NAMA : EKA NURLAELA

NIM : 230106059
KELAS : 1C ANESTESIOLOGI

Enteric fever remains a major cause of morbidity in developing countries with poor sanitation
conditions that enable fecal contamination of water distribution systems. Historical evidence
has shown that contamination of water systems used for household consumption or
agriculture are key transmission routes for Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A. The
World Health Organization now recommends that typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) be used
in settings with high typhoid incidence; consequently, governments face a challenge
regarding how to prioritize typhoid against other emerging diseases. A key issue is the lack
of typhoid burden data in many low- and middle-income countries where TCV could be
deployed. Here we present an argument for utilizing environmental sampling for the
surveillance of enteric fever organisms to provide data on community-level typhoid risk.
Such an approach could complement traditional blood culture-based surveillance or even
replace it in settings where population-based clinical surveillance is not feasible. We review
historical studies characterizing the transmission of enteric fever organisms through sewage
and water, discuss recent advances in the molecular detection of typhoidal Salmonella in the
environment, and outline challenges and knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to
establish environmental sampling as a tool for generating actionable data that can inform
public health responses to enteric fever.(Andrews, Yu et al. 2020)

In a context where the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension has increased
significantly in recent years, kidney diseases become important for the potential demand for
specialized health care and resources required. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the geographical
distribution of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) and Renal Insufficiency (RI) based on the medical
consultations given in first-level units of IMSS during 2019, to identify the medical units with
the highest burden of care. (Reyna-Sevilla, Borrayo-Sánchez et al. 2022)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a systemic disorder which is often associated with a
number of extrahepatic manifestations including glomerulopathies. Patients with HCV
infection were found to have a higher risk of end-stage renal disease. HCV positivity has also
been linked to lower graft and patient survivals after kidney transplantation. Various
histological types of renal diseases are reported in association with HCV infection including
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), membranous nephropathy, focal
segmental glomerulosclerosis, fibrillary glomerulonephritis, immunotactoid glomerulopathy,
IgA nephropathy, renal thrombotic microangiopathy, vasculitic renal involvement and
interstitial nephritis. The most common type of HCV associated glomerulopathy is type I
MPGN associated with type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clinically, typical renal manifestations
in HCV-infected patients include proteinuria, microscopic hematuria, hypertension, acute
nephritis and nephrotic syndrome. Three approaches may be suggested for the treatment of
HCV-associated glomerulopathies and cryoglobulinemic renal disease: (1) antiviral therapy to
prevent the further direct damage of HCV on kidneys and synthesis of immune-complexes;
(2) B-cell depletion therapy to prevent formation of immune-complexes and cryoglobulins;
and (3) nonspecific immunosuppressive therapy targeting inflammatory cells to prevent the
synthesis of immune-complexes and to treat cryoglobulin associated vasculitis. In patients
with moderate proteinuria and stable renal functions, anti-HCV therapy is advised to be
started as pegylated interferon-α plus ribavirin. However in patients with nephrotic-range
proteinuria and/or progressive kidney injury and other serious extra-renal manifestations,
immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide, rituximab, steroid pulses and
plasmapheresis should be administrated. (Ozkok and Yildiz 2014)

The emergence of novel and evolving variants of SARS-CoV-2 has fostered the need for
change in the form of newer and more adaptive diagnostic methods for the detection of
SARS-CoV-2 infections. On the other hand, developing rapid and sensitive diagnostic
technologies is now more challenging due to emerging variants and varying symptoms
exhibited among the infected individuals. (Fernandes, Inchakalody et al. 2022)

COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 capable of causing mild to severe infections in

humans. Since its first appearance in China in December 2019, the pandemic has spread
rapidly throughout the world. Despite considerable efforts made to contain the disease, the
virus has continued its prevalence in many countries with varying degrees of clinical
manifestations. To contain this pandemic, collaborative approach involving accurate
diagnosis, epidemiology, surveillance, and prophylaxis is essential. (Rai, Kumar et al. 2021)

The natriuretic peptides (NPs) family includes a class of hormones and their receptors
needed for the physiological control of cardiovascular functions. The discovery of NPs
provided a fundamental contribution into our understanding of the physiological regulation
of blood pressure, and of heart and kidney functions. NPs have also been implicated in the
pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including hypertension,
atherosclerosis, heart failure, and stroke. (Rubattu and Volpe 2019)

Molecular diagnostics has been the front runner in the world's response to the COVID-19
pandemic. Particularly, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the
quantitative variant (qRT-PCR) have been the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis.
However, faster antigen tests and other point-of-care (POC) devices have also played a
significant role in containing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 by facilitating mass screening and
delivering results in less time. Thus, despite the higher sensitivity and specificity of the RT-
PCR assays, the impact of POC tests cannot be ignored. As a consequence, there has been an
increased interest in the development of miniaturized, high-throughput, and automated PCR
systems, many of which can be used at point-of-care. (Gupta, Augustine et al. 2021)
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella Typhi) is the cause of
typhoid fever and a human host-restricted organism. Our understanding of the global
burden of typhoid fever has improved in recent decades, with both an increase in the
number and geographic representation of high-quality typhoid fever incidence studies, and
greater sophistication of modeling approaches. The 2017 World Health Organization
Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization recommendation for the introduction
of typhoid conjugate vaccines for infants and children aged >6 months in typhoid-endemic
countries is likely to require further improvements in our understanding of typhoid burden at
the global and national levels. (Crump 2019)

The duration and effectiveness of immunity from infection with and vaccination against
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are relevant to pandemic
policy interventions, including the timing of vaccine boosters. METHODS: We investigated
the duration and effectiveness of immunity in a prospective cohort of asymptomatic health
care workers in the United Kingdom who underwent routine polymerase-chain-reaction
(PCR) testing. (Hall, Foulkes et al. 2022)

Our understanding of the role of protein O-GlcNAcylation in the regulation of the

cardiovascular system has increased rapidly in recent years. Studies have linked increased O-
GlcNAc levels to glucose toxicity and diabetic complications; conversely, acute activation of
O-GlcNAcylation has been shown to be cardioprotective. However, it is also increasingly
evident that O-GlcNAc turnover plays a central role in the delicate regulation of the
cardiovascular system. Therefore, the goals of this minireview are to summarize our current
understanding of how changes in O-GlcNAcylation influence cardiovascular pathophysiology
and to highlight the evidence that O-GlcNAc cycling is critical for normal function of the
cardiovascular system. (Marsh, Collins and Chatham 2014)
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Andrews, J. R., et al. (2020). "Environmental Surveillance as a Tool for Identifying High-risk Settings
for Typhoid Transmission." Clin Infect Dis 71(Suppl 2): S71-s78.
Enteric fever remains a major cause of morbidity in developing countries with poor
sanitation conditions that enable fecal contamination of water distribution systems.
Historical evidence has shown that contamination of water systems used for household
consumption or agriculture are key transmission routes for Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella
Paratyphi A. The World Health Organization now recommends that typhoid conjugate
vaccines (TCV) be used in settings with high typhoid incidence; consequently, governments
face a challenge regarding how to prioritize typhoid against other emerging diseases. A key
issue is the lack of typhoid burden data in many low- and middle-income countries where
TCV could be deployed. Here we present an argument for utilizing environmental sampling
for the surveillance of enteric fever organisms to provide data on community-level typhoid
risk. Such an approach could complement traditional blood culture-based surveillance or
even replace it in settings where population-based clinical surveillance is not feasible. We
review historical studies characterizing the transmission of enteric fever organisms through
sewage and water, discuss recent advances in the molecular detection of typhoidal
Salmonella in the environment, and outline challenges and knowledge gaps that need to be
addressed to establish environmental sampling as a tool for generating actionable data that
can inform public health responses to enteric fever.

Crump, J. A. (2019). "Progress in Typhoid Fever Epidemiology." Clin Infect Dis 68(Suppl 1): S4-s9.
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella Typhi) is the cause of
typhoid fever and a human host-restricted organism. Our understanding of the global burden
of typhoid fever has improved in recent decades, with both an increase in the number and
geographic representation of high-quality typhoid fever incidence studies, and greater
sophistication of modeling approaches. The 2017 World Health Organization Strategic
Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization recommendation for the introduction of typhoid
conjugate vaccines for infants and children aged >6 months in typhoid-endemic countries is
likely to require further improvements in our understanding of typhoid burden at the global
and national levels. Furthermore, the recognition of the critical and synergistic role of water
and sanitation improvements in concert with vaccine introduction emphasize the importance
of improving our understanding of the sources, patterns, and modes of transmission of
Salmonella Typhi in diverse settings.

Fernandes, Q., et al. (2022). "Emerging COVID-19 variants and their impact on SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis,
therapeutics and vaccines." Ann Med 54(1): 524-540.
The emergence of novel and evolving variants of SARS-CoV-2 has fostered the need for
change in the form of newer and more adaptive diagnostic methods for the detection of
SARS-CoV-2 infections. On the other hand, developing rapid and sensitive diagnostic
technologies is now more challenging due to emerging variants and varying symptoms
exhibited among the infected individuals. In addition to this, vaccines remain the major
mainstay of prevention and protection against infection. Novel vaccines and drugs are
constantly being developed to unleash an immune response for the robust targeting of SARS-
CoV-2 and its associated variants. In this review, we provide an updated perspective on the
current challenges posed by the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 mutants/variants and the
 evolution of diagnostic techniques to enable their detection. In addition, we also discuss the
development, formulation, working mechanisms, advantages, and drawbacks of some of the
most used vaccines/therapeutic drugs and their subsequent immunological impact.Key
messageThe emergence of novel variants of the SARS-CoV-2 in the past couple of months,
highlights one of the primary challenges in the diagnostics, treatment, as well as vaccine
development against the virus.Advancements in SARS-CoV-2 detection include nucleic acid
based, antigen and immuno- assay-based and antibody-based detection methodologies for
efficient, robust, and quick testing; while advancements in COVID-19 preventive and
therapeutic strategies include novel antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs and SARS-CoV-2
targeted vaccines.The varied COVID-19 vaccine platforms and the immune responses induced
by each one of them as well as their ability to battle post-vaccination infections have all been
discussed in this review.

Gupta, N., et al. (2021). "Point-of-Care PCR Assays for COVID-19 Detection." Biosensors (Basel) 11(5).
Molecular diagnostics has been the front runner in the world's response to the COVID-19
pandemic. Particularly, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the
quantitative variant (qRT-PCR) have been the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis. However,
faster antigen tests and other point-of-care (POC) devices have also played a significant role
in containing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 by facilitating mass screening and delivering results in
less time. Thus, despite the higher sensitivity and specificity of the RT-PCR assays, the impact
of POC tests cannot be ignored. As a consequence, there has been an increased interest in
the development of miniaturized, high-throughput, and automated PCR systems, many of
which can be used at point-of-care. This review summarizes the recent advances in the
development of miniaturized PCR systems with an emphasis on COVID-19 detection. The
distinct features of digital PCR and electrochemical PCR are detailed along with the
challenges. The potential of CRISPR/Cas technology for POC diagnostics is also highlighted.
Commercial RT-PCR POC systems approved by various agencies for COVID-19 detection are
discussed.

Hall, V., et al. (2022). "Protection against SARS-CoV-2 after Covid-19 Vaccination and Previous
Infection." N Engl J Med 386(13): 1207-1220.
BACKGROUND: The duration and effectiveness of immunity from infection with and
vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are
relevant to pandemic policy interventions, including the timing of vaccine boosters.
METHODS: We investigated the duration and effectiveness of immunity in a prospective
cohort of asymptomatic health care workers in the United Kingdom who underwent routine
polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) testing. Vaccine effectiveness (≤10 months after the first
dose of vaccine) and infection-acquired immunity were assessed by comparing the time to
PCR-confirmed infection in vaccinated persons with that in unvaccinated persons, stratified
according to previous infection status. We used a Cox regression model with adjustment for
previous SARS-CoV-2 infection status, vaccine type and dosing interval, demographic
characteristics, and workplace exposure to SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: Of 35,768 participants,
27% (9488) had a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccine coverage was high: 95% of the
participants had received two doses (78% had received BNT162b2 vaccine [Pfizer-BioNTech]
with a long interval between doses, 9% BNT162b2 vaccine with a short interval between
doses, and 8% ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine [AstraZeneca]). Between December 7, 2020, and
September 21, 2021, a total of 2747 primary infections and 210 reinfections were observed.
Among previously uninfected participants who received long-interval BNT162b2 vaccine,
adjusted vaccine effectiveness decreased from 85% (95% confidence interval [CI], 72 to 92)
 14 to 73 days after the second dose to 51% (95% CI, 22 to 69) at a median of 201 days
(interquartile range, 197 to 205) after the second dose; this effectiveness did not differ
significantly between the long-interval and short-interval BNT162b2 vaccine recipients. At 14
to 73 days after the second dose, adjusted vaccine effectiveness among ChAdOx1 nCoV-19
vaccine recipients was 58% (95% CI, 23 to 77) - considerably lower than that among
BNT162b2 vaccine recipients. Infection-acquired immunity waned after 1 year in
unvaccinated participants but remained consistently higher than 90% in those who were
subsequently vaccinated, even in persons infected more than 18 months previously.
CONCLUSIONS: Two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine were associated with high short-term
protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection; this protection waned considerably after 6 months.
Infection-acquired immunity boosted with vaccination remained high more than 1 year after
infection. (Funded by the U.K. Health Security Agency and others; ISRCTN Registry number,
ISRCTN11041050.).

Marsh, S. A., et al. (2014). "Protein O-GlcNAcylation and cardiovascular (patho)physiology." J Biol
Chem 289(50): 34449-34456.
Our understanding of the role of protein O-GlcNAcylation in the regulation of the
cardiovascular system has increased rapidly in recent years. Studies have linked increased O-
GlcNAc levels to glucose toxicity and diabetic complications; conversely, acute activation of
O-GlcNAcylation has been shown to be cardioprotective. However, it is also increasingly
evident that O-GlcNAc turnover plays a central role in the delicate regulation of the
cardiovascular system. Therefore, the goals of this minireview are to summarize our current
understanding of how changes in O-GlcNAcylation influence cardiovascular pathophysiology
and to highlight the evidence that O-GlcNAc cycling is critical for normal function of the
cardiovascular system.

Ozkok, A. and A. Yildiz (2014). "Hepatitis C virus associated glomerulopathies." World J Gastroenterol
20(24): 7544-7554.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a systemic disorder which is often associated with a
number of extrahepatic manifestations including glomerulopathies. Patients with HCV
infection were found to have a higher risk of end-stage renal disease. HCV positivity has also
been linked to lower graft and patient survivals after kidney transplantation. Various
histological types of renal diseases are reported in association with HCV infection including
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), membranous nephropathy, focal
segmental glomerulosclerosis, fibrillary glomerulonephritis, immunotactoid glomerulopathy,
IgA nephropathy, renal thrombotic microangiopathy, vasculitic renal involvement and
interstitial nephritis. The most common type of HCV associated glomerulopathy is type I
MPGN associated with type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clinically, typical renal manifestations
in HCV-infected patients include proteinuria, microscopic hematuria, hypertension, acute
nephritis and nephrotic syndrome. Three approaches may be suggested for the treatment of
HCV-associated glomerulopathies and cryoglobulinemic renal disease: (1) antiviral therapy to
prevent the further direct damage of HCV on kidneys and synthesis of immune-complexes;
(2) B-cell depletion therapy to prevent formation of immune-complexes and cryoglobulins;
and (3) nonspecific immunosuppressive therapy targeting inflammatory cells to prevent the
synthesis of immune-complexes and to treat cryoglobulin associated vasculitis. In patients
with moderate proteinuria and stable renal functions, anti-HCV therapy is advised to be
started as pegylated interferon-α plus ribavirin. However in patients with nephrotic-range
proteinuria and/or progressive kidney injury and other serious extra-renal manifestations,
 immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide, rituximab, steroid pulses and
plasmapheresis should be administrated.

Rai, P., et al. (2021). "Detection technologies and recent developments in the diagnosis of COVID-19
infection." Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 105(2): 441-455.
COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 capable of causing mild to severe infections in
humans. Since its first appearance in China in December 2019, the pandemic has spread
rapidly throughout the world. Despite considerable efforts made to contain the disease, the
virus has continued its prevalence in many countries with varying degrees of clinical
manifestations. To contain this pandemic, collaborative approach involving accurate
diagnosis, epidemiology, surveillance, and prophylaxis is essential. However, proper diagnosis
using rapid technologies plays a crucial role. With increasing incidence of COVID-19 cases,
the accurate and early detection of the SARS-CoV-2 is need of the hour for effective
prevention and management of COVID-19 cases as well as to curb its spread. RT-qPCR assay
is considered to be the gold standard for the early detection of virus, but this protocol has
limited application to use as bedside test because of its technical complexity. To address
these challenges, several POC assays have been developed to facilitate the COVID-19
diagnosis outside the centralized testing laboratories as well to accelerate the clinical
decision making with a least turnaround time. Hence, in this report, we review different
nucleic acid-based and serological techniques available for the diagnosis and effective
prevention of COVID-19. KEY POINTS : • Provides comprehensive information on the
different diagnostic tools available for COVID-19 • Nucleic acid based tests or antigen
detection tests are used for diagnostic purpose • Accurate diagnosis is essential for the
efficient management of COVID-19.

Reyna-Sevilla, A., et al. (2022). "[Geographic analysis of diabetic nephropathy and renal insufficiency
in the primary care, IMSS 2019]." Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 60(2): 156-163.
BACKGROUND: In a context where the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension has
increased significantly in recent years, kidney diseases become important for the potential
demand for specialized health care and resources required. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the
geographical distribution of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) and Renal Insufficiency (RI) based on
the medical consultations given in first-level units of IMSS during 2019, to identify the
medical units with the highest burden of care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ecological-
exploratory study in which indicators were estimated for every thousand persons in relation
to medical consultations given by ND and RI according to service time, first-level medical unit
(UMF) and representation to analyze the magnitude and geographic distribution at the
national level. RESULTS: 45% of medical consultations were by ND and 52.4% by RI. The
highest burden per DN was registered in UMF No. 50 Cd. Juarez (Chihuahua) and No. 49
Gabino Barreda (Veracruz Sur), with 1.7 first-time medical consultations and 148.3
subsequent medical consultations per 1,000 persons, respectively. While in UMF No. 40
Manlio Fabio Altamirano and No. 25 Cotaxtla, in Veracruz Norte, the highest burden was for
RI, with 4.9 first-time medical consultations and 134.2 subsequent medical consultations per
1000 persons, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results could contribute to strengthening of
medical units where it is necessary and the efficient allocation of resources available to meet
the demand for health services of ND and RI in IMSS.

Rubattu, S. and M. Volpe (2019). "Natriuretic Peptides in the Cardiovascular System: Multifaceted
Roles in Physiology, Pathology and Therapeutics." Int J Mol Sci 20(16).
The natriuretic peptides (NPs) family includes a class of hormones and their receptors
needed for the physiological control of cardiovascular functions. The discovery of NPs
provided a fundamental contribution into our understanding of the physiological regulation
of blood pressure, and of heart and kidney functions. NPs have also been implicated in the
pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including hypertension,
atherosclerosis, heart failure, and stroke. A fine comprehension of the molecular
mechanisms dependent from NPs and underlying the promotion of cardiovascular damage
has contributed to improve our understanding of the molecular basis of all major CVDs.
Finally, the opportunity to target NPs in order to develop new therapeutic tools for a better
treatment of CVDs has been developed over the years. The current Special Issue of the
Journal covers all major aspects of the molecular implications of NPs in physiology and
pathology of the cardiovascular system, including NP-based therapeutic approaches.