CELLULAR RESPIRATION

PRESENTED BY: CHRISTINE S. TUL-ID, RMT

CELLULAR RESPIRATION: SUMMARY
4 MAIN STEPS
1. GLYCOLYSIS→ Glucose to pyruvate
2. PYRUVATE OXIDATION→ Pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
3. Citric acid cycle/Krebs Cycle/Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle→ Acetyl-CoA
to 4-carbon molecule; production of ATP, NADH, FADH2, & CO2

***Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and Krebs Cycle are EXERGONIC

REACTIONS: They are releasing energy that had been stored in the bonds
of the glucose molecule.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: SUMMARY
4 MAIN STEPS
4. Electron Transport Chain → NADH & FADH2 unload the electrons;
energy is released; forming a proton gradient.
Oxidative Phosphorylation→ Protons flow back into the matrix
through ATP synthase, making ATP; production of water with use of
oxygen and 2H+.

***Electron Transport Chain is exergonic (releases energy) while ATP

synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation is endergonic (requires
energy),
GLYCOLYSIS: OVERVIEW
❑ Glucose (six-carbon sugar) undergoes a series of chemical
transformations.
❑ In the end, it gets converted into two molecules of pyruvate, a three-
carbon organic molecule.
❑ In these reactions, ATP is made, and NAD+ is converted to NADH.
 PYRUVATE OXIDATION: OVERVIEW
❑ Before pyruvate can enter the next stage of cellular respiration it needs to be
modified slightly.
❑ 2 molecules of pyruvate → 2 molecules of acetyl CoA, carbon dioxide, and 2
high energy electron pairs convert NAD to NADH.
❑ What happens to the products?
✓ 2 molecules of acetyl CoA→ goes to mitochondria (Krebs Cycle)
✓ Carbon dioxide→ released out of the cell
✓ 2 NADH→ goes to Electron Transport Chain
https://humanbiology.pressbooks.tru.ca/chapter/4-10-cellular-respiration/
KREBS CYCLE: OVERVIEW
❑ The reason this stage is considered a cycle is because a molecule
called oxaloacetate is present at both the beginning and end of this
reaction and is used to break down the two molecules of acetyl CoA.
❑ What happens to the products?
✓ 4 carbon dioxide→ released from the cells
✓ Oxaloacetate→ Returns to Krebs Cycle
✓ 2 GTP (or 2 ATP)→ Released into the cell for energy use
✓ 6 NADH & 2 FADH2→ travels to the inner membrane to unload
electrons into the Electron Transport Chain
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN: OVERVIEW
❑ An electron-transport chain is a series of molecules that transfer
electrons from molecule (starting from NADH and FADH2) to
molecule by chemical reactions.
❑ Some of the energy from the electrons is used to pump hydrogen
ions (H+) across the inner membrane, from the matrix into the
intermembrane space.
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN: OVERVIEW
❑ This ion transfer creates an electrochemical gradient (or proton
gradient) that drives the synthesis of ATP (in oxidative
phosphorylation).
https://humanbiology.pressbooks.tru.ca/chapter/
4-10-cellular-respiration/
https://humanbiology.pressbooks.tru.ca/chapter/4-10-cellular-respiration/