BULE HORA UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
Communication stream

Course code:- ECEG-5312

Course title:- Telecommunication Networks
Individual assignment
Name ID.
Fadil Mustefa Ru 1562/12

SUB.TO:- Mr. Desalegn K

SUB DATE:- apr .16 .2024

Telecommunication network Assignment 1 (10%)

 1. List and explain communication impairments briefly.
In the context of telecommunications, communication impairments refer to any disruptions or
degradation in the quality of signals as they are transmitted over a network. Here are some common
types of communication impairments briefly explained:
1. Attenuation: This is the loss of signal strength as it travels through the transmission medium. It can
be caused by the distance the signal must travel or by the medium itself, such as copper wires or
fiber-optic cables.
2. Noise: External or internal sources can introduce unwanted signals that interfere with the original
signal. This can include thermal noise, intermodulation noise, crosstalk, and impulse noise.
3. Distortion: This occurs when the signal changes in shape or form. Distortion can be due to non-
linear systems or devices within the communication path that alter the signal waveform.
4. Echo: An echo is a reflected copy of the signal that arrives at the receiver some time after the original
signal. It can cause confusion and degrade the quality of voice communication.
5. Jitter: This is the variation in the time of arrival of packets over a network. In real-time
communications, such as VoIP, jitter can cause packets to be out of order, resulting in poor audio
quality.
6. Interference: This happens when other signals operating on similar frequencies disrupt the signal
being transmitted. It can be from other electronic devices or overlapping communication channels.
These impairments can affect the reliability and clarity of communications in telecommunication
networks and are typically addressed through various signal processing techniques and network
design considerations

2. Explain the analog and digital communication principles.

Analog Communication Principles: Analog communication is based on transmitting analog signals
that are continuous variations of voltage or current. They are directly proportional to the physical
quantities they represent. Here are some key principles:

 Continuous Signal Variation: Analog signals vary continuously over time and can take on any value
in a given range.
 Transmission Medium: Can be sent through various mediums like copper wires, optical fibers, or
even air using radio frequencies.
 Susceptibility to Noise: Analog signals are more prone to degradation from noise and interference
over long distances.
 Modulation: Techniques like Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), or Phase
Modulation (PM) are used to transmit signals over long distances.
 Digital Communication Principles: Digital communication involves the transmission of data in the
form of digital signals. These signals are discrete time sequences of digital pulses, which represent
binary numbers. The core principles include:

 Discrete Signal Transmission: Digital signals carry information in binary form (bits), which are less
susceptible to noise compared to analog signals.
 Encoding and Modulation: Digital data is encoded into digital signals using techniques like Pulse
Code Modulation (PCM). It is then modulated using schemes like Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM) or Phase Shift Keying (PSK).
 Error Detection and Correction: Digital communication systems use error-checking codes to detect
and correct errors that occur during transmission.
 Compression: Data compression algorithms reduce the bandwidth required to transmit data without
significant loss of information.

Both analog and digital communication systems have their own advantages and are chosen based
on the specific requirements of the communication application. Digital communication, however, has
become more prevalent due to its robustness against noise and the ease of integrating with modern
digital technology

3. Explain telecom services.

Telecom services encompass a wide range of communication technologies that facilitate the
transmission of voice, data, text, sound, and video over significant distances. Here’s a brief
explanation of the various types of telecom services:

1. Fixed-Network Services: These include traditional landline phone services and wired internet
services. They can be further divided into:
o Data Retail: Services that provide data transmission like broadband internet.
o Internet Retail: Dedicated internet access services for consumers and businesses.
o Voice Retail: Traditional voice calling services.
o Wholesale: Services provided by one carrier to another, often as part of the backbone network
infrastructure .
2. Mobile Services: These are wireless services that include:
o Voice Calls: Mobile telephony services for voice communication.
o Data Services: Internet access via mobile networks, such as 4G LTE or 5G.
o SMS and MMS: Short Message Service (SMS) and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) for text and
multimedia messaging.
3. Satellite Services: Communication services that use satellites to provide coverage over a wide area,
suitable for remote locations where other forms of connectivity are limited.
4. Broadcasting Services: This includes radio and television broadcasting, which can be delivered over
the air or via cable and satellite systems.
5. Internet Services: A broad category that includes everything from email and web hosting to cloud
services and online streaming.
6. Value-Added Services: These are additional services that enhance the basic offerings, such as
voicemail, caller ID, call waiting, and encrypted communication services.

Telecom services are essential for modern communication, enabling personal and business
interactions across the globe. They have evolved from traditional telephony to a complex ecosystem
that includes a vast array of digital services

4. What are the challenges in the telecommunications industry?

Certainly! The telecommunications industry faces several challenges that impact its operations and
growth. Let’s explore some of these challenges:
1. Tech Talent Shortage: Telcos are grappling with the demand for tech talent, especially in areas like
artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR). The evolving landscape
requires strategic talent acquisition to meet the expertise demands of emerging technologies11.
2. Economic Pressures: Like other industries, telecoms face economic uncertainties due to factors such
as supply chain disruptions, energy costs, and inflation. Both businesses and consumers are cautious
about spending, affecting telcos as well
3. 5G Rollout Challenges: The transition to 5G networks involves complexities related to coverage,
resilience, and economic viability. Ensuring 5G networks support large-scale IoT deployments (e.g.,
smart cities) remains a critical consideration
4. 3G Sunsetting: As telcos phase out 3G networks, they must manage the transition smoothly to avoid
service disruptions for existing customers.
5. Sustainability: Telcos need to address sustainability concerns, including energy efficiency,
responsible sourcing, and reducing their environmental impact.
6. New Business Models: The industry must adapt to new revenue models, such as edge computing,
IoT services, and partnerships with other sectors.
7. Network Quality and Value Proposition: Maintaining high-quality networks while delivering value
to customers is an ongoing challenge

In summary, the telecom industry faces a complex landscape, requiring strategic responses to talent
shortages, economic pressures, technological transitions, and sustainability imperatives

5. What is the role and responsibility of a telecommunications

engineer in a telecommunications company?
Here are the key responsibilities and duties:
1. Design and Architecture:
o Design Telecommunications Systems: Telecommunications engineers create system architectures
based on client requirements, considering scalability, reliability, security, and cost-effectiveness.
o Develop Network Infrastructures: They design wired and wireless networks, fiber-optic systems,
and satellite communications systems to facilitate voice, data, and video transmission.
2. Equipment Selection and Implementation:
o Select Appropriate Equipment: Telecommunications engineers choose routers, switches, modems,
multiplexers, and transmission equipment based on technical specifications and performance
requirements.
o Ensure Compliance: They ensure compliance with telecommunications protocols and standards
(e.g., TCP/IP, Ethernet, SONET/SDH, DSL, LTE, VoIP) to ensure interoperability with existing systems.
o Install and Configure: Engineers install, configure, and integrate telecommunications equipment,
ensuring proper functionality and interoperability.
3. Network Optimization and Security:
o Optimize Networks: They enhance network performance, capacity, and reliability by adjusting
configurations, optimizing routing algorithms, and implementing Quality of Service (QoS)
mechanisms.
o Implement Security Measures: Engineers protect systems from unauthorized access, cyberattacks,
and data breaches by setting up firewalls, encryption, access controls, and intrusion
detection/prevention systems.
4. Monitoring and Maintenance:
o Monitor Systems: Telecommunications engineers track performance, analyze usage patterns, and
proactively detect and address potential issues using network monitoring tools.
o Provide Ongoing Support: They troubleshoot, repair, and upgrade systems to ensure reliable
communication services for end-users.
o Maintain Documentation: Engineers create network diagrams, technical specifications, and incident
reports to support operations and compliance.
5. Training and Documentation:
o Train Staff: After installing new equipment, engineers provide training to company staff on its use.
o Prepare Reports and Proposals: They prepare and present reports and proposals related to
telecommunication problems and solutions.

In summary, telecommunications engineers play a vital role in designing, implementing, and

maintaining communication systems, ensuring seamless connectivity for businesses and individuals