatically. All of the rules will be written into a
computer program, which is the smart contract. A new
transaction is generated after the smart contract
confirms the accuracy of the parameters provided by
the user interface. The produced transaction is included
in a block via mining after some time. Since Blockchain
is an immutable ledger, all product information may
now be safely stored there[11,13].
• Step 6: Development of Application Programming
Interfaces.
• Step 7: Designing the Admin and User Interface.
Designing "user-product" interaction scenarios as a
means to an end (applicable to the chosen interface
options and user roles). Situations are prioritized in
Fig 7: DApp Flow Diagram terms of their significance based on factors including
how often they are used and the responsibilities of the
individuals that perform those uses. Designing a user-
friendly interface for navigating and exploring content
to maximize efficiency in terms of features, content,
and interactions with the site's audience.
• Step 8: Incorporate New Technology.

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig 8: Block Management over Strato Node

A. Steps for Implementation

• Step 1: Find a Use Case That Makes Sense.
• Step 2: Identifying the Most Appropriate Mechanism
for Consensus.
• Step 3: Determine Which Platform Is Best for You
Node design is the next step (considerable factors
are Security, SEO, Responsive Web Design, Support of
Multiple Selling Channels, Integrations, Technical
Support, Scalability, and Price).
• Step 5: Create an Instance of the Blockchain.
• When agricultural products leave a farmer's location,
information about the quantity, state of the
goods/quality (including size, color, defect-free,
natural/manure-free/organic, time of cultivation,
humidity, current market price, etc.), and provenance
(including time of cultivation, location of the farmer,
etc.) is recorded and stored in the Blockchain. All of the
aforementioned information about the items is gathered
using a form. When this form is submitted, the data is
checked against the criteria outlined in the smart
contract. Typically, it is necessary to check the quality Fig 9: Login Page

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Fig 12: Training and Validation Loss

Fig 10: Visualization of Output in node VI. CONCLUSION

This initiative employs blockchain technology to provide a

Table 1: Performance Comparison in AP
user-friendly web-based platform for managing supply
Year Ending Registered Percentage of chains in the agricultural sector. This online service is a
Marketers wholesale safe, decentralized network that raises both product quality
assembling and openness. There will be far less opportunity for
markets dishonest intermediaries to take advantage of the farmers
2001 236 3.23 because of their low levels of literacy. Produce pricing for
farmers will be reasonable. Blockchain technology allows
2006 470 6.44
for the monitoring of the property. From the farmer to the
2008 715 9.80
final user, we know exactly where this asset has been. To
2012 1012 13.87
find out if the item has been tampered with, we can run a
2016 3528 48.37
check. Further, the entire supply chain will become more
2018 5766 79.06 open and transparent. Inflation can be contained if prices are
2019 6968 95.54 not jacked up unjustly for the benefit of middlemen. It's a
2020 7161 98.19 win-win for everyone concerned when consumers don't have
2021 7190 98.96 to pay inflated costs for the goods they purchase. The
general populace's quality of life will improve as a direct
result.

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[7] Chod, J., Trichakis, N., Tsoukalas, G., Aspegren, H., and Weber, M.
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Real-Time Face Mask Detection from CCTV Video

DVD Part Number: CFP22CB5-DVD: ISBN: 978-1-6654-6083-5

Frames using Deep Neural Networks

V Anantha Natarajan Putta Vishnu Vardhan Nayakula Murahara Sai Priya
Dept. of Computer Science and Dept. of Computer Science and Dept. of Computer Science and
Engineering Engineering Engineering
Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering
College College College
Tirupati, India Tirupati, India Tirupati, India
vananthanatarajan@vidyanikethan.edu 421pvv@gmail.com nmsaipriya@gmail.com

Nunna Vineeth Parthu V

Dept. of Computer Science and Dept. of Computer Science and
Engineering Engineering
Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering
College College
Tirupati, India Tirupati, India
vineethnunna19@gmail.com parthu.valapala@gmail.com

Abstract—The coronavirus, commonly known as SARS
COVID-19, is causing a pandemic that is affecting individuals
all over the world. The spread of the virus compelled the
authorities to impose a rigorous lockdown on its citizens. Every
person in society may experience a variety of issues as a result
of this. According to WHO (World Health Organization)
regulations, the sole method to halt the virus's spread is to wear
a face mask. Therefore, the suggested approach makes sure that
everyone appropriately wears a face mask in public locations.
The objective of this approach is to detect people without face
masks and people who wear facemasks incorrectly in social
environments. This system consists of multiple face detection
modules to find the area of interest within the video frames. In
the next level, using the trained Deep Learning model, the
presence of a mask is detected and faces without mask and faces
wearing masks incorrectly are highlighted. The dataset for face
mask identification comprises of 8190 photos with unique facial
annotations from the Kaggle and RMFD datasets that come into
two categories: “with mask” and “without mask”.
Keywords—COVID-19, Face Detection, Convolutional
Neural Networks, Transfer Learning.
I. INTRODUCTION
The coronavirus, commonly known as SARS COVID-19,
is causing a pandemic that is affecting individuals all over the
world. The spread of the virus compelled the authorities to
impose a rigorous lockdown on its citizens. Every person in
society may experience a variety of issues as a result of this.
According to WHO (World Health Organization) regulations,
the sole method to halt the virus's spread is to wear a face mask
[1]. However in crowded areas like bus stations, railway
stations it is very hard to monitor each and every person
whether they are wearing the face masks correctly or not. In
order to address this issue, technology comes into the picture.
The solution is to develop a system that can identify faces in
live video frames and assess whether or not their faces are
covered. There are presently no reliable face mask detection
applications available, which are highly sought after by large-
scale manufacturing, transportation systems, densely
populated places, residential neighbourhoods, and other
organisations to assure safety, owing to Covid-19.
Additionally, the lack of substantial datasets of "with mask"
photographs has made this process more complicated and
difficult. Therefore, the need of the hour is to generate an
artificial dataset of “with mask” images using computer vision
concepts followed by developing a face mask detection
system.
By identifying persons who aren't covering their faces with
a mask and emphasising their faces, the suggested model may
be merged with video frames to thwart the coronavirus
transmission. The lightweight neural network MobileNetV2
and Single Shot Detector (SSD) employing transfer learning
technique are integrated in this approach to achieve a
compromise between resource restrictions and identification
accuracy. This makes it possible to use real-time video
surveillance to keep an eye on public areas and identify
persons wearing face masks while maintaining a secure social
distance. Our method analyses Real-time Streaming Protocol
(RTSP) video streams using neural networking models
utilising OpenCV and MobileNet V2.
II. RELATED WORK
A. Face Detection
It is a process with several applications, including position
estimation, compression, and face tracking. Face detection is
a two-class issue that requires us to determine whether or not
a face is present in a photograph. Identifying whether or not
there are human faces in the input image is the main objective
of face detection. Correct face detection may be hampered by
changes in lighting and facial expression. Pre-processing
activities are carried out to make it easier to create a more
powerful face detection system. The human face picture may
be found and located using a variety of methods, like the
“Viola-Jones detector” [2, 3], “Principal Component Analysis
(PCA)” [4], and the “Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG)”
[5]. It may also be used to classify videos and images, find
objects, find regions of interest, and more [6].
B. Face Mask Detection
Although WIDERFace, MAFA, and SSD were used by D.
Chiang [7, 8] to construct a face mask dataset for detection,
the dataset's accuracy was only 89.6% owing to the number of
parameters being compressed for real-time efficiency. Jiang et
al.'s RetinaMask [9] proposal integrated a content attention
mechanism with a Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) and used
ResNet or MobileNet [10] as the backbone network to operate
on both high and low-computation hardware. Rahman, R. [11]
built a CNN model and OpenCV for authorized entry using
face mask detection. For improved feature extraction and

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classification, Loey et al. [12] employed the hybrid transfer
learning model and machine learning techniques. However,
there was no discussion of the detecting speed. The accuracy
of mask detection was the primary focus of the research works
mentioned above, and speed of detection was not well
addressed. These techniques also could not determine if the
masks were properly worn. They could only detect the
presence of masks.
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Dataset
A custom dataset was created utilizing the Kaggle
datasets, RMFD dataset, and Bing Search API. A Python
script was used for Bing Search API to find images with
multiple queries related to “covid” and “face mask” which
aids us in data collection. A total of more than 10,000
photographs were gathered, but only a small number of them
were accepted since they were distorted, blurry, or
unproductive. They were eliminated, and as a result, data
pruning was carried out. This enables our model to improve
its accuracy. After the data pruning, around 4000 photographs
are selected. The data augmentation involves rotating and
flipping of images in our dataset to create more data using
Keras’ ImageDataGenerator class.
Real photographs of faces wearing and not wearing
protective face masks make up this custom dataset. 8190
photos from two classes make up this dataset.
• “with_mask”: 4330 images
• “without_mask”: 3860 images
With the aid of the Scikit-learn (Sklearn) library, the
dataset was split into two sets. The training set has 7371
images (90%), whereas the testing set contains 819 images
(10%).
B. Architecture
In Fig. 1, the architecture is displayed.
Fig. 1. Architecture of the proposed system.
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C. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
“Convolutional neural networks” (“CNNs”, or
“ConvNets”) are often employed in deep learning to analyse
visual data. Since the arrangement of the visual cortex is
similar to the connection pattern between neurons in CNNs,
these networks were motivated by biological processes. CNNs
need less pre-processing than other image classification
methods in comparison. Each layer incorporates patches from
earlier levels. These ConvNets are “multistage architectures”
that can be trained. Each step's input and output are sets of
arrays called “feature maps”. A specific feature retrieved from
each position on the input will be reflected in each feature map
in the output. A “filter bank layer”, a “non-linearity layer”, and
a “feature pooling layer” make up each stage. A classification
module follows one, two, or three of these phases of three
layers to make up a ConvNet [13, 14]. Basic CNN architecture
is shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. The fundamental components of CNN are the convolution layers
Conv1, Conv3 and the pooled/sampled layers Pool2, Pool4.
D. Face Detector based on SSD Framework combined with
MobileNetV2 Architecture
A compromise between "YOLO" and "R-CNN" based
object detection approaches is achieved by SSDs, which were
first developed by Google. Comparatively speaking, the
algorithm is simpler than faster R-CNNs. MobileNets are
designed for low-resource devices [10]. So, a rapid and
efficient deep learning-based item recognition method may be
obtained by combining the "Single Shot Detector (SSD)"
framework and the MobileNet architecture. The OpenCV’s
Face Detector based on the SSD Framework combined with
MobileNetV2 architecture was used to achieve detection of
face.
E. Transfer Learning
The machine learning method known as transfer learning
uses a model developed for one job as the foundation for
another. The concept is to get past the isolated learning
paradigm and use the information you gain to address one
problem to others that are related. The flow of tasks in transfer
learning is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Transfer Learning.
Traditional learning is solitary and relies only on a limited
number of tasks, datasets, and the training of distinct, isolated
models. No information that can be applied to another model
is maintained. With transfer learning, you may train newer
models using knowledge (features, weights, etc.) from older
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models that have already been trained, even if the new task
has less data. Learning is a difficult process for both people
and robots. It was crucial to develop a strategy that would
avoid a model from forgetting the learning curve it obtained
from a given dataset and also allow it to learn more from fresh
and varied datasets because it is a laborious, resource-
intensive, and time-consuming operation. Transfer learning
basically involves utilising a model that has previously been
trained on one dataset to train and make predictions on a
different dataset [15].
We can have two ways to apply transfer learning on a pre-
trained model:
• Feature Extraction - Take advantage of a prior
network's representations learnt to identify
significant aspects in fresh data. The pre-trained
model is simply added on top of a fresh classifier that
will be trained from start in order to reuse the feature
maps that have already been created for the dataset.
The complete model does not need to be (re)trained.
There are existing elements in the underlying
convolutional network that are generally helpful for
categorising images. The final classification
component of the pre-trained model, however, is
specific to the first classified job. As a result, it is
unique to the collection of classes that were used to
train the model [16].
• Fine-Tuning - Unfreeze some of the top-most layers
of the “base model” which is frozen and train the
base model's final levels as well as the newly added
classifier layers simultaneously, which enables us to
"fine-tune" the basic model's “higher-order feature
representations” which makes them more pertinent
to the particular job.
The MobileNetV2 model created by Google will serve as
the foundation for our basic model. The ImageNet dataset
with 1.4 million pictures and 1,000 classes, served as the pre-
training data for this. ImageNet is a training dataset for
researchers with many different categories [10]. We can
categorize "Mask" and "No Mask" from our unique dataset
with the use of this knowledge base. Before we build and train
the model, the convolutional base must be frozen. We can do
this by freezing the layer to prevent the weights from
changing.
F. Model Training
The MobileNetV2 architecture will first be ready for fine-
tuning through the following three steps:
• Remove the head of the network from MobileNet
and load it with pre-trained ImageNet weights.
• Add new FC layers in place of the previous, fully
connected layers, which is where the real predictions
for the class label are formed.
• Freeze the base layers to prevent their updating
throughout the backpropagation process and just
adjusting the weights of the classification layers.
Now, compile the face mask detector network. Images of
size 224×224 are supplied to our model. These images are
achieved by OpenCV’s blobFromImage and blobFromImages
functions that facilitate image pre-processing. These functions
will perform mean subtraction and scaling. After compiling
the model, we see the summary of our model. The output of
model.summary() gives us the total parameters including the
total number of trainable and non-trainable parameters.
• Total params: 2,422,210
• Trainable params: 164,226
• Non-trainable params: 2,257,984
Since we are solely training the top layers of our network,
the total number of non-trainable parameters are greater than
the total number of trainable parameters. This approach helps
us to save time when training the model as we are not training
the model from scratch and hence the model will take lesser
time to train.
Now, we train our model. The training time taken by our
model is 78 minutes. The total training time taken would have
been a lot more than the actual time if we trained all the layers
of our model and hence the transfer learning approach helped
here. The parameters we used to train our model are given in
TABLE Ⅰ.
TABLE I. LEARNING PARAMETERS
IV. EXPERIMENTS
Learning rate decay approach was adopted for training the
network, wherein the initial learning rate will higher and
reduced iteratively. It is inferred from experiments and results
given in various literature that the learning rate decay aids in
optimization and generalization. The initial high learning rate
helps to accelerates training avoids the model from falling into
local minima. Further during the model training reducing the
learning rate helps the model to converge to the optimal
minimal value and avoid oscillation. At the same time an
initial high learning rate may prevent model from overfitting
by memorizing data and improve the learning ability as the
learning rate is reduced iteratively.
A. Training Loss and Accuracy
It is observed from the Fig. 4 that the model training with
learning rate decay prevented model from overfitting and
prevented oscillation in the training process.
Fig. 4. Number of epochs plotted against accuracy or loss.

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B. Confusion Matrix
As shown in Fig. 5, only 7 out of 819 samples are
incorrectly classified using the established architecture. While
they are in the without mask class, it classifies 05 samples as
having a mask, and while they were in the with mask class, it
classifies 02 samples as having no mask. The system's primary
goal is to identify samples inside the class of samples without
masks, and this design only incorrectly categorized 05
samples in this class, demonstrating the system's
dependability.
Fig. 5. Confusion Matrix.
C. Performance Evaluation
After testing with 819 images, the observations from the
confusion matrix are tabulated as shown in TABLE Ⅱ.
Various metrics like “Precision”, “Recall”, “F1 Score” and
“Accuracy” are calculated from the four observations. The
values of these metrics are shown in TABLE Ⅲ.
TABLE II. TP, TN, FP AND FN VALUES
TABLE III. CONFUSION METRICS
V. CONCLUSION
A detection system for face masks has been developed that
meets standards comparable to those of the most recent
cutting-edge technology. Recent advances in deep learning
and computer vision are used in this research. The assessment
of the model on the test dataset was found to be consistent. A
custom dataset was created utilizing the Kaggle datasets,
RMFD dataset, and Bing Search API. The algorithm
recognized face masks on human faces in real-time video
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feeds and properly identified their existence. The trained
binary classification model with pictures of persons wearing
and not wearing masks in order to develop our face mask
detector. The proposed model will then be refined using
MobileNetV2 on the mask/no mask dataset to create an image
classifier that has 99% accuracy. Considering that the
MobileNetV2 architecture is being used, the model can be
more easily deployed to embedded systems because it is
computationally efficient. Due to the coronavirus outbreak,
this technology can thus be employed in real-time applications
that demand face-mask detection for security reasons. To
guarantee that public safety regulations are obeyed, this
research work may be connected with embedded technologies
for use at airports, train stations, schools, offices, malls and
other public spaces.
REFERENCES
[1] World Health Organization, 2. (2020). “Coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19): situation report, 99”.
[2] Viola, P., & Jones, M. (2001, December). “Rapid object detection using
a boosted cascade of simple features.” In Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE
computer society conference on computer vision and pattern
recognition. CVPR 2001 (Vol. 1, pp. I-I). Ieee.
[3] Yang, H., & Wang, X. A. (2016).“Cascade classifier for face
detection.” Journal of Algorithms& Computational Technology, 10(3),
187-197.
[4] Shah, J. H., Sharif, M., Raza, M., & Azeem, A. (2013). “A Survey:
Linear and Nonlinear PCA Based Face Recognition Techniques.” Int.
Arab J. Inf. Technol., 10(6), 536-545.
[5] Rettkowski, J., Boutros, A., & Göhringer, D. (2017). “HW/SW Co-
Design of the HOG algorithm on a Xilinx Zynq SoC.” Journal of
Parallel and Distributed Computing, 109, 50-62.
[6] Kortli, Y., Jridi, M., Al Falou, A., & Atri, M. (2020). “Face recognition
systems: A survey.” Sensors, 20(2), 342.
[7] Yang, S., Luo, P., Loy, C. C., & Tang, X. (2016). “Wider face: A face
detection benchmark.” In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on
computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 5525-5533).
[8] Chiang, D. (2020). “Detect faces and determine whether people are
wearing mask.” Face Mask Detection.
[9] Jiang, M., Fan, X., & Yan, H. (2020). “Retinamask: A face mask
detector.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.03950.
[10] Howard, A. G., Zhu, M., Chen, B., Kalenichenko, D., Wang, W.,
Weyand, T., & Adam, H. (2017). “Mobilenets: Efficient convolutional
neural networks for mobile vision applications.” arXiv preprint
arXiv:1704.04861.
[11] Rahman, R. (2022). Automatic Temperature Detection and
Sanitization with Authorized Entry using Face Mask Detection. Journal
of Electronics, 4(3), 168-181.
[12] Loey, M., Manogaran, G., Taha, M. H. N., & Khalifa, N. E. M. (2021).
“A hybrid deep transfer learning model with machine learning methods
for face mask detection in the era of the COVID-19
pandemic.” Measurement, 167, 108288.
[13] O'Shea, K., & Nash, R. (2015). “An introduction to convolutional
neural networks.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.08458.
[14] Koushik, J. (2016). “Understanding convolutional neural
networks.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.09081.
[15] Weiss, K., Khoshgoftaar, T. M., & Wang, D. (2016). “A survey of
transfer learning.” Journal of Big data, 3(1), 1-40.
[16] Liu, Y. H. (2018, September). “Feature extraction and image
recognition with convolutional neural networks.” Journal of Physics:
Conference Series (Vol. 1087, No. 6, p. 062032). IOP Publishing.
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An Intelligent Convolutional Neural Network based

Potholes Detection using Yolo-V7

Madarapu Sathvik *G.Saranya S.Karpagaselvi

Student
Networking and Communications
School of Computing,
SRM Institute of Science & Technology,
Kattankulathur, Chennai – 603203
ms5597@srmist.edu.in
Assistant Professor
Networking and Communications
School of Computing,
SRM Institute of Science &Technology,
Kattankulathur, Chennai – 603203
saranyag3@srmist.edu.in
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering Ethiopian Institute of Technology,
Mekelle, Ethiopia
karpaga.selvi@mu.edu.et

Corresponding Author: G.Saranya

saranyag3@srmist.edu.in

Abstract - Road travel is one of the most common modes of
transportation in the world, where more than 60% of the population
commutes by personal or shared automobiles. According to a poll,
potholes are a major contributing factor in several incidents.
Pothole detection techniques have been created to address these
issues, including the use of sensors and many others, but they are
actually expensive to produce and difficult to put into practice. As a
result, solid strategy that utilizes CNN is developed. According to
the evidence presented, potholes are the principal factor responsible
for the degradation of roadways. It is essential to give some thought
to the question of how to locate potholes in the most efficient and
economical way. Convolutional neural networks, often known as
CNNs, have the ability to filter through vast volumes of data and
extract the aspects that are most relevant to their purpose. YOLOv7
was used to annotate and train a pothole image dataset for this
research, and the findings were analyzed in terms of recall,
accuracy. The model was validated by examining a wide range of
photographs relating to potholes. Our model had given a F1 score
of 0.51 and this increases proportionally (more the value of F1
score more efficient is the training model) with the number of
epochs increased.
Keywords - Convolution neural network, Object detection,
Pothole detection, YOLOV7 object detection model, Google API,
dataset, pothole count, Accelerometer.
I. INTRODUCTION
Most well-known nations in the world have a rapidly
growing economy. Every country is currently concentrating
primarily on the transportation sector. According to a survey it
is proved that there is lot of increase in the number of
automobiles in India, and it has resulted in a higher likelihood
of accidents and also the majority of the streets are small,
crowded, and have poor surface quality; additionally, the
needs for street maintenance are not fully satisfied. Driving in
India is always a breath-holding exercise.
The state of the roads will actually affect how safely and
comfortably you can drive. The user should be informed of the
state of the road for safety's sake.. No automated system for
detecting potholes exists as of yet. Citizens and city authorities
must therefore address this issue. According to a survey, potholes
are causing many accidents for about 3.5k persons every year.
More than 4k people were hurt because of road accidents
broughtby the potholes.
According to recent data provided by the government,
around 2k people died last year due to traffic accidents caused
by potholes, and more than 4k people were injured in more
than 4,800 of these accidents. This is actually a serious problem
which must be addressed. Therefore, a long-term solution to
address this issue by creating a user-friendly app that allows
people to know the condition of the road's surface. Our
approach makes use of the camera and location capabilities of
a smartphone and is quick, precise, and affordable to use. The
suggested method effectively recognizes many potholes in the
image by using the YOLO algorithm and defines the road
surfaceconditions in response.
As a consequence of improvements in technology, there
are now a greater variety of solutions accessible to assist in
locating potholes and maintaining one's independence. These
days, the majority of detection is handled automatically by the
system by means of artificial intelligence models such as deep
neural networks. The effectiveness of every deep learning
model is directly proportional to the amount of data that is
utilized for training. The identification of holes in roads has been
made easier by a diverse collection of sensors. Data obtained
from GPS and accelerometers included into cellphones are
currently being utilized in the training of deep learning
models.
As the fields of science and technology continue to
advance, more and more solutions for identifying potholes and
allowing individuals to live independently will become
accessible. AI models, such as deep neural networks, are now
commonly employed in the vast majority of systems to
automatically perform detection. Data used for training plays
an important part in the overall success of any deep learning
model. The location of potholes on roadways has been greatly

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facilitated by the deployment of a large number of sensors. At
this time, models of deep learning are being trained using data
obtained from the inertial measurement units and global
positioning systems included inside mobile devices.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
An increase in precipitation, a lack of routine road
maintenance, or the occurrence of a natural disaster are just a
few of the events that might set in motion the process of
discovering potholes, also known as the detection of road
anomalies. Deterioration of roads is a big problem in many
of the world's developing countries today. This is attributable
to many factors, including poor road maintenance, heavy
rains and traffic, an uneven landscape, natural disasters, and
the use of substandard materials in road construction. The
following is a summary of the work done by various
researchers to detect road issues such as potholes, cracks,
signboards, traffic signals, pavement damages, and lines
becoming blurry (crosswalks, white/yellow lines).
Our country has long been dependent on the vehicle as a
primary mode of transportation. Over 295 million
automobiles have been registered worldwide to far,
according to a recent survey [1], and that figure is steadily
growing. India is ranked as the fourth most likely place to be
engaged in a traffic collision, according to data conducted by
Zutobi [2,] a worldwide supplier of driving instruction. Due
to their deteriorated state, the roads themselves are a
significant contributing element. According to information
that was made public by the Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways [3], it is anticipated that the total number of
individuals died in road accidents that may be attributable to
potholes would increase to 2,015, 2,140, and 1,471 in 2018,
2019, and 2020, respectively.
The authors of the study proposed [4] have utilized an
image processing-based system that can identify potholes in
photographs. Although effective on still images, this method
is impractical for use with moving pictures due to the lengthy
identification time required. Using a deep learning model
that analyses photos and videos, the researchers in [5] found
a way to limit the number of accidents caused by potholes. A
F RCNN, inception-V2 model is used in this model to detect
these hazards.
One researcher entered a system for detecting and
categorizing road damage in the 2018 IEEE Bigdata Cup
Challenge [6]. Utilizing deep learning techniques for object
recognition, this method trains an object detection algorithm
to identify varied degrees of road damage by exposing it to a
dataset of photos labelled with the damage type provided by
the Japan Road Association. The Intelligence Transport
System uses Deep Learning to collect and analyze data for
identifying road damage. Although state-of-the-art methods
were employed in the work proposed by [7], such as a 3D
scene architecture that relied on vibration-based sensors and
a 2D vision-based model, the usage of yolov2 was
problematic due to its poor accuracy level and the time it
would take to identify potholes.
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In their study, the authors [8] used deep learning methods
to examine road photo archives in order to pinpoint any
damage. Damages to roads have been categorized using
RetinaNet. During the course of their research, the authors of
[9] gathered a dataset that consists of around 1.5k
photographs depicting road and highway damage. The
YOLO algorithm has been used as the primary descriptor for
the dataset's classification and training. YOLOv3, YOLOv2,
and YOLOv3-tiny have all been trained on the collected
data, and their performance is compared to that of the
original versions. The mAP has been used to analyze each
and every data point, with accuracy and recall being the
primary metrics. The accuracy of the model was determined
by comparing it to numerous pothole images, and the
findings were quite promising.
By using thermal imaging and thermal sensors, the
authors of this [10] paper were able to create their own CNN
models without resorting to the more expensive and
resource-intensive resnet50 or latest models, making better
use of the data collected about the surrounding environment
and its features (such as air, road, pothole detection time,
pothole severity, location, shade, and so on). The problem is
that they might not be able to adjust to extreme weather.
Some examples of spectral clustering that appear in the paper
[11] are SC, CNN, and AlexNet. Data augmentation is the
process of extending the scope of a dataset by modifying its
constituent pieces (pictures) in a variety of ways (rotation,
translation, flipping, cropping, etc.). Data augmentation was
used in place of the new image dataset; however, Alexnet
was used as the training method, which is a less accurate
technique. The authors [12] created a prototype by
combining components such as a Pi-Camera, GPS, and the
Google Maps API with a low-cost ultrasonic sensor. Due to
the fact that an older version of YOLO v2 was utilized, it is
probable that there will be problems with the accuracy of the
pothole classification. The author of this [13] paper has
implemented a Support Vector Machine which is used for
image acquisition and segmentation, sample dataset
preparation, and feature selection. As well, it employs
ANNs. From all of the references that were mentioned, the
most common issues were using a lesser version of the
YOLO algorithm, which would have an effect on the
accuracy, and constructing hardware prototypes, which are
particularly tough to install in the places where you will be
working with them. A few of the authors have utilized
expensive sensors, which can result in an increase in the total
cost of the project. The authors of [15] Transfer Learning
with TensorFlow Object-detection API and F-RCNN (Faster
Region-based Convolutional Neural Network) develop the
model by using CNN, pooling, ReLU activation function,
Adam Optimizer, and Sigmoid function. Finally, the author
in [16] has developed a real-time machine to find the
potholes and this same can be implemented in my research
by using updated yolo versions (yolov7).
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III. YOLOV7 Microsoft's COCO dataset without the use of any pre-learned
The accuracy of real-time object detection is significantly weights in the process.
enhanced by YOLOv7, without any accompanying increase in
the expenses of inference. When compared to other known
object detectors, YOLOv7 is capable of effectively reducing
approximately 40% of the parameters and 50% of the
computation of state-of-the-art real-time object detections.
Additionally, it is able to achieve faster inference speed and
higher detection accuracy. This was demonstrated previously
in the benchmarks. In summary, YOLOv7 offers a quicker and
more robust network architecture, which in turn offers a more
effective approach for feature integration, more accurate
object recognition performance, a more robust loss function,
as well as an enhanced label assignment and model training
efficiency. As a consequence of this, the computer hardware
requirements for YOLOv7 are much lower than those for other
deep learning models. It is possible to train it far more quickly
on smaller datasets without using any pre-trained weights.
Fig.1. Proposed Pothole Detection using YOLOv7
IV. METHODOLOGY
The proposed flow of Pothole Detection using YOLOv7
is shown in Fig 1. The information that has been gathered
should be separated into three distinct categories: training,
testing, and validation. In order to set up an object detection
network, you need make use of YOLOv7. In the third stage of
the procedure, the model will be trained by having an epoch
value and weights added to it. This will be done in order to
make the model more accurate. Examine the model to see how
accurate it is as well ashow reliable it is.

A. Dataset
The Roboflow [16] pothole detection dataset is an open-
source dataset includes a total of 289 photographs which can
be accessed through the url
[https://universe.roboflow.com/srm-institute-of-science-and-
technology-yk2zw/pothole-de] published in the journal
RoboFlow Universe that are put to use in the process of
developing and training models. Providing the model with an
epoch value and weights is the focus of the third and final step
of the training process. The fourth step is to assess how well
the model corresponds to the data. Sample Pothole images are
shown in Fig 2. Fig. 3. E-ELAN Computational block (used by yolov7)

TABLE 1. IMAGE DIVISION IN DATASET

Training Set Validation Set Testing Set
184 71 34
B. YOLOv7 Object Detection Network
The YOLO model, often known as the "You Just Look
Once" model, just needs to do it once to recognize items. By
processing visual frames using attributes retrieved from a
backbone, merging and blending in the neck, and then sending
the results to the head of the network, YOLO is able to make
predictions aboutthe locations, classes, and objects of bounding
boxes.YOLOv7 is a real-time object detector that has ground-
breaking characteristics and is now revolutionizing the way
computer vision is practised.YOLOv7 is trained using
C. E-ELAN (Extended Efficient Layer Aggregation Network)
inYOLOv7
The YOLOv7 architecture's primary compute node is
denoted by the acronym E-ELAN. This technique was built on
the foundation of research on the most effective ways to
enhance the performance of a network. The architecture of the
E-ELAN framework contributes to improvements in the
system's capacity for learning. As a primary building block, it
employs the ELAN processing unit. E-ELAN Computational
block used by yolov7 is shown in Fig 3.
The number of parameters and computational density of a
model are significant concerns for extended efficient layer
aggregation networks. The seventh version of YOLO, dubbed

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"E-ELAN," is an evolution of the ELAN language. One of

ELAN's biggest benefits was that it allowed for a deeper
network to learn and converge more quickly by regulating the
gradient route.
When it comes to the computing block, E-ELAN makes
significant alterations, but the transition layer remains
structurally same. This method improves the network's
learning capacity by using expand, shuffle, and merge
operations, all without compromising the integrity of the
original gradient route. Here, we use group convolution, which
multiplies all the blocks in a given computational layer by the
same group parameter and channel, to increase both the
channel size and the number of blocks. The feature map
generated by each processing unit is then randomly combined
using a concatenation operation. Therefore, the original Fig 2. Sample Pothole images present in the dataset
architecture's total number of channels will be reflected in the
VI. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
number of channels in each set of feature maps. Conclude by
combining these feature map sets. E-ELAN has also improved 1) Recall curve
its capacity to learn new and different kinds of characteristics. The term "recall," which is synonymous with
"sensitivity," may be stated as, where "TP" refers to the
number of true positives and "FN" refers to the number of
V. EXPERIMENTATION AND RESULTS false negatives. The term "recall" refers to the percentage of
accurate predictions in relation to the total number of instances
when the forecast was true in the data set as shown in fig 4.
The evaluation was carried out on a computer running TruePositives
Windows 11 by using Google Collaboratory. CUDA has recall =sensitivity= (1)
TruePositives + FalseNegatives
already been installed into the system, which allows for
faster computations and more efficient use of the graphics
hardware. CUDA is used in situations in which it is important
to do processing on a graphics processing unit (GPU). Even
though it ensures a neural network with lightning-fast
processing speeds, it is only compatible with the NVIDIA
GPU. The length of time necessary to finish training has been
slashed in half as a direct result of CUDA’sefforts.
This model will function properly with size of 416 by 416
pixels. When the font size is increased, the accuracy increases
along with it; nevertheless, the reading speed decreases. Due
to the fact that the model was only developed for a single kind
of pothole, the filter that was used was 18, and the filter size
was calculated to be (class + 5) * 3. Due to the fact that there
is only one category, we could restrict the maximum batch size
to a maximum of one thousand and still provide identical
metrics. YOLOv7 uses the weights that are included inside the
pre-trained yolov7 training.pt file in order to successfully build its
convolutional layers. After the aforementioned configurations Fig. 4. R-Curve
have been applied to the model and the implementation has 2) Precision Curve
been completed, training may start, and the weights file can be
When expressed mathematically, precision, also known as
saved after 1000 iterations have been completed. Few
positive predictive value, looks like this: where TP stands for
predicted potholes by YOLOv7 are shown in Fig 7.
the number of true positives and FP stands for the number of
false positives. One way to think about precision is as the
proportion of correctly predicted positive outcomes that really
fall into the predicted positive class as shown in fig 5.

TruePositives
Precision= − (2)
TruePositives + FalsePositives

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Fig. 5. P-curve
3) F1 curve
The F1 score curve illustrates the compromise that must
bemade between precision and recall as shown in fig 6.
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 (3)
F1=2.
Fig 7. Few predicted potholes by YOLOv7
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛+𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 TABLE 2: MODEL PERFORMANCE METRICS
MODEL YOLOV7
Precision Recall
(416*416)
Confidence
1.0 0.95
ThresholdmAP@0.5

The results that were obtained when the YOLOv7

(416*416) training dataset was used are shown in Table 1 and
various metrics are captured as shown in fig 8. We have
determined that a confidence level of 0.5 mAP is appropriate
given that our recallis 0.95 and our precision is 1.

Fig 6. F1 score

Fig 8. Performance metrics using yolov7

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VII. COMPARISON BETWEEN YOLO MODELS
Fig 9. Comparison with other real-time object detectors
In order to analyze the performance of YOLOv7, prior
versions of YOLO (YOLOv4 and YOLOv5) as well as
YOLOR were used as baselines. All of the parameters were
used throughout the training of the models. When compared to
other state-of-the-art object detectors, the new YOLOv7
demonstrates the best speed-to-accuracy balance possible.
YOLOv7 is the fastest and most accurate object detector
ever made, with frame rates from 5 FPS to 160 FPS. While
alternative real-time object recognition algorithms may be able
to attain 30 FPS or greater with a GPU V100, YOLO v7 is the
most accurate.
YOLOv7 is able to achieve an accuracy level that is 2%
higher than the best-performing R-CNN models while also
being 509% faster throughout the inference process. This is
notable in light of the fact that the multi-stage detector
architectures that are employed in these R-CNN variations
have been found to be capable of much higher detection
accuracies than their single-stage equivalents in the past.
VIII. CONCLUSION
When compared to other forms of object detections,
including those of people, vehicles, airplanes, etc., the
identification of potholes stands out as particularly new. The
appearance of a pothole might vary greatly from one instance
to the next. As a consequence, detecting it is tough. Due to the
aforementioned constraint, enhancing the mean average
accuracy for pothole recognition is tough.
In this study, multiple forms of YOLO are utilized to train
on a dataset of 289 photographs. Changes to the design could
also result in an increase in the mean and average accuracy.
The system will ultimately be implemented in real-time on a
car's dashboard leveraging android studio code written in
kotlin and acamera.
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IX. FUTURE SCOPE
At some point in the future, the latitude and longitude
coordinatesthat have been saved in the database will be used to
power software that operates in real time and locates individual
potholes on a map. When all of the gaps have been found, we
will be able to compile a report that outlines the most effective
strategy for navigating around them. It is possible that real-
time pictures obtained with a camera may be added to the
dataset and used for classification purposes. This would make it
easier to appropriatelycategorize the potholes.
REFERENCES
[1] P. Pachaivannan, R. Hemamalini Ranganathan, P. Navin Elamparithi
and R. Dhanagopal, "Indian Road Conditions and Accident Risk
Predictions using Deep Learning Approach – A Review," 2020 3rd
International Conference on Intelligent Sustainable Systems (ICISS),
2020, pp. 199-202, doi: 10.1109/ICISS49785.2020.9316128.
[2] P. Pachai Vanna, R. Hemamalini Ranganathan, P. Navin Elamparithi
and R. Dhanagopal, "Indian Road Conditions and Accident Risk
Predictions using Deep Learning Approach – A Review," 2020 3rd
International Conference on Intelligent Sustainable Systems (ICISS),
2020, pp. 199-202, doi: 10.1109/ICISS49785.2020.9316128.
[3] https://www.deccanherald.com/national/road-accidents-caused-by-
potholes-killed-over-5600-people-between-2018-and-2020-
1138292.html
[4] K. Zoysa, C. Keppitiyagama, G. Seneviratne, W.Shihan, “A Public
Transport System Based Sensor Network for Road Surface Condition
Monitoring”, via NSDR, August 2007
[5] A. Kumar, Chakrapani, D. J. Kalita, and V. P. Singh, “A modern pothole
detection technique using deep learning,” 2nd Int. Conf. Data, Eng.Appl.
IDEA 2020, doi: 10.1109/IDEA49133.2020.9170705. https://www.
researchgate.net/publication/342054622_Deep_Learning_based_Detecti
on_of_potholes_in_Indian_roads_using_YOLO / https://ieeexplore.ieee.
org/document/9112424 - Deep Learning based Detection of potholes in
Indian roads using YOLO
[6] Y. Li, M. Yang, S. Ji, J. Zhang, and C. Wen, “An Online-Updating Deep
CNN Method Based on Kalman Filter for Illumination-Drifting Road
Damage Classification,” ICCAIS 2018 - 7th Int. Conf. Control. Autom.
Inf. Sci., no. Iccais, pp. 395–400, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ICCAIS.2018.
8570426Deep Learning Approach to Detect Potholes in Real-Time using
Smartphone, IEEE
[7] A. Thakallapelli, S. Ghosh and S. Kamalasadan, "Real-time frequency
based reduced order modeling of large power grid," Power and Energy
Society General Meeting, 2016, Boston, MA, USA.
[8] L. Ale, N. Zhang, and L. Li, “Road Damage Detection Using
RetinaNet,” Proc. - 2018 IEEE Int. Conf. Big Data, Big Data 2018, pp.
5197–5200, 2019, doi: 10.1109/BigData.2018.8622025.
[9] J. Dharneeshkar, S. Dhakshana, S. Aniruthan, R. Karthika, and L.
Parameswaran, “Deep Learning based Detection of potholes in Indian
roads using YOLO,” Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Inven. Comput. Technol.
ICICT 2020, pp. 381–385, 2020, doi:
10.1109/ICICT48043.2020.9112424.
[10] Bhatia, Yukti, Rachna Rai, Varun Gupta, Naveen Aggarwal, and Aparna
Akula. "Convolutional neural networks based potholes detection using
thermal imaging." Journal of King Saud University-Computer and
Information Sciences (2019).
[11] Srinidhi, Gorityala, and Renuka Devi SM. "Pothole detection using
CNN and AlexNet." In 2nd International Conference on Communication
& Information Processing (ICCIP). 2020.
[12] Borgalli, R. "Smart Pothole Detection and Mapping System." Journal of
Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Technologies, vol. 2, 2020),
pp. 136-144.
[13] Pan, Yifan, Xianfeng Zhang, Guido Cervone, and Liping Yang.
"Detection of asphalt pavement potholes and cracks based on the
unmanned aerial vehicle multispectral imagery." IEEE Journal of
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Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 11,

no. 10 2018, pp. 3701-3712.
[14] https://universe.roboflow.com/srm-institute-of-science-and-technology-
yk2zw/pothole-detection-zrfw5/dataset/2/images/?split=train
[15] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9170705 - A Modern Pothole
Detection technique using Deep Learning.
[16] Borgalli, R. "Smart Pothole Detection and Mapping System." Journal of
Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Technologies, vol. 2, 2020,
pp. 136-144.

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A Review of Generative Adversarial Networks

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(GANs) for Technology-Assisted Learning: Solving

Teaching and Learning Challenges
K. Dinesh Kumar Sarot Srang Dona Valy
Mechatronics and Information Mechatronics and Information Department of Information and
Technology Technology Communication Engineering
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Institute of Technology of Cambodia Institute of Technology of Cambodia
Phnom Penh, Cambodia Phnom Penh, Cambodia Phnom Penh, Cambodia
dinesh.kumar@itc.edu.kh srangsarot@itc.edu.kh dona@itc.edu.kh

Abstract— During the COVID-19 outbreak, all the physical
classes suspended, and switched to online learning. The new
era of learning presented several challenges for the teachers
and students. The students did not have the opportunity to
participate in the classroom activities successfully as a physical
class due to a lack of educational creativity, a lack of digital
tools, and a dependency on the internet. Strengthening self-
directed learning and improving the technical infrastructure
are required, to advance innovation-centric education from
"teaching" to "learning" and to develop digital literacy. By
incorporating technology into classroom instruction everyone
can understand the concepts and realize their right to
education. The recent technological advances in deep learning
are referred to as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs).
The GANs used as an Assistive Technology (AT) to generate
the sequence of images of the descriptive input text. The goal of
this review is the Visual Storytelling by utilizing the Text-to-
Image GAN which strengthens self-directed learning through
visualization and improve the critical thinking, and logical
reasoning.
Keywords— COVID 19, Assistive Technology (AT), Generative
Adversarial Network (GAN), The Natural Language Processing
(NLP), Teaching and Learning challenges, Digital Transformation.
I. INTRODUCTION
The COVID-19 outbreak left 810 million children out of
school and 1 billion people with disabilities severely
impacted by the pandemic, devastating the learners with and
without disabilities. 65 million children with disabilities in
developing countries were out of school before the outbreak
of COVID-19, according to an analysis of the Global Action
on Disability report[1].
Additionally, some students could not afford devices
such as laptops, cell phones, internet and cable services.
Despite the efforts of educational institutions to offer
classes, getting enough distance learning for students is a
major challenge. It can therefore be argued that online
learning offerings are not inclusive for all students,
especially those facing financial difficulties or living in rural
areas far from cities. Teachers face the challenges of
evaluating student performance and exam integrity as well.
In addition to that, the students with disabilities need a
more organized learning environment, peer interaction, and
personal attention from their teachers. Online learning
environments are troublesome for disabled students since
they need support services like speech, occupational, and
physical therapy. The suspension of physical classes has a
disproportional impact, especially for learners with
disabilities. Learners are looking for distance learning
(online learning) opportunities with innovative teaching
methods to continue their education.
The purpose of distance learning is to minimize class
absences and continue educational services to students. In
physical classes, all teachers lecture directly to students and
all teachers are aware of each student's learning style,
strengths and weaknesses. With the onboarding of freshmen
and more online learning, the faculty-student relationship
becomes very difficult, and internships (Lab Practices) are
no longer result-oriented due to online learning.
II. DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
A. Challenges in digital transformation during covid - 19
spread
Online sessions conducted by educational institutions
during the pandemic have not achieved maximum results
due to traditional methodologies that are less relevant to
online teaching. It has also been shown to cause stress,
anxiety, and depression in students, with significant
psychological side effects due to prolonged online presence.
Too much freedom will not produce the intended results of
the course and will slow down the pace of student learning.
This can also lead to skill deficiencies in students. Finding
the right balance between managing stress levels and taking
advantage of student freedom can be tricky. “Instruction
Paradigm / Teaching Paradigm” dominates the education
sector. The motivation of students to study on their own has
increased. A learning personality is unique to each person.
Therefore, various innovative teaching methods should be
applied in the educational process to achieve efficient
learning outcomes.
B. Investment
Developing and developed countries face challenges in
e-learning due to the lack of support and investment from
educational institutions. Most of the Higher Educational
Institutions (HEIs) the facing challenge of investing in
digital skills training for teachers and students during this
pandemic, in which the lecturers are unprepared for e-
learning because they are unfamiliar with this teaching
method.

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The investment is in of providing lecturers and students
with digital learning training and providing lecturers with
the appropriate hardware and software technology to deliver
effective online content to students. For example, lecturers
are not equipped with sufficient knowledge to select and use
suitable digital tools for their lectures and design lecture
contents that fit with e-learning. In assessing and evaluating
learning outcomes, lecturers do not have the confidence in
preparing online assessment due to the lack of certainty in
its effectiveness.
C. Students’ Motivation
Students perceive e-learning to be less effective than
traditional learning methods due to the lack of effective
integration and use of technology. In some instances,
students do not place importance towards e-learning and
assume it to be a 'holiday'. Because students are scattered
around the world and countries, a lack of physical
interaction with fellow students and lecturers affects their
motivation and leads to mental health problems. Moreover,
students are concerned over their ability to 'catch up' in class
as online lectures can sometimes be disrupted by internet
connection and interrupt the session's flow. Although e-
learning has proven to be a good model of education, it is
crucial to address each challenge to minimize the flaws to
deliver effective e-learning that is conducive for lecturers
and students [3]. Technology-enhanced learning offers
solutions to the challenges of digital transformation.
III. INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
In the COVID-19 pandemic, many societies have
marginalized people with disabilities due to the safety
measures and prevented from accessing the services
provided by the private and public sectors especially in the
education sector. People with disabilities face the challenge
of adapting to digital transformation during the pandemic.
Due to prejudice and ignorance in society, the majority of
disable people are unable to freely express themselves. In
order to achieve an inclusive society, it is necessary to
conduct assistive technology research projects to gain
interdisciplinary experiences and to support the
independence of person with disabilities and without
disabilities in learning. Society should encourage students
with disabilities and ensure equal opportunities in education,
employment and other activities.
A survey found that approximately 86% of students
with disabilities had Internet access problems, and 64% of
students has no access to the digital devices they needed to
participate in online learning [4]. Although the styles of
providing instruction to students in physical and online
classes are different, providing instruction to students with
disabilities in online learning is difficult for special
education teachers due to lack of internet access, lack of
digital access and lack of students & parents engagement in
online learning. Most special education teachers struggle to
provide special education services to students with multiple
disabilities such as physical, visual, hearing, mental and
intellectual disabilities. Students with disabilities are not
independent and they need help to participate in online
classes. It should be easy for them if the school should have
an organized learning environment and they are expecting to
have an interaction with the teachers during the online
learning environment.
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In this review article, we discussed solutions to
students' learning challenges by visualizing textual
descriptions with pictures. Due to the dependence of
students with disabilities, lack of social support, and
difficulty accessing the internet and digital devices, special
education schools need to focus on providing non-digital
alternative learning for their students. In order to meet the
course outcome, special education schools should ensure
that students are getting the virtual or alternative learning
environment using the curriculum based instructional videos
and activities. [5] said “visualization is being read by
drawing and speculating what may happen in our mind, to
help students develop their ability”. Visualization of text or
word is a strategy to teach to all age students, especially
those who are having reading disabilities and it makes
reading comprehension possible and also creates an
emotional bonding between the readers and text. If the
reader can visualize where and who they are reading, it
creates a great reading experience, motivates them to read
more, and infers what is happening to the people in the text,
which helps them to read the text.
Moreover, 20 percent of the school population have
reading difficulty including 5 to 8 percent of the world
population has the deficit of word recognition [6]. Learning
Disability will affect the self-esteem and motivation of the
students so first we should recognize their challenges in
learning and to support them to overcome the problem using
assistive technology. Because relatively high levels of
reading and writing are required for all of us to compete in
society. Intensive training alone is not enough for these
learners to acquire the appropriate level of reading and
writing [6]. The most common strategy for getting your
reading and writing to the right level is continuous practice
and training. The second is trying to overcome difficulties
with the help of assistive technology (AT).
A. Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) as an AT
The aims of AT are to visualize texts, improve the
comprehension of readers of all ages from passive to active
learners, assist people with learning disabilities, examine the
above problems in education, It is to provide solutions to
these challenges in learning through transformation of text.
Reading articles has become a passive activity for all groups
of digital natives and learning disabilities. Visualization of
the text in education is useful for grasping the article. It can
improve comprehension and encourage those who suffer
from reading disabilities. With regard to image synthesis and
natural language representation, deep learning has achieved
substantial advancements. The fact that the distribution of
images that rely on text descriptions is extremely
multimodal, however, is a significant issue that deep learning
cannot address. This indicates that there are numerous logical
arrangements of pixels that render the description accurately
[2].
The main goal of this review paper is to investigate
several techniques for visualizing specific texts utilizing
well-known image synthesis models like Generative
Adversarial Networks (GANs).As an interactive tool for
supervised and unsupervised learning tasks, GANs can help
the education sector improve learning methods to compete
with Industry 4.0, especially from teaching to learning
through visualization of text.
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B. Generating Images from Text information generated and available to be consumed is huge.
The process of creating an image based on restrictions is Using traditional reading, it may not be possible. However,
known as synthetic image generation. The best and most we can boost and introduce equity in education by
successful deep learning models for producing textual introducing the images of the text description. The
explanatory images are generative adversarial networks conceptual understanding of complex topics can be
(GANs). improved if the texts are visualized into 2D images. Here,
we discussed the generation of "text-to-image" using GANs
This review is very focused on image synthesis, in and their applications in various fields, followed by the
addition to several other applications of Generative preprocessing of descriptive text inputs using natural
Adversarial Networks (GANs) such as: Image Captions, language processing techniques.
semantic segmentation, object detection, image in-painting.
The primary objective is to create artificial images using the
text input's patterns. There are mainly two operations such
as Generator (G) and Discriminator (D) to generate images
of text given by GAN. Generators (G) are called fakers
because they create fakes for the purpose of creating
realistic images. Discriminator (D) takes two inputs. One is
from the generator and the other is the real image. The goal
is to distinguish them so that they can be called experts.
Both are well trained to compete with each other.

Fig. 1. Basic GAN structure

A Generator (G) generates synthetic data G(z) from the

random noise vector (z). The discriminator receives an input
from a generator and an input x and attempts to differenciate
between real and artificial data for the given input. With
GANs, we have no control over what needs to be generated,
as the output depends on generated random noise (z). The
minmax objective of the GAN is
min max 𝔼 [log(𝐷(𝑥))] + 𝔼 [log(1 − 𝐷(𝐺(𝑧)))]
𝐺 𝐷 𝑥 ~ 𝑃𝑟 𝑧 ~ 𝑃𝑧

However, x is the input sample from the 𝑃𝑟 (Data

Distribution) and the input z is sampled from the 𝑃𝑧
(Uniform or Gaussion distribution). we can add another
conditional input c to the random noise z, so we can
generate the image G(c,z). The conditional input c is
arbitrary, so it can be an attribute of an object, an image
class, etc. [2].
IV. RELATED WORKS
The purpose of this review is to understand the concept
of Generative Adversarial Networks and their application in
the field of education. However, learning is made more
difficult by the fact that the time spent reading the text
requires additional time separate from the time spent to
understanding concepts. So, the term Assistive Technology
(AT) is used for boosting the learning process for children
and adults. Few examples of “AT” are Text-to-speech,
Audio Books, Optical Character recognition and Graphic
Organizer, etc. In this survey the GAN is considered as the
AT, and primarily it can be inculcated in the Education
Industry to take the advantages not only for children with
learning disabilities but also for normal students to boost
learning. In the global context, establishing equity in
education among children is a challenge due to various
reasons, and all the institutions are trying to establish the
same. Especially for the Digital Natives, the amount of
Fig. 2. Step by Step process of Text to Image Generation
To generate the sequence of images of given text
descriptions, here we have the three stages of operations.
The stage 1: The Natural Language Processing of the given
text input. Stage 2: The Generative Adversarial Networks
(GAN), it has the Generator and Discriminator part, Stage 3:
GAN: Evaluation Metrics, this would help us to evaluate the
performance of GAN.
A. The Natural Language Processing(NLP)
The field of artificial intelligence's natural language
processing technique (NLP) is used to automate a variety of
requirements engineering (RE) processes. The status of our
approach begins with various NLP steps, such as statement
analysis, linguistic information extraction, and conversion to
embedding-based vector representations. The main goal is to
enable Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to analyze
and process the given textual input to attain the "Text to
Image" generation. The NLP technique has three main
processing levels: lexical and morphological level, syntactic
level, and semantic level. At first the Morphological-level
NLP approaches analyze words into morphemes such as

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prefixes, suffixes, and bag of words, and also perform
common tasks such as tokenization of text description and
lemmatization processes. Next approach is syntax level. It
analyzes the grammatical structure of sentences, including
part-of-speech tagging, dependency analysis, chunking, and
named entity recognition. Final approach is the semantic
level, which focuses on making sense of the textual
description. The core process of the semantic approach is to
map natural language sentences to formal representations of
their meaning. There are various types of semantic
representations, including ontology-based representations,
topic modeling-based representations, vector space models
and advanced embedding techniques. This review article has
focused on techniques for embedding vector representations
of textual descriptions. Embedding is the one of the best
methods for high-quality representation of words from vast
number of unstructured textual description. Word
embeddings capture the words context in the corpus,
allowing words with similar meanings to have same vector
representations. We have various word embedding
techniques such as Word2Vec, GloVe, BERT [7].
Large Language Models [LMs] have grammatical
knowledge ranging from the local subject-verb agreement to
long distance filler-gap dependencies. It is not only
checking with the predicted words to infer the Language
Models [LMs], LMs model called BERT captures linguistic
hierarchical structures of a linear transformation of word
embeddings and increase the LM’s abilities to represent
meanings. The Language Model (LMs) provides
contextualized word embeddings which naturally encode the
distance between word to token in a vector space. It can be
used to test whether the trained distance in word embedding
reflects the natural way of grouping words together
according to the lexical semantic knowledge. The BERT
model can place the words which appear in different
contexts into distinct regions of the shared vector space and
the word sense distance correlated with human judgments
[8].
First, we perform reduction of dimension using Principal
Component Analysis (PCA). The PCA is a useful tool to
visualizing the architecture of multidimensional word
embeddings. They got correlation between each principal
component analysis from the embedding and human rating
of the Virtual Attribute Decoupling (VAD) dimension. High
correlation indicates the high-dimensional information in
that word embedding [8].
The challenge in natural language processing is to
capture the deeper meaning of a given text as a vector. Text
embeddings are created by bundling the output of a model's
layers when the model processes the text. The neural
embedding techniques are inspired by micro-tuning. The
neural embedding techniques of each text sample, they start
with the original language model and fine-tune only a few
selected layers while other layers are frozen. Once the fine-
tuning process is done, they can measure the difference
between new weights and original weights of each layer and
normalize it. By concatenating the normalized vectors, they
can get the neural embedding. It’s about fine tuning the
pretrained BERT base model, they choose three layers from
the BERT model and each layer has 768 weights, so the
resulting embedding will have the size 768x3 = 2304. So,
before concatenating the normalized vectors, the weights of
each layer are flattened from their multidimensional tensor
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form. They did not find compelling enough performance
benefits using a large BERT model. During micro tuning,
here, they choose periodic masking strategy where the
masking repeats at every mth token. Consider the masking
blue print (k,m). To get the input from the text, we keep the
first k tokens of the text and mask the next m tokens. Repeat
this to the end of the text and generate the 2 nd input by
shifting the pattern by 1 token, followed by shifting 2 tokens
and so on up to k+m-1 tokens. They did not create the inputs
from one but from various blueprints. All these inputs are
randomly shuffled and constitute datasets for the micro
tuning. If they do not mask the token but require the
prediction for all the tokens but still, we get the acceptable
embeddings with low quality. The loss is defined by cross
entropy. While the performance of neural embedding is
comparable to other embedding techniques, the error differs
in more than half of the cases depending on the various
datasets [9].
B. Generative Adversarial Networks(GANs) Review
StackGAN is for generating the photorealistic images
from textual descriptions. Breaking down the challenging
task of generating high resolution into more tractable sub-
problems. The StackGAN generates photorealistic images
from text descriptions [10]. New conditioning augmentation
techniques are needed to stabilitates the GAN training and
enhance the diversification of generated samples. The
Qualitative and quantitative experiments demonstrate the
effectivity the model design and effects of components,
providing useful insights for the design of conditional GAN
models.
Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks and
Stacked Conditional Variational Autoencoders aim to design
generative neural network architectures that generate images
based on textual descriptions. Feeding text-image pairs into a
generative model causes the network to face sparsity of text
conditioning manifold, creating challenges in training GANs.
To provide a solution, they introduced a conditioning
augmentation method that provides smoothness to latent
conditioning manifold. To improve the diversity of synthetic
images, model allows random perturbation of the
conditioning manifold. The model is divided into two stages.
It first uses a convolutional VAE to generate a 64x64 low-
resolution image with respect to the data set and the provided
text description. The low-resolution images are the input of
the encoder and decoder output, with rough sketches
matching the basic shape of the object, distorted colors, and
text descriptions. A neural network learned to synthesize
images accurately. A second-stage of stacked conditional
GAN produces a high-resolution (256x256) images from the
output of the first stage. Text embeddings are also used to
allow models to adjust text inputs. High-resolution inputs are
sharper, brighter images accurately reflect text with
photorealistic images[11].
The biggest challenge in images from the text and image-
to-text generation is annotated data. Most of available data
are unlabeled and require expensive manual annotation. The
goal [12] is to explore the cross-modal embedding space
between textual description and visual data in a self-
controlled environment to avoid challenges. The model they
proposed for autoencoders is based on StackGAN.
StackGAN-v2 receives text embedding vectors as input ,
generates high-resolution images at various branches of
network. After modification, they have an encoder-decoder
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based network, the encoder takes the image as input and
extracts various features at different levels of the deep neural
network to get the image embeddings, the image embeddings
are input of the StackGAN conditional decoder model to
Reconstruct the image of conditional StackGAN output. The
ResNet-50 was used in the encoder part of the autoencoder,
and the updated final layer of ResNet-50 to get 1024-
dimensional image embeddings. The generated images are
adjusted at the decoder side by image embedding vectors
[12].
First, the ResNet-50 encoder encodes the generated
images into image embeddings. Conditional
expansion(augmentation) techniques are used in image
embedding to generate a continuous latent space and
preserve conditional variables. Kullback-Leibler (KL)
divergence loss acts as a regularizer during training to create
an even distribution of the conditioning variable. The
generator produces low to high resolution images in various
stages by adding details. Training the discriminator
optimizes the conditional and unconditional loss. Conditional
loss measures whether the input image to the discriminator is
fake or real, and also checks if the input image matches the
conditional variables. They used max-pooling for all hidden
vectors to preserve sentence embeddings. To regenerate the
textual description at the output, we initialized the decoder
LSTM network with latent vectors. A cross-modal
embedding space mesh is used to map the embedding space
of one modality to another modality embedding space.
Because they didn't pair images and text, the network
minimizes the distance of two semantic distributions. They
have different architectures: Maximum Mean Discrepancy
(MMD), GAN-based cross-modal embedding space-mapping
networks. GAN-based cross-modal embedding spatial
mapping networks use generators to transform one modality
into another modality embedding. A discriminator
determines whether two modality embeddings match.
Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) is a distance measure
in the probability space when regenerating the kernel Hilbert
space (RKHS) [12].
CookGAN generates photorealistic images of food based
on a list of ingredients. The Cook GAN contribution
combines StackGAN with an attention-based recipe
attribution model to generate meal images from ingredient
lists. The next process was to improve the image quality by
changing the components and adding cycle-consistent
constraints to control the appearance of the image [13]. The
Cycle Consistency Regularizer is used to minimize semantic
discrepancies between fake and real images and increase
image quality qualitatively and quantitatively. The process of
synthesizing the image is to convert a textual description into
a photorealistic image by generating a set of mask maps of
textual input using a mask map generator (MG).
In Next stage, they compute the rank and aesthetics score
of generated synthetic image through Pre-Image Aesthetic
Ranking Generator. In order to get the final photo realistic
synthetic image, the calculated aesthetics score in the
previous stage can be categorized into lowest, average and
highest score followed by feeding it to the Image generator
(IG). The generated images aesthetics score calculated again
to prove their model can generate the high-quality image
then the state-of-art techniques [14].
The ComicGAN main goal was to produce a model for
text-to-comic generation. At first, its extract and create the
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text description that corresponds to comic, next they used the
AttnGAN to generate the comics from text and to apply the
pipeline to comics in the style of Dilbert. AttnGAN used the
multiple generators and discriminators, with encoded input
text and images. It’s generating the images from the text;
images have multiple corresponding text captions as training
data. It’s used as a baseline for experimentation of generation
of comics and the model was fine-tuned and augmented to
improve the result [15].
The “Deep Fusion Generative Adversarial Network (DF-
GAN)” used a single-layer text-to-image backbone that
generate images with high-resolution. Composed of
Matching-Aware Gradient Penalty (MA-GP) and One-Way
Issuance, Target-Aware Discriminator significantly improves
the semantic consistency of text and images without
introducing additional networks. The Deep Text Image
Fusion Block (DFBlock) is used for more effective, deep and
complete fusion of text and visual features [16].
Generating a text-to-image is similar to generating the
high-resolution image representing a text descriptor.
Variational Auto Encoders (VAE) producing a wide range of
outputs, but the resulting images are blurry. GANs have great
ability to generate sharper images, but lack various outputs.
They proposed a stacked conditional VAE and conditional
GAN (CGAN) to generate images based on text descriptions.
In stage 1, the conditional UAE acts as the first generator,
creating a rough sketch of the text descriptor. High-level
sketches and text descriptors are the inputs to conditional
GAN networks. A level-2 GAN produced the high-resolution
(256x256) images [17].
CatGAN is used to overcome the challenges of GANs.
Complex structure of model and learning processes limit the
performance of GANs and also increase the instability of the
training process. Therefore, CatGAN introduced a hierarchic
evolutionary algorithm used for model training [18]. The
CatGAN model finds the difference between real and
generated examples for each category. The goal is to tell the
model to produce text in a specific category with minimal
differences. They used the Gumbel Softmax function to
transfer the gradient from the classifier to the generator. You
can train your model to improve its performance by using
hierarchic evolutionary algorithms. When training a model,
CatGAN seeks to maintain the training process and balance
its quality and diversity.
Multilevel T2I requires dynamic reconstruction of text
features at each level in order to provide diverse and accurate
semantic guidance for text features according to their
history-level status. Multi-level T2I can gradually increase
the resolution of the image and gradually add detail through
a coarse-to-fine generation process. In this process, text
features evolved synchronously, providing semantic
guidance from the coarse-grained to the fine-grained. By
suppressing previously used semantic information and
dynamically reconstructing text features at different stages,
new consistent information takes effect as soon as they are
activated in the generation process, and the same semantics
can be prevented from being generated repeatedly, reducing
repeated rendering problems. In this way, text features
gradually evolve with new consistent semantics, resulting in
more detailed and vivid generations [19]. “Dynamic
Semantic Evolution Generative Adversarial Networks”
(DSE_GAN), reconstructed text features, are dynamically
based on the historical stage states within a single adversarial
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multistage architecture. The DSE module just not
dynamically selects the words that need to be reconstructed
at each stage, but also dynamically reconstructs them by
improving the semantics of various granularity subspaces. To
facilitate DSE modules, a single adversarial multi-stage
architecture (SAMA) enables more stages of text-image
interaction by eliminating complex multiple adversarial
training requirements. , simplifies the process [19].
C. Evaluation Metrics
Evaluation of generating the images from the text using
generative models should focus on image-to-text
consistency and image quality. There are several techniques
to generate high-resolution photorealistic images using
GANs. The performance of GAN evaluated using the
following metrics, such as Inception Score (IS) and Frechet
Inception Distance (FID). IS and FID are used to assess
image quality, and R accuracy is used to assess image-text
consistency [20]. The Inception score calculates the
Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between the conditional
and marginal distributions. A higher IS score means that the
image produced is of higher quality and belongs to a
particular class. Frechet Inception Distance (FID) calculates
the distance between the actual image and generated images.
The more realistic the image produced, the lower the FID. It
also has a Cross-Model Distance (CMD) method to assess
quality of images and image-text coherence by mapping
image and text description to a multimodal semantic
distribution [20].
V. DISCUSSION
The result of this review states that the suspension of the
classes during the pandemic makes the significance
challenge for the students and teachers who are not ready for
the online learning. Due to the various reasons such as
technology requirement, Students motivations and
investment, the educational institutions, students, and
teachers face challenges in adapting to the new era of
learning. Children with learning disabilities may have
difficulty in learning at some point during the pandemic, so
we hope these findings will stimulate additional research to
provide adequate support for dyslexics.
Encouraging students to study online as a physical class
requires the innovation-centric education that enhances
visualization and critical thinking skills. According to
findings from [21], the COVID-19 relies heavily on
artificial intelligence (AI). Generative Adversarial Networks
(GANs) are the latest advances in deep learning. GANs help
us to visualize text description so that students do not face
the challenge of understanding complex concepts. The main
purpose of the GANs is to generate the sequence of high-
resolution images of the input text description. Here are the
objectives of the recent GANS.
TABLE I. GAN TYPES AND OBJECTIVES
GANs Objective(s)
CVAES A low resolution (64x64) image generated by
extracting the shape and color of an object [11].
CGANs It takes input from CVAES and produces high
resolution images (n 256×256) [11].
AttnGAN It is fine-grained text-to-image synthesis that
allows the generative network to draw different
sub-regions of the image depending on the words
most relevant to those sub-regions [15].
DF-GAN A text-to-image backbone that can directly
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synthesize high-resolution images without tangling
visual features. This improves the consistency of
semantic text images without introducing
additional networks [16].
CatGAN A category Aware model directly measures the gap
between the actual and generated samples in each
category, and reducing this gap guides the model to
produce high-quality category samples [18].
Each GAN has a specific architecture and
hyperparameters to achieve expected results.
TABLE II. LIST OF TECHNIQUES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Items Descriptions
MS-COCO 328000 Samples
Dataset(s) CUB-Bird 11788 Samples
Oxford-102 8189 Samples
Machine Learning Library TensorFlow
Neural Network Library Keras
Embedding GloVe, BERT
GANs Discussed StackGAN, AttnGAN , CVAES,
CookGAN, ComicGAN, DF-GAN,
CGAN, CatGAN, DSE-GAN
Image Diversity Inception Score (IS)
Distribution Consistency Frechet Inception ´ Distance (FID)
Semantic Consistency R-precision & Human Perceptual Score
Dimension Reduction Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Understanding the meaning of the text description is a
challenge for GANs. GANs can generate photorealistic
images with consistent semantic meaning of text. Each
image in the dataset has multiple captions annotated by the
human, which are subjective and worded differently. The
text description(captions) does not contain enough
information to guide image generation. An image has a
background, various visual information, and non-essential
visual information as well. Image distributions are more
complex and cannot be learned directly and explicitly from
textual descriptions. Inadequacies between captions and
language discrepancies produce synthetic images that
deviate from the ground truth. The resulting images are
semantically inconsistent because incorrect semantics lead
to ineffective image generation. Therefore, there is a need to
improve the quality and semantic consistency of the
generated images.
VI. CONCLUSION
Visualizing the text can be helpful for readers of all
ages. By addressing the challenges in teaching and learning,
we reviewed the most recent methods for generating images
from the text using Generative Adversarial Networks
(GANs). The results shows that we can create a potent GAN
to assist students in visualizing textual descriptions of
complex concepts. This research will bridge the educational
gap between children with and without disabilities. The
future work will focus on generating image sequences for
visual storytelling activities with semantic consistency
between generated images.
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A Survey on Quantization Methods for

Optimization of Deep Neural Networks

Uday Kulkarni Abhishek S Hosamani Abhishek S Masur

KLE Technological University KLE Technological University KLE Technological University
Hubballi,India Hubballi,India Hubballi,India
uday kulkarni@kletech.ac.in abhihosamani17@gmail.com abhishekmasur@gmail.com

Shashank Hegde Ganesh R Vernekar K Siri Chandana

KLE Technological University KLE Technological University KLE Technological University
Hubballi,India Hubballi,Karnataka,India Hubballi,Karnataka,India
shashankhegde420@gmail.com ganeshsantosh19@gmail.com Kakarlasirichandana1@gmail.com

Abstract—The Deep Neural Network (DNN) model has been
used in a number of commercial applications and we benefit from
its accuracy in numerous applications like virtual assistants and
chatbots. Due to the high computational demands and significant
memory requirements of those models, quantization approaches
have been employed to minimise accuracy loss while reducing
model size to address those problems. DNN’s has a number
of problems, including a large model size and a high accuracy
model, which have come at the cost of substantially increased
computation and model storage resources, which consume more
power. The study addresses these issues and focuses on enhancing
model speed, reducing computational cost, compressing the size
of the model, and making the model energy efficient by using
some of the methods outlined below. We can use quantization
techniques to accomplish our desired goals. These techniques are
broadly categorised as quantification-aware training and post-
training quantification. The former technique discusses full quan-
tization and batch normalization, whereas the latter technique
also discusses the weights, activations, weights and activations
together for quantization.
Index Terms—Deep Neural Network, Optimization, Quantiza-
tion, Pre Training, Post Training, Analytical Clipping, Activation,
weight tuning.
I. I NTRODUCTION
A deep neural network is a network made up of numerous
layers that can be thought of as stacked neural networks. The
core role of a neural network is to accept a set of inputs,
analyse them using increasingly complicated computations
and output results to handle real-world problems such as
classification, annotation and detection. Deep learning models
outperform traditional Machine learning networks in terms of
results. This neural network is trained on a large number of
images with labels while adjusting the parameters to improve
performance which results in the usage of high computational
power, large model size and memory. The problem arises when
we want to deploy these DNN models on edge devices which
have constrained resources and memory. Thus the model
should be optimized which can be accomplished using four
methods discussed below:
Low-rank factorization technique aids in model size re-
duction when it is necessary by breaking up a huge matrix
into smaller matrices. In knowledge distillation, a sizable,
intricate model is trained on a sizable dataset. This model’s
capabilities are transferred to a smaller network when it can
generalize and function effectively on untested data. Pruning
is the method of removal of features which contribute least to
the decision-making of the model. The main types are filter
pruning (least contributing filters are removed) and weight
pruning (weights which do not contribute much to the output
are removed). Quantization is an optimization technique [9]
where the weights and activations of a floating point (32-bit)
model are quantized to lower n-bit precision with negligible
loss in accuracy. In this paper, quantization is the topic of
discussion. One of the most successful methods for decreasing
the memory and computational costs and enabling the use
of the DNN model on a fixed-point pipeline is known as
quantization.
Paper discusses various Quantizer designs which are gen-
erally categorized as Uniform and Non-Uniform implying
constant and variable step size. Various quantization methods
which can be done in one of two ways. Quantization-aware
training in which weights and activations are quantized during
training and Post training quantization is to quantize the
activations and weights of a trained model.
II. O BJECTIVES
The neural network is trained on a large number of im-
ages with labels while adjusting the parameters to improve
performance. The usage of more parameters in conventional
algorithms is a disadvantage. However, the power, memory,
and computational capabilities of edge devices are constrained.
This implies that a DNN model needs to be prepared for

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Train DNN
model
Quantizer design Quantization techniques

Objective
Goal
selection

Parameterized clipping
Full Quantization
activation
Symmetric Quantization
Different objective
aware training
Uniform Batch Training with
Normalization simulated quantization
Computational

Model Speed

Model size

Asymmetric
Efficient
Power
cost

Analytical clipping for

Weight Only
INT quantization
Power of 2
Adaptive rounding
Non border
Uniform Post training
Activation only
Convolution
Convolution
Depth Wise

scheduling
Point wise

Rounding

quantization
Process

scheme

Logarithmic QDrop activation

quantization

Per channel bit

allocation
Activation and
weights
Adaptive floating point
quantization

Fig. 1. Overview of Quantization.

deployment in embedded systems. This can be done by Rounding scheme [2] is effective way to greatly minimize the
quantizing DNN models which significantly lowers the amount size of the model.
of memory and processing cost needed to use neural net- 1) Rounding scheme [2]: This technique reduces 32-bit
works. There are several key objectives that are achieved with floating point values to lower precision quantization bins. 32
quantization techniques. The user selects the algorithms in bit floating point weights are divided into W = w1, w2,..., wn.
accordance with his needs in order to concentrate more on The within-cluster sum of squares is minimized for k clusters
a specific objective. [2] C = c1, c2,..., ck. This is combined with pruning and Huffman
coding to achieve model compression, which reduces the size
Rounding of model with negligible loss in accuracy.
Model size
scheme
Different objectives

Power
Efficient
Model Speed
Computational
cost
Fig. 2. Methods to achieve the given objective are represented.
A. Model Size
Quantization technique reduces 32-bit floating point model
to lower n-bit integer model. For instance, reducing the 32-bit
to an 8-bit model would reduce the model size by a factor
of 4, so one obvious benefit of quantization is a significant
reduction in memory. Quantization significantly reduces model
size which makes it more feasible to run DNN models on a
memory-constrained device like a micro-controllers, mobile
phones, smart watches.
B. Computation Cost
Training Numerous activation nodes and number of connection be-
scheduling
tween those nodes with weight parameters associated with it
Point wise comprises a neural network. These parameters are quantized
Convolution
to lower bit. In order to put things into perspective, operating
Depth Wise a neural network on hardware can easily lead to huge number
Convolution of arithemetic operations, mainly addition and multiplication.
Large computational gains and improved performance are
obtained when a neural network’s intermediate calculations are
quantized and lower-bit mathematical procedures with quan-
tized parameters are used. The use of Depthwise Convolution
[2] can significantly reduce the cost of computing.
1) Depth Wise Convolution [2]: In group convolutions,
G is a programmable tuning parameter. Less calculation is
required and there are fewer parameters with a higher G. G
equaling the number of input channels is an extreme example.
In that situation, the group convolution layer is referred to as
a depthwise convolution. Compared to a standard convolution,
a depthwise convolution is less expensive to compute but has
less modelling potential.

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C. Power Efficiency
Reduced memory access costs and improved compute effi-
ciency are two ways that quantized neural networks improve
power efficiency. Due to this quantized data, less power is
required to move the data from one chip to another as data
size is less which reduces the memory bandwidth. Arithmetic
operations with lower precision, use less power and improve
hardware efficiency which lowers power consumption. The
model can be made more power efficient by training schedul-
ing which lowers the power consumption of the ML model.
1) Training Scheduling [2]: It can be done by using an
API that handles scheduling. The API framework will strive
to batch and delay jobs as much as it can and will be intelligent
about when it executes them. If a job doesn’t have deadline,
it will typically run whenever it is ready, depending on the
internal queue of API Scheduler. You can enqueue work for
a new or existing job using the API enqueue command. Any
previously enqueued work will remain and be dispatched the
next time the task runs, even if a job with the same ID is
already planned. If there is currently a job running with the
same ID, the new work will be queued for it without stopping
it. This allows us to schedule the training of the model and
use the API for that purpose.
D. Model Speed
It is evident that float arithmetic requires a little bit more
work than integer arithmetic when you add and multiply two
values together in scientific notation. The real hardware has a
significant impact on how quickly calculations are performed
in practice. For instance, a contemporary desktop computer’s
CPU can perform integer calculations more quickly than float
calculations. On the other hand, single precision float calcu-
lations are well suited to GPU optimization (Since computer
graphics tend to use this type the most). Without being exact,
it may be argued that int8 is frequently quicker than float32.
The model can be significantly sped up using point wise
convolution [2] and effective hybrid convolution [8].
1) Point Wise Convolution [2]: Unlike other types of con-
volution layers, point wise convolution uses a kernel size K
of 1. Params and MacS are decreased by K2 times when a
KxK conventional convolution layer is swapped out for a 1x1
convolution layer. In reality, since the 1x1 convolution by itself
cannot aggregate spatial information, CNN designs are created
by combining it with additional convolution layers. No matter
how many channels the input image has, the kernel has a depth
of that many. It can be used with depthwise convolutions to
create depth wise-separable convolutions, an effective class of
convolutions.
III. Q UANTIZER D ESIGN
Design templates known as Quantizer designs are used to
quantize the model by choosing a particular design template
based on an objective decision. Two of the most popular
quantizer designs are Uniform and Non uniform quantization.
By altering the step size, the distribution of quantization levels
can be changed. It is further investigated how to distinguish
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between uniform and non-uniform quantization using this step
size.
A. Uniform Quantization
In uniform quantization [5] the step size(the amount of
space between layers of quantization) is constant. A function
must be built in order to reduce the activations and weights
of neural networks to a narrow range of values.
Symmetric
Uniform
Asymmetric
Fig. 3. The figure depicts two methods of uniform quantization, Symmetric
and Asymmetric, along with the algorithms that use those methods.
Q = Int(x/s) − Z (1)
The above mentioned in eq 1 converts real values (x) in
floating point (32 bits) to a lower bit range, Q is the quantized
value , S is a scaling factor and Zero-point(Z) which ensures
that zero is quantized accurately. Additionally, this Int function
uses a rounding procedure to convert a real number to the
nearest integer value. Real values(x) are mapped to certain
integer values via same function.
1) Symmetric Quantization: The primary consideration in
uniform quantization is determining the optimal scaling fac-
tor(S) in eq 1 The real values(x) are segregated into bins on
the basis of scaling factor which is calculated using
β−α
s= (2)
2b − 1
From the equation 2 , [ α , β ] denotes the clipping range,
which is used to clip real values within a bounded range
and b is the quantization bit width. The α, β range must be
calibrated in order to determine the scaling factor this can
be done symmetrically where α = −β and more precisely
by utilizing the minimum and maximum values of the signal.
where x is the real value. This symmetric method of selecting
alpha and beta to quantize the model is known as symmetric
quantization [17]. This method replaces zero point(z) with 0
in equation which simplifies the equation
Q(r) = Int(x/s) (3)
As a result, the computational cost is reduced, resources are
used more efficiently, and the implementation is simplified.
2) Asymmetric Quantization: In asymmetric quantization
[5] the real values are mapped in an asymmetric range of
quantized values as shown in figure 4.
The real values are mapped in this case to a range of
[0,255] for 8 bit quantization, which is not mirrored along
the origin. This type of quantization is known as asymmetric
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Min(x) 0 Max(x)
0 255
Fig. 4. Asymmetric Quantization.
quantizationṪhis can be done by selecting the clipping [α,β]
range asymmetrical,which is used to determine the scaling
factor(s) in eq 2. The tighter clipping range produced by this
asymmetric quantization is difficult to obtain with symmetric
quantization. When the weights or activations are not balanced,
this tight clipping is more useful [11].
B. Non-Uniform Quantization
In non-uniform quantization [5], the space between quanti-
zation levels (step size) can vary and is not constant. Because
of the varying step size, the quantization error (difference
between input value and quantized value) is reduced which
is more in case of uniform quantization. This can be done
using eq 4.
Q(r) = Xt , if r ∈ [∆t , ∆t+1 ] (4)
Where ∆t i denotes steps and Xt denotes various quan-
tization levels. The real value(r) is projected to the equiv-
alent Xt value when it lies between the quantization step
∆t and ∆t+1 . The bell-shaped (symmetric) distributions
of the parameters, which frequently have lengthy tails, are
the main target audience for these non-uniform quantization
techniques. When using a logarithmic distribution and power
of two scales for non-uniform quantization, the quantization
levels and steps rise exponentially rather than linearly. Fig 5
represents the different ways that non-uniform quantization
can be accomplished.
Power of 2
Non
Uniform
Logarithmic
Fig. 5. The figure depicts two methods of non-uniform quantization, Power of
2 scales and Logarthmic Distribution, along with its method and Asymmetric,
along with the algorithms that use those methods, which will be discussed
further.
1) Power of 2 scales: This is an systematic non uniform
quantization method for the bell-shaped distribution of param-
eters(weights, activations) in neural networks. Here all quan-
tization levels are constrained to the summation of Powers-of-
Two [14](2x ) values. This requires less computational powers
and has good match with distribution of weights.
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2) Logarithmic Distribution: In a logarithmic distribution
[13], real values are quantized using the log scale within a
specific range, which causes the quantization levels to change
exponentially.
IV. Q UANTIZATION TECHNIQUES
Some quantization techniques are chosen for certain appli-
cations, and this is necessary if there is a need to run or train
the model on low precision hardware that does not support
floating point due to a variety of restrictions, such as those
imposed by mobile or IOT devices. The capability of training
the model with lower bit precision weights and activation
values which allows to have potential advantages.
In practice, there are two main ways to go about quantiza-
tion, Quantization aware training (also known as Pre training)
and Post training quantization.
Full Parameterized clipping
Quantization activation
Quantization aware
training
Batch Training with simulated
Normalization quantization
Fig. 6. Classification of Quantization aware training.
Quantization aware training(QAT) also called pre training
quantization imitates inference-time quantization, generating
the model in such a way that the conveniently quantized mod-
els may be provided by the downstream tools. The quantized
models will use lower-bit representation (e.g. 4-bit instead
of full precision), eventually leading to an advantage while
deployment. During the QAT the quantization happens while
training the model itself. There are several methods regarding
at what stage of training to perform weights and activation
quantization. The goal of this technique is to achieve the
desired objective without sacrificing accuracy. To this end,
parameterized clipping activation (PACT), which consistently
degrades accuracy less than other techniques and another sim-
ilar technique is training with simulated quantization, which
only quantizes weights during forward passes and suffers
minimal accuracy loss.
A. PACT: Parameterized clipping activation function
Employing ReLU (the activation function most frequently
employed in CNNs) as the activation function for each layer
would make activation quantization more difficult. ReLU
delivers greater accuracy compared to previous activation
functions by allowing gradient of activations to flow down
deep into layers. Although the ReLu funciton provides output
which is boundless, a high dynamic range is needed for
quantization after ReLU (i.e., more bit-precision) with primary
goal to keep down the accuracy degradation which is product
of quantization, PACT [4] is new approach for quantizing the
activations by generating a parameterized clipping level which
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is adjusted dynamically by gradient descent based training. graph rather than being present as a different block of
The standard ReLU activation function in CNNs is changed operations in the training graph and the method is as follows:
in PACT [3] to the following.
γω
y = P ACT (x) = 0.5(|x|−|x − α|+α) wf old = p 2)+ϵ
(9)
 EM A(σB
 0, x ∈ (−∞, 0) (5)
= x, x ∈ (0, α) From equation 9 γ is the batch normalization’s scale param-
α, x ∈ (α, +α) 2

eter, EMA(σB ) is the moving average estimate of the variance
of convolution results across the batch, and is just a small
where α bounds the activation range to [0, α] and for dot constant for numerical stability.
product computations the generated activation output is then As we’ve seen, the Quantization aware training strategy
linearly quantized to lower bit representation say b bits, where offers results that are nearly as accurate as those of the original
model, with a few losses. These massive models are being
 b 
2 −1 α
q = round y. . b (6) trained, and with training comes quantization. We will now
α 2 −1
talk about the quantization technique for quantizing model
Certainly this new activation function bears a variable α in parameters which is already trained.
the loss function, which can be fine tuned during training.
V. P OST Q UANTIZATION
Gradient ∂yq /∂α can be calculated for back-propagation using
the method called Straight-Through Estimator (STE), which Post-training quantization is an approach that quantizes pre-
will estimate ∂yq / ∂y as 1. trained model while also imporving CPU latency and reduction
 in model size with little deterioration in accuracy of model.
∂yq ∂yq ∂y 0, x ∈ (−∞, α) For faster inference without having to retrain the model, it
= = (7)
∂α ∂y ∂α 1, x ∈ (α, ∞) is preferable to compress weights or quantize both weights
and activations. Applying post-training quantization typically
results in little accuracy loss. In terms of weight quantization
B. Training with simulated quantization
ACIQ (Analytical Clipping for Int Quantization) limit value
It is usual practice to train quantized networks in floating of weights in such a way not to interfere in accuracy, Adap-
point first and then to quantize the weights that follow (can tive Rounding and Qdrop method provides better results by
be fine-tuned with post training quantization) [6]. This method rounding of important activation and dropping activation with
produces acceptable results for large models with high data minimal influence, Per Channel bit allocation and Adaptive
representational capacity, but it significantly reduces accuracy Floating Point Quantization provides almost same accuracy
for tiny models. Prior to convolving the weights with the input, as full precision model by limiting bit representation of
they are quantized. Before quantization of weights the batch parameters.
normalization parameters are folded into the weights if the
layer uses batch normalization. Analytical clipping for
Weight Only
Application of the quantization function q described as INT quantization
follows is used to execute quantization for each layer, which
is parameterized by the various numbers of quantization levels Adaptive rounding
and clamping range. border
Post training
Activation only
quantization
val = S(q − Z) QDrop activation
quantization
clamp(val; m, n) := min(max(x, m), n)
n−m Per channel bit
s(m, n, N ) := Activation and
allocation
N −1
$ ' weights
clamp(val; m; n) − m Adaptive floating
q(val; m, n, N ) := s(m, n, N ) + m point quantization
s(m, n, N )
(8) Fig. 7. Classification of Post training Quantization.

Where val is a real number to be quantized, [m:n] is the

range of quantization, N denotes the number of quantization
levels, and ⌊ . ⌉ denotes rounding to the nearest integer. N is
constant for all layers in our survey analysis, eg. N = 28 = 256
for 8-bit quantization. For models using batch-normalization
there is an additional complexity for efficiency, the parameters
of batch-normalization are folded into the weights and biases
of the convolutional or fully connected layer in the inference
A. Types within the post training quantization:
1) Weight Only quantization: It is a simple method which
changes the weights of neural network having float precision to
n bits. It doesn’t requries validation data because only weights
are quantized after training using a straightforward command
line tool.

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a) Analytical clipping for INT quantization: The method both the simulation and analytical results converges. Uniform
limits the activation values inside a tensor with an optimised density function f(x) = 1/2α is substituted into equation 13.
limiting value. The original tensor will be distorted if this
clipping is applied, hence it is important to minimise rounding M −1
2X Z −α+(i+1)·∆
errors in parts of distribution that contain the most important 2
f (x) · (x − qi ) dx
information [1]. Statistics of varied tensors derive expres- i=0 −α+i·∆
sions for the mean-square-error degradation. This quantization M
(14)
2X −1
method has shown noticable improvements over benchmark 2 · α3 1 α2
≈ 3M
· =
quantization schemes that normally avoid clipping. 3·2 i=0
2α 3 · 22M
A suboptimal approach has been opted to get tensor max
and min values to quantize the Integer tensors, clipping of the with method called symmetrical argument, equation 14 can
tensor values is done in range of [-α,α] in order to minimize be made more comprehensible for any symmetrical distribu-
the quantization noise aiming to reduces the quantization tions as follows:
Z ∞
noise. For any r ∈ R, clipping function is defined as α2
E (X − Q(X))2 = f (x)·(x−α)2 dx (15)
 
+2·
3 · 22M
(
x if |x| ≤ α α
clip(x, α) = sign(x, ) = (10)
sign(x)α if |x| > α The objective is to quantize as many activation layers to 4-bit
precision as possible without noticeably degrading accuracy.
With clipping value α, once the range is determined it is Performed tests to determine the maximum number of acti-
split into 2M regions called quantization regions. With this del vation layers that could be quantized from 8 bit paramaters
(quantization step) is found between two quantization levels to 4 bit parameter with negligible accuracy loss. These tests
which are beside each other. used VGG-16 with batch normalisation, ResNet-101, ResNet-
2α 50, ResNet-18, and Inception-v3 on the ImageNet dataset and
del = (11) paper have surveyed the results further in the paper.
2M
the mean squared error is derived from quantized version Q(x)
B. Activation Only Post Training Quantization:
and X as shown in equation 12.
In this case only only activation is quantized using certain
Z −∞
methods:
E (X − Q(X))2 = f (x) · (x + α)2 dx
 
1) QDrop activation quantization: In this scheme, author
−∞ has discussed about the impact of activation quantization
nx
2xX −1 Z −α+(i+1)∆
2 on post training and stated that the limited implication of
+ f (x) · (x − qi ) dx activation quantization provides better results than the schemes
−α+i∆
Z i=0
∞ using whole implication [16].
+ f (x) · (x − α)2 dx A framework is proposed to understand the incorporation
α of activation in tuning of weights and achieve the flatness of
(12)
quantized model on train and test data in order to achieve good
The density function f is estimated by a construction of accuracy. It is easy to implement on various neural networks
a piecewise linear function considering the segment break- and achieve normality (flatness) in all directions in distribution
points which are points in f (density function). Considering of model.
smooth probability density functions, for any given sufficient The Qdrop algorithm drops activation quantization ran-
resolution it would lead to an small approximation error. domly during each forward pass. It switches between disability
Quantization noise can be found using f (density function) and enability of quantization function during passes. Survey
as shown in equation 13. results are summarized in Table 1.
M
(
2X −1 Z −α+i·△
0 if with probability p
f (x) · (x − qi )2 QDrop = q = â (16)
i=0 α+i·△ a − 1 with probability 1-p
M
(13)
2X−1
2 · α3
≈ · f (qi ) For ImageNet dataset the default probability p is set as 0.5
3 · 23M i=0 and 1024 images are sampled as calibration set which is used
The equation 13 represents the rounding error (as opposed for data aggression and model learning.
to clipping error) which is a product of rounding value strategy 2) Adaptive Rounding for Post training Quantization: This
from bin i to qi . For sufficient resolution and a smooth technique is mainly used to reduce the loss in performance
density function, it is found that with the range [−α, α] being due to the quantization of models, and it is applied to pre-
distributed uniformly making path for simple analysis showing trained neural networks. Here [12], the weights of models are
little impact on the accuracy, with the assumption of the same, quantized as follows

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The derivative of the Lagrangian function L(·) with respect

W̃il = Wi
(l,f loor) ((l),ceil)
, Wi , to λ is set to zero. It is taken into consideration for the
(17) limitations on the number of buckets.
(l,f loor) Wl
Wi = s(l) · clip([ (l)i ], n, p)
s ∂L(M0 , M1 , ..., Mn λ) X Mi
= 2 −B =0 (22)
where, W˜il is the quantized weight ∂Mi i

∆Wil = W l - Wil refers to the agita due to the quantization. Analysing the equatin 21 and equation 22, there is a distinct
Here i denote the fluctuations due to the quantization, here S l equation for every i that lies ∈ [0, n 1] and an supplementary
is kept constant to attain the optimized rounding operation. To equation for the multiplier λ.
find optimized rounding operation following equation is used. This solution results in bit allocation for every channel i
Second order Taylor degree approximation is used in this
2
case to reduce the excess computations due to repeated for- α3
ward passes. However, the interaction between the weights of Bi⋆ =2 Mi
= Pi 2· (23)
i αi
3
distinct layer are ignored, which inferred a non-zero block
which assumes to be H (w) refers to the particular layer. the equation 23 is transalated by using log on both the sides
into allocation bit-width Mi for every channel i. As Mi is
(l) 1 (l) integer it includes a rounding scheme.
arg min E[g w T
△w(l) + △w(l)T · H w △w(l) ] (18)
∆w 2 $ 2 !'
As seen above, the second order term is used to leverage αi3
Mi = log2 P 2 · B (24)
the simultaneous interactions of the weights. This is known α
i i
3

(l)
as QUBO problem and ∆Wi refers to binary variables. 2) Adaptive floating-point precision: A data format, variant
The gradient term’s contribution to optimization can be safely of standard float value representation called as AFP [15] is
neglected for a converged pretrained model.