2.

1 CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE

In this section of the study, the researchers discuss topics and concepts that serves as the

main basis and foundation of the study being created. Such concepts and data collected and

organized from past studies and sources which will greatly aided in the conceptual construction

of the research design.

2.1.1 Biomass

Biomass encompasses a diverse array of materials such as wood, sawdust, straw, seed

waste, manure, paper waste, household waste, wastewater, and more. Historically, biomass

resources have been widely utilized, and their significance is growing due to their economic

potential. The substantial annual volumes of agricultural production yield by-products that serve

as an energy source. Moreover, there is a push for the cultivation of designated "energy crops"

specifically intended for energy production, further highlighting the increasing importance of

biomass in meeting energy demands. (Perea-Moreno et al., 2019). Biomass refers to all organic

matter existing in the biosphere, whether of plant or animal origin, as well as those materials

obtained through their natural or artificial transformation (Mehedintu, 2018). Biofuels derived

from biomass include firewood, wood shavings, pellets, some fruit stones such as olives and

avocados, as well as nutshells.

Mehedintu,A.;Sterpu,M.;Soava,G.Estimationandforecastsfortheshareofrenewableenergyc

onsumption infinalenergyconsumptionby2020intheeuropeanunion.Sustainability2018,10,1515.[

2.1.1.1 Biomass Energy

The Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Power Generation from Lignocellulosic

Biomass Possibility of utilizing agriculture biomass as a renewable and sustainable future energy

source Miguel-AngelPerea-Moreno ,EstherSamerón-Manzano2andAlberto-JesusPerea-Moreno1,

 There, increasing demand of renewable energy mainly comes from a strong acceptance

of biomass for production of biofuels for transport and electricity generation. Poland is planning

to have at least 80% of the total energy be produced from renewable sources, including biomass.

More than 75% of biomass energy will be produced from agriculture biomass. It is reported that

the biomass-based energy option will share more than 50% of the net energy demand in most of

the developed countries by the year 2050. Agriculture biomass could be utilized for the

production of biofuels and enhance the future energy security without jeopardizing food

availability. (Saleem, 2022)

Lignocellulosic biomass exists in diverse forms across forestry, energy crops, and

agricultural residues and has been the focus of various technologies aimed at its utilization

(Brown, 2015). Initially used during World War II when oil was scarce, the gasification of wood

and forestry residue was prevalent but lacked efficiency. Presently, considerable research is

dedicated to biofuel production, specifically bioethanol and biodiesel, derived from different

forms of lignocellulosic biomass. The initial biofuel technologies successfully utilized corn,

soybeans, sugarcane, and beets but contributed to rising global food prices. Since the 1990s, the

focus has shifted to non-food lignocellulosic biomass, like crop residues, switchgrass, rapidly

growing wood, and forest residues. Second-generation biofuel technologies face challenges,

particularly in extracting bioethanol from cultivated biomass. Conversely, burning biomass for

heat and electricity generation is more straightforward and has been widely adopted in some

European countries since the 1990s, with pioneering plants emerging in America and Asia in the

21st century.