Chapter 2

Review Of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive literature review on the Perceived Effects of the

Citizenship Training Program on the Academic Performance of Grade 10 Students of Bingao

National High School. Those that were included in this chapter helps in familiarizing information

that are relevant and similar to the present study.

Theoretical Framework

In the evolution of the country’s Citizen Army concept, it started as a dream of the late President

Manuel L. Quezon in the 1930s for which the program was based on the principle that:

“A NATION OF TRAINED MEN READY TO DEFEND THEIR COUNTRY HAS THE

LASTING RESPECT OF ITSELF AND OF THE WORLD,” on the other hand,

“A NATION OF HELPLESS CITIZENS CAN EXPECT NOTHING BUT SLAVERY AT

HOME AND CONTEMPT ABROAD.”

President Quezon’s first act upon his term of Presidency of the Common-wealth Philippines, as

prepared and implemented by his Military Adviser, Gen. Douglas MacArthur, was the

NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT (Commonwealth Act No. 1) which was passed in the National

Assembly on 21 December 1935. Since that time, it has become the implementing law governing

the Citizen Army concept.

 During those time, the President Quezon urged that military education must begin from early

adolescence to attain the objective of establishing national strengths through the development of

a militarily prepared citizenry. Thus, from this provision, it gave birth to the CITIZEN ARMY

TRAINING program that the DepEd streamlined the same into Citizenship Training Program

(CTP) to date.

Unfortunately, in the long run, the CAT arises dire crisis among member and became the catalyst

for CAT reforms and even a total stop on the program.

A fresh and new Act incepted in the name of Citizenship Training Program or CTP was the result

of the clamor for change. In the words of the law, the CTP is a program “aimed at enhancing

civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by developing the ethics of services

and patriotism while undergoing training in any of its two program components.” These

components are: Basic Leadership and Public Safety.

The program is an essential aspect of the curriculum in the Philippines. Through this program,

students can gain exposure, training, and experience in the real world, which can help them

better understand various industries and organizations and prepare for their future careers. As a

part of work, students get a chance to participate in several activities, to understand the qualities

of a good citizen, such as being engaged in the community, voting intelligently, obeying laws,

and making positive contributions to the general welfare. Schools play a significant role in

citizenship development, and different forms of citizenship education have been found to be

effective. An open and democratic classroom climate that encourages discussion and dialogue

promotes the development of citizenship among students. Additionally, a formal curriculum that

includes citizenship projects and courses has been shown to be effective in promoting citizenship
 education. By providing training in citizenship, students can acquire civic competence and

develop the skills necessary for active participation in their communities.

Overall, CTP can have a positive impact on students in grade 10 by fostering their understanding

of citizenship and preparing them to be responsible and engaged members of society.

Furthermore, on the part of academics there were no significant study or probe that such program

since the inception and implementation of CAT has an adverse upshot against the citizenship

program.